Namibia 923

Chapter III Namibia

Throughout 1986, the United Nations maintained dilatory manœuvres and fraudulent schemes of its efforts to achieve independence for Namibia, South Africa in Namibia, through the adoption an illegally occupied Territory and the largest re- of comprehensive mandatory sanctions against it. maining under colonial rule. Activities undertaken Later, at its regular 1986 session, the Assembly by the United Nations Council for Namibia, the adopted a series of resolutions on Namibia. By legal Administering Authority for Namibia until resolution 41/39 A, it decided that the Council for independence, were therefore aimed at generating Namibia should proceed to establish its ad- the maximum support of the international com- ministration in Namibia in 1987; reaffirmed that munity for the Namibian people and at ending independence could be achieved only with the full South Africa’s occupation. participation of the South West Africa People’s Accordingly, the Council held consultations with Organization ( SWAPO); and condemned South Member States to consider possible measures to Africa for imposing an interim government and be undertaken in compliance with United Nations for its military buildup. It called on South Africa resolutions on Namibia, the representation of Na- to desist from linking the independence of Na- mibian interests in international forums, the pro- mibia to the presence of Cuban troops in Angola, vision of moral, material and political support to emphasizing that such linkage was incompatible the people and the dissemination of information with Security Council resolution 435(1978) and, on the current situation in the Territory. in addition to delaying Namibia’s decolonization, In March, South Africa proposed that 1 August constituted interference in Angola’s internal af- 1986 be set for the implementation of Security fairs. It also reaffirmed that Namibia’s accession Council resolution 435(1978), embodying the to independence must be with its territorial in- United Nations plan for Namibian independence, tegrity intact and again urged the Security Coun- provided that agreement was reached before that cil to impose mandatory sanctions. date on the withdrawal of Cuban troops from By resolution 41/39 B, the Assembly em- Angola. Angola pointed out that a number of con- phasized that the only parties to the conflict in Na- ditions, agreed to in 1984, had not been fully met mibia were the Namibian people, represented by and that an abstract indication of a date to mark SWAPO, and South Africa; it rejected all the resolution’s implementation was not sufficient, manœuvres aimed at diverting attention from the without an indication of the sequence of com- central issue of decolonization by introducing an plementary steps. The Secretary-General assured East-West confrontation. The work programmme South Africa in June that he was ready to begin of the Council for Namibia was approved with the implementing the United Nations plan on 1 adoption of resolution 41/39 C. In resolution August and reiterated his rejection of linking in- 41/39 D, the Assembly requested that Council to dependence for Namibia with the presence of increase the dissemination of information relating Cuban troops in Angola. He recalled that the to Namibia. Security Council had also rejected such linkage. Further, the Assembly, by resolution 41/39 E, In September, the General Assembly held its requested the Secretary-General and the President fourteenth special session-its third dealing with of the Council for Namibia to intensify appeals Namibia-which culminated in the adoption of for more generous contributions to the United Na- resolution S-14/1, by which it reaffirmed the right tions Fund for Namibia and decided to allocate of the Namibian people to self-determination, temporarily- to the Fund $1.5 million from the freedom and national independence; demanded regular United Nations budget for 1987. that South Africa immediately withdraw its illegal Earlier, in May, the Economic and Social Coun- administration, occupation army and police force cil also condemned South Africa’s installation of from Namibia; condemned South Africa for the the interim government and denounced the installation of an interim government in Wind- forceful military conscription of Namibian men hoek; and called on it to desist from linking the and women to consolidate oppression in Namibia independence of Namibia to extraneous issues, (resolution 1986/23). such as the presence of Cuban troops in Angola. Namibians outside their country continued to The Assembly urged the Security Council to ex- receive assistance from various United Nations ercise its authority and to act decisively against programmes, financed primarily through volun- 924 Trusteeship and decolonization

tary contributions administered by the Fund for the meetings of the Preparatory Commission for Namibia. In 1986, the Fund spent $7.2 million; the International Sea-Bed Authority and for the voluntary contributions by States reached $5.7 International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, the million. Funding was also provided from the United Nations Conference on Trade and Devel- regular United Nations budget, the United Na- opment, the United Nations Industrial Develop- tions Development Programme ( UNDP) and spe- ment Organization ( UNIDO), the Executive Com- cialized agencies. Three main programmes were mittee of the Programme of the United Nations operated by the Fund-the Nationhood Pro- High Commissioner for Refugees, the Interna- gramme for Namibia and the United Nations In- tional Labour Organisation (ILO), the Food and stitute for Namibia, which acted in relation to the Agriculture Organization of the United Nations future attainment of independence; and educa- (FAO), the United Nations Educational, Scientific tional, social and relief assistance, dealing with the and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO), the Inter- immediate needs of Namibians in their struggle national Telecommunication Union and the Inter- for independence. national Atomic Energy Agency-all of which had granted full membership to Namibia, represented by the Council. The Council participated in a series of meetings Namibia question of OAU, between 25 February and 30 July 1986, and in the meetings and conferences of the Move- Activities of the UN Council for Namibia. ment of Non-Aligned Countries, between During 1986, the United Nations Council for Na- September 1985 and April 1986, contributing to mibia continued to act as the legal Administering the elaboration of their decisions on Namibia. Authority for Namibia until independence, the To mobilize international support for Namibia’s function assigned by the General Assembly in independence, the Council organized a Seminar 1967.(1) Its report to the Assembly on the situa- on World Action for the Immediate Independence tion in Namibia and on its activities covered the of Namibia (Valletta, Malta, 19-23 May). The period from 1 September 1985 to 31 August Seminar, agreeing that obstacles to independence 1986.(2) Later 1986 activities were covered in its had been laid by South Africa’s intransigence and 1987 report.(3) by certain Western Powers that gave support to The Council took part in the meetings of the South Africa, condemned the policy of construc- Security Council from 5 to 13 February to con- tive engagement and linkage, condemned the con- sider the situation in southern Africa (see p. 158). tinuing plunder of Namibia’s resources by South It also participated in the work of other United African and Western economic interests, and ex- Nations bodies whenever they dealt with Namibia pressed concern at the massive militarization of or related questions. In particular, it took part in Namibia. meetings of the Special Committee on the Situa- On 23 May, the Seminar adopted a Final Com- tion with regard to the Implementation of the muniqué, containing a detailed programme of ac- Declaration on the Granting of Independence to tion for non-governmental organizations (NGOs), Colonial Countries and Peoples (Committee on co- government officials, trade unionists, students and lonial countries) and the Special Committee journalists and for the Council. The Seminar against Apartheid and invited them to its own called for, among other things, the immediate im- meetings and events. In addition, it co-operated position of comprehensive mandatory sanctions with the Organization of African Unity (OAU) and against South Africa in accordance with Chapter the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries. It also VII of the United Nations Charter and urged na- represented Namibia in a number of specialized tionally elected officials to advance the cause of agencies and other intergovernmental bodies and Namibia’s independence by pressing their Govern- conferences, in order to derive maximum benefit ments to expedite the unconditional implementa- 5 for the Namibian people from the assistance pro- tion of Security Council resolution 435(1978).( ) It grammes sponsored by those agencies, and to in- further called on those officials to initiate legisla- volve Namibia as actively as possible in the tion to promote the adherence of their countries decision-making process. to Decree No. 1 for the Protection of the Natural In accordance with a 1985 General Assembly Resources of Namibia, adopted by the Council for resolution,(4) the Council continued to consult Namibia in 1974(6) (see also p. 953), and to assist with SWAP0 in formulating and implementing its it in carrying out its mandate and its programme programme of work, while SWAP0 participated in of assistance, in particular the Nationhood Pro- the work of the Council, its Steering Committee gramme and the United Nations Institute for Na- and other subsidiary bodies. mibia (see p. 959). ‘The Council promoted Namibian interests in On 25 May, the Council held its annual meeting international forums and represented Namibia in to observe Africa Liberation Day and the twenty- Namibia 925 third anniversary of OAU. The Council also com- Under the Programme of Action, the Con- memorated Namibia Day on 26 August and, in ference, among other things, called on States to accordance with a 1976 Assembly resolution,(7) exert every effort towards the immediate and un- the Week of Solidarity with the People of Namibia conditional implementation of resolutions and Their Liberation Movement, SWAPO. In ob- 385(1976) and 435(1978), and appealed to the servance of that Week (27-31 October),(8) the United States and the United Kingdom to recon- Council held a special meeting on 27 October; sider their opposition to the imposition of com- messages of solidarity were received from a prehensive mandatory sanctions, the most effec- number of heads of State or Government and tive peaceful means of forcing South Africa to Foreign Ministers, as well as various organizations. terminate its illegal occupation of Namibia. Vienna Declaration and Programme of Ac- The Conference also called for increased sup- tion. Also in pursuance of the General Assembly’s port for programmes of aid for Namibians, for ex- 1985 resolution,(4) the Council for Namibia con- panded efforts by NGOs and for an intensified vened an International Conference for the Im- public information campaign on behalf of the Na- mediate Independence of Namibia (Vienna, 7-11 mibian people. July 1986).(9) It was attended by 349 represen- Appeal by eminent persons. On 9 July, seven tatives from 121 countries, representatives of 62 eminent persons invited to the Conference issued NGOS, representatives of United Nations organs an Appeal for the Immediate Independence of Na- and organizations, national liberation movements mibia, (10) in which they stated that the only peaceful recognized by OAU, the Palestine Liberation measure available to the international community Organization, the Movement of Non-Aligned to bring about independence based on resolution Countries and intergovernmental organizations, 435(1978) was the imposition of economic sanctions, as well as eminent persons. At the conclusion of and that those refusing to do so became parties to its meetings, the Conference adopted by acclama- South Africa’s defiance of the United Nations and tion a Final Document. containing a Declaration to the repression in Namibia. The Conference took and a Programme of Action, which was transmit- note of the Appeal with appreciation. ted by the Council to the Secretary-General on 18 Missions. In further response to the Assembly’s July.(10) Also contained in the Final Document 1985 resolution,(4) the Council sent missions of was an appeal for Namibia’s immediate independ- consultation in 1986 to Belgium and the ence by the eminent persons attending the Con- Netherlands (5-8 May) and to the Federal ference (see below). Republic of Germany, Italy, France and the United By the Declaration, the Conference, among Kingdom (13-23 May) to consult on new initia- other things, condemned the South African régime tives to achieve Namibia’s independence. for its continued occupation of Namibia and its In Belgium, the mission took note of measures repression of the Namibian people and demanded adopted by the European Community (EC) on 10 an immediate end to those policies. It also con- September 1985, which included a ban on demned South Africa for the militarization of the domestic oil sales, on new nuclear co-operation Territory, for using Namibia as a launching pad agreements, on arms transfer to paramilitary for aggression and subversion against neighbour- forces and on the sale of electronic equipment for ing States and for imposing an interim government military use, and the discouragement of scientific in Namibia. The Conference expressed its convic- and cultural activities in South Africa. The mis- tion that the United Nations plan for Namibia as sion stressed the need for more comprehensive embodied in Security Council resolutions sanctions. Agreeing that the measures did not go 385(1976)(11) and 435(1978)(5) constituted the only far enough, Belgium maintained that diplomatic internationally accepted basis for a peaceful set- relations with South Africa gave the possibility of tlement of the question and called for its im- exercising some pressure on the régime. Ques- mediate implementation without pre-condition or tioned about the accuracy of reports that, in modification. It condemned, in this connection, August 1985, a shipment of 400 containers of attempts by the United States and South Africa grenades was sent from the Belgian port of to establish a linkage between the independence Zeebrugge to South Africa, in contravention of a of Namibia and extraneous issues, such as the 1977 Security Council resolution,(13) Belgium presence of Cuban forces in Angola. The Con- replied that it was investigating the matter jointly ference rejected attempts to distort the question with the Netherlands and pointed out that Bel- of Namibia by portraying it as part of a global gium was the first EC member to end the exchange East-West confrontation rather than one of of military attachés with South Africa. In connec- decolonization that must be resolved in accordance tion with information that the 50 per cent State- with the United Nations Charter and the 1960 owned Belgian company Synatom could be acquir- Declaration on the Granting of Independence to ing Namibian uranium, in contravention of De- Colonial Countries and Peoples.(12) cree No. 1,(6) Belgium said its information was 926 Trusteeship and decolonization that Synatom imported only gold from South tarians for Action against Apartheid, the Holland Africa. Committee on Southern Africa, the Anti-Apart/& The Netherlands reiterated its rejection of the Movement and the Namibia Support Committee. linkage question as confirmed in the joint com- These consultations were ai.med at exchanging muniqué(14) of the meeting of Foreign Ministers views on activities that would further expose the of the front-line States and EC (Lusaka, Zambia, plunder of Namibia’s natural resources and at 3 and 4 February), as well as in meetings with the discussing with the lawyers the status of their President of SWAPO on 4 February. The preparation for instituting domestic legal pro- Netherlands agreed that the EC measures did not ceedings in the Netherlands under Decree go far enough to exert the necessary pressure on No. 1 (6) After satisfying itself that good progress South Africa and informed the mission that they was being made by the lawyers, the Council would be closely monitored and assessed. Regard- decided to begin legal action in the Netherlands ing an oil embargo against South Africa, the mis- against those engaged in trade in Namibian sion was informed that the September 1985 EC products. At the conclusion of its visit, the mis- measure to prohibit the sale of domestic and im- sion recommended, among other things, that the ported crude oil was as far as the Netherlands was Council support and assist information and prepared to go, but that it wished to go further publicity campaigns on a broader scale throughout at the multilateral level. Western Europe and North America, particularly The Federal Republic of Germany indicated in view of the disinformation campaign launched that it might support a meeting of the Western by South Africa. It also recommended that the contact group (Canada, France, Federal Republic Council intensify and maintain regular contact of Germany, United Kingdom, United States) and follow-up with the Commission of EC and the which, it hoped, would reactivate the group’s in- European Parliament. volvement in the peace endeavours and would re- Communications. During 1986, a number of sult in setting the implementation process in mo- communications concerning Namibia were sent to tion again. The mission expressed concern at the the Secretary-General and the President of the establishment in the Federal Republic of so-called Security Council. (See also p. 162.) Namibia information offices by South Africa and On 3 March,(15) South Africa proposed that 1 requested the Government to discourage their in- August be set as the date to begin implementa- stallation. The Federal Republic of Germany tion of Security Council resolution 435(1978),(5) responded that, though not approving such ac- provided a firm and satisfactory agreement was tivities, it could not interfere as long as they were reached before that date on the withdrawal of within the framework of the legal system. Cuban forces from Angola. On 13 March,(16) Italy, stating that it would implement sanctions Angola referred to its November 1984 five-point if they were imposed by the Security Council, cau- platform for negotiating a peaceful agreement in tioned that sanctions might harm the people they south-western Africa(17) and the January 1984 were aimed at protecting. It said it did not sup- Mindelo (Cape Verde) agreement between itself port armed struggle, but valued highly the political and the United States, specifying that future ac- contribution being made by SWAPO towards the tion would include the disengagement of South liberation of the Namibian people. African forces from Angola, cessation of aggres- France said it had suspended its participation sion against Angola and support to the União Na- in the contact group because it believed that the cional para a Independência Total de Angola, group had completed its work, and the linkage cessation of hostilities between South Africa and issue prevented it from achieving concrete results. SWAPO in Namibia, announcement of the date for With regard to SWAPO’S armed struggle, France the implementation of resolution 435(1978) and the stated that it supported a more peaceful solution. announcement of the gradual withdrawal of The United Kingdom informed the mission that Cuban forces from Angola. Angola said that none it also rejected the linkage of Namibia’s independ- of those necessary conditions had been fully met ence to the withdrawal of Cuban forces from and a mere abstract indication of a date to mark Angola. However, the presence of those forces the resolution’s implementation was insufficient, could not be ignored and that issue should be re- as it did not indicate the sequence of complemen- solved. It did not favour sanctions since it believed tary steps and was conditional on a prior agree- they would hurt the people whom they were try- ment on Cuban troop withdrawal, in contra- ing to protect. diction of the Mindelo agreement. The Another mission consulted lawyers in the Secretary-General, in a letter to South Africa of Netherlands and parliamentarians and NGOs in 12 June,(18) indicated that he could not accept any the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and Bel- linkage between the independence of Namibia and gium (5-11 February). Among those consulted were the presence of Cuban troops in Angola and the Association of West European Parliamen- recalled that the Security Council had rejected that Namibia 927 linkage. He stated that he was ready to begin im- States to increase all types of assistance to the plementing the United Nations plan on 1 August liberation struggle. 1986, without pre-conditions. On 28 July,(l9) The USSR, on 15 June,(31) and the Foreign South Africa said that the presence in Angola of Ministers of the members of the Association of massive Cuban expeditionary forces constituted a South-East Asian Nations, on 23 June,(32) called serious threat to the safety of the Territory, mak- for comprehensive mandatory sanctions against ing free and fair elections impossible; despite the South Africa to eliminate the apartheid system and fact that the Angolan Government had thwarted the illegal occupation of Namibia. the prospects of peace, South Africa remained A resolution on Namibia, adopted by the In- ready to discuss the question of Cuban troop ternational Seminar on the Struggle for Peace and withdrawal. Progress (Addis Ababa, 7-9 June), was transmit- The speedy, unconditional implementation of ted by Ethiopia on 25 June. (33) The Seminar con- resolution 435(1978) was demanded by the Con- demned South Africa for its continued sabotage ference of Heads of State and Government of the of the implementation of resolution 435(1978) and Countries Having French as a Common Language for its imposition of a puppet government. (Paris, 17-19 February).(20) The same demand was In final documents adopted by the Assembly of put forward jointly by Angola, Cuba and the Heads of State and Government of OAU at its USSR (31 January),(21) a meeting of the twenty-second ordinary session (Addis Ababa, Presidents of Angola, Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, 28-30 July , transmitted by Algeria on 25 Mozambique and Sao Tome and Principe 34 September, ( ) the Assembly appealed to the in- (Luanda, Angola, 28-30 April),(22) Angola and ternational community to co-ordinate action for the USSR in another joint statement (10 May)(23) the independence of Namibia, setting out a series and the Syrian Arab Republic (26 October).(24) 25 of measures in that regard, such as sanctions and The Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (21 March),( ) provision of aid to liberation movements, while at Saudi Arabia (22 July)(26) and India (17 July)(27) the same time rejecting so-called linkage and con- condemned South Africa’s apartheid policies in structive engagement. Namibia. India, on 26 August,(35) the Co-ordination On 5 May,(28) Morocco transmitted the final Meeting of the Ministers for Foreign Affairs of the documents of the Sixteenth Islamic Conference of Organization of the Islamic Conference (New York, Foreign Ministers (Fez, 6-10 January), including 37 2 October),(36) and Brazil, on 27 October,( ) reaf- a resolution on Namibia by which South Africa firmed their full support to the struggle of the Na- was condemned for its apartheid policy, its contin- mibian people to achieve independence. ued illegal occupation of Namibia and its repeated aggression against the front-line States. The Zimbabwe, on 30 September,(38) forwarded a Ministers rejected South Africa’s insistence on special appeal for the immediate independence of Cuban troop withdrawal as a pre-condition for Na- Namibia, adopted by the Eighth Conference of mibian independence and urged the Security Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Council to impose sanctions against South Africa. Countries (Harare, 1-6 September), urging the In a 3 April communiqué,(29) Mozambique and United States to abandon its linkage policy and the USSR called on South Africa to halt its aggression urging it and the United Kingdom not to veto and to decolonize Namibia without imposing any sanctions. conditions irrelevant to a Namibian settlement. In its final communique, the Meeting of India conveyed on 15 May(30) the final Ministers and Heads of Delegation of the Non- documents of the Ministerial Meeting of the Co- Aligned Countries to the Forty-first Session of the ordinating Bureau of the Movement of Non- General Assembly (New York, 2 October)(39) Aligned Countries (New Delhi, 16-19 April), re- demanded the immediate and unconditional im- affirming the right of the Namibian people to self- plementation of resolution 435(1978) and urged the determination and independence and the Security Council to apply comprehensive sanctions legitimacy of their liberation struggle by all means against South Africa. available. The Ministers expressed dismay about Report of the Secretary-General. Two 1985 the policy of constructive engagement and urged General Assembly resolutions on Namibia, one on the United States to abandon it. South Africa was the situation in the Territory(40) and the other on condemned for its continued illegal occupation; its Security Council resolution 435(1978),(41) con- militarization and use of the Territory for acts of tained a request for the Secretary-General to re- aggression against neighbouring States, par- port in 1986 on their implementation. Thus, the ticularly Angola; and the installation in Namibia Secretary-General, on 20 September,(42) for- of a so-called interim government. They rejected warded to the Assembly replies received from the linkage concept, demanded the immediate re- Governments on action taken or envisaged by lease of Namibian political prisoners and urged them towards such implementation. Replies were 928 Trusteeship and decolonization received from Bulgaria, the Byelorussian SSR, The Commission on Human Rights, by a 28 China, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Ireland, Lesotho, February resolution on human rights in Na- the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Oman, Pakistan, mibia(47) reaffirmed the right of the Namibian Romania, the Syrian Arab Republic, Turkey, the people to self-determination and independence Ukrainian SSR, the USSR and Yugoslavia. and declared that South Africa's illegal occupation Action by the Committee on colonial coun- constituted an act of aggression against the Na- tries. On 11 August, the Committee on colonial mibian people. countries adopted a decision(43) by which it reaf- In another resolution of 28 February, on human 48 firmed the right of the Namibian people to self- rights in South Africa,( ) the Commission re- determination and independence in a united Na- newed its request to South Africa to allow an ex- mibia, including Walvis Bay, the Penguin Islands pert group to investigate conditions in South and other offshore islands; condemned South African and Namibian prisons. Africa for its continued illegal occupation; rejected Also on 28 February(49) the Commission con- South Africa's manoeuvres to bring about a sham demned the increased political, economic and independence through fraudulent constitutional military assistance by Western countries and Israel and political schemes; condemned persistent at- to South Africa because it constituted a hostile ac- tempts by the United States, South Africa and tion against the people of Namibia and South other States to link Namibian independence with Africa. It demanded that transnational corpora- extraneous issues, particularly the withdrawal of tions (TNCs) engaged in exploiting the resources Cuban forces from Angola; demanded that South of Namibia immediately refrain from any new in- Africa release all Namibian political prisoners; re- vestment or activities in Namibia and withdraw jected the policy of so-called constructive engage- from it. ment; and requested the Secretary-General to in- By a 10 March resolution on the situation in tensify his efforts to mobilize world public opinion southern Africa(50) the Commission condemned against South Africa's Namibia policy. the continued violation of the human rights of The decision was transmitted to the Security peoples under colonial domination, the continua- Council on 13 August(44) by the Committee's Chair- tion of the illegal occupation of Namibia and South man, drawing the Council's attention to those Africa's attempts to dismember the Territory, and paragraphs which reaffirmed that resolution declared that this occupation constituted an act of 435(1978) remained the only basis for a peaceful aggression against the Namibian people and a settlement of the Namibian question; called for the threat to international peace and security. scrupulous observance of Council resolution (See also p. 747.) 558(1984),(45) requesting Member States to refrain from importing armaments from South Africa; and recommended that the Council impose comprehen- ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL ACTION sive mandatory sanctions against South Africa. On 23 May 1986, the Economic and Social In another 11 August decision(46) the Commit- Council, on the recommendation of its Second tee condemned South Africa for its military (Social) Committee, adopted resolution 1986/23 buildup in Namibia, its introduction of com- by recorded vote. pulsory military service for Namibians, its forced Namibia recruitment of Namibians for tribal armies, its use The Economic and Social Council, of mercenaries to reinforce its illegal occupation, Gravely concerned by the delay in the implementation its use of Namibian territory for aggression against of Security Council resolution 435(1978) of 29 independent African States and its forcible September 1978 concerning the withdrawal of South displacement of Namibians from their homes. It Africa's illegal administration from Namibia and the condemned the continued military, nuclear and in- holding of elections under the supervision of the United telligence collaboration between South Africa and Nations, certain countries, as constituting a violation of the Deeply concerned by the perpetual suffering of Namib- arms embargo imposed against South Africa by ian women under the illegal occupation of the racist the Security Council in 1977.(13) The Committee South African regime backed by the allies, and further demanded the dismantling of all military bases in concerned by the utilization of Namibian territory as Namibia and the immediate cessation of the war a springboard for attacking and destabilizing neighbour- ing States, of oppression against the Namibian people, and 1. Condemns, in no uncertain terms, the racist regime urged Governments, specialized agencies and of South Africa for its installation of a so-called interim other intergovernmental organizations to provide government at Windhoek; increased material assistance to refugees forced to 2. Denounces the forceful conscription of Namibian flee from Namibia and South Africa into men and women between the ages of 17 and 55 years neighbouring States. into the racist army in order to consolidate and facilitate Action by the Commission on Human Rights. widespread repression throughout the country; Namibia 929

