Part Two Water Supply to Gaza Strip

1 © Palestinian Water Authority

West Bank Al-Baloua, Baghdad St. P.O. Box 2174. Al-Bireh Tel: +972 2 242 90 22 Fax: +972 2 242 93 41

Gaza Al-Rimal, Al-wehdeh St. P.O. Box 1438. Al-Rimal Tel: +972 8 283 36 09 Fax: +972 8 282 66 30

www.pwa.ps

2 Table of Contents

Foreword ...... 6

Introduction ...... 8 1.1 Contextual Background and Current Situation...... 9 1.2 Palestinian Water Authority’s Role in Water Supply...... 11 1.3 Report Aim, Structure and Content...... 10 1.4 Executive Summary...... 12

Part One Water Supply to the West Bank ...... 15 1.1 Water Resources...... 15 1.1.1 Local Resources...... 19 I. Municipal Wells ...... 23 II. Ein Samia (JWU) wells...... 24 III. PWA Wells...... 26 IV. Agricultural Wells ...... 27 V. Springs...... 28 1.1.2 Purchased Resources...... 31 1.2 Water Production vs. Water Consumption...... 33 1.2.1 Average Water Supply Rate...... 33 1.2.2 Supply and Demand Gap...... 35 1.2.3 Water Consumption Rate- Individual Analysis...... 38 1.2.4 Water Network Coverage ...... 44 1.2.5 Water Supply for Agricultural Purposes...... 52

Part Two Water Supply to Gaza Strip...... 55 2.1 Municipal Water Demand...... 56 2.1.1Governorate Analysis...... 59 I. Northern Governorate ...... 59 II. Gaza Governorate...... 60 III. Middle governorate...... 60 IV. Khan Younis Governorate...... 61 V. Rafah Governorate...... 62 2.1.2UNRWA Wells...... 63

3 2.1.3Purchased Resources...... 64 2.2.1 Crop Water Requirements and Vulnerable Climate Change in the Region.69 2.2.2Livestock Water Demand...... 71 2.2.3 General Notes...... 72

Part Three Consequences of Israeli Actions...... 75

3.1 Water Supply to Area C...... 75

3.2 Violations in Water Supply Agreements...... 76

Annexes ...... 79

4 Foreword

5 Foreword It is apparent to all water related data and information professionals including from identified sources, and scientists, managers, planners, to assure and control the data and decision makers that the flow from the field to the water availability of information and information system and then to data on the water situation is the different users through its the key stone for water sector dissemination. The data bank development as well as a key unit then stores and controls the element for the Integrated data of assured quality to present Water Resources Management and list data in a suitable format. and planning in any country. The With predefined quality control mechanism of disseminating the measures, and according to its water information in the current defined mandate in different situation is not considered a reports and publications. flexible process for the different This report is one of the reports key actors for strategic planning presented recently by PWA to and effective management highlight its activities within the of the most important sector water sector, and to illustrate where all issues intersect: the water resources supply and social, economic, hydrological, demand gaps in the Occupied metrological, water use, and Palestinian Territory aiming to water consumption. Therefore, provide the interested users- PWA realizes the important readers a factual scene of the need for publishing and status of water development disseminating water sector practices and the actual data and information for the supplied quantities to the public in a continuous and Palestinian communities in sustainable manner. to achieve the West Bank and the Gaza this objective. PWA established Strip. This report includes the Data Bank unit with the a different set of indicators following main objectives: showing the acute water crisis to gather and collect water in the availability of water for

6 Water Supply Report Palestinian communities due led to publishing this report, to the domination and control especially the Data Bank staff, over water resources by the Ashraf Dweikat, Shahd Tibi, and Israeli occupation authorities the water resources staff, Deeb and the imposed mechanisms Abdelghafour, Omar Zayed, and that lead to a halt in the the advisors, Almotaz Abadi development process of the and Dr. Karen Assaf, and from water infrastructure needed PWA Gaza, Ahmed Yaqoubi, for a fair distribution across the Mahmoud Abdullatif, Jamal fragmented territories. Dadah, for their efforts as a Team to set up a solid process to issue This report is also considered such report. as a reference document to abstract figures and facts on Lastly, I would like to express my the status of Palestinian water gratitude to the UNICEF team in the oPt that offered its financial supply and demand and it and technical support to enable shows the difference in water PWA to set up a sustainable consumption rates within mechanism to disseminate the Palestinian governorates. data and information on water I would like to express my and wastewater sector. PWA deepest gratitude to the will in the future issue periodic Palestinian Water Authority team reports on water supply based for their tremendous efforts that on the format of this report.

Dr. Shaddad Attili Head of the Palestinian Water Authority

7 Introduction Ongoing Palestinian Institutional Scheme for the Water Sector is 1.1 Contextual Background divided to the Main Pillars: and Current Situation Policy, Planning, Development The water sector in the and Regulation, This is undertaken by PWA and the Occupied Palestinian Territory Joint Water Committee along with the is currently going through a relevant line ministries (Ministry of Agriculture …) crucial period; the existing situation is set in the context Water Supply, This is obtained from local resources of unbalanced opportunities. (PWA wells, municipal wells, Jerusalem Since 1967, Palestinians have Water Undertaking (JWU) wells, lost their share from and Agricultural wells and springs) or purchased from the Israeli water access to the Jordan River company “Mekorot”. which is the most important Water Distribution, surface water resource in the This process is carried out by water region, in addition to most service providers such as JWU, Water Supply and Sewerage Authority of the groundwater that is (WSSA), Municipalities, Village Council considered as the main source Water departments, and Joint Service of water supplied annually Councils. with insufficient quantities Water Consumption, that is less than half of the Water is needed mainly for domestic or agricultural uses with minimal industrial basic needs. needs at this time. The full control of the Israelis Water is mainly delivered through water networks; if that is not the case; over water resources and the household depends on purchasing infrastructure development water from tankers with an average cost of 12 NIS/m3, moreover, this price can has resulted in obvious reach even double this value depending poor capacity building for on the distance the tanker has to cross, the flexibility of the checkpoint and practitioners working in this sometimes the interference of black- field, as well as poor economic market principles. Residents also depend on the use of rainfall collection growth accompanied with wells with an average cost of 6 NIS/ increased poverty. Health m3, or depend on spring water with and sanitation conditions are an average cost of 3.5 NIS/m3, or water from other sources that may cost them getting worse, in addition as high as 13 NIS/m3 or even more.

