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Spotlight on Marine Protected Areas in Canada © Parks Canada, D. Wilkes FATHOM FIVE NATIONAL MARINE PARK Preface Canada is a maritime nation. Our oceans and Great Lakes cover an area of approximately 5.7 million square kilometres. We have the world’s longest coastline, three oceans, the Great Lakes and an immense sea of Arctic ice—all of which support an intricate web of marine life. The Government of Canada, along with the provinces and territories, is working to conserve Canada’s marine ecosystems through the development of marine protected areas. Marine protected areas enhance biodiversity and improve the health and sustainable use of our oceans, Great Lakes and coastlines, contributing to the vitality of Canadian coastal communities and industries. This report highlights marine protected area efforts that have been completed by provincial, territorial and federal agencies in Canada to date. It describes the current status of these efforts, and includes data compiled collaboratively by federal and provincial representatives. The report is not intended to provide a comprehensive study of the management tools available for the protection and conservation of marine life (it does not include fisheries closures, for example), but rather focuses on existing marine protected areas in our three oceans and Great Lakes. 1 Marine Protected Areas in Canada © GaryAndJoanieMcGuffin.com Canada’s oceans and Great Lakes together have a surface area of approximately 5.7 million square kilometres— an area equivalent to about 56% of Canada’s land mass. COBINOSHISLAND,LAKESUPERIOR YELLOWTAIL ROCKFISH © Mark Heibert 2 What is a marine protected area? The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) defines a marine protected area as:“a clearly defined geographical space, recognized, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long-term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values.” Some marine protected areas are fully marine, and © Parks Canada, J. Butterill others are the marine components of terrestrial protected areas. There are many different types of marine protected areas in Canada. While some are fully protected, most allow multiple uses, or integrate fully protected zones within larger multiple-use areas. Some marine protected areas offer year-round protection while others are seasonal. Seasonal protection is appropriate for spawning or nesting sites or for buffering sensitive FATHOM FIVE NATIONAL MARINE PARK areas that may be threatened by human activities at specific times of the year. OCEAN FACTS: •Scientists believe that •History illustrates the Why do we need marine life appeared in the early importance of oceans protected areas? oceans 3.5 to 3.7 billion for trade, commerce, years ago. adventure and discovery. Scientists around the world have provided irrefutable evidence that the oceans, in spite of their seemingly •Climate, weather and •The majority of the world’s healthy appearance, are fragile and at risk. A multitude the quality of the air we human population lives no of cumulative stresses exerted on coastal and ocean breathe depend on interac- more than 300 kilometres regions—from over-fishing to habitat degradation tions between the ocean from the ocean. and climate change—means that ecosystem functions and the atmosphere. •The ocean has shaped are being affected all over the world, including in •Oceans are a primary our customs, traditions, Canada’s oceans and Great Lakes. source of food. and fisheries culture. Marine protected areas are known to be effective in protecting plants, animals and habitats. They improve the resilience of ecosystems and can have spill-over benefits to areas outside their boundaries. However, in 2007 Canada was ranked only 70th out of 228 countries around the world in establishment of marine protected areas. Despite recent progress in establishing new areas, there is still a significant challenge ahead. 3 In total, existing marine protected areas cover over 56 000 square kilometres of Canada’s oceans and Great Lakes. © GaryAndJoanieMcGuffin.com SLATE ISLANDS, LAKE SUPERIOR BENEFITS OF MARINE PROTECTED AREAS TO ENVIRONMENT, ECONOMY AND CULTURE: Marine protected areas Marine protected areas Marine protected areas This increases the likelihood play an important role in can improve the economy and climate change: that at least one sample the local marine ecosystem of coastal communities Marine protected areas can of the habitat type and its by increasing biodiversity, by providing conservation and contribute to climate change associated biodiversity will restoring community structure, tourism-related employment mitigation by protecting remain intact, should a and strengthening ecosys- opportunities. Also, since the certain marine habitats catastrophic event occur in tems’ abilities to resist, creation of marine protected that are especially good the region; thus contributing recover from, or adapt to areas can result in increases at absorbing carbon dioxide, to the overall resilience disturbances (such as those in the size and abundance emitted to the atmosphere (ability to adapt to change) caused by overexploitation of fish, they can create spill- from the burning of fossil of the marine environment. or climate change). over benefits to adjacent fuels, deforestation, and fishing grounds. This can other human activities. Scientific research translate into fisheries For example, coastal habitats demonstrates that both benefits over time including such as salt marshes, sea tropical and temperate higher catches, increased grasses and mangroves marine protected areas catch rates and reductions account for less than 0.5% can increase the biodiversity of fishing effort. A marine of the world’s seabed, but within their boundaries. protected area can thus studies have shown they Certain species benefit contribute to the economic can store up to 71% of the from protection in marine and socio-cultural well-being total amount of carbon protected areas more than of coastal communities, found in ocean sediments. others. For example, species including supporting subsis- Marine protected areas that are highly exploited, tence and traditional harves- can also facilitate adaptation large-bodied, high in the ting of marine resources carried to climate change impacts, food chain or sedentary are out by Aboriginal peoples. through protection of eco- especially likely to thrive logically significant habitats in a marine protected area. (e.g., sources of larval supply), Benefits tend to increase as well as through protection over time – especially of multiple sites of similar in temperate waters. habitat type. 4 Canada’s national and international commitments Canada is committed—both nationally and inter- nationally—to protect its extraordinary marine environments for the benefit of present and future generations. Canada’s Oceans Act tasks the Minister of Fisheries and Oceans to lead and coordinate © Parks Canada, N. Boisvert the development and implementation of a national network of marine protected areas on behalf of ORCAS the Government of Canada. In addition, a global commitment to establish networks of marine protected areas was made at the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development, and in the 2004 United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Program of Work on Protected Areas. Canada has approximately eight federal and 40 provincial/territorial legislative or regulatory tools for establishing protected areas with a marine component, including those located within the Great Lakes. ESTABLISHING MARINE PROTECTED AREAS A range of legislative and Working groups or advisory Each protected area included in this report is: regulatory tools exists to bodies may be established establish marine protected to develop and assess (i) located on the coast or seaward of the coastline; areas in Canada, each de- proposals for candidate signed to achieve a particular sites. Sometimes inter- (ii) consistent with the IUCN definition of a protected conservation purpose. jurisdictional agreements area—i.e., a clearly defined geographical space in are negotiated as part Once a candidate site of the process. Canada, recognized, dedicated, and managed, through has been selected for its legal or other effective means, to achieve the long-term potential to contribute to a As all these steps take time conservation of nature with associated ecosystem particular conservation goal, and consultation, it often consultative and administra- takes years before a marine services and cultural values, that is situated partly tive processes are triggered. protected area is officially or wholly in the marine environment (which includes Cooperation and under- established. intertidal or subtidal ocean, salt marshes, estuaries, standing at the local level are generally fostered Great Lakes or wetlands associated with Great Lakes). through formal or informal consultations and public Salt marshes and estuaries are integrally linked outreach activities. to the ocean environment – their ecology directly impacts the ocean and vice versa – through the transfer of salt water and marine species. Coastal wetlands share similar linkages with the Great Lakes they border. © Louis Falardeau NORTHERN RED ANEMONE Overview of marine protected areas in Canada @ Jean-Guy Béliveau SEMIPALMATED PLOVER POLAR SEASTAR © Jean-Guy Béliveau Arctic Protected Areas Federal Provincial Pacific Atlantic Great Lakes A 1:50 000 coastline query was used to ensure that marine protected areas in this report
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