3. Rejects South Africa's insistence on linking the in- dent African States. It favoured comprehensive dependence of Namibia to the withdrawal of Cuban sanctions to force South Africa to obey interna- troops from Angola; tional law and supported SWAPO's liberation strug- 4. Demands that South Africa refrain from using Na- gle as part of the world-wide quest for peace, mibia as a base to infiltrate Angola and other indepen- security and the elimination of colonialism, racism dent neighbouring countries; and apartheid. 5. Calls upon all women of the world to support and 56 assist all the bodies struggling to put an end to col- On 18 September,( ) South Africa stated that onialism in Namibia. it had done its utmost for the people of Namibia, who deserved to take their rightful place in the Economic and Social Council resolution 1986/23 community of nations through a process which 23 May 1986 Meeting 19 44-1-7 (recorded vote) would reflect their wishes without intimidation Approved by Second Committee (E/1986/94) by recorded vote (44-1-7), 20 May (meeting 19); draft by Commission on women (E/1986/24 & Corr.1,2); agenda from any quarter. To be accused of exploiting the item 11. Territory's natural resources was ironic, since Recorded vote in Council as follows: South Africa was annually requested to make up In favour: Argentina, Australia, Bangladesh, Brazil, Byelorussian SSR, China, the shortfall in the Territory's exchequer. South Colombia, Costa Rica, Djibouti, Egypt, Finland, Gabon, German Democratic Republic, Guinea, Guyana, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Jamaica, Morocco, Africa believed that the greatest immediate threat Mozambique, Nigeria, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Po- to the region was foreign intervention. It was land, Romania, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Spain, Sri Lanka, prepared to play its part in establishing peace and Sweden, Syrian Arab Republic, Turkey, Uganda, USSR, Venezuela, Yugosla- via, Zaire, Zimbabwe. stability in southern Africa and to co-operate fully Against: United States. with its neighbours. South Africa called on other Abstaining: Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Federal Republic of, Italy, Japan, United Kingdom. countries of the region to assist in making that possible. Explaining its abstention, the United Kingdom A 19 September message from the Com- stated that, since the resolution had no direct im- monwealth Secretary-General(57) said the task of plications specific to women, it should more ap- the special session was to compel South Africa to propriately be dealt with elsewhere; such resolu- comply fully with efforts to implement resolution tions increased the politicization of the 435(1978). Commission on the Status of Women (which had A 19 September letter(58) from the Acting Presi- submitted the draft to the Council) and diminished dent of the Council for Namibia transmitted a its role as a focal organ for issues specific to statement by 18 NGOs invited by the Council to women. A similar position was taken by the participate in a meeting held the preceding day. Federal Republic of Germany. A 16 September statement of the Lutheran World Related resolutions: ESC 1986/1, 1986/24, Federation was also transmitted on 19 1986/25. September(59) by the Acting President. On 17 September, the Assembly decided to con- sider at its regular (forty-first) 1986 session a con- Special session of the solidated report by the Credentials Committee on General Assembly on Namibia the credentials of representatives to that session As decided in 1985,(51) the General Assembly and to that on Namibia. At both sessions, held its fourteenth special session, the third statements were made in the Committee regard- devoted to the question of Namibia, in 1986. The ing the credentials of several delegations (see first such session was held in 1967,(52) when the p. 380). Territory was referred to as South West Africa, and During the debate, which took place in seven the second in 1978.(53) At the 1986 session, which meetings, the Assembly heard statements by 90 ran from 17 to 20 September, the Assembly had speakers, including more than 20 Foreign before it the 1986 report of the Committee on co- Ministers. It also heard statements by its Presi- lonial countries,(54) as well as the report of the dent and the Secretary-General. July International Conference for the Immediate The Assembly President pointed out that in re- Independence of Namibia, containing its Declara- cent months the situation in and around Namibia 9 tion and Programme of Action( ) (see p. 925). had deteriorated further. The Territory had been Also before the Assembly were several com- subjected to increasing militarization, exploitation munications addressed to the Secretary-General and oppression and was being used as a or the Assembly President. springboard for aggression and subversion against On 17 September,(55) the German Democratic neighbouring States. He appealed to all concerned Republic stated that the continued imperialist col- to co-operate constructively to end that intolerable laboration with South Africa encouraged that situation, adding that Security Council resolution régime to carry on with its policies, aimed at re- 435(1978) had been internationally accepted as a taining Namibia for exploitation by TNCs and framework for Namibia's peaceful transition to in- using its territory for aggression against indepen- dependence. The main remaining obstacle to 930 Trusteeship and decolonization independence was South Africa's refusal to fulfil being plundered by foreign enterprises, and those its obligation under the United Nations Charter who dared to resist the racist domination were sub- and to implement that resolution, he said. jected to harassment, persecution, arrest, deten- The Secretary-General said the United Nations tion without trial and torture. The international plan for Namibia, embodied in resolution community should exert maximum pressure for 435(1978), had long been accepted by all sides but the implementation of the 1978 resolution by a there had been an inordinate delay in its im- specific date. plementation because of the raising of extraneous Zimbabwe, speaking for the Movement of Non- and irrelevant issues. He reviewed his activities Aligned Countries, supported the positions taken aimed at implementing the resolution, stating that by OAU and the Council for Namibia and blamed all outstanding issues had been resolved but that the lack of progress towards the implementation it was not possible to proceed because South Africa of the resolution on the insistence by the United continued to insist on the linkage pre-condition. States that Cuban forces should be withdrawn The continued obstruction of the process leading from Angola before any further moves could be towards independence, he said, not only prolonged made towards Namibian independence. In this the suffering of Namibians but also aggravated the situation, Zimbabwe argued, it was important to turmoil and instability in the region as a whole. bring the plight of the Namibian people to the fore The Congo, speaking on behalf of OAU, said of the international community's conscience and there was an alarming situation in Namibia and to increase international support for SWAPO. South Africa, characterized by violence, the Noting that some progress had been made regard- massacre of innocent people and material destruc- ing the imposition of economic sanctions against tion. Steps undertaken by South Africa during re- South Africa, Zimbabwe said much was still to be cent years had confirmed its intention to done in order to secure mandatory and com- perpetuate the colonial status of Namibia. When prehensive sanctions against the régime. the 1978 resolution was adopted, there had been SWAPO, which spoke in accordance with the some justification for hope, but now the interna- Assembly's 1976 decision to invite it to participate tional community was almost back where it had in the Assembly's work as an observer,(60) begun. Resolution 435(1978) was, however, at least criticized the politics of eternal postponement of currently, the only acceptable basis for a just set- Namibia's independence and the introduction of tlement of the problem. Its implementation could the linkage pre-condition as causing untold suf- not be linked to extraneous considerations and was fering to the Namibian people, whose only de- not part of the East-West conflict. The Congo said mand was freedom. Meanwhile, the plunder of that South Africa was able to maintain its occupa- Namibia's natural resources by Western Powers tion of Namibia because of the support by certain and their TNCs continued. Putting the Namibian Western and other countries and it called on those question in an East-West context had to be re- permanent Security Council members that had jected, SWAPO said, as had the installation of an prevented the imposition of comprehensive and interim government by South Africa in Namibia. mandatory sanctions against South Africa to There were only two parties to the conflict, the Na- reconsider their position. It urged the international mibian people, represented by SWAPO, and the community to support the struggle of the people racist régime of South Africa. Namibians would of Namibia and to grant economic and technical have liked to become independent peacefully. assistance to the front-line countries—a group of However, as long as the South African occupation States of southern Africa which shared security army remained, SWAPO would have no qualms concerns: Angola, Botswana, Mozambique, the about calling for support to intensify the armed United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia and struggle for Namibia's liberation. Zimbabwe. During the debate, almost all speakers reaf- The Acting President of the Council for Na- firmed that the United Nations plan for Namibia, mibia noted that when the Secretary-General as spelt out in resolution 435(1978), was the only could report that all outstanding issues pertain- internationally accepted framework for achieving ing to implementation of the United Nations plan independence and self-determination in Namibia. had been resolved, South Africa had insisted on Those speakers pointed out that even South Africa maintaining its occupation, using the linkage issue had accepted the resolution and that the Secretary- as a pretext. Therefore, the debate about sanctions General had reported that all outstanding issues had grown in intensity with the Council for Na- pertaining to its implementation had been re- mibia consistently calling on the Security Coun- solved. The only remaining obstacle was the cil to impose mandatory sanctions against South linkage pre-condition, an issue that was rejected Africa. Two of its permanent members had, how- as extraneous and irrelevant by most speakers. ever, prevented that body from responding. Mean- Angola said there was no connection between while, the natural resources of the Territory were Namibia's independence and the presence of the Namibia 931

Cuban forces in Angola, but there was one be- and racial discrimination but at orienting the issue tween Namibia's illegal occupation and South into the blind alley of compromises, thus enabling Africa's aggression against Angola because South Africa to buy more time for military action Pretoria used Namibia for such attacks. Cuba against the Namibian people while posing at the quoted a statement by its President to the effect international level as favouring a peaceful solution. that the gradual and progressive withdrawal of Many countries condemned the exploitation of Cuban combatants could begin when resolution Namibia's material resources by foreign corpora- 435(1978) was implemented, the threats of aggres- tions. Among them were Angola, Bahrain, sion against Angola had ceased and the war in Bangladesh, Chile, Cyprus, Democratic Yemen, Angola had ended; that withdrawal would be a Finland, Guyana, Haiti, India, Indonesia, Iran, sovereign decision by Angola and Cuba. Iraq, Jamaica, the Lao People's Democratic Most speakers called on the Security Council Republic, Maldives, Mexico, Mongolia, Nepal, to impose comprehensive and mandatory sanc- Nicaragua, Nigeria, Norway, Panama, Papua New tions against South Africa in order to compel it Guinea, the Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka, to co-operate in implementing the 1978 resolution. Thailand, the USSR, Viet Nam, Zambia and Such sanctions were seen as the best hope for a Zimbabwe. Most pointed out that such exploita- peaceful solution of the Namibian problem. tion violated Decree No. 1 of the Council for Na- Turkey felt that the Council should take the ini- mibia.(6) The Council's decision to begin legal tiative and prove its readiness to resort to coercive proceedings in the Netherlands based on the De- measures under Chapter VII of the Charter. Co- cree (see p. 926) was widely supported. lombia favoured using the peaceful means at the The vast majority of Member States rejected South United Nations disposal. Australia said that, if Africa's installation of a so-called interim govern- South Africa continued to resist, the Council ment in Namibia. That government had no popular should consider appropriate measures under the mandate, violated resolution 435(1978) and had to Charter. Brazil called for specific sanctions. be abolished, they said. Most speakers recalled that Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium and Japan said they the Security Council had condemned its installa- had taken unilateral steps against South Africa. tion, declared it null and void and demanded that Ghana stated that the use of military force South Africa rescind it.(61) Among those rejecting would be ideal, but, failing that, comprehensive any attempt at an internal settlement of the Na- economic sanctions should be adopted. Since the mibian question were Afghanistan, Argentina, Security Council was prevented from doing so, Australia, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Brazil, Ghana offered a list of measures the Assembly Bulgaria, China, Colombia, Democratic Kam- could adopt: an arms and oil embargo, severing puchea, Finland, Ghana, Guatemala, Guyana, of air and sea lines, a boycott of TNCs active in Hungary, India, Indonesia, Jamaica, Japan, Mexico, Namibia and a call on workers not to handle im- Nepal, Norway, Oman, Panama, Papua New ports from or exports to South Africa. Trinidad Guinea, the Philippines, Poland, Qatar, Singapore, and Tobago, believing that certain specific sanc- Sri Lanka, Thailand, the United Kingdom (speaking tions would have considerable impact, called for on behalf of the 12 EC members), the United a mandatory oil embargo, a ban on imports of Republic of Tanzania and Yugoslavia. South African bulk commodities and the severing Numerous countries condemned South Africa's of air links with South Africa. In the view of use of Namibia as a launching pad for aggressive Bangladesh, sanctions should cover the following and subversive acts against neighbouring States. broad areas: military and nuclear equipment and Among the delegations holding that view were technology; supply and transport of oil and gas; Angola, Austria, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Brazil, and investments, loans and financial concessions. Cameroon (speaking for the central African India, supported by Bhutan, suggested that the States), Cuba, Democratic Kampuchea, Council set a firm deadline for the implementa- Democratic Yemen, Egypt (speaking for the north- tion of resolution 435(1978). Bolivia proposed that ern African States), Ghana, Iraq, Japan, Mexico, the Assembly give the Secretary-General a specific Norway, Panama, Romania, Sri Lanka, Trinidad mandate to begin implementation immediately and Tobago, the Ukrainian SSR, the USSR, the and, to assist him, the Assembly should establish United Kingdom (for EC) and the United a United Nations operational force for Namibia; Republic of Tanzania; most of them also called for once that force had taken control of the Territory, increased assistance and support for the front-line its units could be transferred to the United Na- States. Additional support for SWAPO was called tions assistance group for the transition period en- for by Albania, Cameroon (for the central African visaged in the 1978 resolution. States), China, Cuba, Cyprus, Egypt (for the In Albania's view, the peaceful solutions northern African States), Finland, Ghana, Haiti, presented by the United States and other West- Hungary, India, Iraq, Nigeria, the USSR, ern Powers were not aimed at ending occupation Uruguay, Yugoslavia, Zambia and Zimbabwe. 932 Trusteeship and decolonization

Some States were concerned about the ter- the only remaining peaceful means of implementing ritorial integrity of a future independent Namibia. Council resolutions 385(1976) of 30 January 1976 and Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Barbados, Bulgaria, 435(1978) of 29 September 1978, by the repeated vetoes Chile, Colombia, the Congo, Iraq, Kuwait, Mex- of two Western permanent members of the Council, Bearing in mind the report of the Secretary-General to ico, Panama, Thailand, and Trinidad and Tobago the effect that all outstanding issues pertaining to the pointed out that Namibia must include Walvis Bay implementation of Security Council resolution 435(1978) and Namibia's offshore islands. were resolved when agreement was reached on the elec- toral system in November 1985, GENERAL ASSEMBLY ACTION Taking into consideration the final documents of the In- On 20 September, at its final (seventh) plenary ternational Conference for the Immediate Independence of Namibia, the twenty-second ordinary session of the meeting, the General Assembly adopted by Assembly of Heads of State and Government of the recorded vote resolution S-14/1. Organization of African Unity, held at Addis Ababa Question of Namibia from 28 to 30 July 1986, and the Eighth Conference of The General Assembly, Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Coun- tries, held at Harare from 1 to 6 September 1986, in- Having considered the question of Namibia at a special cluding the special appeal made by the Conference on session, the question of Namibia, Reaffirming that Namibia is the direct responsibility Having heard the statement of the Acting President of of the United Nations until genuine self-determination the United Nations Council for Namibia, the legal Ad- and national independence are achieved in terms of the ministering Authority for the Territory until genuine in- relevant resolutions and decisions of the General dependence is achieved, Assembly, in particular resolutions 2145(XXI) of 27 Oc- Having heard the statement of the Secretary for Foreign tober 1966 and 2248(S-V) of 19 May 1967, Affairs of the South West Africa People's Organization, Gravely concerned that, twenty years after the termina- the sole and authentic representative of the Namibian tion by the General Assembly of the Mandate of South people, Africa over Namibia, the racist régime continues its il- Having heard the statements of the representatives of legal occupation of the Territory in violation of the rele- the Chairmen of the Organization of African Unity and vant resolutions and decisions of the United Nations, the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries, Declaring that the illegal occupation of Namibia by rac- 1. Reaffirms the inalienable right of the Namibian ist South Africa, its brutal repression of the Namibian people to self-determination, freedom and national in- people and its repeated acts of aggression against and dependence in an untruncated territory including Walvis destabilization of neighbouring sovereign States, in- Bay, the Penguin Islands and all adjacent offshore islands cluding from the Territory of Namibia, constitute a in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations breach of international peace and security, and General Assembly resolution 1514(XV) of 14 Gravely concerned at the use of the Territory of Namibia December 1960, as well as the subsequent relevant by the racist Pretoria régime as a springboard of ag- resolutions and decisions of the Assembly and the gression against and destabilization of front-line States, Security Council; particularly the People's Republic of Angola, 2. Strongly condemns the racist régime of South Africa Stressing the solemn responsibility of the international for its continued illegal occupation of Namibia and its community to support fully the Namibian people in their persistent refusal to comply with the resolutions and just and legitimate liberation struggle by all available decisions of the General Assembly and the Security means, including armed struggle, under the leadership Council, thus violating the principles of the Charter and of the South West Africa People's Organization, their defying the authority of the United Nations; sole and authentic representative, 3. Demands once again that the apartheid régime of Recognizing that 1986 marks the twentieth anniversary South Africa immediately and unconditionally withdraw of the launching of the armed struggle by the South West its illegal administration, occupation army and police Africa People's Organization against racist South force from Namibia; Africa's colonial occupation, 4. Calls upon the United Nations Council for Na- Reaffirming the mandate of the United Nations mibia to take immediate practical measures to establish Council for Namibia as the legal Administering its administration in Namibia in accordance with Authority for Namibia until the Territory achieves in- General Assembly resolutions 2248(S-V) of 19 May 1967 dependence, and emphasizing that the activities of the and 40/97 A of 13 December 1985; United Nations Council for Namibia, undertaken in 5. Strongly condemns once again the racist régime of close co-operation with the South West Africa People's South Africa for the installation of the so-called interim Organization, should be fully supported by all government in Namibia on 17 June 1985 and rejects as Governments, specialized agencies and international illegal, null and void all such fraudulent constitutional organizations so as to enable it to implement its and political schemes by which the Pretoria régime at- mandate, tempts to perpetuate its illegal occupation of Namibia; Gravely concerned at the rapid depletion of the natural 6. Reaffirms its full support for the South West Africa resources of Namibia, which are the inviolable heritage People's Organization, the sole and authentic represen- of its people, tative of the Namibian people in accordance with Deeply concerned that the Security Council has been General Assembly resolutions 3111(XXVIII) of 12 prevented from adopting appropriate measures under December 1973 and 31/146 and 31/152 of 20 December Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations, as 1976, and calls upon Member States to render it in- Namibia 933 creased and sustained support and material, financial, Namibia in contravention of the relevant resolutions of military and other assistance to enable it to intensify the United Nations and of Decree No. 1 for the Pro- its struggle for the liberation of Namibia; tection of the Natural Resources of Namibia; 7. Upholds the legitimacy of the struggle of the Na- 19. Calls upon the Security Council to convene mibian people by every means at their disposal, in- urgently to take action for the immediate and uncondi- cluding armed struggle, to repel South Africa's aggres- tional implementation of the United Nations plan for sion and to achieve self-determination, freedom and the independence of Namibia, endorsed by Council independence in a united Namibia; resolution 435(1978); 8. Commends the South West Africa People's 20. Expresses its appreciation to the Secretary-General Organization for the exemplary leadership provided by for his personal commitment to the independence of Na- it to the Namibian people for over a quarter of a cen- mibia and for his efforts aimed at the implementation tury and for the sacrifices made in the field of battle; of resolutions and decisions of the United Nations on 9. Calls upon the specialized agencies and other the question of Namibia, particularly Security Council organizations of the United Nations system to provide resolution 435(1978), and urges him to continue those assistance on a priority basis, within their spheres of efforts; competence, to the Namibian people through the South West Africa People's Organization; 21. Requests the Secretary-General to report to the 10. Emphasizes once again that the only parties to the General Assembly as appropriate, but not later than 31 December 1986, on the implementation of the present conflict in Namibia are, on the one hand, the Namib- ian people represented by the South West Africa Peo- resolution. ple's Organization, their sole and authentic represen- General Assembly resolution S-14/1 tative, and, on the other, the racist régime of South 20 September 1986 Meeting 7 126-0-24 (recorded vote) Africa, which illegally occupies the Territory; 11. Reiterates its call upon the international community 41-nation draft (A/S-14/L.1 & Add.1), as amended; agenda item 6. Sponsors: Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Bangladesh, Benin, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, to extend, as a matter of urgency, all support and Cameroon, Congo, Cuba, Cyprus, Democratic Yemen, Equatorial Guinea, assistance to the front-line States in order to enable them Ethiopia, German Democratic Republic, Ghana, Guinea, Guyana, India, Indonesia, to defend their sovereignty and territorial integrity Iran, Iraq, Kenya, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. Madagascar, Mongolia, Mozambique, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Pakistan, Peru, Sri against the repeated acts of aggression by South Africa; Lanka, Syrian Arab Republic, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania, Vanuatu, 12. Reaffirms that the United Nations plan for the Viet Nam, Yugoslavia, Zambia, Zimbabwe. independence of Namibia, contained in Security Council Meeting numbers. GA 14th special session; plenary 1-7. resolutions 385(1976) and 435(1978), is the only inter- Recorded vote in Assembly as follows: nationally accepted basis for a peaceful settlement of the In favour: Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Bahamas, question of Namibia, and demands its immediate im- Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei plementation without pre-condition or modification; Darussalam, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burma, Burundi, Byelorussian SSR, Cam- eroon, Cape Verde. Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Com- 13. Calls upon South Africa to desist from linking the oros, Congo, Costa Rica, Côte d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Democratic independence of Namibia to irrelevant and extraneous Kampuchea, Democratic Yemen, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ec- issues such as the presence of Cuban troops in Angola uador, Egypt, Ethiopia, Fiji, Gabon, Gambia, German Democratic Republic, as such linkage is incompatible with the relevant United Ghana, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jamaica, Jordan, Kenya, Kuwait, Lao People's Nations resolutions, particularly Security Council Democratic Republic, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, resolution 435(1978); Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, 14. Strongly rejects the policies of "constructive engage- Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Qatar, ment" and "linkage", which have served to encourage Romania, Rwanda, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Sao the racist régime of South Africa to continue its illegal Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, occupation of Namibia, and calls for their abandonment Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland, Syrian Arab Republic, Thailand, Togo, so that United Nations resolutions and decisions on the Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukrainian SSR, USSR, United Arab Emirates, United Republic of Tanzania, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Viet question of Namibia can be implemented; Nam, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe. 15. Urges the Security Council to exercise its Against: None. authority with regard to the implementation of its resolu- Abstaining: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, tions 385(1976), 435(1978), 532(1983) of 31 May 1983, Germany, Federal Republic of, Greece, Grenada, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, 539(1983) of 28 October 1983 and 566(1985) of 19 June Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom, United States. 1985 and to act decisively against any dilatory manoeuvres and fraudulent schemes of racist South Africa in Namibia, through the adoption of comprehen- Prior to the vote on the text as a whole, sepa- sive mandatory sanctions under Chapter VII of the rate recorded votes were requested on portions of Charter; paragraphs 13 and 14. The Assembly acceded to 16. Reiterates that comprehensive mandatory sanc- that request by 62 votes to 55, with 20 abstentions. tions under Chapter VII of the Charter are the most The President then ruled that, following past practice, effective peaceful measures to ensure the compliance of the decisions under consideration would fall under racist South Africa with the resolutions and decisions a special rulea of the Assembly's rules of procedure of the United Nations on the question of Namibia; and therefore required a two-thirds majority. 17. Strongly urges once again those States that have not