8 to a massive deterioration of 1.2 Palestinian Water the environment(1). This lack Authority’s Role in Water of access to adequate, safe, Supply and sufficient drinking water “Israel is confiscating our land is a critical problem for the and our water and obstructing Palestinian population, who our movement as well as the are forced to decrease their movement of goods. It is the standard of living to the bare one obstructing our whole minimum, depriving them from destiny, all of this is unilateral.”(2) the basic human rights to water, Within the context of the food security and health. National Water Policy (NWP) and A living proof for this dilemma the draft Water Management is the Palestinians’ actual water Strategy (WMS); the overall consumption rate (82 l/c/d) that objective and guiding vision of lies below the minimum World the Palestinian Water Authority Health Organization’s (WHO)’s (PWA) is the equitable and standards (100 l/c/d), compared sustainable management and to about four times as much in development of Palestine’s water Israel (300 l/c/d). resources. This corresponds with PWA’s mission of securing It is worth mentioning that a transparent, sustainable and in rural communities which accountable environmentally are not connected to a sound development of water water distribution network, resources through efficient Palestinians survive on far less regulations and equitable water that 70 l/c/d, and in some cases management. The goals set barely 15 liters per day. to achieve that mainly define the optimum way to regulate, manage, protect and conserve the limited water resources as

(1) For further information about the current water (2) Statement by H.E. Mr. Mahmoud Abbas, sector in Palestine refer to the PWA study: “Basic President of the State of Palestine, before United Needs and Development Ongoing and Proposed Nations General Assembly-Sixty-sixth Session. Projects by Governorates”, 2009. New York, 2011.

9 well as optimize the benefit from water resources development by Summary: PWA Role in raising water consumption levels Water Supply Process to provide a healthy environment • Support centralization and economic development. of the hydrological data Addressing the increasing collection and publishing of all water resources data scarcity of water resources and information. in Palestine and the political complexity attached to it with • Evaluate projects related proper key solutions is simply to water resources the translation of the PWA’s prior to licensing its implementation. goals in this area. One of the policy’s main principles is that • Participate in the water supply must be based on preparation of regional a sustainable development of water plans, supervise and all available water resources, of monitor individual water which the development of these projects as well as the preparation of a national resources must be coordinated water plan. at the national level, and carried out appropriately at the local • Specify and allocate water level, keeping in mind that utilization for any purpose water management at all levels and resolve disputes that should provide water quantity in may arise from water use. conjunction with adequate water • Implement, inspect and quality, where water supply and manage all water resources wastewater management should and their different use. be integrated at all administrative • Regulate and instruct the levels. Therefore, PWA is keeping establishment of all private the national water policy as and public groundwater its main guide to all decisions wells and explore ground and actions to manage water water resources. demand consistently to assure the optimal development of

10 water supply to conserve and existence of unauthorized optimally utilize water resources (unlicensed) wells. This is enhancement. a major difficulty standing against water supply adequacy. Depending on the Palestinian Despite the ongoing tracking Water Law No. 3 issued in of all of these wells in the West 2002, PWA is the regulatory Bank, a number of them are authority for the water sector; still present; however, most this includes setting approved of these wells are drilled into standards, unified tariff systems shallow aquifers (either Eocene and controlling the water in Jenin, or Pleistocene in the resources. Based on that, PWA Jordan Valley) and only draw on has recently begun working on Palestinian resources without reinstating and developing a any impact on Israeli wells. performance monitoring system These wells are concentrated for water service providers to mostly in Jenin and Tubas. PWA enhance its role as a competent gave notice to the owners of regulator, create an effective these wells to abide by the law interface with other service and end this illegal activity. providers and determine the There are penalties against all minimum acceptable level of those who do not abide by the service offered by each utility PWA’s instructions, including using certain indicators that drilling rigs, illegal connections, include: average daily water and water theft, especially in the consumption per capita, price Hebron District, which reaches per cubic meter delivered to an average of more than 4 the consumer, operating costs, million cubic meters per year.(4) cost recovery, water losses, unaccounted for water, staff productivity/1000 customers, 1.3 Report Aim, Structure and and other quality indicators(3). Content Within the context of this The aim of the report is to monitoring system, PWA is provide a general overview constantly following up the and afford a comprehensible representation describing the (3) For more information, return to the annual regulation report, 2010, for evaluating the structured analysis of water performance of six water service providers in the (4) The Palestinian water and wastewater Sectors, West Bank, with a special analysis for data reliability Basic Needs and Ongoing and Proposed Projects and accuracy. by Governorate. PWA, 2009

11 supplied and consumed in the 1.4 Executive Summary West Bank and Gaza Strip and the Total supplied amounts of complications attached. In other water in 2010 in the Occupied words, this report examines the Palestinian Territory (oPt) following: were obtained from two main resources: local and purchased. • The current situation- water The mechanism of supplying resources, water supply water for various purposes in the structure and mechanism, West Bank differs from that in and water consumption. the Gaza Strip. Local Resources • The principal problems in Gaza are obtained from 4779 groundwater wells, whereas the facing the Palestinian water West Bank’s local resources are sector. obtained from 250 groundwater • The underlying constraints, wells in addition to local springs. continuous violations in Purchased resources from the water supply agreements Israeli water company “Mekorot” and ongoing difficulties in Gaza did not exceed 5% of facing the water service the total supplied amounts. providers. Nevertheless, the share of the purchased resources in the West This report uses a descriptive Bank exceeded 35% of the total statistical method to analyze supplied amounts. and compare the 2010 water Analysis of water supply for resources and supply information domestic purposes (including with the former years. The used industrial and commercial structure defines the power flow purposes) accounts for 55% throughout water management of the total supplied amounts process represented in tables in the Occupied Palestinian and charts to show how the Territory, applied in both of the lines of control reach the various West Bank and Gaza with 85 functional areas in water supply MCM and 96 MCM respectively. and consumption. However, the Gaza Strip suffers

12 from a disastrous situation A total of 85 MCM of water sup- due to poor water quality with plied for domestic purposes in the Coastal Aquifer as the the West Bank provided a supply sole water source shared with rate of 102 L/c/d. Only 60 MCM Israel. The aquifer is being over -of the 85 MCM supplied- was ac- pumped with annual quantities tually consumed in the West Bank leaving an average consumption that double that of the safe rate of 73 L/c/d. On the other pumping rate (50-60 MCM/ hand, water supply for agricul- year); this has lead to seawater tural purposes accounts for 45% and surrounding saline aquifers of the total supplied amounts intruding into this fresh water in the oPt applied in both the source causing salination. Based West Bank and Gaza Strip with 69 on this, this quantity (96 MCM MCM and 81 MCM respectively. for domestic use) is considered Table I.1 below shows annual misleading if used in calculating quantities of selected indicators the per capita consumption. over the last 7 years.