done so to cease forthwith, individually and collectively, a Special rule F of annex III of the Assembly's rules of procedure all dealings with South Africa in order to isolate it totally, states: "Decisions of the General Assembly on questions relating to politically, economically, militarily and culturally; reports and petitions concerning the Territory of South West Africa shall 18. Condemns the plunder by South Africa and other be regarded as important questions within the meaning of Article 18, foreign economic interests of the natural resources of paragraph 2, of the Charter of the United Nations." 934 Trusteeship and decolonization

Thus, the Assembly voted on whether to retain that the concepts of linkage and constructive the phrase "the United States Administration and" engagement mentioned therein were major after the words "Calls upon" in paragraph 13. The obstacles to the freedom and independence of Na- vote was 65 to 48, with 24 abstentions. As the two- mibia. But it also reiterated opposition to name- thirds majority was not achieved, the phrase was calling or selective singling out of any country and deleted. The second vote was on retaining the phrase reluctance to support concepts of armed struggle "pursued by the present United States Administra- and military assistance. That view was also shared tion" after the word "linkage" in paragraph 14. It by Argentina. Botswana and Lesotho, although resulted in a vote of 60 to 48, with 30 abstentions. supporting the resolution, wished to record their Consequently, the phrase was deleted. inability to implement any sanctions against South In explanation of vote, the United States rejected Africa. Canada said its abstention was for technical accusations that it was responsible for lack of pro- and procedural reasons connected with its gress by linking the withdrawal of Cuban troops membership of the Western contact group. from Angola to the implementation of resolution 435(1978) and recalled that Angola itself, in its November 1984 platform proposal,(17) implicitly ac- Consideration at the General Assembly's cepted the principle that Namibian independence regular session and related activities could be achieved only in the context of Cuban troop As in previous years, the Namibia question also withdrawal from Angolan territory. received the close attention of the General Iceland, speaking for the Nordic countries (Den- Assembly at its regular session. The Assembly mark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden), said adopted five resolutions on the subject (41/39 A- they could not accept formulations that implied E). Two of these (41/39 A and B) concerned the United Nations endorsement of the use of armed situation in the Territory. One (41/39 C) dealt with struggle or that called for material or military the work programme of the Council for Namibia, assistance to such struggle. They deplored the in- another (41/39 D) with information programmes appropriate singling out of individual or groups supporting Namibian independence, and another of countries as responsible for South Africa's ac- (41/39 E) with the United Nations Fund for tions. Similar views were expressed by Australia, Namibia. Austria and New Zealand. Iceland added that the Nordic countries had reservations on formulations GENERAL ASSEMBLY ACTION which failed to take into account that only the On 20 November 1986, the Assembly adopted Security Council could adopt decisions binding resolution 41/39 A by recorded vote. upon Member States, or which could prejudice the outcome of the political process leading to the in- Situation in Namibia resulting from the illegal dependence of Namibia. occupation of the Territory by South Africa The United Kingdom, speaking for EC, regret- The General Assembly, Recalling its resolution 1514(XV) of 14 December 1960, ted that some elements in the text had made containing the Declaration on the Granting of Independ- unanimous approval impossible. Among those ence to Colonial Countries and Peoples, were the designation of one political group as the Recalling also its resolution 2145(XXI) of 27 October sole and authentic representative of the Namib- 1966, by which it terminated the Mandate of South ian people; calls for military assistance to SWAPO; Africa over Namibia and placed the Territory under the support for the armed struggle; selective and ar- direct responsibility of the United Nations, bitrary attacks against Member States; and Recalling further its resolution 2248(S-V) of 19 May phrases that did not recognize that the Security 1967, by which it established the United Nations Council Council alone was authorized to take binding for Namibia as the legal Administering Authority for Namibia until independence, decisions. Having examined the report of the United Nations Oman said that, although it abstained in the Council for Namibia, vote on paragraphs 13 and 14 because of the nam- Having examined also the relevant chapter of the report ing of the United States and because of the strong of the Special Committee on the Situation with regard language of paragraph 14 in particular, it had ex- to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Grant- pressed its full support for Namibia by voting for ing of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples, the resolution as a whole. Mexico spoke in like Recalling further other resolutions and decisions declar- manner. Togo also objected to any condemnation ing the illegality of the continued occupation of Namibia or reference to specific countries, as did Malawi by South Africa, in particular Security Council resolu- tions 284(1970) of 29 July 1970 and 301(1971) of 20 Oc- which added that it was reluctant to support tober 1971, and the advisory opinion of the International paragraphs 15, 16 and 17, mentioning mandatory Court of Justice of 21 June 1971, sanctions. Bearing in mind that 1986 marks the twentieth anniver- The Bahamas said it had voted in favour of the sary of the termination of the Mandate of South Africa original texts of paragraphs 13 and 14, as it felt over Namibia by the General Assembly, and express- Namibia 935

ing its grave concern that, in the period of time that has Security Council, constitutes an act of aggression against elapsed, South Africa has continued its illegal occupa- the Namibian people and a challenge to the authority tion of Namibia in defiance of resolutions and decisions of the United Nations, which has direct responsibility of the Assembly, for Namibia until independence, Recalling also its resolutions 3111(XXVIII) of 12 December Stressing the solemn responsibility of the international 1973 and 31/146 and 31/152 of 20 December 1976, by which, community to take all effective measures in support of inter alia, it recognized the South West Africa People's the Namibian people in their liberation struggle under Organization as the sole and authentic representative of the leadership of the South West Africa People's the Namibian people and granted observer status to it, Organization, Recalling further its resolutions ES-8/2 of 14 September Noting that 1986 marks the twenty-sixth anniversary 1981 and 36/121 B of 10 December 1981, by which it called of the creation of the South West Africa People's upon States to cease forthwith, individually and collec- Organization, tively, all dealings with South Africa in order to isolate Reaffirming its full support for the armed struggle of it totally, politically, economically, militarily and culturally, the Namibian people, under the leadership of the South Taking note of debates held in the Security Council from West Africa People's Organization, to achieve self- 13 to 15 November 1985 calling for the imposition of determination, freedom and national independence in mandatory selective sanctions against South Africa a united Namibia, and recognizing that 1986 marks the under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Na- twentieth anniversary of the launching of the armed tions, as well as those held in the Council from 5 to 13 struggle by the South West Africa People's Organiza- February 1986 and on 22 May 1986 on the situation in tion against South Africa's colonial occupation, southern Africa, Indignant at South Africa's persistent refusal to com- Welcoming the special communique and the final com- ply with resolutions of the Security Council, in particular munique, adopted at the Meeting of Ministers and resolutions 385(1976) of 30 January 1976,435(1978) of Heads of Delegation of Non-Aligned Countries to the 29 September 1978, 439(1978) of 13 November 1978, Fortieth Session of the General Assembly, held in New 532(1983) of 31 May 1983, 539(1983) of 28 October 1983 York on 1 October 1985, the Final Political Declaration and 566(1985) of 19 June 1985, and at its manoeuvres adopted by the Conference of Foreign Ministers of Non- aimed at perpetuating its illegal occupation of Namibia Aligned Countries, held at Luanda from 4 to 7 and its brutal exploitation of the Namibian people, September 1985, the communique adopted by the Co- Deeply concerned at the decision of the European ordinating Bureau of the Movement of Non-Aligned Economic Community not to extend its economic sanc- Countries on 25 November 1985 regarding the situa- tions imposed against South Africa on 16 September tion in southern Africa following the repeal of the Clark 1986 to Namibia, which is illegally occupied by the racist Amendment by the United States Congress, the Political regime of South Africa, Declaration adopted at the Ministerial Meeting of the Deploring South Africa's continued intransigence and Co-ordinating Bureau of the Movement of Non-Aligned insistence on irrelevant and unacceptable pre-conditions Countries, held at New Delhi from 16 to 19 April 1986, to the independence of Namibia, its attempts to bypass the final communique of the Meeting of Ministers and the United Nations and its designs aimed at perpetuating Heads of Delegation of Non-Aligned Countries to the its illegal occupation of me Territory through the establish- Forty-first Session of the General Assembly, held in New ment of puppet political institutions, York on 2 October 1986, the final documents of the Deeply concerned at South Africa's increasing militariza- Eighth Conference of Heads of State or Government tion of Namibia, the forced conscription of Namibians, of Non-Aligned Countries, held at Harare from 1 to 6 the creation of tribal armies, including the so-called September 1986, the Final Communique of the Seminar South West Africa Territorial Forces, and the use of ag- on World Action for the Immediate Independence of gression against neighbouring States, Namibia, held at Valletta from 19 to 23 May 1986, the Strongly condemning the racist regime of South Africa Declaration of the International Conference for the Im- for developing a nuclear capability for military and ag- mediate Independence of Namibia, the Programme of gressive purposes, Action on Namibia and the Appeal for the Immediate Expressing its grave concern at the continued occupation Independence of Namibia issued by the eminent per- of parts of southern Angola by South African troops, sons participating in the Conference, the resolution which has been facilitated by the support extended to adopted by the Council of Ministers of the Organiza- the racist regime and to bandits of Uniao Nacional para tion of African Unity at its forty-fourth ordinary ses- a Independencia Total de Angola to destabilize Angola, sion, held at Addis Ababa from 21 to 26 July 1986, on Expressing its strong condemnation of South Africa's use the refusal of a Government to impose sanctions on of the Namibian territory as a springboard for its con- South Africa, and the Declaration adopted by the tinuing acts of aggression against independent African Assembly of Heads of State and Government of the States, particularly Angola, Botswana, Zambia and Zim- Organization of African Unity at its twenty-second or- babwe, resulting in loss of human life and destruction dinary session, held at Addis Ababa from 28 to 30 July of economic infrastructures, 1986, on the involvement of a Government in the inter- Reaffirming that the resources of Namibia are the in- nal affairs of the People's Republic of Angola, violable heritage of the Namibian people and that the Recalling the debates held at its special session on the exploitation of those resources by foreign economic in- question of Namibia and resolution S-14/1 of 20 terests under the protection of the illegal colonial regime September 1986 adopted at that session, of South Africa, in violation of the Charter of the United Strongly reiterating that the continuing illegal and colo- Nations, the relevant resolutions of the General nial occupation of Namibia by South Africa, in defiance Assembly and of the Security Council, and Decree No. 1 of repeated resolutions of the General Assembly and the for the Protection of the Natural Resources of Namibia, 936 Trusteeship and decolonization

enacted by the United Nations Council for Namibia on cluding armed struggle, against the illegal occupation 27 September 1974, and in disregard of the advisory of their territory by South Africa; opinion of the International Court of Justice of 21 June 6. Strongly condemns the South African regime for its 1971, is illegal and encourages the occupation regime continued illegal occupation of Namibia in defiance of to be even more intransigent and defiant, the resolutions of the United Nations relating to Recalling the decision of the United Nations Council Namibia; for Namibia of 2 May 1985 to initiate legal proceedings 7. Declares that South Africa's illegal occupation of in the domestic courts of States against corporations or Namibia constitutes an act of aggression against the Na- individuals involved in the exploitation, transport, pro- mibian people in terms of the Definition of Aggression cessing or purchase of Namibia's natural resources, as contained in General Assembly resolution 3314(XXIX) part of its efforts to give effect to Decree No. 1 for the of 14 December 1974, and supports the armed struggle Protection of the Natural Resources of Namibia, of the Namibian people, under the leadership of the Deeply deploring the continued collaboration between South West Africa People's Organization, to repel South certain States and South Africa in the political, military, Africa's aggression and to achieve self-determination, economic and nuclear fields, in disregard of the rele- freedom and national independence in a united vant resolutions of the General Assembly and the Namibia; Security Council, 8. Reiterates that, in accordance with its resolution Deeply concerned at the continued assistance rendered 2145(XXI), Namibia is the direct responsibility of the to the racist Pretoria regime by certain international United Nations until genuine self-determination and na- organizations and institutions, particularly the Interna- tional independence are achieved in the Territory and, tional Monetary Fund and the World Bank, in disregard for this reason, reaffirms the mandate given to the of the relevant resolutions of the General Assembly, United Nations Council for Namibia as the legal Ad- Indignant at the continuing arbitrary imprisonment ministering Authority for Namibia until independence and detention of leaders, members and supporters of under its resolution 2248(S-V) and subsequent resolu- the South West Africa People's Organization, and the tions of the General Assembly; killing, torture and murder of innocent Namibians, as 9. Reaffirms its decision that the United Nations well as other inhuman measures by the illegal occupa- Council for Namibia, in fulfilment of its mandate and tion regime designed to intimidate the Namibian peo- in view of racist South Africa's arrogant refusal to ple and to destroy their determination to fulfil their withdraw from the Territory, should proceed to establish legitimate aspirations for self-determination, freedom its administration in Namibia in 1987, in accordance and national independence in a united Namibia, with General Assembly resolutions 40/97 A of 13 Noting with grave concern that the Security Council has December 1985 and S-14/1; been prevented, on account of the vetoes cast by two 10. Reaffirms that the South West Africa People's of its Western permanent members, from carrying out Organization, the national liberation movement of Na- its responsibility under Chapter VII of the Charter, mibia, is the sole and authentic representative of the Na- Commending the efforts of the United Nations Coun- mibian people; cil for Namibia as the legal Administering Authority for 11. Further reaffirms that the genuine independence of Namibia until independence in the discharge of the Namibia can be achieved only with the direct and full responsibilities entrusted to it under the relevant resolu- participation of the South West Africa People's tions of the General Assembly, Organization in all efforts to implement the resolutions 1. Approves the report of the United Nations Coun- of the United Nations relating to Namibia; cil for Namibia; 12. Commends the South West Africa People's 2. Endorses the Declaration of the International Con- Organization for its continued intensification of the ference for the Immediate Independence of Namibia and struggle on all fronts, including the armed struggle, and the Programme of Action on Namibia, and urges the for its commitment to embrace all Namibian patriots international community to implement them; in an effort to strengthen further national unity so as 3. Takes note of the important debates held in the to ensure the territorial integrity and sovereignty of a Security Council from 13 to 15 November 1985 on the united Namibia, and welcomes the consolidation of unity question of Namibia; in action by the patriotic forces in Namibia under the 4. Further takes note of Security Council resolution leadership of the South West Africa People's Organiza- 566(1985) by which the Council, inter alia, condemned tion, during the critical phase of their struggle for na- South Africa for its installation of a so-called interim tional and social liberation; government in Namibia and further condemned that 13. Reaffirms its solidarity with, and support for, the regime for its obstruction of the implementation of South West Africa People's Organization, the sole and Council resolution 435(1978) by insisting on conditions authentic representative of the Namibian people, and contrary to the provisions of the United Nations plan pays tribute to that organization for the sacrifices that for the independence of Namibia as embodied in that it has made in the field of battle and also for the spirit resolution; of statesmanship, co-operation and far-sightedness that 5. Reaffirms the inalienable right of the people of Na- it has displayed in the political and diplomatic arena de- mibia to self-determination, freedom and national in- spite the most extreme provocations on the part of the dependence in a united Namibia, in accordance with racist Pretoria regime; the Charter of the United Nations and as recognized 14. Reaffirms that the United Nations plan for the by the General Assembly in its resolutions 1514(XV) and independence of Namibia, embodied in Security Coun- 2145(XXI) and in subsequent resolutions of the cil resolutions 385(1976) and 435(1978), is the only in- Assembly relating to Namibia, as well as the legitimacy ternationally accepted basis for a peaceful settlement of of their struggle by all the means at their disposal, in- the Namibian question and demands its immediate Namibia 937

implementation without pre-condition or modification; 25. Calls upon the South African regime to desist 15. Expresses its dismay at the failure to date of the from linking the independence of Namibia to irrelevant Security Council to discharge effectively its respon- and extraneous issues, such as the presence of Cuban sibilities for the maintenance of peace and security in troops in Angola, as such "linkage" is incompatible with southern Africa, owing to the vetoes of two of its West- the relevant resolutions of the United Nations, par- ern permanent members; ticularly Security Council resolution 435(1978); 16. Urges the Security Council to act decisively in 26. Strongly rejects the policies of "constructive engage- fulfilment of the direct responsibility of the United Na- ment" and "linkage", which have served to encourage tions over Namibia and to take, without further delay, the racist regime of South Africa to continue its illegal appropriate action to ensure that the United Nations occupation of Namibia, and calls for their abandonment plan, as embodied in Council resolution 435(1978), is so that the resolutions and decisions of the United Na- not undermined or modified in any way and that it is tions on the question of Namibia can be implemented; fully respected and implemented; 27. Welcomes and endorses the universal and categorical 17. Reiterates its conviction that South Africa's contin- rejection of "linkage" advanced by South Africa between ued illegal occupation of Namibia, its defiance of the the independence of Namibia and irrelevant and ex- resolutions of the United Nations, its brutal repression traneous issues, such as the presence of Cuban forces of the Namibian people, its acts of destabilization and in Angola, and emphasizes unequivocally that such aggression against independent African States and its "linkage", in addition to delaying the decolonization policies of apartheid constitute a threat to international process in Namibia, constitutes an interference in the peace and security; internal affairs of Angola; 18. Strongly condemns South Africa for the imposition 28. Welcomes and endorses the world-wide and justified of the so-called interim government in Namibia on 17 condemnation of the policy of "constructive engage- June 1985, declares this measure to be null and void, ment" with South Africa as one which, in addition to affirms that it constitutes a direct affront and a clear encouraging South Africa's intransigence and thereby defiance of the resolutions of the Security Council, par- delaying Namibia's independence, has been discredited ticularly resolutions 435(1978) and 439(1978), and fur- and made bankrupt by the very actions of the Pretoria ther affirms that this manoeuvre by South Africa of regime both within South Africa and in the southern creating puppet institutions subservient to the interests African region as a whole; of the racist regime is intended to consolidate Pretoria's 29. Expresses its appreciation to the front-line States and stranglehold over Namibia; the South West Africa People's Organization for their 19. Denounces all fraudulent constitutional and statesmanlike and constructive attitude in the efforts political schemes by which the illegal racist regime of aimed at implementing Security Council resolution South Africa attempts to perpetuate its colonial domina- 435(1978); tion of Namibia, and, in particular, calls upon the in- 30. Reaffirms its conviction that the solidarity and sup- ternational community to continue to refrain from ac- port of the front-line States for the Namibian cause con- cording any recognition or extending any co-operation tinues to be a factor of paramount importance in the to any regime imposed by the illegal South African ad- efforts to bring genuine independence to the Territory; ministration upon the Namibian people in violation of 31. Strongly urges the international community to in- Security Council resolutions 385(1976), 435(1978), crease, as a matter of urgency, financial, material, 439(1978), 532(1983), 539(1983) and 566(1985) and of military and political support to the front-line States so other relevant resolutions of the General Assembly and as to enable them to resolve their own economic dif- the Council; ficulties, which are largely a consequence of Pretoria's 20. Reaffirms that all such manoeuvres are fraudulent policies of aggression and subversion, and to defend and null and void and that they must be rejected themselves better against South Africa's persistent at- categorically by all States as called for in the relevant resolu- tempts to destabilize them; tions of the General Assembly and the Security Council; 32. Requests Member States urgently to extend all 21. Declares that all so-called laws and proclamations necessary assistance to Angola and other front-line States issued by the illegal occupation regime in Namibia are in order to enable them to strengthen their defence illegal, null and void; capacity against South Africa's acts of aggression; 22. Strongly urges the Security Council to act decisively 33. Calls upon Member States and the specialized against any dilatory manoeuvres and fraudulent schemes agencies and other organizations of the United Nations of the illegal occupation regime aimed at frustrating the system to render sustained and increased support, as legitimate struggle of the Namibian people for self- well as material, financial, military and other assistance, determination and national liberation under the leadership to the South West Africa People's Organization so as of the South West Africa People's Organization; to enable it to intensify its struggle for the liberation 23. Reiterates that there are only two parties to the of Namibia; conflict in Namibia, namely, the Namibian people rep- 34. Urges all Governments and the specialized agen- resented by the South West Africa People's Organiza- cies and other intergovernmental organizations to pro- tion, their sole and authentic representative, and the rac- vide increased material assistance to the thousands of ist regime of South Africa, which illegally occupies Namibian refugees who have been forced by the op- Namibia; pressive policies of the apartheid regime to flee Namibia, 24. Further reiterates that Member States must exert especially into the neighbouring front-line States; all efforts to counter any manoeuvres by racist South 35. Solemnly reaffirms that Namibia's accession to in- Africa and its allies aimed at circumventing the United dependence must be with its territorial integrity intact, Nations and undermining its primary responsibility for including Walvis Bay, the Penguin Islands and other off- the decolonization of Namibia; shore islands, and reiterates that, in accordance with 938 Trusteeship and decolonization