Table I.1: Selected Indicators of Water Statistics in the Occupied Palestinian Territory 2004-2010

Year Indicator 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Annual Available Water Quantity 295.8 315.2 319.1 335.4 308.7 316.0 331.1 (million m3/year)

Annual Pumped Quantity from 196.1 214.7 223.5 241.2 225.7 227.2 244.0 Groundwater Wells (million m3/year)

Annual Discharge of Springs Water 52.7 53.6 51.7 44.8 25.2 30.6 26.8 (million m3/year)

Annual Quantity of Water Purchased from Israeli Water Company (Me- 42.6 42.2 43.9 49.4 52.8 53.5 56.0 korot) for Domestic Use (million m3/ year)

13 14 Part One Water Supply to the West Bank Based on WHO guidelines for 1.1 Water Resources drinking water quality, water Water resources management supply for the public should take as defined by the Palestinian basic factors into consideration. Water Law, Article 1, includes the development, improvement, Those parameters are mainly and protection of water summarized with five words: resources. This is what PWA along Quality, Quantity, Accessibility, with other local utilities tries to Affordability and Continuity. accomplish. The overall natural Despite the ongoing intricacies water resources for Palestinians of the current situation, PWA is in the West Bank mostly stretch paying all the needed efforts to out in the Mountain Aquifer fulfill these parameters. (containing –based on the Israeli practices- three shared aquifers: Delivering more than 98 the Eastern, the Western and Million Cubic Meters (MCM) the North-Eastern aquifers). of safe drinking water in the Currently, Palestinians abstract year 2010 from local resources less than 15% of the “estimated was not easy, and despite this potential” of those three considerable improvement in aquifers. In 2010, the abstraction the supplied quantity compared of the Mountain Aquifer did not to the last ten years, it was not exceed 98 MCM: with 29 MCM from the North-Eastern Aquifer, sufficient to cover the demand 25 MCM from the Western of the growing population, and Aquifer and 44 MCM from there was the Palestinian Water the Eastern Aquifer. However, Authority (PWA) to face the reduced Palestinian abstraction challenge. from all three aquifers over the

15 Source: PWA archive, Halhul.

last decade is due to several balance and overdraws on reasons; starting with Israeli the “estimated potential” by controls over the available more than 50%.This however resources, the severe restrictions does not go along with the imposed by JWC and ICA on Palestinian Water Law –Article 7; Palestinian development water “The Palestinian Water Authority projects, and ending with the shall have full responsibility for adverse impact of the drought managing the water resources phenomenon that caused a and wastewater in Palestine”. gradual decrease in rainfall In order to overcome the water recharge rates into groundwater shortages, purchased amounts systems.(5) On the other hand from the Israeli national –and with the assurance water company “Mekorot” and support of international are needed in addition to the reports(6)- Israel abstracts the abstracted amounts from the local resources. These amounts (5) Based on the OSLO II interim agreement, Article are finally distributed to the 40, the allocation of water resources of the three shared aquifers allowed Palestinians to abstract end users by the local village no more than 22 MCM from the Western Aquifer, councils, municipalities and 42 MCM from the North Eastern Aquifer and 54 MCM from the Eastern Aquifer, however, this is 20 other service providers. The MCM more than the value abstracted in 2010. i.e., annual quantities provided Palestinians are not even receiving the quantities specified in the Oslo II agreement. from both resources in 2010 are (6) The World Bank Report for West Bank and Gaza, demonstrated in Table 1.1. Assessment of restrictions on Palestinian Water Sector Development, 2009

16 Water Supply Report Table 1.1 Total Local and Purchased Water

Total Local Resources Purchased Percent Governorate Population1(7) Percent (%) Resources (MCM) Water (MCM) (%) (MCM)

Jenin 274001 7.996 80 1.990 20 9.986 Tubas 54765 9.698 69 4.3362 (8) 31 14.034 Tulkarem 165791 13.725 97 0.398 3 14.123 Nablus 340117 14.31 80 3.637 20 17.947 Qalqilya 97447 10.91 94 0.679 6 11.589 Salfit 63148 0.174 7 2.450 93 2.624 Ramallah 301296 3.585 18 16.391 82 19.976 Jericho 45433 25.029 93 1.831 7 26.86 Jerusalem 144740 0.693 15 3.942 85 4.635 Bethlehem 188880 4.504 37 7.553 63 12.057 Hebron 600364 7.702 39 12.230 61 19.932 Total 2275982 98.326 64 55.437 36 153.763

Quantities of water purchased in the West Bank with about a from Mekorot was about 55.5 5.5 MCM increase between the MCM, with an additional amount years 2009 and 2010. Figure 1.1 of 2 MCM from the quantities is a map illustrating the water purchased in 2009. On the other hand, 98 MCM was abstracted resources in the West Bank in the from local wells and springs three basins.

Source: PWA archive, Ramallah.

(7) Estimated Mid Year Population, 2010, Palestinian Central Bureau of statistics (PCBS) (8) This amount is provided for agricultural uses in the Kardala and Bardala area in the Jordan Valley.

17 Figure 1.1 Water Resources in the West Bank

18 Water Supply Report Almost 64% of the total available resources for the Palestinians in the West Bank are from local resources. With more than 36% of our national water demand dependent directly on purchases from Mekorot. Figure 1.2 shows an illustration for the input of water resources to each 1.1.1 Local Resources governorate. Jericho had Local resources are the major the highest amount of water and key resources for domestic supplied in this year, and the and agricultural demands. variance between the produced Although the abstracted amount from local resources quantities from these resources and the purchased amount increased with about 5% from Mekorot is very apparent. compared to the former year Moreover, Tulkarem, Qalqilya (2009) and were considered as and Jenin (the main agricultural the main source for most of the areas in the West Bank); depend local governorates (Jenin, Tubas, mainly on local resources (97%, Tulkarem, Nablus, Qalqilya 94%, and 80% respectively) to and Jericho), they were not satisfy their agricultural and sufficient to completely fulfill domestic needs. The Figure also the needs of the locals, and shows the high dependency of additional amounts of water Ramallah district on purchased were purchased from the Israeli resources. company Mekorot to minimize