the resolutions of the United Nations, in particular carry out its military attacks against independent African Security Council resolution 432(1978) of 27 July 1978 States and its threats and acts of subversion and aggres- and General Assembly resolutions S-9/2 of 3 May 1978 sion against those States, as well as for the forcible and 35/227 A of 6 March 1981, any attempt by South displacement of the Namibians from their homes; Africa to annex them is, therefore, illegal, null and void; 45. Strongly condemns South Africa for its imposition 36. Calls upon the Security Council to declare of military conscription of all Namibian males between categorically that Walvis Bay is an integral part of Na- seventeen and fifty-five years of age into the occupying mibia and that the question should not be left as a mat- colonial army, in yet further sinister attempts to sup- ter for negotiation between an independent Namibia and press the national liberation struggle of the Namibian South Africa; people and to force Namibians to kill one another, and 37. Strongly condemns South Africa for obstructing the declares that all measures taken by racist South Africa implementation of the resolutions of the United Nations, by which the illegal occupation régime attempts to en- in particular Security Council resolutions 385(1976), force military conscription in Namibia are illegal, null 435(1978), 439(1978), 532(1983), 539(1983) and and void; 566(1985), and for its manœuvres, in contravention of 46. Strongly condemns the racist régime of South Africa these resolutions, designed to consolidate its colonial and for its utilization of the international Territory of Na- neo-colonial interests at the expense of the legitimate mibia as a springboard for perpetrating armed invasions, aspirations of the Namibian people for genuine self- subversion, destabilization and aggression against determination, freedom and national independence in neighbouring African States; a united Namibia; 47. Denounces the latest acts of aggression by the rac- 38. Strongly condemns the continuing collaboration be- ist régime against Angola, Botswana, Zambia and Zim- tween South Africa and certain Western countries in the babwe, declares that Pretoria's policy of aggression and political, economic, diplomatic and financial fields, and destabilization not only undermines the peace and expresses its conviction that such collaboration helps to stability of the southern African region but also con- prolong South Africa's domination and control over the stitutes a threat to international peace and security, and people and Territory of Namibia; calls upon South Africa to cease all acts of aggression 39. Deplores, in this context, the establishment and against the neighbouring African States; operation by racist South Africa of the so-called Namibia 48. Expresses its grave concern at the acquisition of Information Offices in France, the Federal Republic of nuclear-weapon capability by the racist régime of South Germany, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Africa and declares that such acquisition constitutes a Northern Ireland and the United States of America, threat to peace and security in Africa while posing a aimed at legitimizing its puppet institutions in Namibia, danger to all mankind; in particular the so-called interim government for which 49. Condemns and calls for an immediate end to the the racist régime has been condemned by the Security continuing military collaboration on the part of certain Council and the international community, and demands Western countries with the racist régime of South Africa, their immediate closure; and expresses its conviction that such collaboration, in 40. Notes with appreciation the measures taken by some addition to strengthening the aggressive military ma- States, international organizations, parliamentarians, in- chinery of the Pretoria régime, thereby constituting a stitutions and non-governmental organizations in order hostile action against the people of Namibia and the to exert pressure on the racist régime of South Africa front-line States, is also in violation of the arms embargo and calls upon them to redouble and intensify their ef- imposed against South Africa under Security Council forts to force the racist régime to comply with the resolu- resolution 418(1977) of 4 November 1977; tions and decisions of the United Nations relating to 50. Declares that such collaboration encourages the Namibia and South Africa; Pretoria régime in its defiance of the international com- 41. Calls once again upon all Governments, especially munity and obstructs efforts to eliminate apartheid and those that have close links with South Africa, to support, bring South Africa's illegal occupation of Namibia to in co-operation with the United Nations Council for Namibia, an end, and calls for the immediate cessation of such the actions of the United Nations to defend the national collaboration; rights of the Namibian people until independence and 51. Calls upon all States to implement fully the arms to isolate the racist régime of South Africa; embargo imposed against South Africa under Security 42. Urges Governments not to exercise their veto in Council resolution 418(1977); the Security Council in regard to the question of the 52. Calls upon the Security Council to adopt the imposition of comprehensive and mandatory sanctions necessary measures to tighten the arms embargo im- against South Africa, and thus to respond positively to posed against South Africa under Council resolution the international call to isolate racist South Africa; 418(1977) and to ensure strict compliance with the em- 43. Calls upon the members of the European bargo by all States; Economic Community to strengthen, as a matter of 53. Further calls upon the Security Council to imple- urgency, the economic sanctions they recently imposed ment, as a matter of urgency, the recommendations con- against the Pretoria régime and to extend them to in- tained in the report of the Security Council Committee clude illegally occupied Namibia; established in pursuance of Council resolution 421(1977); 44. Strongly condemns South Africa for its military 54. Calls upon all States to comply with Security buildup in Namibia, its introduction of compulsory Council resolution 558(1984) of 13 December 1984 and military service for Namibians, its proclamation of a so- to refrain from importing arms, ammunition of all types called security zone in Namibia, its recruitment and and military vehicles produced in South Africa; training of Namibians for tribal armies, its use of 55. Condemns all collaboration with the Pretoria mercenaries to suppress the Namibian people and to régime in the nuclear field, and calls upon all States that Namibia 939 do so to terminate such collaboration, including refrain- legally exploiting the resources of the Territory, and ing from supplying the racist minority régime of South demands that these interests comply with all the rele- Africa, directly or indirectly, with installations, equip- vant resolutions and decisions of the United Nations by ment or material that might enable it to produce immediately withdrawing from the Territory and by put- uranium, plutonium or other nuclear materials or ting an end to their co-operation with the illegal South reactors; African administration; 56. Reiterates its call upon all States to take legislative 65. Declares that, by their incessant exploitation of and other appropriate measures to prevent the recruit- the human and natural resources of the Territory and ment, training and transit of mercenaries for service in their continued accumulation and repatriation of huge Namibia; profits, the foreign economic, financial and other in- 57. Strongly condemns the illegal occupation régime terests operating in Namibia constitute a major obstacle of South Africa for its massive repression of the people to its independence; of Namibia and their liberation movement, the South 66. Once again requests all Member States, particularly West Africa People's Organization, in an attempt to in- those States whose corporations are engaged in the ex- timidate and terrorize them into submission; ploitation of Namibian resources, to take all appropriate 58. Demands once again that South Africa immediately measures, including legislative and enforcement action, release all Namibian political prisoners, including all to ensure the full application of, and compliance by all those imprisoned or detained under the so-called inter- corporations and individuals within their jurisdiction nal security laws, martial law or any other arbitrary with, the provisions of Decree No. 1 for the Protection measures, whether such Namibians have been charged of the Natural Resources of Namibia; or tried or are being held without charge in Namibia 67. Calls upon the Governments of all States, par- or South Africa; ticularly those whose corporations are involved in the 59. Demands that South Africa account for all "disap- mining and processing of Namibian uranium, to take peared" Namibians and release any who are still alive, all appropriate measures in compliance with resolutions and declares that South Africa shall be liable to com- and decisions of the United Nations and Decree No. 1 pensate the victims, their families and the future lawful for the Protection of the Natural Resources of Namibia, Government of an independent Namibia for the losses including the practice of requiring negative certificates sustained; of origin, to prohibit State-owned and other corpora- 60. Endorses the decision taken by the United Na- tions, together with their subsidiaries, from dealing in tions Council for Namibia and contained in paragraph Namibian uranium and from engaging in any uranium- 59 of the Final Document adopted by the Council at prospecting activities in Namibia; its extraordinary plenary meetings held at Vienna from 68. Approves the continued efforts of the United Na- 3 to 7 June 1985, that it will, in the exercise of its rights tions Council for Namibia to initiate legal proceedings under the United Nations Convention on the Law of in the domestic courts of States against corporations or the Sea, proclaim an exclusive economic zone for Na- individuals involved in the exploitation, transport, pro- mibia, the outer limit of which shall be 200 miles, and cessing or purchase of Namibia's natural resources, as states that any action for the implementation of that deci- part of its efforts to give effect to Decree No. 1 for the sion should be taken in consultation with the South West Protection of the Natural Resources of Namibia; Africa People's Organization, the representative of the 69. Requests the Governments of the Federal Republic Namibian people; of Germany, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom 61. Reaffirms that the natural resources of Namibia, of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, which operate including its marine resources, are the inviolable heri- the Urenco uranium-enrichment plant, to have Namib- tage of the Namibian people, and expresses its deep con- ian uranium specifically excluded from the Treaty of cern at the depletion of these resources, particularly its Almelo, which regulates the activities of Urenco; uranium deposits, as a result of their plunder by South 70. Urges the United Nations Council for Namibia, Africa and certain Western and other foreign economic in its capacity as the legal Administering Authority for interests, in violation of the pertinent resolutions of the Namibia until independence, to consider the promulga- General Assembly and of the Security Council, of De- tion of additional legislation in order to protect and pro- cree No. 1 for the Protection of the Natural Resources mote the interests of the people of Namibia, and to im- of Namibia and in disregard of the advisory opinion of plement effectively such legislation; the International Court of Justice of 21 June 1971; 71. Calls upon all specialized agencies, in particular 62. Declares that all activities of foreign economic in- the International Monetary Fund, to terminate all col- terests in Namibia are illegal under international law laboration with, and assistance to, the racist régime of and that all the foreign economic interests operating in South Africa, since such assistance serves to augment Namibia are liable to pay damages to the future the military capability of the Pretoria régime, thus en- legitimate Government of an independent Namibia; abling it not only to continue the brutal repression in 63. Calls upon the United Nations Council for Na- Namibia and South Africa itself, but also to commit acts mibia, in pursuance of the relevant provisions of De- of aggression against independent neighbouring States; cree No. 1 for the Protection of the Natural Resources 72. Reiterates its request to all States, pending the im- of Namibia, to continue to take the necessary steps to position of comprehensive and mandatory sanctions compile statistical information on the wealth illegally ex- against South Africa, to take legislative, administrative tracted from Namibia with a view to assessing the ex- and other measures individually and collectively, as ap- tent of compensation eventually due to an independent propriate, in order effectively to isolate South Africa Namibia; politically, economically, militarily and culturally, in ac- 64. Strongly condemns the activities of all foreign cordance with General Assembly resolutions ES-8/2 and economic interests operating in Namibia that are il- 36/121 B, and resolution 37/233 A of 20 December 1982; 940 Trusteeship and decolonization

73. Requests the United Nations Council for Na- lombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'lvoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Czechoslo- vakia, Democratic Kampuchea, Democratic Yemen, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican mibia, in its implementation of paragraph 15 of General Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Assembly resolution ES-8/2 and of the relevant provi- German Democratic Republic, Ghana, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, sions of Assembly resolutions 36/121 B and 37/233 A, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jamaica, Jordan, Kenya, Kuwait, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Lebanon, Lesotho, Libyan Arab to continue to monitor the boycott of South Africa and Jamahiriya, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, to submit to the Assembly at its forty-second session a Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, comprehensive report on all contacts between Member Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Rapua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Poland, States and South Africa, containing an analysis of the Qatar, Romania, Rwanda, Saint Christopher and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vin- cent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, information received from Member States and other Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, sources on the continuing political, economic, financial Suriname, Swaziland, Syrian Arab Republic, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, and other relations of States and their economic and Tunisia, Uganda, Ukrainian SSR, USSR, United Arab Emirates, United Republic of Tanzania, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Viet Nam, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, other interest groups with South Africa and of measures Zambia, Zimbabwe, taken by States to terminate all dealings with the racist Against: None. regime of South Africa; Abstaining: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Fiji,3 Finland, 74. Requests all States to co-operate fully with the France, Germany, Federal Republic of, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Liberia,a Luxembourg, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Paraguay, Portugal, United Nations Council for Namibia in the fulfilment Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom, United States. of its task concerning the implementation of General a Later advised the Secretariat it had intended to vote in favour. Assembly resolutions ES-8/2, 36/121 B and 37/233 A and to report to the Secretary-General by the forty- Also on 20 November, the Assembly adopted second session of the Assembly on the measures taken resolution 41/39 B by recorded vote. by them in the implementation of those resolutions; 75. Declares that the liberation struggle in Namibia Implementation of Security Council is a conflict of an international character in terms of ar- resolution 435(1978) ticle 1, paragraph 4, of Additional Protocol I to the The General Assembly, Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and, in this re- Recognizing that 1986 marks the twentieth anniversary gard, demands that the Conventions and Additional Pro- of the termination of South Africa's Mandate over Na- tocol I be applied by South Africa, and in particular that mibia and the assumption by the United Nations of di- all captured freedom fighters be accorded prisoner-of- rect responsibility over the Territory, war status as called for by the Geneva Convention Indignant at South Africa's persistent refusal to com- relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War and the ply with Security Council resolutions 385(1976) of 30 Additional Protocol thereto; January 1976, 431(1978) of 27 July 1978, 435(1978) of 76. Declares that South Africa's defiance of the United 29 September 1978, 439(1978) of 13 November 1978, Nations, its illegal occupation of the international Ter- 532(1983) of 31 May 1983, 539(1983) of 28 October 1983 ritory of Namibia, its war of repression against the Na- and 566(1985) of 19 June 1985 and at its manoeuvres mibian people, its persistent acts of aggression against aimed at gaining recognition for the illegitimate groups independent African States, its policies of apartheid and which it has installed in Namibia and which are subser- its development of nuclear capability constitute a serious vient to Pretoria's interests, in order to maintain its threat to international peace and security; policies of domination and exploitation of the people and 77. Strongly urges the Security Council, in view of the natural resources of Namibia, persistent refusal by the racist regime of South Africa Reaffirming the imperative need to proceed, without to comply with the resolutions and decisions of the United further delay, with the implementation of Security Council Nations on the question of Namibia, particularly Council resolution 435(1978) which, together with Council resolu- resolutions 385(1976), 435(1978), 539(1983) and 566(1985), tion 385(1976), is the only internationally accepted basis and, in the light of the serious threat to international peace for a peaceful settlement of the question of Namibia, and security posed by South Africa, to impose comprehen- Reaffirming the inalienable right of the Namibian people sive and mandatory sanctions against that regime as pro- to freedom, self-determination and national independ- vided for in Chapter VII of the Charter; ence in a united Namibia, in accordance with the Declara- 78. Expresses its appreciation to the Secretary-General tion on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Coun- for his personal commitment to the independence of Namibia tries and Peoples contained in General Assembly resolution and for his efforts aimed at the implementation of resolutions 1514(XV) of 14 December 1960, and decisions of the United Nations on the question of Strongly condemning racist South Africa for its contin- Namibia, particularly Security Council resolution 435(1978), ued denial to the Namibian people of the exercise of their and urges him to continue those efforts; inalienable right to self-determination and independence, 79. Requests the Secretary-General to report to the Reaffirming that the only parties to the conflict in Na- General Assembly at its forty-second session on the im- mibia are, on the one hand, the Namibian people rep- plementation of the present resolution. resented by the South West Africa People's Organiza- tion, their sole and authentic representative, and on the General Assembly resolution 41/39 A other, the racist regime of South Africa, which illegally 20 November 1986 Meeting 79 130-0-26 (recorded vote) occupies the Territory, Draft by Council for Namibia (A/41/24), as amended; agenda item 36. Strongly condemning racist South Africa for its contin- Financial implications. 5th Committee, A/41/854; S-G, A/C.5/41/38. ued illegal occupation of Namibia and its manoeuvres Meeting numbers. GA 41st session: 5th Committee 28; plenary 67-71, 79. aimed at obstructing the implementation of Security Recorded vote in Assembly as follows: Council resolutions, in particular resolutions 385(1976) In favour: Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, and 435(1978), Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei Darussalam, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burma, Burundi, Byelorus- Recalling that the "linkage" insisted upon by South sian SSR, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, China, Co- Africa of the independence of Namibia with totally Namibia 941 irrelevant and extraneous issues, such as the presence of those resolutions, designed to consolidate its colonial of Cuban forces in Angola, has been rejected by the and néo-colonial interests at the expense of the legitimate General Assembly and the Security Council and has aspirations of the Namibian people for genuine self- been condemned world wide, determination, freedom and national independence in Reaffirming that the Cuban forces are in Angola by a united Namibia; a sovereign act of the Government of Angola, in accord- 2. Reaffirms the direct responsibility of the United ance with the provisions of the Charter of the United Nations over Namibia pending its achievement of self- Nations, and that any attempts to link their presence determination and national independence; in that country with the independence of Namibia con- 3. Reiterates that Security Council resolutions stitute a gross and unwarranted interference in the in- 385(1976) and 435(1978), embodying the United Nations ternal affairs of Angola, plan for the independence of Namibia, constitute the Expressing its dismay at the fact that the Security Coun- only internationally accepted basis for a peaceful set- cil has been prevented by two Western permanent tlement of the Namibian problem, and demands their members from adopting effective measures under immediate and unconditional implementation; Chapter VII of the Charter against South Africa in the 4. Strongly condemns the racist régime of South Africa discharge of its responsibilities for the maintenance of for the installation of the so-called interim government international peace and security, in Namibia on 17 June 1985, in defiance of resolutions Recalling its call upon all States, in view of the threat and decisions of the United Nations, declares this meas- to international peace and security posed by South ure null and void, and calls upon the international com- Africa, to impose comprehensive and mandatory sanc- munity to continue to refrain from according any tions against that country in accordance with the pro- recognition or extending any co-operation to any régime visions of the Charter, imposed by the illegal South African administration Commending the South West Africa People's Organiza- upon the Namibian people; tion for its preparedness to co-operate fully with the 5. Demands that the racist régime of South Africa Secretary-General of the United Nations and his Special immediately rescind the aforementioned illegal and Representative, including its expressed readiness to sign unilateral action; and observe a cease-fire agreement with South Africa, 6. Further demands that South Africa urgently com- in the implementation of the United Nations plan for ply fully and unconditionally with the resolutions of the the independence of Namibia, as embodied in Security Security Council, in particular resolutions 385(1976) and Council resolution 435(1978), 435(1978) and subsequent resolutions of the Council Condemning the racist régime of South Africa for its relating to Namibia; installation and maintenance of a so-called interim 7. Emphasizes once again that the only parties to the government in Namibia, in violation of Security Council conflict in Namibia are, on the one hand, the Namib- resolutions 435(1978), 439(1978) and 566(1985), ian people represented by the South West Africa Peo- Expressing grave concern at the lack of progress in im- ple's Organization, their sole and authentic represen- plementing Security Council resolution 435(1978), as tative, and, on the other, the racist régime of South indicated in the further reports of the Secretary-General Africa which illegally occupies the Territory; dated 29 December 1983, 6 June 1985, 6 September 1985 8. Rejects all manoeuvres by racist South Africa and and 26 November 1985, concerning the implementation its allies aimed at diverting attention from the central of Council resolutions 435(1978) and 439(1978), issue of the decolonization of Namibia by introducing Gravely concerned at the use of the Territory of Namibia an East-West confrontation to the detriment of the by the racist Pretoria régime as a springboard of ag- legitimate aspirations of the Namibian people to self- gression against, and destabilization of, front-line States, determination, freedom and national independence; particularly against Angola, 9. Strongly condemns and rejects the persistent attempts Recalling Security Council resolution 566(1985) by by South Africa to establish a "linkage" or "parallel- which the Council, inter alia, demanded that South Africa ism" between the independence of Namibia, in accord- co-operate fully with the Security Council and the ance with Security Council resolution 435(1978), and Secretary-General in the implementation of that resolu- any extraneous and irrelevant issues, in particular the tion and warned that failure to do so would compel the presence of Cuban forces in Angola, and emphasizes Council to meet forthwith to consider the adoption of unequivocally that all such attempts are designed to appropriate measures under the Charter, delay further the independence of Namibia and that they Recalling its request to the Security Council, in view constitute a gross and unwarranted interference in the of the persistent refusal by the racist régime of South internal affairs of Angola; Africa to comply with the resolutions and decisions of 10. Strongly rejects the policies of "constructive engage- the United Nations on the question of Namibia, in par- ment" and "linkage", which have served to encourage ticular resolutions of the Council, and, in the light of the racist régime of South Africa to continue its illegal the serious threat to international peace and security occupation of Namibia, and calls for their abandonment posed by South Africa, to impose comprehensive and so that resolutions and decisions of the United Nations mandatory sanctions against that régime as provided on the question of Namibia can be implemented; for in Chapter VII of the Charter, in fulfilment of its 11. Strongly condemns the use of the veto by two West- responsibilities under the Charter and in response to the ern permanent members of the Security Council on 15 overwhelming demand of the international community, November 1985, as a result of which the Council was 1. Strongly condemns South Africa for obstructing the prevented from taking effective measures under Chapter implementation of Security Council resolutions VII of the Charter of the United Nations against South 385(1976), 435(1978), 439(1978), 532(1983), 539(1983) Africa, and calls upon the Western permanent members and 566(1985) and for its manoeuvres, in contravention of the Council to support the imposition of enforcement 942 Trusteeship and decolonization