19 the supply-demand gap. (domestic wells, agricultural Local resources are managed by wells, PWA wells, Jerusalem village councils, municipalities, Water Undertaking (JWU) wells) water service providers and and springs. Table 1.2 and the WBWD, where PWA follows Figure 1.3 show an amplification up the whole process. These resources include water of these resources for each abstraction from groundwater governorate

Table 1.2: Distribution of Local Resources Governorate Municipal Springs JWU PWA Agricultural Total wells )(MCM Wells Wells )Wells (MCM )(MCM )(MCM )(MCM

Jenin 1.403 0.354 2.24 3.999 7.996 Tubas 0.69 0.627 8.381 9.698(9) Tulkarem 4.208 9.517 13.725 Nablus 6.55 6.136 0.771 0.853 14.31 Qalqilya 3.33 7.58 10.91 Salfit 0.174 0.174 Jericho 17.285 7.744 25.029 Ramallah 0.698 2.887 3.585 Jerusalem 0.693 0.693 Bethlehem 1.371 3.133 4.504 Hebron 1.143 0.122 6.437 7.702 Total 17.324 26.767 2.887 13.274 38.074 98.326

Agovernorate-based compari- tural wells” are the source with son shows that “Jericho” is the the highest production (almost one with the highest production 39% of the total local resource (25 % of the total local resourc- obtained mainly from Tulkarem, es). A resource production-based Tubas, Jericho and Qalqilya due comparison shows that “agricul- to their agricultural activities and abundance of this type of wells). (9) Tubas governorate uses certain amounts of water produced from the agricultural wells to cover See Figures 1.3a-1.3e. the domestic needs of the residents 20 Water Supply Report Figure 1.3: local Resources Production,2010

21 PWA carries out the supervision over well drilling and the qualification of contractors in constructing water facilities based on procedures set by the law(10). As mentioned earlier, groundwater is the main source and dominant wells are operational in the contributor of water to West Bank (these wells include Palestinians, 73% of the total agricultural wells and domestic local resources is obtained wells) compared to 328 wells from groundwater wells and in 2005 and 774 wells in 1967. the rest is produced from the Several Palestinian applications local springs. Figure 1.4 shows to deepen or replace individual that agricultural wells have the wells have been waiting or highest share of groundwater are being processed for more production. The Western aquifer than 4 years in the Joint Water has the highest productive Committee (JWC) or the Civil capacity with Tulkarem and Administration (CA). At the Qalqilya producing more than same time, Israel is still drilling 34% of the total groundwater new wells that directly affect the production. However, production of the Palestinian Palestinians’ abstraction of wells and springs. For instance, groundwater is rather difficult; at Fasayil in the Jericho deepening, rehabilitating and governorate, Israel has drilled constructing wells is usually a six production wells. The yield struggle that consumes great of the single Palestinian well efforts against the Israelis. in the area fell to zero, and the Currently, 250 Palestinian formerly abundant local springs have dried up. (10) Palestinian Water Law, Article 7- task 9.

22 Water Supply Report The total amount produced from that lie in shallow aquifers, and local resources (98 MCM) is not those are abundant in Nablus, considered as drinking water, hence, this resource production because 70% of this amount is is used for agriculture. The used for agricultural purposes. following is a thorough Some resources do not satisfy the description of each component drinking water quality standards, of the local resources. especially the springs

I. Municipal Wells The production from municipal wells accounts for 18% of the total local resources (Figure 1.5) with the highest production from Nablus and Tulkarem (62% of the municipal wells’ production). Oudala municipal well Tulkarem, Nablus and Qalqilya. in Nablus -lying in the North They don’t have a static annual Eastern basin- is the municipal production, some of them did well with the highest production with more than 2 MCM produced not produce any quantity in in 2010. Refer to Table A.6 in the former years (e.g. Sabastya Annexes for a detailed tabulation well in Nablus), others used to of municipal wells production. produce more (e.g. Beit Fajjar The number of those wells is 29 in Bethlehem), while others distributed over the West Bank used to produce less (e.g Jenin and concentrated mostly in Municipality well no. 2 in Jenin).

23 Table 1.3: West Bank Municipal Wells’ Production addition to the deterioration in Governorate Production (MCM) the quality of its water, there is also the Tammoun well that was Jenin 1.403 recently drilled by the Palestinian Tubas 0.690 Water Authority. This well is only Tulkarem 4.208 equipped with a temporary pump that has a production Nablus 6.550 capacity of 130 cubic meters per Qalqilya 3.330 hour, and is used to supply the town of Tubas with about 1400 Hebron 1.143 cubic meters of water per day. Total Production 17.324 The rest of the amount is used to supply the communities that Even though the yield of the have no water supply through municipal wells was higher than tankers, mainly to Tammoun. the average annual production of the last decade, the produced II. Ein Samia (JWU) wells amount was insufficient to Ein Samia wells are the only meet the needed demand and water source owned, managed the additional amounts were and monitored by the Jerusalem supplied mainly through the Water Undertaking (JWU). local resources or by Mekorot. They lie in the Ein Samia Basin Furthermore, in some areas, (Eastern Sub Basin) about 20 agricultural wells were used for km North-East of Ramallah and domestic purposes to cover the Al-Bireh governorate. The wells water shortages, such as Tubas lie 500 m lower than the city at that makes a good example an altitude of 400 m above sea about this deteriorating level, halfway down towards situation of the local wells. There the Jordan Valley. The wells are are only two water supplying distributed over a small area and wells in Tubas Governorate at tap different aquifers at different present: there is the old well depths.(11) of Tubas municipality with a capacity declining to less than (11) Jerusalem Water Undertaking. Performance Interest, water Resources, available on http://www. 15 cubic meters per hour, in jwu.org

24 Water Supply Report The average total production of the Ein Samia wells used to be 550-600 m3/h, equivalent to around 5.70 MCM produced annually. In years of dry winters the total production capacity becomes negatively affected. Nonetheless, this total local resources production annual production started to as shown in Figure 1.6) which is a decline in the early eighties and lot less than the average annual nineties during the last century production due to increased with a production capacity of pollution threats to the well field around 3.5 MCM. In 2010, and as Table 1.4 shows, 4 wells operated arising from agricultural and in Ein Samia with a productive animal farming, quarrying and capacity of almost 3 MCM inadequate disposal of solid and (contributing almost 3% of the liquid wastes.

Table 1.4: JWU Wells' Annual Water Production (MCM)

Well Production (MCM) Water quantities produced by the Ein

Ein Samia 1 0.519 Samia wells, along with additional amounts produced by springs Ein Samia 2 0.744 and purchased from Mekorot, are Ein Samia 3 1.236 utilized to provide 74 communities Ein Samia 4 of the Ramallah and Al-Bireh district Ein Samia 6 0.388 along with other locations from the Total 2.887 Jerusalem governorate.

25 III. PWA Wells The PWA bears responsibility over wells owned by it and administered by the West Bank Water Department (WBWD), e.g. the wells are managed, operated and monitored by the WBWD. 15 wells were operating in the total local resources (Figure 2010 distributed over Jenin, 1.7). Table 1.5 shows the annual Nablus, Bethlehem, Hebron, and production of these wells over Jerusalem and producing 13% of the last five years.

Table 1.5: PWA Wells’ Annual Water Production (MCM) Station 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Izzareya 1 0.260 0.182 0.571 0.926 1.083 Izzareya 2 1.096 1.197 1.107 0 0.174 Izzareya 3 0.099 0.591 0.703 0.604 0.693 JWC4 1.577 1.007 0.908 0.103 0.700 PWA 1 1.383 1.459 1.542 1.445 1.224 PWA 3 0 0 0.630 1.823 1.632 PWA 11 1.713 1.607 1.170 0.123 0 BN2 Well 0 0 0.551 0.920 0.982 Arab Alrashaida 0 0 0 0.262 0.470 Beit Fajaar 0.000 0 0 0.916 1.458 Hundaza 2.235 1.694 1.867 2.067 1.541 Arriyaheya 0.361 0.392 0.334 0.238 0.307 Sanour 1.163 1.045 0.995 1.032 0.930 Arrabeh 0.571 0.531 0.779 0.492 0.529 Rujeeb 0 0 0 0 0.772 Qabatya 0.138 0 0.436 0.876 0.780 Total 10.597 9.705 11.591 11.829 13.275

26 Water Supply Report A slight increase in the annual production capacity of these wells was achieved in this year compared to the last five years (Figure 1.8). For instance, the production of the 14 wells was 11.8 MCM in 2009 compared to the production for other wells (Beit production of 15 of them with Fajjar well in Bethlehem). 13.3 MCM in 2010. This increase Fundamentally, Hebron is the in the production -as shown in governorate with the highest Table 1.6- is due to producing yield producing over 6.4 MCM amounts from wells that were in 2010, followed respectively not operating earlier (Rujeeb by Bethlehem (3.13 MCM), Jenin well in Nablus), or due to the (2.24 MCM), Nablus (0.78 MCM) increase in the average annual and Jerusalem (0.69 MCM).

IV. Agricultural Wells These wells are considered as the main source of water for agricultural uses in conjunction with agricultural springs. Agricultural wells’ production formed 39% of the total local resources (Figure 1.9) and increased

27 noticeably compared to the last in the North Eastern corner of decade; this increase is a result Tubas Governorate, with eight of Tulkarem, Tubas and Jericho Palestinian wells constructed amplifying yield as shown in before 1967 for domestic and Table 1.6, with an extraordinary agricultural purposes, with effect by the additional depths ranging from 30 to 65 quantities produced from Ras meters. However, after the Israeli Alfara’ well in Tubas (refer to, occupation in 1967, two Israeli Table A.7 in the Annexes for wells were drilled in the western detailed tabulation). side of the Palestinian wells (Bardala 1 in 1968 and Bardala 2 Table 1.6: West Bank Agricultural Wells’ in 1979)(12). Now the Palestinian Production wells are almost dry, as most Locality Production (MCM) of the local springs are being Jenin 3.999 used by Palestinian consumers Tubas 8.381 for domestic and agricultural purposes. As a result, this area Tulkarem 9.517 (Bardala) had to purchase Nablus 0.853 additional amounts of water Qalqilya 7.58 from Mekorot for agricultural Jericho 7.744 uses to overcome the deficit in Total Production 38.074 the produced amounts.

As mentioned earlier, the V. Springs construction of the Israeli Springs production formed 27% wells in the mountain aquifer of the local resources (Figure adversely affected the existing 1.10). This source of water has Palestinian wells, for instance, two main uses, domestic and that the production of Bardala agricultural depending on its wells in Tubas is no more quality. Almost 4.0 MCM was than 0.23 MCM. This is not the provided for domestic uses expected amount compared to the historical records of this (12) The Palestinian Water and Wastewater Sec- tors, Basic Needs and Ongoing and Proposed Proj- area. In other words, Bardala lies ects by Governorate. PWA, 2009

28 Water Supply Report in 2010 (13% of the total yield from springs) compared to 25.3 MCM provided for agricultural uses (87% of the yield from springs). A number of the agricultural springs are used in some communities that Table 1.7 with no production suffer from water shortages for from springs in this basin. The domestic uses. Eastern aquifer production on The Western aquifer water the other hand depends directly production depends only on on the water produced from groundwater; this is shown in springs.

Table 1.7: West Bank Annual Springs’ Production (MCM) Governorate Production (MCM) Jenin 0.345 Tubas 0.627 Bethlehem 1.371 Hebron 0.122 Jericho 17.285 Nablus 6.136 Ramallah and Al-Bireh 0.698 Salfit 0.174 Total Production 26.758

Table 1.7 shows that Nablus (6.1 MCM) and Jericho (17.3 MCM) formed 87% of the total springs’ production. However, the total springs’ yield was highly affected by Israeli actions. For instance, the very productive Auja spring, which formerly discharged up to

29 9 MCM a year, has dried up for maintaining the local springs months due to the action of five to meet the needed quality nearby Israeli wells; and hence, a standards in cooperation formerly water-abundant village between the PWA and the is now purchasing water from civil society including the local nearby settlements (Refer to the universities, Figure 1.11 shows Annexes, Table A.5 for detailed tabulation). Accordingly, a field trip of the locals cleaning awareness campaigns were al Zarqa Spring located in Bani conducted during the last Zeid in the Ramallah and Al-Bireh two years for best practices in Governorate.