measures by it in order to ensure South Africa's com- zambique, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Qatar, Romania, Rwanda, Saint pliance with resolutions of the Council; Christopher and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, 12. Strongly urges the Security Council, in view of the Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, persistent refusal by the racist régime of South Africa Singapore, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Syrian Arab Republic, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, to comply with the resolutions and decisions of the Uganda, Ukrainian SSR, USSR, United Arab Emirates, United Republic of Tan- United Nations on the question of Namibia, particularly zania, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Viet Nam, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zam- Council resolutions 385(1976), 435(1978), 539(1983) and bia, Zimbabwe. 566(1985), and, in the light of the serious threat to in- Against: Nona Abstaining: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Fiji,a Finland, ternational peace and security posed by South Africa, France, Germany, Federal Republic of, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, to impose comprehensive and mandatory sanctions Luxembourg, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Paraguay, Portugal, Spain, against that régime as provided for in Chapter VII of Sweden, United Kingdom, United States. the Charter; a Later advised the Secretariat it had intended to vote in favour. 13. Requests the Security Council to meet urgently in order to exercise its authority with regard to Namibia Before voting on the draft resolutions as a whole, and to undertake decisive action in fulfilment of the di- separate votes were requested on certain phrases. rect responsibility of the United Nations over Namibia, Since questions relating to reports and petitions and to take, without further delay, appropriate steps to concerning Namibia were considered an impor- ensure that Council resolutions 385(1976) and 435(1978) tant question under Article 18 of the United Na- embodying the United Nations plan for the independ- tions Charter (see footnote on p. 933), the deci- ence of Namibia are implemented without any pre- sions on the drafts and on any of their parts conditions; required a two-thirds majority. 14. Reiterates that comprehensive and mandatory sanctions under Chapter VII of the Charter are the most Recorded votes were requested on phrases in eight effective and peaceful measures to ensure the compliance paragraphs in the draft that became resolution of racist South Africa with the resolutions and decisions 41/39 A. In the eleventh preambular paragraph, of the United Nations on the question of Namibia; retention of "of the United States Government", 15. Calls upon all States, the specialized agencies and which, in that part concerning the OAU resolution, other organizations of the United Nations system and had followed "on the refusal", was rejected by a vote other institutions, as well as corporations, non- of 53 to 46, with 44 abstentions, as was retention governmental organizations and individuals, pending of "of the United States Administration", which the imposition by the Security Council of comprehen- followed "on the involvement" in the part concerning sive and mandatory sanctions against the racist regime of South Africa under Chapter VII of the Charter, to the OAU Declaration (57-46-40). In the twenty- cease all co-operation with that régime in the political, second preambular paragraph, retention of "by the economic, diplomatic, military, nuclear, cultural, sports United States of America", which followed "by the and other fields; support extended", was rejected (53-47-44). In 16. Welcomes the world-wide support that has been paragraph 25, retention of "the United States Ad- given to the call for sanctions against South Africa and ministration and", which followed "Calls upon", was commends those States that have adopted sanctions rejected (69-49-30). In paragraph 26, retention of against the illegal occupation régime; "pursued by the present United States Administra- 17. Expresses its appreciation to the Secretary-General tion", which followed "and 'linkage'", was rejected for his personal commitment to the independence of Na- (56-51-40). In paragraph 27, retention of "the United mibia and for his efforts aimed at the implementation of resolutions and decisions of the United Nations on States and", which followed "advanced by", was re- the question of Namibia, particularly Security Council jected (56-52-39). At the end of paragraph 28, reten- resolution 435(1978), and urges him to continue those tion of "and appeals to the United States Administra- efforts; tion to desist from this policy" was rejected (64-51-32). 18. Requests the Secretary-General to report to the In paragraph 42, retention of "of the United States General Assembly at its forty-second session on the im- and of the United Kingdom", which followed "the plementation of the present resolution. Governments", was rejected (74-43-29). In paragraph General Assembly resolution 41/39 B 49, retention of "and Israel", which followed "certain 20 November 1986 Meeting 79 133-0-25 (recorded vote) Western countries", was rejected (80-47-22). Draft by Council for Namibia (A/41/24), as amended; agenda item 36. Recorded votes were also requested on phrases Financial implications. 5th Committee, A/41/854; S-G, A/C.5/41/38. in the text that became resolution 41/39 B. In Meeting numbers. GA 41st session: 5th Committee 28; plenary 67-71, 79. paragraph 9, retention of "the United States Ad- Recorded vote in Assembly as follows: ministration and", which followed "persistent at- In favour: Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argen- tina, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, tempts by", was rejected (51-50-40). In paragraph Botswana, Brazil, Brunei Darussalam, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burma, Burundi, 10, retention of "pursued by the present United Byelorussian SSR, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Côte d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, States Administration", which followed "and Czechoslovakia, Democratic Kampuchea, Democratic Yemen, Djibouti, Dominica, 'linkage'", was rejected (54-52-38). Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, German Democratic Republic, Ghana, Grenada, Guatemala, A number of States explained their absten- Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, tions on resolutions 41/39 A and B. Some abs- Iraq, Jamaica, Jordan, Kenya, Kuwait, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Leba- non, Lesotho, Liberia, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, tained on resolution 41/39 A because they could Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Mo- not endorse the support of armed struggle, as Namibia 943 called for explicitly in paragraphs 5, 7 and 12, and tee. In September and October(62) representatives the call for military assistance in paragraphs 31 of the Lutheran World Federation, the National and 33. Among them were Australia, Austria, Bel- Lawyers Guild, the American Committee on gium, Ireland, New Zealand, Norway (speaking Africa and the Africa Fund, the Southern Africa for the five Nordic countries), the United Kingdom Support Project, the Namibia Support Commit- (speaking on behalf of the 12 EC members) and tee, the Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights the United States. under Law, the Namibia Information Service, the Several countries, including Australia, Austria, Drug, Hospital and Health Care Employees the Federal Republic of Germany, Lesotho, Malawi, Union, the International Association of New Zealand and Norway (for the Nordic coun- Democratic Lawyers, the Afro-Asian People's tries) opposed the singling out of individual member Solidarity Organization and the National Coun- States as being responsible for South Africa's policies. cil of the Churches of Christ in the U.S.A., and Australia, Austria, Norway (for the Nordic coun- Professor A. W. Singham, Department of Political tries), the United Kingdom (for EC), the United Science, Brooklyn College, New York, requested States and others felt it was inappropriate to hearings. The Committee granted their requests characterize SWAPO as the sole and authentic and heard their statements between 29 September representative of the Namibian people, thereby pre- and 22 October. On 12 November, the Assembly, judging the outcome of the political process envisaged by decision 41/413, took note of the Fourth Com- in the United Nations plan for Namibia. mitee's report on the hearings.(63) The United Kingdom (for EC) could not accept On 19 November, the Fifth (Administrative and that the principle of universality of membership of Budgetary) Committee decided,(64) by a recorded the United Nations should be questioned or that vote of 96 to 4, with 11 abstentions, to inform the the autonomy of the international financial institu- Assembly that, should it adopt the Council for Na- tions be compromised; EC rejected arbitrary and mibia's recommendations,(2) an additional ap- selective attacks against States or groups of States. propriation of $4,499,800 would be required under As members of the Western contact group, Canada, the programme budget for the 1986-1987 biennium. the Federal Republic of Germany and the United Related resolutions and decision: GA 41/11, 41/14, States abstained on the resolutions for procedural 41/15, 41/35 A and B, 41/41 B, 41/95, 41/101; 41/405. reasons. France said it preferred to maintain a posi- tion enabling it to assist negotiations to complete Report of the Group of 18. In its report to the the process of Namibia's accession to independence. General Assembly(65) the Group of High-level In- Belgium regretted the condemnation and tergovernmental Experts to Review the Efficiency criticisms addressed to Western States in the Security of the Administrative and Financial Functioning Council; it believed there must be strict respect for of the United Nations (Group of 18) (see p. 1021) the competence of that body. A similar view was recommended that the support activities of the Coun- expressed by Norway (for the Nordic countries). cil for Namibia and of the Office of the Commis- Ireland objected to endorsing armed struggle sioner for Namibia should be consolidated (recom- and had doubts about the wisdom of calls for the mendation 19). imposition of comprehensive sanctions. By resolution 41/213 of 19 December, the Criticized for linking implementation of resolu- Assembly decided that the recommendations of the Group of 18 should be implemented in the light tion 435(1978) to the withdrawal of Cuban troops 66 from Angola, the United States reiterated that it of the findings of the Fifth Committee( ) and sub- had not created that linkage; it arose naturally ject to certain qualifications. In the case of recom- from the security situation created by the contin- mendation 19, the Committee noted that any decision uing presence of those troops and the concern that that might be taken should be clearly aimed at had caused in neighbouring States. The United strengthening the efficiency of all Secretariat ac- States continued to oppose mandatory sanctions tivities relating to Namibia without in any way and it defended its policy of constructive engage- limiting them. ment with South Africa, believing that to focus on destroying the country's economic base and to re- Work programme of the Council for Namibia ject all dialogue would be to the detriment of black On 20 November, the General Assembly adopted South Africans. New Zealand also objected to the resolution 41/39 C by recorded vote. call for sanctions. Programme of work of the United Nations Council for Namibia Earlier, on 20 September, the Assembly had The General Assembly, decided to consider the Namibian question directly Having examined the report of the United Nations Council in plenary meetings, on the understanding that for Namibia, hearings of concerned organizations and in- Reaffirming that Namibia is the direct responsibility of dividuals would be held in the Fourth Commit- the United Nations and that the Namibian people must 944 Trusteeship and decolonization

be enabled to attain self-determination and independ- (b) Counter the policies of South Africa against the ence in a united Namibia, Namibian people and the United Nations, as well as Recalling its resolution 2145(XXI) of 27 October 1966, against the United Nations Council for Namibia as the by which it terminated South Africa's Mandate over Na- legal Administering Authority for Namibia; mibia and placed the Territory under the direct respon- (c) Denounce and seek the rejection by all States of sibility of the United Nations, all kinds of schemes through which South Africa at- Recalling its resolution 2248(S-V) of 19 May 1967, by tempts to perpetuate its illegal presence in Namibia; which it established the United Nations Council for Na- (d) Ensure non-recognition of any administration or mibia as the legal Administering Authority for Namibia entity installed in Namibia not ensuing from free elec- until independence, tions conducted under the supervision and control of Recalling its resolution S-14/1 of 20 September 1986, the United Nations, in accordance with the relevant by which it called upon the United Nations Council for resolutions of the Security Council, in particular resolu- Namibia to take immediate practical measures to tions 385(1976) of 30 January 1976, 435(1978) of 29 establish its administration in Namibia in accordance September 1978, 439(1978) of 13 November 1978, with General Assembly resolutions 2248(S-V) and 532(1983) of 31 May 1983, 539(1983) of 28 October 1983 40/97 A of 13 December 1985, and 566(1985) of 19 June 1985; Recognizing that 1987 will mark the twentieth anniver- (e) Make a concerted effort to counter the attempts sary of the establishment of the United Nations Coun- to establish a "linkage" or "parallelism" between the cil for Namibia as the legal Administering Authority for independence of Namibia and extraneous issues, such the Territory until independence, as the withdrawal of Cuban forces from Angola; Taking into consideration the Declaration of the Interna- 6. Decides that the United Nations Council for Na- tional Conference for the Immediate Independence of mibia shall send missions of consultation to Govern- Namibia, the Programme of Action on Namibia and the ments in order to co-ordinate efforts for the implemen- Appeal for the Immediate Independence of Namibia issued tation of resolutions of the United Nations on the by the eminent persons participating in the Conference, question of Namibia and to mobilize support for the Na- Convinced of the need for continued consultations with mibian cause; the South West Africa People's Organization in the for- 7. Decides further that the United Nations Council for mulation and implementation of the programme of work Namibia shall represent Namibia in United Nations of the United Nations Council for Namibia, as well as conferences and intergovernmental and non- in any matter of interest to the Namibian people, governmental organizations, bodies and conferences in Deeply conscious of the urgent and continuing need to order to ensure that the rights and interests of Namibia press for the termination of South Africa's illegal oc- are adequately protected; cupation of Namibia and to put an end to its repres- 8. Decides that Namibia, represented by the United sion of the Namibian people and its exploitation of the Nations Council for Namibia, shall participate as a full natural resources of the Territory, member in all conferences and meetings organized by 1. Approves the report of the United Nations Coun- the United Nations to which all States or, in the case cil for Namibia, including the recommendations con- of regional conferences and meetings, all African States tained therein, and decides to make adequate financial are invited; provision for their implementation; 9. Requests all committees and other subsidiary 2. Expresses its strong support for the efforts of the bodies of the General Assembly and of the Economic United Nations Council for Namibia in the discharge and Social Council to continue to invite the United Na- of the responsibilities entrusted to it, both as the legal tions Council for Namibia to participate whenever the Administering Authority for Namibia and as a policy- rights and interests of Namibians are discussed, and to making organ of the United Nations; consult closely with the United Nations Council for Na- 3. Requests all Member States to co-operate fully mibia before submitting any draft resolution that may with the United Nations Council for Namibia in the involve such rights and interests; discharge of the mandate entrusted to it under the 10. Reiterates its request to all specialized agencies and provisions of General Assembly resolution 2248(S-V) other organizations of the United Nations system to and subsequent resolutions of the Assembly; grant full membership to Namibia, represented by the 4. Decides that the United Nations Council for Na- United Nations Council for Namibia, so that the Coun- mibia, bearing in mind that 1987 marks the twentieth cil may participate as the legal Administering Authority anniversary of its establishment as the legal Ad- for Namibia, in the work of those agencies and ministering Authority for Namibia until independ- organizations; ence, shall take immediate practical measures to 11. Reiterates its request to all specialized agencies and establish its administration in Namibia in accordance other organizations of the United Nations system that with General Assembly resolutions 2248(S-V), have not yet done so to grant a waiver of the assessment 40/97 A and S-14/1; of Namibia during the period in which it is represented 5. Decides that the United Nations Council for Na- by the United Nations Council for Namibia; mibia, in the discharge of its responsibilities as the 12. Again requests all intergovernmental organizations, legal Administering Authority for Namibia until inde- bodies and conferences to ensure that the rights and in- pendence, shall: terests of Namibia are protected and to invite Namibia, (a) Continue to mobilize international support in represented by the United Nations Council for Namibia, order to press for the speedy withdrawal of the illegal to participate as a full member whenever such rights South African administration from Namibia in ac- and interests are involved; cordance with the resolutions of the United Nations 13. Requests the United Nations Council for Namibia, relating to Namibia; in its capacity as the legal Administering Authority for Namibia 945

Namibia, to accede to any international conventions, in particular the International Monetary Fund, with a as it may deem appropriate in close consultation with view to protecting Namibia's interests; the South West Africa People's Organization; (k) Continue to draw the attention of States, the spe- 14. Takes note of the Final Communique of the cialized agencies and private corporations to Decree Seminar on World Action for the Immediate Independ- No. 1 for the Protection of the Natural Resources of Na- ence of Namibia, held at Valletta from 19 to 23 May mibia, enacted by the United Nations Council for Na- 1986, and the Declaration of the International Con- mibia on 27 September 1974, with a view to ensuring ference for the Immediate Independence of Namibia, their compliance with the Decree; the Programme of Action on Namibia and the Appeal (l) Organize international and regional activities, as for the Immediate Independence of Namibia issued by required, in order to obtain relevant information on all the eminent persons participating in the Conference; aspects of the situation in and relating to Namibia, in 15. Requests the United Nations Council for Namibia particular the exploitation of the people and resources to promote and secure the implementation of the of Namibia by South African and other foreign economic Declaration of the International Conference for the Im- interests, and to expose such activities, with a view to mediate Independence of Namibia and the Programme intensifying active support for the Namibian cause; of Action on Namibia adopted by the Conference; (m) Prepare and publish reports on the political, 16. Decides that the United Nations Council for Na- economic, military, legal and social situation in and mibia shall: relating to Namibia; (a) Consult regularly with the leaders of the South (n) Secure the territorial integrity of Namibia as a West Africa People's Organization by inviting them to unitary State, including Walvis Bay, the Penguin Islands New York and by sending high-level missions to the pro- and other offshore islands of Namibia; visional headquarters of that organization, which will 17. Decides to make adequate financial provision in visit Namibian refugee centres whenever necessary; the section of the programme budget of the United Na- (b) Review the progress of the liberation struggle in tions relating to the United Nations Council for Namibia Namibia in its political, military and social aspects and for the financing of the office of the South West Africa prepare comprehensive and analytical periodic reports People's Organization in New York, in order to ensure relating thereto; appropriate representation of the people of Namibia at (c) Review the compliance of Member States with the United Nations through the South West Africa Peo- the relevant resolutions and decisions of the United Na- ple's Organization; tions relating to Namibia and, taking into account the 18. Decides to continue to defray the expenses of advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice representatives of the South West Africa People's of 21 June 1971, prepare annual reports on the subject Organization whenever the United Nations Council for with a view to recommending appropriate policies to Namibia so decides; the General Assembly, in order to counter the support 19. Requests the United Nations Council for Namibia that those States give to the illegal South African ad- to continue to consult with the South West Africa Peo- ministration in Namibia; ple's Organization in the formulation and implemen- (d) Take all measures to ensure the full implemen- tation of its programme of work, as well as on all mat- tation of Decree No. 1 for the Protection of the Natu- ters of interest to the Namibian people; ral Resources of Namibia, including the initiation of 20. Requests the United Nations Council for Namibia legal proceedings in the domestic courts of States in ac- to facilitate the participation of the liberation movements cordance with paragraph 68 of resolution 41/39 A; recognized by the Organization of African Unity in (e) Consider the illegal activities of foreign economic meetings of the Council away from United Nations interests, particularly the transnational corporations Headquarters, whenever such participation is deemed operating in Namibia, including the exploitation of and necessary; trade in Namibian uranium, with a view to recom- 21. Decides that the United Nations Council for Na- mending appropriate policies to the General Assembly, mibia shall hold extraordinary plenary meetings in south- in order to put an end to such activities; ern Africa during the week of 19 May 1987 and that these (f) Take measures to ensure the closure of the so- meetings shall be provided with verbatim records; called information offices created by the illegal South 22. Decides that, in order to expedite the training of African occupation regime in certain Western countries personnel required for an independent Namibia, for promoting its puppet institutions in Namibia, in qualified Namibians should be given opportunities to violation of resolutions and decisions of the United Na- develop further their skills in the work of the United Na- tions on the question of Namibia; tions Secretariat and the specialized agencies and other (g) Notify the Governments of States whose corpora- organizations of the United Nations system, and tions, whether public or private, operate in Namibia of authorizes the United Nations Council for Namibia, in the illegality of such operations and urge them to take consultation with the South West Africa People's measures to end such operations; Organization, to take, on an urgent basis, necessary ac- (h) Consider sending missions of consultation to tion towards that end; Governments of States whose corporations have in- 23. Requests the Secretary-General, in consultation vestments in Namibia in order to persuade them to take with the President of the United Nations Council for all possible measures to terminate such investments; Namibia, to review the personnel requirements and the (i) Contact institutions and municipalities in order facilities of all units that service the Council, so that the to encourage them to divest themselves of their in- Council may fully and effectively discharge all tasks and vestments in Namibia and South Africa; functions arising out of its mandate; (j) Contact specialized agencies and other interna- 24. Requests the Secretary-General to provide the Of- tional institutions associated with the United Nations, fice of the United Nations Commissioner for Namibia 946 Trusteeship and decolonization with the necessary resources in order for it to strengthen, occasion of Namibia Day (26 August), coverage under the guidance of the United Nations Council for was provided for the media and a special Namibia, the assistance programmes and services for photography exhibit was mounted at Headquar- Namibians, the implementation of Decree No. 1 for the ters. During the Week of Solidarity with the Peo- Protection of the Natural Resources of Namibia, the ple of Namibia and Their Liberation Movement, preparation of economic and legal studies and the ex- 3 isting activities of dissemination of information under- SWAPO (week of 27 October)( ) most UNICs taken by the Office. issued press releases and background materials. They also screened United Nations films, held lec- General Assembly resolution 41/39 C tures and round tables on Namibia, organized essay 20 November 1986 Meeting 79 151-0-7 (recorded vote) contests, exhibited United Nations posters, held press Draft by Council for Namibia (A/41/24); agenda item 36. Financial implications. 5th Committee, A/41/854; S-G, A/C.5/41/38. conferences and gave television interviews. Meeting numbers. GA 41st session: 5th Committee 28; plenary 67-71, 79. DPI continued to disseminate information Recorded vote in Assembly as follows: through its periodicals, the UN Chronicle and Ob- In favour: Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argen- jective: Justice, and in other publications. In addi- tina, Australia, Austria, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei Darussalam, Bulgaria, tion, Development Forum and the Chronicle carried Burkina Faso, Burma, Burundi, Byelorussian SSR, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central special articles on the 1985 public hearings on the African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, activities of TNCs in South Africa and Namibia(67) Cote d'lvoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Democratic Kampuchea, Democratic Yemen, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecua- and pamphlets were produced on various subjects dor, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Finland, Gabon, Gambia, concerning Namibia. German Democratic Republic, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, The question of Namibia was featured in several Iraq, Ireland, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Kuwait, Lao People's radio programmes, including Perspective and the an- Democratic Republic, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Lux- embourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, nual Namibia: Update series of six programmes, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal, Netherlands, New which were produced in English, French and Zealand, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Spanish. UNICs distributed some 100 copies of the Rwanda, Saint Christopher and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the film Free Namibia and 72 copies of Namibia: A Trust Grenadines, Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Betrayed, 25,000 publications on Namibia and over Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Syrian Arab Republic, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad 1,000 wallsheets and posters. A 60-second televi- and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukrainian SSR, USSR, United Arab sion spot was produced in commemoration of Na- Emirates, United Republic of Tanzania, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Viet Nam, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe. mibia Day in Arabic, English, French and Against: None. Spanish. A World Chronicle television programme Abstaining: Canada, Fiji,a France, Germany, Federal Republic of Israel, United Kingdom, United States. featured an interview with the Secretary-General aLater advised the Secretariat it had intended to vote in favour. of the International Conference for the Immediate Independence of Namibia. Norway, speaking for the five Nordic countries, The Council organized journalists' encounters said that in the current financial crisis of the in advance of its Seminar and Conference (see Organization, all United Nations activities, in- p. 924). The encounters, taking the form of cluding those of the Council for Namibia, must discussions between a Council panel and jour- be carefully scrutinized to secure effective and ap- nalists and broadcasters, dealt with specific aspects propriate utilization of resources. The United of the Namibian question. They also devoted at- Kingdom, for the 12 EC members, also expressed tention to the role of the media in generating concern at the financial implications. greater public awareness of the Namibian cause and promoting the implementation of United Na- Information dissemination tions resolutions on Namibia. In 1986, the Council for Namibia continued to The Council continued to expand its co-operation disseminate information to Governments, opinion with NGOs and, in consultation with SWAPO, made makers, the media, political and academic institutions financial contributions to a number of them for and NGOs to mobilize world public opinion in sup- organizing seminars and conferences and providing port of independence for Namibia. (2) It worked with information services. These included the National the Department of Public Information (DPI) and Alliance of Third World Journalists, the Namibia the Department of Conference Services in order Support Committee, the Association of West Euro- to intensify information activities on Namibia and pean Parliamentarians for Action against Apartheid, to give them guidance on specific projects. the Swedish Committee for the Isolation of South The Council organized publicity programmes Africa, the Southern African Universities Social for its seminars, conferences and missions (see Sciences Conference, the Committee against Co- p. 924), distributed releases to the press, delega- lonialism and Apartheid and the West Coast Regional tions and NGOs at United Nations Headquarters Conference in Solidarity with me Struggling Peoples and to United Nations information centres of Southern Africa. (UNICs) around the world, and provided material The Office of the United Nations Commissioner to the Pool of Non-Aligned News Agencies. On the for Namibia served as an additional source of Namibia 947 information on the activities of the Council. It tions of the General Assembly and of the Security Coun- prepared the monthly Namibia Bulletin and Namibia cil relating to Namibia, in the News, a weekly newsletter, and gave brief- Underlining the fact that, twenty years after the ter- ings to support groups and individuals. It also mination by the General Assembly of the Mandate of South Africa over Namibia and the assumption by the assisted the Council in publishing and United Nations of direct responsibility for the Territory, disseminating United Nations booklets, brochures, the racist regime of South Africa continues illegally to buttons, pamphlets, posters and maps on specific occupy the Territory in violation of the relevant resolu- topics relating to Namibia; acquiring, translating tions and decisions of the United Nations, and distributing non-United Nations material on Underlining that 1987 will mark the twentieth anniver- Namibia; distributing a comprehensive economic sary of the establishment of the United Nations Coun- map of Namibia; publishing an indexed reference cil for Namibia as the legal Administering Authority for book on TNCs operating in Namibia; and Namibia until independence, reproducing available films on Namibia. Taking into consideration the Final Communique of the Seminar on World Action for the Immediate Independence In addition, a briefing on the United Nations of Namibia, held at Valletta from 19 to 23 May 1986, and Namibia was given to the participants in the Taking into consideration also the Declaration of the In- 1986 DPI Graduate Students Intern Programme, ternational Conference for the Immediate Independence which brought together 68 university students of Namibia and the Programme of Action on Namibia from 35 countries. adopted by the Conference, In its Vienna Declaration and Programme of Gravely concerned at the total black-out of news on Na- Action (see p. 925), the International Conference mibia imposed by the illegal South African regime, for the Immediate Independence of Namibia noted Gravely concerned at the campaign of slander and disin- with satisfaction the intensified public campaign, formation against the United Nations and the libera- tion struggle of the Namibian people for self- especially in Western countries, against South determination and national independence led by the Africa and called for the immediate closure of South West Africa People's Organization, their sole and South Africa's so-called Namibia Information Of- authentic representative, fices. The Conference, recognizing the important Stressing the urgent need to mobilize international role of NGOs in the world-wide effort to secure the public opinion on a continuous basis with a view to independence of Namibia, appealed to them to assisting effectively the people of Namibia in the achieve- mobilize broad political support for Namibia's na- ment of self-determination, freedom and independence tional liberation by holding hearings and seminars in a united Namibia and, in particular, to intensify the and producing information materials, and called world-wide and continuous dissemination of informa- tion on the struggle for liberation being waged by the on individuals working in communications, infor- people of Namibia under the leadership of the South mation and the media to intensify the dissemina- West Africa People's Organization, tion of public information on the Namibian inde- Reiterating the importance of intensifying publicity on pendence struggle. all aspects of the question of Namibia as an instrument In a decision of 11 August, (43) the Committee for furthering the mandate given by the General on colonial countries requested the Secretary- Assembly to the United Nations Council for Namibia, General, in view of South Africa's massive Recognizing the important role that non-governmental publicity campaign designed to justify its illegal organizations are playing in the dissemination of infor- occupation of Namibia, to intensify his efforts to mation on Namibia and in the mobilization of interna- mobilize world public opinion against South tional public opinion in support of the immediate in- dependence of Namibia, Africa's Namibian policy. 1. Requests the United Nations Council for Namibia, in co-operation with the Department of Public Infor- GENERAL ASSEMBLY ACTION mation of the Secretariat and in consultation with the On 20 November 1986, the General Assembly South West Africa People's Organization, the sole and adopted resolution 41/39 D by recorded vote. auuientic representative of the Namibian people, in pur- suance of its international campaign in support of the Dissemination of information and mobilization of struggle of the Namibian people for independence: international public opinion in support (a) To continue to consider ways and means of in- of the immediate independence of Namibia creasing the dissemination of information relating to Na- The General Assembly, mibia in order to intensify the international campaign Having examined the report of the United Nations Council in favour of the cause of Namibia; for Namibia and the relevant chapter of the report of the (b) To focus its activities towards greater mobiliza- Special Committee on the Situation with regard to the tion of public opinion in Western States, particularly Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of the United States of America, the United Kingdom of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples, Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Federal Recalling its resolution 1514(XV) of 14 December 1960, Republic of Germany; containing the Declaration on the Granting of Independ- (c) To intensify the international campaign for the ence to Colonial Countries and Peoples, imposition of comprehensive and mandatory sanctions Recalling its resolutions 2145(XXI) of 27 October 1966 against South Africa under Chapter VII of the Charter and 2248(S-V) of 19 May 1967, as well as all other resolu- of the United Nations; 948 Trusteeship and decolonization

(d) To organize an international campaign to boycott 3. Requests the United Nations Council for Namibia products from Namibia and South Africa, in co- to redouble its efforts to inform international public operation with non-governmental organizations; opinion of developments in Namibia in order to (e) To expose and denounce collaboration with the counteract the total news black-out on Namibia imposed racist regime of South Africa in all fields; by the illegal South African regime, which forbids (f) To organize exhibitions on Namibia and the foreign journalists from entering and reporting from the struggle of the Namibian people for independence; Territory; (g) To prepare and disseminate publications on the 4. Further requests the United Nations Council for Na- political, economic, military and social consequences of mibia to exert all efforts to counteract the campaign of the illegal occupation of Namibia by South Africa, on slander and disinformation against the United Nations legal matters, on the question of the territorial integrity and the liberation struggle in Namibia carried out by of Namibia and on contacts between Member States and South African agents from the so-called information cen- South Africa; tres established in several Western countries; (h) To produce and disseminate radio and television 5. Requests the United Nations Council for Namibia programmes designed to draw the attention of world public to co-operate closely with relevant intergovernmental opinion to the current situation in and around Namibia; organizations in order to increase the awareness of the (i) To produce and disseminate in both the English international community of the direct responsibility of language and the local languages of Namibia radio pro- the United Nations over Namibia and the continued il- grammes, designed to counter the hostile propaganda legal occupation of that Territory by the racist regime and disinformation campaign of the racist regime of of South Africa; South Africa; 6. Calls upon the United Nations Council for Na- (j) To produce and disseminate posters; mibia to continue to co-operate with non-governmental (k) To ensure full coverage through advertisements organizations in its efforts to mobilize international in newspapers and magazines, press releases, press con- public opinion in support of the liberation struggle of ferences and press briefings of all activities of the United the Namibian people, under the leadership of the South Nations regarding Namibia in order to maintain a con- West Africa People's Organization; stant flow of information to the public on all aspects of 7. Requests the United Nations Council for Namibia the question of Namibia; to prepare, update and disseminate lists of non- (l) To prepare and disseminate a thematic atlas on governmental organizations, in particular those in the Namibia; major Western countries, in order to ensure better co- (m) To reproduce and disseminate the comprehen- operation and co-ordination among non-governmental sive economic map of Namibia; organizations working in support of the Namibian cause (n) To produce and disseminate booklets on the ac- and against apartheid; tivities of the Council; 8. Requests the United Nations Council for Namibia (o) To update and disseminate widely a compendium to organize workshops for non-governmental organiza- of resolutions of the General Assembly and of the tions, parliamentarians, trade unionists, academics and Security Council relating to Namibia and relevant media representatives at which the participants will con- documents of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries sider how they can contribute to the implementation of and the Organization of African Unity, as well as deci- the decisions of the United Nations relating to the sions, declarations and communiques of the front-line dissemination of information on Namibia; States on the question of Namibia; 9. Decides to allocate the sum of $500,000 to be used (p) To publicize and distribute the indexed reference by the United Nations Council for Namibia for its pro- book on transnational corporations that plunder the gramme of co-operation with non-governmental human and natural resources of Namibia, and on the organizations, including support to conferences in profits they extract from the Territory; solidarity with Namibia arranged by those organizations, (q) To produce and disseminate widely, on a monthly dissemination of conclusions of such conferences and basis, a bulletin containing analytical and updated in- support to such other activities as will promote the cause formation intended to mobilize maximum support for of the liberation struggle of the Namibian people, sub- the Namibian cause; ject to decisions to be taken by the Council in each in- (r) To produce and disseminate, on a weekly basis, dividual case in consultation with the South West Africa an information newsletter containing updated informa- People's Organization; tion on developments in and relating to Namibia, in sup- 10. Requests the United Nations Council for Namibia port of the Namibian cause; to continue to contact leading opinion makers, media (s) To acquire books, pamphlets and other materials leaders, academic institutions, trade unions, legislators relating to Namibia for dissemination; and parliamentarians, cultural organizations, support (t) To prepare, in consultation with the South West groups and other concerned persons and non- Africa People's Organization, a list of Namibian political governmental organizations and inform them about the prisoners; objectives and functions of the United Nations Council (u) To assist the South West Africa People's for Namibia and the struggle of the Namibian people Organization in the production and distribution of ma- under the leadership of the South West Africa People's terial on Namibia; Organization; 2. Requests the United Nations Council for Namibia 11. Appeals to non-governmental organizations, to continue to organize, in co-operation with the Depart- associations, institutions, support groups and individuals ment of Public Information, media encounters on sympathetic to the Namibian cause: developments relating to Namibia particularly prior to (a) To increase the awareness of their national com- the activities of the Council during 1987; munities and legislative bodies concerning South Africa's Namibia 949