Figure 1.11: Volunteers cleaning the Zarqa spring in Ramallah and Al-Bireh governorate, 2010

30 Water Supply Report 1.1.2 Purchased Resources As enumerated earlier, the time according to the changes accelerating population growth in the Israeli: Consumer Price and the consequential emergent Index, electricity rates and the demand are not satisfied with average Israeli wage index. The the local resources production bulk water tariff for a specific to cover the minimal and very use is the same throughout the basic needs. Accordingly, country (for Israel and Palestine Palestinians depend largely as well), irrespective of the on the purchased amounts difference in costs of supplying from the Israeli national water water to a specific locality. company “Mekorot”, where the Since 1967 Israel developed WBWD acts as a focal point wells in the West Bank (largely that purchases and distributes in the Jordan Valley), along with the needed amounts over the a network serving settlements Palestinian communities. The that is linked into the Israeli total purchased amount in national network. The first 2010 formed 36% of the total Mekorot well in the southern water supplied in that year, with West Bank was drilled in almost 55.5 MCM distributed 1971, but establishment of a over the 11 governorates. potable supply network to the This is part of the Israeli policy to settlements began in earnest control water resources forcing with the settlement expansion the Palestinians to purchase their under the 1981 Drobless Plan. water from them with the price This network is integrated into set by the Israeli company for the Israeli national water supply the Israeli consumer. The prices network. In addition to extraction Mekorot are entitled to charge of water within the West Bank are the rates set by the Minister to supply to settlements, Israel of National Infrastructures pumped about 7.2 MCM of and Finance, approved by the water from wells in the West Knesset’s Finance Committee Bank completely monitored, and updated from time to maintained and managed by

31 the WBWD and under the full and Al-Bireh District has the control of Mekorot. The yield of highest purchases of water (30% these wells is eventually sold to of the total purchases). This is the Palestinians. Furthermore, a result of the high population Mekorot owns other wells density in this governorate due operating inside the West Bank to the continuing migration monitored and managed by from other governorates. On Mekorot itself. the other hand, Ramallah has a Figure 1.12 shows the share of minimal water production from each governorate from Mekorot local resources (not more than purchases. This includes water 4% of the total local resources supplied to the Israeli side as to this governorate) due to the per agreement (2.4 MCM), and unavailability of municipal and it can be shown that Ramallah agricultural wells.

32 Water Supply Report 1.2 Water Production vs. Water Consumption

1.2.1 Average Water Supply Rate The quantity of water delivered minimal quality standards for and used at the household the particular use, with drinking level is an important indicator water having extremely strict that measures the adequacy standards. This was applied of domestic water supply and locally resulting with a total influences hygiene and public available amount of water for health. To date, the World domestic uses of almost 85 Health Organization (WHO) MCM (87% of the total available has not provided guidance on the quantity of domestic quantity) to 2.28 million capita, water required to promote with an average daily water good health. Either way, the supply rate of 102 Liters per supplied water must meet the person as shown in Table 1.8

Table 1.8: Supply Rate in the West Bank Governorates

Governorate Total Supplied (MCM) Population (1000) Supply Rate (l/c) (L/c/d) Jenin 5.987 274.0 60 Tubas 1.7(13) 547.6 85 Tulkarem 4.606 165.8 76 Nablus 11.234 340.1 90 Qalqilya 4.009 97.4 113 Salfit 2.567 631.5 111 Jericho 3.55 45.43 214 Ramallah 16.195 301.3 147 Jerusalem 4.635 144.7 88 Bethlehem 10.686 188.9 155 Hebron 19.81 600.4 90 Totals 84.979 2276.0 102

(13) It should be noted that Tubas governorate is supplied with a total amount of 9.7 MCM of water for both domestic and agricultural purposes of which only 0.7 MCM is abstracted from municipal wells and the rest is abstracted from agricultural wells and agricultural springs. This indicates that this governorate uses about 1.0 MCM of water from agricultural wells to cover the domestic needs of the residents.

33 The average rate of water supply from local resources as well as slightly increased through purchased amounts. the last decade, Figure 1.13 Figure 1.14 describes the water describes the water supply rate supply rate for each governorate for each year over the last 10 over the last 10 years (place years (time-analysis). It can be analysis). It can be seen that seen that average water supply Jericho always had the highest reached the maximum values supply daily rates among other between the years 2007- 2008; governorates; this is due to the a considerable drop in the value high temperature of the area of the daily supplied amounts compared to other governorates is shown in the following years. accompanied by the use of additional water-consuming In 2010 these amounts did not applications such as the wet exceed 68% of the international cooling systems. On the other recommended supply rate. hand, Tubas was always the one Nevertheless, this does not deny with the least water supply rates. the fact that water supply rates Though, this was not the case in increased significantly in the 2010 where Jenin suffered from last five years. This change is a the least daily supplied amounts result of the rising production for domestic uses.

34 Water Supply Report 1.2.2 Supply and Demand Gap Reaching the needed amount actual consumption to get the of drinking water presents a realistic values. Figure 1.15 shows huge challenge. The numbers the gap between the available speak for themselves (Table amounts of water and the 1.9). It can be seen that the needed amounts (assuming an needed quantities to provide a average supply rate of 150 l/c/d). water supply rate of 150 L/c/d This Figure shows that Jericho are almost 40 MCM more than and Bethlehem have supply the currently available quantity. rates that cover and exceed the Moreover, and paying attention needed quantities. Yet, Figure to the actual consumption 1.16 shows the actual gap based (after removing the losses in on the actual consumption water quantities) compared to analysis, and refutes the fact the needed quantities, the gap that Bethlehem consumers (deficit) increases to almost 65 are supplied with more than MCM. Comparing Figure 1.15 150 l/c/d, but also suffer from with Figure 1.16 shows the water shortage that does not importance of depending on the meet this needed amount. The

35 thriving need for achieving this recovery, poor operation and target requires many actions maintenance, overall lack of to be taken. These include sound management practices, building adequate drinking and above all adjustment of water infrastructure to deliver agreements set with the Israelis. the supplementary amounts of Progress towards providing 64 MCM along with preventing drinking water needs to be current and future infrastructure accelerated and sustained to from falling into disrepair as a contribute to breaking the circle result of inadequate institutional of poverty, lack of education, arrangements, insufficient cost- poor housing and ill-health.

Table 1.9: Supply and Demand Quantities (for 150 l/c/d)

Needed Available Actual Actual Population Deficit Governorate Quantities Quantities Consumption Deficit (MCM) (1000) (MCM) (MCM) (MCM) (MCM)

Jenin 274 15.002 5.987 9.015 4.347 10.655

Tubas 55 2.998 1.7 1.298 1.190 1.808

Tulkarem 166 9.077 4.606 4.471 2.759 6.318

Nablus 340 18.621 11.234 7.387 7.920 10.701

Qalqilya 97 5.335 4.009 1.326 3.087 2.248

Salfit 63 3.457 2.567 0.890 2.015 1.442

Jericho 45 2.487 3.55 -1.0635(14) 2.684 -0.196

Ramallah 301 16.496 16.195 0.301 11.855 4.641

Jerusalem 145 7.925 4.635 3.290 2.790 5.134

Bethlehem 189 10.341 10.686 -0.345 7.010 3.331

Hebron 600 32.870 19.81 13.060 14.620 18.250

Totals 2276 124.610 84.979 39.631 60.277 64.333

(14) The negative value indicates that there is no deficit in this case and that water provided exceeds the needed quantity.

36 Water Supply Report Figure 1.16: Actual De cit Quantities in Meeting the Needed Amounts(for an average of 1501/c/d)

37 1.2.3 Water Consumption Rate- Individual Analysis

Although the available water For example, from the Figure quantity reached 85 MCM, the one can conclude that Jericho total consumed amount of recorded the highest water water was less than 61 MCM. loss and hence the highest loss This means that over 25 MCM percentage. On the contrary, (28% of water supplied for this is not true. Jericho is one domestic uses) was lost. This of the governorates with the resulted in an average water least water losses, and what is consumption rate of 73 l/c/d shown in the Figure is due to in the Palestinian communities the higher amounts of water (Table 1.10) compared to an in Jericho compared to other average water supply rate of 102 governorates. This is why this l/c/d. This divergence between Figure is an indication of the the two values is very clear in difference between supply and Figure 1.17. However, the visual demand on the governorate analysis could be misleading. level only.

38 Water Supply Report Table 1.10: Consumption Rate in West Bank Governorates Total Total Population Total Losses Percent Consumption Governorate Supplied Consumed (1000) (MCM) of Losses Rate (l/c/d) (MCM) (MCM) Jenin 274 5.987 4.347 1.64 27.6 43 Tubas 55 1.7 1.19 0.510 30.0 60 Tulkarem 166 4.606 2.759 1.847 40.1 46 Nablus 340 11.234 7.920 3.314 29.5 64 Qalqilya 97 4.009 3.087 0.922 23 87 Salfit 63 2.567 2.015 0.552 21.5 87 Jericho 45 3.55 2.684 0.866 24.4 162 Ramallah 301 16.195 11.855 4.340 26.8 108 Jerusalem 145 4.635 2.790 1.845 39.8 53 Bethlehem 189 10.686 7.010 3.676 34.4 102 Hebron 600 19.81 14.620 5.190 26.2 67 Totals 2276 84.979 60.277 24.702 29.4 73

Based on Table 1.10 the water hypothetically to be supplied loss reached up to 40% of the to each consumer in those two supplied water (Tulkarem and governorates. This is why options Jerusalem). The water lost should be apparent regarding in many governorates could the further identification of completely cover the total losses occurrence and the needed amounts at another efforts needed to control or governorate. For instance; eliminate them. However, the amount of water lost in PWA and local water service Hebron (5.2 MCM) covers all providers have developed their the water needed for Tubas ability in detecting real losses and Salfit together (4.3 MCM) if and monitoring water theft the minimum consumption activities. The term “Real Losses” rate defined by WHO is is defined by the Environmental

39 Protection Agency (EPA) as the results were notably obvious physical leaks that consist of especially in Hebron (the water leakage from transmission and loss percentage decreased to distribution mains, leakage 26% as shown in Table 1.10). and overflows from the utilities PWA also worked to reduce storage tanks and leakage from the commercial losses by service connections up to and preventing theft from the main including the meter. Locating lines. This was not easy, facing and repairing the leak is part of the Israeli army that damaged the operation and maintenance water systems and storage (O&M) priorities. However, tanks and created obstacles in as the integrity of our aging the operation and maintenance infrastructure decreases, the processes. With regard to this, loss of water in the distribution the following is a clarification for system increases. This has an each governorate. extrusive relation with the water Jenin: Springs, wells and cost; to cover the additional purchased resources supplied cost, the suppliers pass the cost the governorate with 10 MCM, of the lost amounts of water to but these sources did not meet the consumers through their the real needs of the residents. bills. Eventually, this increases Jenin was supplied with a total the price of water and decreases of 6 MCM of water for domestic the consumption rate. purposes with an average PWA had to react to daily supply rate of around solve the water shortage 60 l/c/d and an average daily issue in cooperation with consumption rate of 43 l/c/d. the nongovernmental organizations least amongst all governorates. (NGOs) and donor countries. This is why Jenin is considered This took the form of changing one of the poorest and most the old main lines and vulnerable governorates with developing water systems in regard to water supply and areas with high water loss such accessibility. Its current total as Bethlehem and Hebron. The domestic water needs are

40 Water Supply Report estimated at approximately 15 76 l/c/d and the per capita water MCM/yr and this shows a clear consumption was 46 l/c/d. The annual water deficit of about total domestic water needs of 9 MCM/yr without considering the Governorate were estimated the unaccounted for water to be approximately 9 MCM/yr, (UFW) in the system, which had i.e. there was a water shortage an average of 28%. of about 4 MCM/yr, without Tubas: Springs and wells, in considering the UFW in the addition to a certain amount system, which had an average purchased only for agricultural of 40% (one of the highest in the purposes (4 MCM) supplied West Bank). the governorate with 14 MCM, There is an urgent need for but these sources did not meet projects to improve and increase the domestic needs of the the average rate of drinking and Governorate. Tubas got a total domestic water supply to all supply for domestic uses of only Palestinian population centers 2 MCM, an average daily supply in Tulkarem through drilling and rate of 85 l/c/d and an average equipping new production wells, daily consumption rate of 60 l/c/d. rehabilitating existing internal while its actual domestic needs water networks to reduce were approximately 3 MCM/yr, the percentage of loss and i.e. there was an annual deficit of construction of water reservoirs, 1 MCM, without considering the main transmission lines and new UFW in the system which had an internal networks to serve the average of 30%. unserved communities. Tulkarem: Groundwater Nablus: Springs, wells, and wells with minimal amounts purchased resources provided purchased from Mekorot (3%) this governorate with 18 MCM supplied the governorate with (11 MCM/yr for domestic a total of 14 MCM (5 MCM for purposes). Its average daily water domestic use per the year). The supply rate was approximately per capita average water supply 90 l/c/d and the average in the Governorate was about consumption rate was 64 l/c/d.