illegal occupation of Namibia, the liberation struggle 17. Requests the Secretary-General to group under being waged by the Namibian people under the leader- a single heading in the section of the proposed pro- ship of the South West Africa People's Organization, gramme budget of the United Nations for the biennium the gross violation of basic human rights by the South 1986-1987 relating to the Department of Public Infor- African regime in Namibia and the plunder of the mation all of the activities of the Department relating resources of the Territory by foreign economic interests; to the dissemination of information on Namibia and to (b) To mobilize in their countries broad public sup- direct the Department to submit to the United Nations port for the national liberation of Namibia by holding Council for Namibia a detailed report on the utiliza- hearings, seminars and public presentations on various tion of the allocated funds; aspects of the Namibian question, as well as by produc- 18. Requests the Secretary-General to direct the ing and distributing pamphlets, films and other infor- Department of Public Information to disseminate, in mation material; 1987, the list of Namibian political prisoners, in order (c) To expose and campaign against the political and to intensify international pressure for their immediate economic collaboration of certain Western Governments and unconditional release. with the South African regime, as well as diplomatic visits to and from South Africa; General Assembly resolution 41/39 D (d) To intensify public pressure for the immediate 20 November 1986 Meeting 79 135-0-23 (recorded vote) withdrawal from Namibia of foreign economic interests Draft by Council for Namibia (A/41/24); agenda item 36. that are exploiting the human and natural resources of Financial implications. 5th Committee, A/41/854; S-G, A/C.5/41/38. Meeting numbers. GA 41st session: 5th Committee 28; plenary 67-71, 79. the Territory; (e) To continue and develop campaign and research Recorded vote in Assembly as follows: In favour: Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argen- work, in order to expose the involvement and operations tina, Australia, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, of Western-based oil companies in the supply of Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei Darussalam, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burma, petroleum products to Namibia and South Africa; Burundi, Byelorussian SSR, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, (f) To step up their efforts to persuade universities, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'lvoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Democratic Kampuchea, Democratic Yemen, Djibouti, local governments and other institutions to divest Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, themselves of all investments in firms doing business in Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, German Democratic Republic, Ghana, Grenada, Namibia and South Africa; Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jamaica, Jordan, Kenya, Kuwait, Lao People's Democratic (g) To intensify the campaign for the immediate and Republic, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Madagascar, unconditional release of all Namibian political prisoners Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, and the granting of prisoner-of-war status to all Namib- Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Pak- ian freedom fighters, in accordance with the Geneva istan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Qatar, Romania, Rwanda, Saint Christopher and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War the Grenadines, Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, and the Additional Protocol thereto; Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, 12. Requests Member States to broadcast pro- Suriname, Swaziland, Syrian Arab Republic, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukrainian SSR, USSR, United Arab Emirates, United grammes on their national radio and television networks Republic of Tanzania, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Viet Nam, Yemen, Yugo- and to publish material in their official news media, in- slavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe. forming their populations about the situation in and Against: None. around Namibia and the obligation of Governments and Abstaining: Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Fiji,a Finland, France, Ger- many, Federal Republic of, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Luxem- peoples to assist in the struggle of Namibia for inde- bourg, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, United pendence; Kingdom, United States. 13. Requests all Member States to observe Namibia a Later advised the Secretariat it had intended to vote in favour. Day in a befitting manner, by giving the widest possi- ble publicity to and ensuring the dissemination of in- Ireland said it was unable to support the appeal formation on Namibia, including the issuance of special to expose and campaign against political and postage stamps for the occasion; economic collaboration of certain Western Govern- 14. Requests the Secretary-General to direct the ments with South Africa as well as diplomatic visits Department of Public Information to assist the United to and from South Africa. Lesotho and Botswana Nations Council for Namibia in the implementation of gave full support to all the resolutions, but its programme of dissemination of information and to reiterated that they were not capable of imposing ensure that all activities of the United Nations on dissemination of information on the question of Namibia sanctions against South Africa. Belgium had follow the policy guidelines laid down by the United Na- doubts regarding the volume of the programme tions Council for Namibia as the legal Administering planned and the real objectives of many of the con- Authority for Namibia; cepts that it advocated. 15. Requests the Secretary-General to continue to Related resolutions: GA 41/42, 41/68 A. assist, as a matter of priority, the United Nations Council for Namibia in the implementation of its programme of dissemination of information; UN Commissioner for Namibia 16. Requests the Secretary-General to provide the Activities of the Commissioner United Nations Council for Namibia with the work pro- gramme of the Department of Public Information for In 1986, the Office of the United Nations Com- the year 1987 covering the activities of dissemination missioner for Namibia, through offices at Head- of information on Namibia, followed by periodic reports quarters, Gaborone (Botswana), Luanda (Angola) on the programme undertaken, including details of ex- and Lusaka (Zambia), continued to protect Na- penses incurred; mibian interests principally by means of the travel 950 Trusteeship and decolonization documents programme and by attempts to imple- and organizations. It also assisted in placing Na- ment Decree No. 1 for the Protection of the Nat- mibian trainees in government services and ural Resources of Namibia(5) (see p. 953). Dur- parastatals. ing the period from 1 July 1985 to 30 June 1986, The Gaborone office maintained consultative the offices issued 985 new travel documents in contacts with the Government of Botswana, Africa, North America and Western Europe and monitored developments in the entire southern renewed 1,599 others. They also collected and ana- African region and made evaluations and lysed information relating to Namibia, closely assessments for the New York office. In support followed internal political, economic and legal of the Nationhood Programme and other pro- developments in South Africa concerning Na- grammes of assistance, the office took part in proj- mibia, and provided services to the Committee on ects on railway transport, extension of agricultural the United Nations Fund for Namibia. activities and field attachments. Co-ordinating Pursuant to a 1982 General Assembly resolu- United Nations scholarships under the Fund for tion(68) the Office published in 1986 a two- Namibia, it assisted in placing Namibians in volume study entitled Namibia: Perspectives for Na- educational institutions in Botswana and Kenya tional Reconstruction and Development, containing a in the agricultural and business fields. It also ad- detailed account of existing resources and the ministered the secondment programme for potential for development in major economic sec- students on attachment to the Botswana Govern- tors, and, in an abridged version, the main con- ment for practical training and issued travel and clusions and recommendations. The study was identity documents to Namibians in Botswana. launched during the July Conference on Namibia. In response to a 1981 Assembly resolution(69) the Appointment of the Commissioner Office also published, in 1986, a comprehensive On the Secretary-General's proposal(70) the economic map of Namibia. Further, it collected General Assembly, by decision 41/320 adopted and analysed data on the socio-economic and legal without vote on 11 December 1986, appointed situation prevailing in Namibia as a result of South Bernt Carlsson as United Nations Commissioner Africa's illegal occupation. for Namibia for a sixth-month term beginning on The primary function of the Luanda office re- 1 July 1987. Brajesh Chandra Mishra, who was mained to serve as liaison between SWAPO's head- first appointed in 1982(71) was to continue as quarters and the New York office, as well as to Commissioner up to 30 June 1987. maintain frequent consultations with the Govern- ment of Angola. It was responsible for co- Political and military aspects ordination with other United Nations agencies in During 1986, the Council for Namibia contin- Angola and, in this context, organized inter- ued monitoring the political and military aspects agency meetings on key programme activities. It of the situation in the Territory. The Council's also worked on the implementation of some 30 Na- Standing Committee II submitted two reports in tionhood Programme projects and eight projects April, one on political developments(72) and one of the United Nations Fund for Namibia. Further, on the military situation. (73) it provided support to the Namibia Technical South Africa continued to maintain an occupa- Secondary School at Loudima, Congo, and to the tion army of over 100,000 troops in Namibia, com- United Nations Vocational Training Centre for prising mercenaries and additional reinforcements Namibia, which was attended by 200 trainees, the frequently airlifted into the Territory, as well as maximum number it could accommodate. The office locally recruited persons and an increasingly supported the construction of a multi-purpose re- armed settler community. It launched repeated cording studio for the Voice of Namibia, which was acts of aggression against the front-line States and completed in 1986, and it assisted in radio- pursued a campaign to destabilize the States of the broadcasting training. It also assisted in basic training region. Political repression, racial discrimination for the SWAPO Women's Council in areas such as and economic exploitation characterized the oc- nutrition and skills in small-scale industries. cupation. South African military and police were The Lusaka office operated as a regional cen- used not only to oppose SWAPO, but also to sup- tre for political, administrative and information press the widespread resistance of Namibian activities, providing assistance and counselling to civilians to colonial domination. Namibians. It maintained contact with the Dusk-to-dawn curfews were rigidly imposed in Government of Zambia and diplomatic missions all of northern Namibia, including the Caprivi accredited there concerning issue of travel Strip. Entire communities were forced to relocate documents and visas to Namibians. Another ac- from their homes and ancestral lands to so-called tivity was the implementation of the Field Attach- protected hamlets. In January 1986, a so-called ment Programme of the Commissioner, for which Constitutional Council of the interim administra- it acted as contact point with African Governments tion began drafting a "constitution", in violation Namibia 951 of United Nations resolutions and decisions. Dur- casualties and damage to facilities and equipment. ing the year, South Africa stepped up its forced In November, PLAN forces launched mortar and conscription campaign, with the first batch of machine-gun attacks on South African military Namibians being recruited in January 1986. The bases at Okahau, Elundu and Eenhana, and in only alternatives to conscription for young Namib- December shot down three helicopter gun-ships. ian males were imprisonment or exile. In his address to the twenty-second session of The year saw much political activity in Na- the Assembly of Heads of State and Government mibia. SWAPO declared 1986 as the Year of of OAU (Addis Ababa, 28-30 July), the President General Mobilization and Decisive Action for of Angola stated that 20,000 South African troops Final Victory, and trade unions, student and youth were massed on the Namibian-Angolan border, groups and church, professional and women's backed by 120 tanks, 350 heavy artillery pieces, organizations were active in organizing boycotts, 800 armoured cars, and 60 ground-to-air missile demonstrations and mass displays of defiance of systems. He further stated that those ground forces South Africa's occupation. On 26 January, the were supported by 90 military aircraft and 50 com- SWAPO Youth League organized an open air bat helicopters, and that South African air forces festival at Windhoek to observe the International had violated Angolan airspace 90 times in the Year of Peace. South African police forcibly broke previous six months. On 10 August 1986, South up the celebration and arrested 60 SWAPO African troops invaded Angolan territory and at- members. On 29 June, a number of groups, in- tacked the town of Kuito Kuanavale, in the south- cluding the Namibian National Students' ern province of Kuando Kubango, approximately Organization, gathered at Katatura township. A 300 kilometres inside Angolan territory. Similar SWAPO representative speaking at the rally called attacks into Angola took place in November and on all supporters of the national liberation move- December. ment to unite and demand the immediate im- In its Declaration and Programme of Action(9) plementation of Security Council resolution adopted in July (see p. 925), the International 435(1978). Political rallies were held by SWAPO on Conference for the Immediate Independence of 27 July to call for sanctions against South Africa Namibia denounced South Africa for its and the resignation of the interim government in militarization of Namibia, its introduction of com- Windhoek, and on 24 August in observance of the pulsory military service for and forced recruitment twentieth anniversary of the launching of its armed of Namibians for tribal armies, its recruitment of struggle. The Central Committee of SWAPO held mercenaries and its use of the Territory as a its eighth annual meeting at Luanda from 14 to 17 launching pad for aggression against neighbour- August, when it resolved to intensify the political ing African States. It condemned the detention and military struggle for national liberation and and imprisonment of Namibians, demanded the called on all Namibians, including the white com- release of all political prisoners, and called on the munity, to unite and fight for independence. Security Council to adopt measures in order to en- The year also marked the twentieth anniversary sure strict compliance by all States with the arms of the first armed encounters of SWAPO's military embargo against South Africa. wing, the People's Liberation Army of Namibia The Committee on colonial countries, on 11 (PLAN), with South African troops. During the August(43) denounced all manoeuvres by South year, PLAN inflicted heavy damage and casualties, Africa to bring about a sham independence in Na- ambushed convoys of military vehicles, cut off vital mibia through fraudulent political schemes, con- supply lines and escalated its attacks on South demned South Africa for its military buildup in African military installations and troop concen- Namibia and its recent acts of aggression against trations. On 21 June, according to a SWAPO press Angola, Botswana, Zambia and Zimbabwe, con- release, PLAN launched a mortar attack on the demned the continued military, nuclear and in- regional military headquarters at Oshakati in telligence collaboration between South Africa and northern Namibia, killing 10 South African certain Western and other countries, and noted soldiers and wounding many others. On the that the acquisition of nuclear-weapon capability previous day, PLAN had disrupted the power added another dangerous dimension to the already supply from the Ruacana hydroelectric station, grave situation. Namibia's largest source of electricity. According The Commission on Human Rights, on 28 to the same source, PLAN shot down on 27 June February(47) condemned South Africa for the a South African Air Force transport plane at militarization in Namibia, the use of mercenaries Oheeti, and two nights later attacked a large to suppress the Namibian people, the recruitment military base at Eenhana, killing 50 South African and training of Namibians for tribal armies, the soldiers and setting fire to the base. A similar at- imposition of military conscription on all Namib- tack was launched on the military base in the area ian males between 17 and 55 years of age, the pro- of Nkongo on 2 July, resulting in extensive clamation of a so-called security zone in Namibia, 952 Trusteeship and decolonization and the torture and other brutalities against the workers had no legal protection and frequently population, particularly captured SWAPO fighters, lived and worked in unsanitary conditions. Min- and demanded the immediate release of all Na- ing constituted almost half of the Territory's gross mibian political prisoners. domestic product (GDP), but employed only 10 per Related resolutions and decision: GA 41/15, cent of the labour force. Commercial agriculture 41/39 A; 41/405. provided a lucrative income for some 5,000 white farmers who owned more than 95 per cent of the REFERENCES marketed agricultural output. On the other hand, (1)YUN 1967, p. 709, GA res. 2248(S-V), 19 May 1967. subsistence agriculture constituted virtually the (2)A/41/24. (3)A/42/24. (4)YUN 1985, p. 1113, GA only economic activity for the indigenous popula- res. 40/97 C, 13 Dec 1985. ( 5)YUN 1978, p. 915, SC tion. They produced only 2.5 per cent of total res. 435(1978), 29 Sep. 1978. (6)YUN 1974, p. 152. ( 7)YUN 1976, p. 789, GA res. 31/150, 20 Dec. 1976. (8)A/AC.131/231. marketed agricultural output. As much as 60 per (9)Report of the International Conference for the Immediate Independ- cent of Namibia's GDP was repatriated abroad as ence of Namibia, Vienna, 7-11 July 1986 (A/CONF.138/11 & company profits before taxes; of the remainder, a Add.1), Sales No. E.86.I.16. (10)A/41/479-S/18234. (11)YUN 12 large part was used as operating expenses of 1976, p. 782, SC res. 385(1976), 30 Jan. 1976. ( )YUN 1960, foreign economic interests. The Territory's per p. 49, GA res. 1514(XV), 14 Dec. 1960. (13)YUN 1977, p. 161, SC res. 418(1977), 4 Nov. 1977. (14)A/41/154-S/17809. capita GDP showed one of the most inequitable (15)S/17892. (16)S/17931. (17)YUN 1984, p. 1031. (18)S/18150. distributions of income in the world; white per (19)S/18241. (20)A/41/173 & Corr.1. (21)A/41/218-S/17921. capita income was approximately 3,000 rand, (22)A/41/335-S/18058. (23)A/41/371-S/18098. (24)A/41/770- 25 26 27 while that of blacks was 125 rand, a ratio of 24 S/18430. ( )A/41/228. ( )A/41/478-S/18233. ( )A/41/485- S/18236. (28)A/41/326-S/18049. (29)A/41/332-S/18055. to 1. For blacks living on "reserves" and (30)A/41/341-S/18065 & Corr.1. (31)A/41/420-S/18170. "homelands", the per capita figure was estimated (32)A/41/428-S/18179. (33)A/41/430. (34)A/41/654. (35)A/41/548- to be considerably less. S/18299. (36)A/41/740-S/18418. (37)A/41/764-S/18425. (38)A/41/697-S/18392. (39)A/41/703-S/18395. (40)YUN 1985, Foreign economic interests involved in the ex- p. 1104, GA res. 40/97 A, 13 Dec. 1985. (41)Ibid., p. 1109, GA ploitation of Namibian resources conducted their res. 40/97 B, 13 Dec. 1985. (42)A/41/614. (43)A/41/23 operations by means of licences illegally issued by (A/AC.109/880). (44)S/18272. (45)YUN 1984, p. 143, SC res. 558(1984), 13 Dec. 1984. (46)A/41/23 (A/AC.109/882). the South African administration. They were lured (47)E/1986/22 (res. 1986/3). (48)Ibid. (res. 1986/4). (49)Ibid. to Namibia because of the unusually high profits (res. 1986/5). (50)Ibid. (res. 1986/24). (51)YUN 1985, p. 1121, made possible by the apartheid system, which essen- GA res. 40/97 F, 13 Dec. 1985. ( 52)YUN 1967, p. 690. tially guaranteed an abundance of cheap, enslaved (53)YUN 1978, p. 882. (54)A/41/23. (55)A/S-14/4. (56)A/S-14/5- S/18354. (57)A/S-14/8. (58)A/S-14/7. (59)A/S-14/9. (60)YUN labour. Three principal TNCs operated in the min- 1976, p. 790, GA res. 31/152, 20 Dec. 1976. (61)YUN 1985, ing sector: Consolidated Diamond Mines of South p. 1097, SC res. 566(1985), 19 June 1985. (62)A/C.4/41/4 & West Africa, Ltd. (CDM), a wholly owned sub- Add.1-11. (63)A/41/761. (64)A/41/854. (65)A/41/49. (66)A/41/795. sidiary of De Beers Consolidated Mines, Ltd.; the (67)YUN 1985, p. 149. (68)YUN 1982, p. 1314, GA res. 37/233 E, 20 Dec. 1982. ( 69)YUN 1981, p. 1166, GA Tsumeb Corporation, Ltd., owned by Gold Fields res. 35/227 H, 6 Mar. 1981. ( 70)A/41/957. (71)YUN 1982, of South Africa and the Newmont Mining Cor- p. 1310, GA dec. 36/325, 29 Mar. 1982. (72)A/CONF.138/5- poration of the United States; and Rössing A/AC.131/186/Add.1. (73)A/CONF.138/4-A/AC.131/179/Add.1. Uranium, Ltd., in which the Rio Tinto Zinc Cor- poration, Ltd. of the United Kingdom owned the majority of equity capital. Economic and social conditions A number of South Africa-based corporations controlled the fishing industry, and firms based in Canada and the United Kingdom were involved in marketing caracul furs (persian lamb). Other Foreign investment major South African companies included two The Council for Namibia continued in 1986 to parastatals: the Iron and Steel Corporation of consider foreign economic interests operating in South Africa, Ltd., and the Industrial Develop- Namibia, with its Standing Committee II submit- ment Corporation of South Africa, Ltd. South ting a report in June on the situation.(1) African corporations also controlled Namibia's Namibia's economic structure was colonial in fish-processing industry. Among Western Euro- character, unbalanced and precarious, the Coun- pean corporations operating in the mining, bank- cil pointed out. Economically, Namibia was almost ing and petroleum sectors were Barclays Bank totally dependent on South Africa. Foreign ex- PLC, Consolidated Gold Fields, Ltd. and the change control and external transactions were British Petroleum Company (United Kingdom), handled by the South African Reserve Bank, and Dresdner Bank (Federal Republic of Germany) goods entering or leaving Namibia were subject and the Shell Transport and Trading Company, to South African tariffs. The Namibian labour Ltd., part of the Royal Dutch/Shell Group. force was governed by a system of apartheid pat- Corporations based in the United States and terned after that in South Africa. Namibian Canada with operations in the Territory included Namibia 953 the Standard Oil Company of California, Texaco, arms and military technology and related Inc., Mobil Oil Corporation and Hudson's Bay materials; and the supply of petroleum products. Company. (For subsequent action by the Commission and the The foreign economic interests neither Economic and Social Council, see p. 139.) reinvested their profits in Namibia for develop- The Commission on Human Rights, on 10 6 ment purposes nor tried to integrate the different March,( ) condemned the continuing activities of sectors of Namibia's economy. As a result, their foreign economic and other interests which were activities imposed a typical colonial economy on impeding the implementation of the Declaration Namibia, unbalanced, distorted and dependent on on the Granting of Independence to Colonial 7 foreign imports. Countries and Peoples( ) with respect to colonial Territories, particularly Namibia. On 28 Two reports on the activities of TNCs in South 8 Africa and Namibia were submitted by the February,( ) the Commission called on Govern- Secretary-General to the April 1986 session of the ments that had not done so to prevent their na- Commission on Transnational Corporations. tionals and corporations under their jurisdiction A 30 January report(2) stated that TNCs in Na- from trading, manufacturing and investing in South Africa and Namibia. mibia continued to exploit non-renewable 9 resources of great value which belonged to the Na- On 11 August,( ) the Committee on colonial mibian people. Though a number of States had countries called on all States to terminate in- taken measures to prohibit or discourage the ac- vestments in Namibia; reiterated that the activities tivities of TNCs in Namibia, the majority of com- of foreign economic interests and TNCs in Na- panies had chosen to continue their operations mibia, in violation of United Nations decisions, there under the auspices of the South African ad- were illegal under international law and that such ministration, providing support to its occupation interests were liable to pay damages to the future of Namibia in a number of ways. Petroleum sup- lawful Government of an independent Namibia; plies for South Africa's military forces were made and called on States to refrain from entering into available from refineries in South Africa; Barclays any relations with South Africa, which might lend support to its continued occupation. Also on 11 Bank and Standard Chartered Bank PLC provided 10 financial services to military personnel of the oc- August,( ) the Committee condemned South cupying forces and, more generally, taxes paid by Africa's illegal exploitation of Namibia's natural TNCs in Namibia contributed to equipping, resources, noted with concern their rapid deple- tion and demanded that such exploitation cease deploying and maintaining the South African 11 military forces there. Concerning employment forthwith. On 15 August,( ) the Committee re- practices, the report summarized different employ- quested United Nations specialized agencies to ment codes adopted by EC and Canada for TNCs withhold from South Africa financial, economic based in those areas, as well as the so-called and other co-operation until the Namibian peo- Sullivan Principles that applied to companies ple had exercised their right to self-determination based in the United States. The application of and independence. these codes seemed to have had some positive ef- Related resolutions: GA 41/14, 41/39 A, 41/41 B, fects; however, the overall picture was unclear 41/95. because of gaps in information and difficulties of verification. The report concluded that an assess- Natural resources ment of the overall impact of TNCs on socio- In its annual report,(12) the Council for Na- economic conditions in Namibia had to go beyond mibia noted that mining constituted by far the their employment practices and focus on their di- largest sector of the Namibian economy. It was the rect and indirect contribution to the survival of biggest contributor to the Territory's GDP and the apartheid system. made up to 85 per cent of its exports. Namibia The second report, dated 4 February,(3) was possessed a wide range of minerals, including large prepared in response to a 1985 Economic and quantities of diamonds, uranium, arsenic, lead, Social Council resolution(4) and updated an cadmium, zinc and copper. Significant quantities earlier one on the responsibilities of home coun- of other minerals, including gold, silver, pyrite, tin tries with respect to TNCs operating in South and tantalite, were also available. The recent Africa and Namibia in violation of United Nations discovery of massive gas fields off the coast had decisions, submitted in 1985.(5) Relying partly on substantially increased Namibia's already exten- information supplied by nine Member States and sive wealth in mineral resources. information collected from public sources, the re- The exploitation of Namibian gem diamond port analysed the measures taken by home coun- deposits, the most extensive in the world, was tries in response to United Nations decisions re- monopolized by CDM, which had been mining garding investment, trade and provision of loans in Namibia since 1920. CDM's Oranjemund and technical assistance; the sale and export of mine operated along a 100-kilometre strip of the 954 Trusteeship and decolonization southern desert coast. To maximize profits and ac- names of vessels that in 1986 had transported Na- celerate the plunder of Namibian diamonds, the mibian uranium to the Belgian port of Zeebrugge. sea had been pushed back in some areas to allow Seven ships were involved in this illegal trade: the mining in the surf zone. As a result of CDM's ex- Sederberg, Helderberg, Waterberg, Winterberg, Transvaal tensive exploitation, the diamond resources were and Ortelius (all of the Belgian shipping company rapidly being depleted and it was estimated that CMB), and the Hoorn (of the Dutch shipping com- the mine would be exhausted in another 20 years. pany Nedlloyd). Diamond production and exports were controlled Foreign economic interests had been prospect- by South Africa through the Diamond Board of Na- ing for oil and gas in Namibia for many years. It mibia, and marketed through the De Beers Cen- was recently confirmed that a sizeable gas find tral Selling Organization, which buffered market rated to be among the largest in the world had fluctuations through stockpiling and selective sales. been discovered in the Kudu field, with reserves It had been estimated that as a result of the collu- estimated to be worth in excess of 8 billion rand sion between South Africa and CDM, the Territory and capable of supplying up to 65 per cent of had lost up to 1 billion rand in taxable diamond South Africa's fuel needs for 30 years. South Africa sales and over 500 million rand in revenue over the had authorized the Southern Oil Exploration Cor- previous five years. poration (Pty), Ltd., to develop the gas field. It The Tsumeb Corporation, Ltd., was the largest had also decided to route the gas directly to Cape producer of Namibian base metals, which were of Town rather than to refine it in Namibia. strategic importance to South Africa and some Major banks involved in exploiting Namibia's Western countries. Almost all of the zinc, tin, lead, resources were Barclays National Bank and Stan- vanadium and tungsten extracted from the Ter- dard Bank South West Africa, subsidiaries of ritory went to South Africa and Western countries. British-based international banking groups. An- The exploitation of Namibian uranium was other, the South West Africa Bank, had the ma- monopolized by Rossing Uranium, Ltd., a con- jority of its shares registered in the name of Com- sortium of Western and South African firms in- pagnie Luxembourgeoise de la Dresdner Bank, corporated in 1970 and the world's largest pro- A.G., a company incorporated in Luxembourg and ducer. Rossing processed 50,000 to 60,000 metric belonging to the Dresdner Bank group of the tons of ore per day and had a production capacity Federal Republic of Germany. The operations of of 5,250 metric tons of uranium oxide per year. banks in Namibia were exclusively directed at the Since its mine started production in 1976, the iden- needs of expatriates and South African and other tity of buyers from Rossing had remained secret. foreign economic interests, and were instrumen- The United Kingdom was the only country which tal in integrating the financial and customs systems admitted importing Namibian uranium. The of Namibia and South Africa. Banks provided sanctions package that EC adopted against South money for the occupying South African ad- Africa in September 1985 (see p. 925) did not in- ministration and for foreign economic interests clude uranium. operating in Namibia, and channelled the funds Besides Rossing, other TNCs were involved in of their clients, as well as their own profits, to ac- uranium prospecting operations in Namibia, in- counts in South Africa and Western Europe. cluding the Anglo-American Corporation and the In the agricultural sector, a substantial portion Union Corporation of South Africa, together with of the land in the so-called police zone, the area Societe Nationale Elf Aquitaine (SNEA), Com- set aside for white settlement which comprised pagnie francaise des petroles and Pechiney-Ugine about two thirds of the total area of Namibia, was Kuhlmann of France. SNEA, 70 per cent of which owned by South African individuals and corpora- was owned by Enterprise de Recherche et d'Ac- tions, both absentee owners and South African na- tivites Petrolieres, a French State company, was tionals living in Namibia. South African engaged in further activities through its wholly marketing boards or agencies controlled virtually owned subsidiary Aquitaine, under a joint venture all marketing of cattle, caracul pelts and wool, and agreement with both the Anglo-American Cor- South African individuals and companies con- poration and Total-Compagnie Miniere et trolled a major share of the meat-processing plants. Nucleaire of France. Companies from the United The coastal waters of Namibia had long been States, particularly Union Carbide Corporation known to be a rich fishing area; however, its pelagic and Newmont Mining Corporation, were also re- fish was considerably depleted as a result of ported to be involved in prospecting for Namib- plunder by South African and other foreign ian uranium. Others had registered as external economic interests. Ownership of the inshore pro- companies in Namibia, including Delaware Nu- cessing industry and much of the fishing fleet was clear, Inc., the Southern Uranium Corporation in the hands of South African companies and Tristate Nuclear, Inc. The International Con- (Ovenstone, Silverman, Du Preez) or South federation of Free Trade Unions published the African-based corporate capital (Barlow Rand, Namibia 955

Anglo-Vaal, Anglo-American, Fedfood/Federale mibia's natural resources, including its extension Volksbeleggings) which repatriated their profits to of the territorial sea, the proclamation of a pur- South Africa and elsewhere rather than investing ported exclusive economic zone off the coast of Na- locally. They exploited the migrant labour system, mibia and the exploitation of the Territory's employing thousands of migrant workers in ap- marine resources. It noted with concern the rapid palling conditions, at starvation wages, and lay- depletion of Namibia's natural resources as a re- ing them off without pay as soon as each season sult of their systematic illegal plunder by South was over. Africa and other foreign economic interests, in During the year, the Council for Namibia in- disregard of Decree No. 1, and demanded that it tensified its efforts for the effective implementa- cease. It also condemned the exploitation of Na- tion of Decree No. 1 for the Protection of the Nat- mibian uranium by State-owned or State- ural Resources of Namibia, which it had adopted controlled corporations, which constituted a viola- in 1974.(13) It sent consultation missions to West- tion by the Governments involved of binding ern Europe in February and May 1986 to exchange resolutions of the Security Council and was thus views with Governments on ways of securing the in violation of Article 25 of the United Nations Decree's implementation (see p. 925). Charter. The Vienna International Conference, in its Related resolutions: GA S-14/1, 41/14, 41/35 B, July Declaration and Programme of Action(14) 41/39 A, 41/55 B. (see p. 925), affirmed that the natural resources of Namibia were the inviolable heritage of its peo- Social conditions and the exploitation of labour ple; expressed concern at the rapid depletion of The Council for Namibia kept under constant those resources as a result of plunder by South review the social conditions in the Territory(12) Africa and other foreign economic interests, in and its Standing Committee II prepared in March contravention of United Nations resolutions and 1986 a report on those conditions(15) Decree No. 1; condemned the activities of all South Africa had extended its apartheid system foreign economic and other interests in Namibia to Namibia and introduced inhuman measures, as constituting one of the major obstacles to its in- such as arbitrary imprisonment and detention of dependence; and urged all States to recognize De- leaders, members and supporters of SWAPO, the cree No. 1 and to take effective measures, in- killing of Namibian patriots and other acts of cluding legislative and enforcement action, to brutality and torture. Mass shootings of civilians, ensure compliance with the Decree by all corpora- arbitrary searches, destruction of villages and tions and individuals within their jurisdiction. detention and torture of individuals were reported. The Commission on Human Rights, on 28 Acts of cold-blooded killings, systematic torture, 8 February( ) condemned the activities of foreign abductions, rapes, detentions without trial by economic interests which were illegally exploiting South African murder squads, namely the Namibia's resources, and demanded that TNCs "Koevoet", the "Takkies" and the "Etango", and comply with United Nations resolutions by disappearances of civilians had become wide- refraining from any new investment or activities spread. The inhuman practices of the South in Namibia, by withdrawing from the Territory African army in Namibia included death by and by putting an end to their co-operation with decapitation, setting fire to homesteads, kicking the illegal South African administration. and beating to death, and tying explosive devices On 11 August(9) the Committee on colonial against the bodies of victims. The occupation countries reaffirmed that Namibia's natural regime continued to make use of banning orders resources were its people's inviolable heritage, aimed at restricting political and civil liberties. stating that their illegal exploitation and depletion SWAPO members released from detention were by South Africa and foreign economic interests placed under restriction in their homes or areas violated United Nations resolutions, particularly where they resided and were prohibited from leav- Decree No. 1. It condemned the plunder of Na- ing them, attending meetings or receiving visitors. mibian uranium and called on States to prohibit On 18 January 1986, a bomb explosion at the State-owned and other corporations from dealing Oshigambo Lutheran High School in northern in Namibian uranium. The Committee requested Namibia caused extensive damage. On 23 the Federal Republic of Germany, the Netherlands January, the main offices of the Council of Chur- and the United Kingdom, which operated the ches in Namibia were deliberately destroyed in a Urenco uranium-enrichment plant at Almelo, fire. In February 1986, the Council denounced the Netherlands, to have Namibian uranium imprisonment and trial of seven SWAPO members, specifically excluded from the 1970 Treaty of who had been charged under the so-called security Almelo regulating Urenco's activities. legislation, and demanded their immediate release. The Committee, on the same date(10) con- The charges were related to their activities against demned South Africa's illegal exploitation of Na- the occupation regime and its agents in Namibia; 956 Trusteeship and decolonization the accused were refused bail and imprisoned for cupation continued to force thousands of Namib- over one year. ians to seek refuge in neighbouring countries, par- Newspapers and institutions opposed to South ticularly Angola and Zambia. The Office of the Africa's occupation of Namibia and its puppet ad- United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees ministration suffered constant harassment and at- (UNHCR) estimated that there were approximately tacks. The offices of The Namibian newspaper were 70,000 to 80,000 Namibian refugees in neighbour- attacked on at least three occasions. Reporters ing countries, creating additional expenditure in working for the newspaper were systematically agriculture, health, education and vocational train- harassed, and vehicles used by staff had their wind- ing for those countries. screens smashed and tyres slashed. The labour force in Namibia was divided along REFERENCES racial lines. Apartheid existed in the conditions of (1)A/CONF.138/7-A/AC.131/203. (2)E/C.10/1986/8. (3)E/C.10/1986/10. (4)YUN 1985, p. 148, ESC res. 1985/72, 26 work, wages earned, the right to organize in trade 6 July 1985. (5)Ibid., p. 147. ( )E/1986/22 (res. 1986/24). (7)YUN unions and the types of jobs available. Black Na- 1960, p. 49, GA res. 1514(XV), 14 Dec. 1960. (8)E/1986/22 mibians working for Western and South African (res. 1986/5). (9)A/41/23 (A/AC.109/881). (10)Ibid. TNCs were employed under a discriminatory (A/AC.109/880). (11)Ibid. (A/AC.109/884). (12)A/41/24. (13)YUN system of wages, working conditions and living 1974, p. 152. (14)Report of the International Conference for the Im- mediate Independence of Namibia, Vienna, 7-11 July 1986 standards. There was neither protective labour (A/CONF.138/11 & Add.1), Sales No. E.86.I.16. legislation for the majority of workers nor statutory (15)A/CONF.138/3-A/AC.131/187/Add.1. right to a pension, to set pay, holiday pay or mater- nity leave. A worker could be dismissed without prior notice and such occurrences were frequent. The nature of the migrant worker system had International assistance prevented the emergence of a significant perma- nent industrial labour force in Namibia. Workers The International Conference for the Im- returned to subsistence farming for several months mediate Independence of Namibia, in its July each year. Owing to lack of housing and other Declaration and Programme of Action(1) (see social services, they could not move their families p. 925), noted with satisfaction the positive role to their work place. In order to guarantee a con- played by NGOs, parliamentarians and individuals stant supply of cheap black labour, great restric- in support of the Namibian cause. It emphasized tions were placed on a worker's ability to seek work, the need for all States, United Nations bodies, in- live in a family setting, earn a living and organize. tergovernmental organizations and individuals to Genuine trade unionism was prevented by intensify their political, diplomatic, military and South Africa in conjunction with other foreign in- material assistance to the Namibian people and terests and corporations. The effectiveness of trade SWAPO. The Conference called on them to exert unions in Namibia was heavily circumscribed maximum pressure for the withdrawal of South through selective and discriminatory representa- Africa from Namibia and to support United Na- tion, through suppression of all but "co-operative" tions actions, and urged them to provide increased unions and through rising unemployment. In the material assistance to the thousands of Namibian absence of any legal framework protecting them, refugees in neighbouring countries. Further, it ap- black workers made remarkable efforts in 1986 to pealed to Governments, institutions and in- organize themselves and co-ordinate their collec- dividuals to contribute or increase contributions tive actions. The largest boost to unionization was to the United Nations Fund for Namibia to assist the launching of potentially the most powerful the Nationhood Programme and the United Na- trade union, the Mineworkers Union of Namibia tions Institute for Namibia, and appealed to them (MUN), which brought together representatives to provide scholarships, internships and other from five Namibian mines: De Beers, Rössing forms of training and assistance so that Namibians Uranium, Rio Tinto Zinc, Tsumeb Corporation could acquire the skills and experience necessary and CDM. The founding of MUN marked part of to carry out administrative and technical duties a concerted bid to reinforce the umbrella National in an independent Namibia. Union of Namibian Workers (NUNW), which had Related resolutions and decision: ESC a long-standing affiliation with SWAPO and was a 1986/48; GA 41/41 B, 41/405. member of ILO. Also under NUNW was the 6,000- member Namibian Food and Allied Union, UN Fund for Namibia formed in September 1986 after 38 workers' com- mittees were established at food and food-related Activities of the Fund industries around Windhoek. Voluntary contributions were the major source The dispossession of land, the war and the of financing of the United Nations Fund for Na- repression brought about by South Africa's oc- mibia, which in 1986 continued to serve as the Namibia 957 main vehicle through which the Council for Na- Recalling its resolution 31/153 of 20 December 1976, mibia, acting as its trustee, channelled assistance by which it decided to launch the Nationhood Pro- to the Territory. The Fund's activities were con- gramme for Namibia, centrated in three programmes—the Nationhood Recalling further its resolution 34/92 A of 12 December 1979, by which it approved the charter of the United Programme and the United Nations Institute for Nations Institute for Namibia, and its resolution Namibia (see p. 959), and educational, social and 37/233 E of 20 December 1982, by which it approved relief assistance. amendments to the charter, The Nationhood Programme and the Institute 1. Takes note of the relevant parts of the report of the were set up to prepare for the future attainment United Nations Council for Namibia; of independence, the establishment of State ma- 2. Decides that the United Nations Council for Na- chinery and the assumption of administrative mibia shall: responsibilities by Namibians. The educational, (a) Continue to formulate policies of assistance to social and relief assistance programme, in addi- Namibians and co-ordinate assistance for Namibia pro- vided by the specialized agencies and other organiza- tion to providing individual scholarships, em- tions of the United Nations system; phasized immediate needs and the welfare of (b) Continue to act as trustee of the United Nations Namibians in their independence struggle. Fund for Namibia and, in this capacity, administer and Assistance in this area was administered, to the manage the Fund; extent possible, through individual projects. (c) Continue to provide broad guidelines and for- Between 1 July 1985 and 30 June 1986,(2) 115 new mulate principles and policies for the United Nations scholarships were awarded and 18 students com- Institute for Namibia; pleted their courses. As of 1 July 1986, 224 students (d) Continue to co-ordinate, plan and direct the Na- tionhood Programme for Namibia, in consultation with in 11 countries were studying various subjects. the South West Africa People's Organization, with the Money from the Fund was used to finance voca- aim of consolidating all measures of assistance by the tional and technical training, to provide assistance specialized agencies and other organizations of the in health and medical care, nutrition and social United Nations system into a comprehensive assistance welfare, to acquire books and periodicals for Na- programme; mibian refugee camps and SWAPO offices, and to (e) Continue to consult with the South West Africa facilitate the attendance of Namibian representatives People's Organization in the formulation and implemen- at international seminars, meetings and conferences. tation of assistance programmes for Namibians; (f) Report to the General Assembly at its forty- A sum was made available from the Fund for second session on the programmes and activities under- emergency assistance to be allocated by the Com- taken through the United Nations Fund for Namibia; missioner. The field offices of the Commissioner 3. Decides that the United Nations Fund for Na- were given a small imprest from these emergency mibia, which comprises the General Account, the United funds to be used in accordance with the approved Nations Institute for Namibia Account and the Na- guidelines for the funds. During the period under tionhood Programme Account, shall be the primary review, assistance was provided to 31 individual source of development assistance to Namibians; Namibians in need of emergency medical treat- 4. Expresses its appreciation to all States, specialized ment and other forms of humanitarian assistance. agencies and other organizations of the United Nations system, governmental and non-governmental organiza- Fund expenditures in 1986 for the three pro- tions and individuals that have made contributions to grammes totalled $7,248,016, as follows: Na- the United Nations Fund for Namibia to support the tionhood Programme, $756,164; Institute, activities under the General Account, the activities of $3,728,538; and educational, social and relief the United Nations Institute for Namibia and the Na- assistance, $2,763,314. tionhood Programme for Namibia, and calls upon them to increase their assistance to Namibians through those channels; GENERAL ASSEMBLY ACTION 5. Requests the Secretary-General and the President On 20 November 1986, the General Assembly of the United Nations Council for Namibia to intensify adopted resolution 41/39 E by recorded vote. appeals to Governments, intergovernmental and non- governmental organizations and individuals for more United Nations Fund for Namibia generous voluntary contributions to the General Ac- The General Assembly, count, the Nationhood Programme Account and the Having examined the parts of the report of the United United Nations Institute for Namibia Account of the Nations Council for Namibia relating to the United Na- United Nations Fund for Namibia in view of the in- tions Fund for Namibia, creased activities undertaken through the Fund for Na- Recalling its resolution 2679(XXV) of 9 December mibia, and, in this connection, emphasizes the need for 1970, by which it established the United Nations Fund contributions in order to increase the number of scholar- for Namibia, ships awarded to Namibians under the United Nations Recalling also its resolution 3112(XXVIII) of 12 Fund for Namibia; December 1973, by which it appointed the United Na- 6. Invites Governments to appeal once more to their tions Council for Namibia trustee of the United Nations national organizations and institutions for voluntary Fund for Namibia, contributions to the United Nations Fund for Namibia; 958 Trusteeship and decolonization

7. Decides to allocate as a temporary measure to the 16. Expresses its appreciation to those specialized agen- United Nations Fund for Namibia the sum of $1.5 cies and other organizations of the United Nations million from the regular budget of the United Nations system that have waived agency support costs in respect for 1987; of projects in favour of Namibians, financed from the 8. Requests the Office of the United Nations Com- United Nations Fund for Namibia and other sources, missioner for Namibia, in order to mobilize additional and urges those that have not yet done so to take ap- resources, to continue to formulate, in consultation with propriate steps in this regard; the South West Africa People's Organization, projects 17. Decides that Namibians shall continue to be eligi- of assistance to the Namibian people to be co-financed ble for assistance through the United Nations Educa- by Governments and non-governmental organizations; tional and Training Programme for Southern Africa and 9. Requests the specialized agencies and other organiza- the United Nations Trust Fund for South Africa; tions of the United Nations system, in the light of the 18. Commends the progress made in the implemen- urgent need to strengthen the programmes of assistance tation of the pre-independence components of the Na- to the Namibian people, to make every effort to expedite tionhood Programme for Namibia, and requests the the execution of the Nationhood Programme for Namibia United Nations Council for Namibia to continue to projects and other projects in favour of Namibians on elaborate and consider policies and contingency plans the basis of procedures that will reflect the role of the regarding the transitional and post-independence phases United Nations Council for Namibia as the legal Ad- of the Programme; ministering Authority for Namibia; 19. Commends the United Nations Institute for Na- 10. Expresses its appreciation to those specialized agen- mibia for the effectiveness of its training programmes cies and other organizations of the United Nations for Namibians and its research activities on Namibia, system that have contributed to the Nationhood Pro- which contribute substantially to the struggle for gramme for Namibia, and calls upon them to continue freedom of the Namibian people and to the establish- their participation in the Programme by: ment of an independent State of Namibia; (a) Implementing projects approved by the United 20. Urges the specialized agencies and other Nations Council for Namibia; organizations of the United Nations system to co-operate (b) Planning and initiating new project proposals in closely with the United Nations Institute for Namibia co-operation with, and at the request of, the Council; in strengthening its programme of activities; (c) Allocating funds from their own financial 21. Requests the United Nations Council for Namibia, resources for the implementation of the projects ap- through the United Nations Institute for Namibia, to proved by the Council; finalize, publish and disseminate at an early date a com- 11. Requests the United Nations Council for Namibia prehensive reference book on Namibia covering all to continue and to intensify its field attachment pro- aspects of the question of Namibia as considered by the gramme, enabling Namibians trained under various United Nations since its inception; programmes to gain practical on-the-job experience in 22. Requests the United Nations Council for Na- governments and institutions in diverse countries, par- mibia, in consultation with the Office of the United Na- ticularly in Africa; tions Commissioner for Namibia, to finalize and 12. Appeals to all Governments, specialized agencies publish, at an early date, a demographic study of the and other organizations of the United Nations system, Namibian population; non-governmental organizations and individuals to make 23. Requests the Secretary-General to continue to generous contributions to the United Nations Fund for provide the Office of the United Nations Commissioner Namibia in order to support the field attachment pro- for Namibia with the necessary resources for the per- gramme and to meet the financial requirements; formance of the responsibilities entrusted to it by the 13. Expresses its appreciation to the United Nations De- United Nations Council for Namibia as the co- velopment Programme for its contribution to the financ- ordinating authority for the implementation of the Na- ing and administration of the Nationhood Programme tionhood Programme for Namibia, as well as other for Namibia and the financing of the United Nations assistance programmes. Institute for Namibia, and calls upon it to continue to General Assembly resolution 41/39 E allocate, at the request of the United Nations Council for Namibia, funds from the indicative planning figure 20 November 1986 Meeting 79 152-0-6 (recorded vote) for Namibia for the implementation of the Nationhood Draft by Council for Namibia (A/41/24); agenda item 36. Financial implications. 5th Committee, A/41/854; S-G, A/C.5/41/38. Programme projects and for the United Nations In- Meeting numbers. GA 41st session: 5th Committee 28; plenary 67-71, 79. stitute for Namibia; Recorded vote in Assembly as follows: 14. Calls upon the United Nations Development Pro- In favour: Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argen- gramme to increase the indicative planning figure for tina, Australia, Austria, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, Namibia for the 1987-1991 programming cycle, and, tak- Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei Darussalam, Bulgaria, ing into consideration that Namibia remains a unique Burkina Faso, Burma, Burundi, Byelorussian SSR, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, responsibility of the United Nations, to exercise max- Côte d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Democratic Kampuchea, imum flexibility and understanding in financing proj- Democratic Yemen, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecua- ects funded from the indicative planning figure; dor, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Finland, Gabon, Gambia, German Democratic Republic, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, 15. Expresses its appreciation for the assistance provided Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, by the United Nations Children's Fund, the Office of Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Kuwait, Lao People's the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Democratic Republic, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Lux- embourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, and the World Food Programme to Namibian refugees, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal, Netherlands, New and requests them to expand their assistance in order Zealand, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua to provide for the basic needs of the refugees; New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Namibia 959

Rwanda, Saint Christopher and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, the projects was made difficult by the general Sierra Leone, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, unavailability of reliable socio-economic data and Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Syrian Arab Republic, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad was further complicated by the lack of access to and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukrainian SSR, USSR, United Arab Emirates, United Republic of Tanzania, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Viet Nam, the Territory owing to South Africa's illegal oc- Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe. cupation. The training aspects of the projects re- Against: None. Abstaining: Canada, Fiji,a France, Germany, Federal Republic of. United quired special attention because of the scarcity of Kingdom, United States. educational opportunities under South African a Later advised the Secretariat it had intended to vote in favour. rule. Related resolutions: GA 41/27, 41/35 G, 41/94, The Council reported that, during 1985 and the 41/123, 41/136. first half of 1986,(2) Namibians continued their training at various institutions in a number of Financing of the Fund countries and new training activities were initiated. In 1986, 36 States made a total contribution of Twenty-two handicapped Namibians began stud- $5,740,799 to the United Nations Fund for Na- ies in the English language and in basic mibia.(3) In addition, $1.5 million was allocated to mathematics in Zambia in June 1985 and were, the Fund for 1986 from the United Nations regular in September, joined by another 71 students. Two budget, as authorized by the General Assembly students began a two-year journalism course while in 1985.(4) another started a French-language course. Six The United Nations Development Programme trainees commenced tailoring programmes in (UNDP) also financed assistance programmes for Kenya. At Alexandria, Egypt, nine Namibians Namibia and had established an indicative plan- started a one-year course in port management, ning figure (IPF) of $7,750,000 for 1982-1986. while two began a four-year course in marine Following a 1985 UNDP Governing Council deci- engineering. Five students undertook a course at sion(5) to increase that figure for the fourth pro- the Eastern African Statistical Centre in the gramming cycle (1987-1991) by 50 per cent, the United Republic of Tanzania and 30 Namibians Council, on 27 June 1986,(6) requested the Ad- began training at the Namibian Nurses Training ministrator to prepare new recommendations to School. At the Vocational Training Centre at maximize utilization of the increase. Cuacra, Angola, about 200 students continued Fund-raising missions were undertaken by the their studies. The first group of about 80 trainees Council for Namibia in 1986 to Western Europe, completed their training in August 1986. visiting Belgium, Norway, Sweden, Finland and the Related resolutions: ESC 1986/48; GA 41/39 E. EC Commission from 24 to 29 April, and Austria, France, the Federal Republic of Germany, Italy and UN Institute for Namibia 2 the Netherlands from 1 to 4 and 11 to 14 July.( ) The United Nations Institute for Namibia, in- Received at a high political level in all countries augurated in 1976 at Lusaka, Zambia,(9) contin- visited, the missions reminded the Governments ued training middle-level skilled manpower for an of the pressing needs of the Namibian people, ex- independent Namibia and carrying out applied re- plained the purposes of the Fund and reviewed priority search in the various sectors of the Namibian projects for which new contributions were sought. economy. Admission to the Institute was open to The Governments recognized the need to prepare all persons of Namibian origin who fulfilled the the Namibian people for independence and expressed requirements of its 16-member Senate. Operating their continuing support for the Council's assistance on an average annual budget of $4 million, it con- programmes. tinued to be financed by the Council through its The Committee on colonial countries, on 11 7 Fund and received additional financial assistance August,( ) urgently called on all States and the from UNDP and UNHCR. specialized agencies and other United Nations In 1986, 230 new students were admitted—143 organizations to continue supporting the Fund and in the management and development studies pro- all the Council's programmes of assistance. gramme, 30 in the teacher-training upgrading pro- gramme and 57 in the secretarial programme, for Nationhood Programme a total student body of almost 600. The Nationhood Programme was launched by In January, 141 students of the seventh the General Assembly in 1976 to help Namibia graduating group were awarded diplomas in prepare for independence.(8) Its programmes fell management and development studies, bringing into three categories: pre-independence projects, the total number of such graduates to 548. In ad- transitional projects and post-independence proj- dition, 29 students graduated in basic education ects. The Programme consisted of two major and another 20 received certificates in a special components—manpower training programmes programme for magistrates. and surveys and analyses of the Namibian The Institute's research programme was in- economic and social sectors. Implementation of tended to make available basic documentation for 960 Trusteeship and decolonization policy formulations by the future Government of 34.5 per cent of its total expenditures for national an independent Namibia. Studies were completed liberation movements as a whole. on manpower requirements and development im- Agency assistance. United Nations specialized plications, constitutional options, agrarian reform, agencies and other organizations continued to pro- a language policy for Namibia, a new legal system, vide assistance to colonial people, including the agricultural economy, a health survey of Na- Namibians, according to a June 1986 report(12) by mibia, educational policy options and economic the Secretary-General. Updated information on development strategy options for Namibia. Stud- the topic was contained in a May 1987 report.(13) ies under way dealt with mineral development Some agencies, among them ILO and FAO, gave strategy options, State succession, administrative assistance through the Nationhood Programme. systems and policy options. ILO focused its assistance to Namibians on over- The Namibian Extension Unit continued to ex- coming discriminatory education and training and pand its distance education programme for on working conditions experienced under apartheid. Namibians who had been denied education by the It also assisted in the functioning of the vocational South African régime. It currently served some training centre for Namibia in Angola. FAO's pro- 40,000 Namibian adults and youths in Zambia and grammes consisted mainly of training activities, Angola. support for food production, sectoral surveys and policy analysis, as well as the conduct of occasional Other UN assistance studies and dissemination of resulting information. UN Educational and Training Programme. In The World Health Organization made, for the a report covering the period from 16 October 1985 10 period under review, a total of $84,895 available to 30 September 1986,( ) the Secretary-General for medical supplies to SWAPO and provided Na- stated that the United Nations Educational and Train- mibia, as an associate member, with $352,645 for ing Programme for Southern Africa (see p. 171) had health and training purposes. UNIDO was the ex- granted 210 new scholarships to Namibians and ex- ecuting agency for assistance to SWAPO in tended 132, not including awards financed by the establishing a woodworking and metalworking United Nations Fund for Namibia. workshop, for pre-independence assistance in UNDP activities. In 1986, UNDP provided preparation of the study on national reconstruc- assistance to SWAPO through three ongoing proj- tion and development in Namibia, and for an ex- ects in education and a new health project, accord- ploratory mission for a technical visit to Namibia ing to a March 1987 report by the UNDP Ad- to look into the possibility of establishing rural in- ministrator.(11) The educational projects were all dustry. UNHCR allocated in 1986 $1.8 million for executed by UNESCO. At the Namibia Education an assistance programme in favour of Namibian Centres at Kwanza Sul, Angola, and Nyango, refugees in the sectors of health, education, Zambia, UNDP financed teacher salaries. The domestic needs, agriculture and construction of upgrading of women's role in development was the communal facilities. UNESCO, among other ac- aim of the third educational project. The new proj- tivities, organized an eight-month course in social ect of support in community health services aimed science research methods and development stud- to strengthen the capacity of SWAPO for deliver- ies for Namibian women at the Institute of Social ing basic health services to Namibians in SWAPO- Studies at The Hague, Netherlands (August administered settlements in Angola and Zambia. 1985-April 1986). Of two formulation missions for future projects, undertaken under the direct supervision of UNDP, REFERENCES one, with the United Nations Institute for Train- (1)Report of the International Conference for the Immediate Independ- ing and Research providing technical expertise, ence of Namibia, Vienna, 7-11 July 1986 (A/CONF.138/11 & Add.1), was on training in development aid planning, co- Sales No. E.86.I.16. (2)A/41/24. (3)A/42/24. (4)YUN 1985, ordination and administration, while the other p. 1128, GA res. 40/97 E, 13 Dec. 1985. (5)Ibid., p. 471. (6)E/1986/29 (dec. 86/29). (7)A/41/23 (A/AC.109/880). (8)YUN dealt with assistance in agricultural development. 1976, p. 791, GA res. 31/153, 20 Dec. 1976. (9)Ibid., p. 779. The four projects and two missions accounted for (10)A/41/678 & Corr.1. (11)DP/1987/63. (12)A/41/407 & Add.1. $962,500 in UNDP inputs, thereby representing (13)A/42/264 & Add.1.