41 The Governorate’s total need of water supply rate was estimated domestic water was estimated to be 111 l/c/d and the average to be 19 MCM/yr, i.e. there was consumption was about 87 a water deficit of approximately l/c/d. The total domestic water 7 MCM/yr, without considering needs of the Governorate were the UFW in the system, which approximately 4 MCM/yr, i.e. had an average of 30%. there was a deficit of about 1 MCM/yr without considering Qalqilya: Groundwater wells the UFW in the system which with minimal amounts of had an average of 22%. water purchased from Mekorot supplied the governorate with Ramallah and Al-Bireh: Wells, 12 MCM (4 MCM/yr for domestic springs and water purchased purposes), with an average daily from the Israeli side supplied the water supply rate of 113 l/c/d governorate with 20 MCM (16 and average consumption rate MCM for domestic purposes), of 87 L/c/d. This was considered and provided an average daily a high average water supply water supply rate of 147 l/c/d among Palestinian Governorates and an average consumption of (higher than the average value 108 l/c/d. It is considered one of of 102 l/c/d). The Governorate’s the best Governorates in regard total needs of domestic water to water supply due to its high were estimated to be 5 MCM/ dependency on purchased yr, i.e., there was a water deficit resources. The Governorate’s of 1 MCM without considering total needs of domestic water the UFW which had an average were estimated to be 16.5 MCM/ value of 23%. yr, i.e., there was a water deficit of approximately 0.5 MCM/yr, Salfit: Purchased amounts from without considering the UFW Mekorot with minimal amounts in the system which had an from local springs supplied the average of 27%. governorate with 3 MCM almost completely used for domestic Jericho: Springs and purposes. The average daily agricultural wells with minimal

42 Water Supply Report purchased amounts supplied supplied the governorate with the governorate with 27 MCM (4 12 MCM (11 MCM/yr for domestic MCM/yr for domestic purposes), purposes), with an average daily an average daily water water supply rate of 155 l/c/d supply rate of 214 l/c/d and a and a water consumption rate consumption of 162 l/c/d, made of 102 l/c/d, a relatively high Jericho the highest Governorate average among other Palestinian in water supply amongst all in Governorates. The total domestic the West Bank. Its total need of needs were approximately 10 domestic water was estimated MCM/yr, i.e. there was no water to be 2 MCM/yr, i.e., it had no shortage, if the UFW is neglected. deficit of drinking water, even UFW in this governorate had an though the average UFW in the system was around 24%. average of 35%.

Jerusalem: Purchases from Hebron: Wells, springs and Mekorot with minimal amounts the purchases from supplied from local springs supplied the the governorate with 20 MCM governorate with 5 MCM (all (almost completely for domestic for domestic purposes), with uses), with an average daily an average daily water supply water supply rate of 90 l/c/d, rate of 88 l/c/d and an average and average consumption rate consumption of 53 l/c/d. of 67 l/c/d, which makes it one The total need for domestic of the Governorates that suffer water in the Governorate was from severe shortage of water approximately 8 MCM/yr, i.e. supply. The Governorate’s total there was a water deficit of about need for domestic water was 3 MCM/yr, without considering around 33 MCM/yr, i.e. there was the very high UFW in the system, a water deficit of about 13 MCM/ which had an average of 40%. yr, without considering the UFW Bethlehem: Springs, wells in the system, which had an and purchases from Mekorot average of 26%.

43 1.2.4 Water Network Coverage Social and economic development and building 7 reservoirs. These in Palestine is directly affected by continuous efforts are desperately the negative impacts of the OSLO needed to serve a total population II agreement consequences. This of 2275982 residents (excluding affected the enhancement and 237,301 residents living in the parts management of the infrastructure of Jerusalem that was annexed by serving water and sanitation Israel in 1967), distributed over 490 services. PWA in cooperation communities in the West Bank, of with international institutions, which 435 of them are currently donors and Ministry of Finance served with a water network. provided the funds, plans, and The total served population in the labor force to implement the West Bank (2,194,944 capita) is needed water projects during the more than 96%. This population past two years. These projects is distributed over different types increased the percent of served of localities: urban areas, rural communities by extending 90 km areas and camps. Water network of main water lines, constructing coverage is available for all camps 500 km of internal water networks and urban areas. Rural areas are

700000 un-served population 600000 served population 500000 400000

300000 200000

100000 0 t s s a h n n o i i m m f a u y a o h l l l l e n e i b r l c l a re m b i e h q b u a a S r J a l e s T e l e k a a m N l J u H h r Q u t R a e T e J B

Figure 1.18: Distribution of Served and Un-served Population in the West Bank

44 Water Supply Report served up to 96%, and the rest water purchased from tankers are still in the need for a piped and private agricultural wells network. Figure 1.18 describes or springs in the area. Several the mumbers of served and un- communities were served in served areas in each governorate projects implemented in the The following is an individual past two years as shown in analysis for the water network Figure 1.19 (Um Dar, Thahr coverage in each governorate. Alabed, kherbet masoud, Zabda, Jenin: Located in the northern Al Khulja, Imreeha, Arraneh). part of the West Bank, with Others are in the process to be an area of 583 km² (forms served by the end of 2012 (Beir about 10% of the West Bank Albasha, Maythaloun [refer to area). The population of the Figure 1.20], Alatara, and others). Governorate is estimated to be 274,001 distributed over Drinking and domestic water 72 communities, including 68 supply management in Jenin served with water networks, is carried out through the and 4 with no water networks municipalities, local councils and piped water supply; and the joint water services depend on water collected in council for the northwest cisterns during the winter and Jenin villages. The service

Figure 1.19: Construction of internal water network, transmission and nreservoir in Zabda, Um Dar and Um Khiljan, 2010

45 Figure 1.20: Maythaloun Project, 2010

providers are supplied in bulk nearby wells and springs. by the WBWD, and some of the Drinking and domestic water communities are supplied by supply management in this Jenin Municipality. Governorate is carried out Tubas: Located in the through municipalities, local northeastern part of the West councils, and joint services Bank. The size of its area is councils. about 440 km² and it forms Tulkarem: Located in the approximately 8% of the West northwestern part of the West Bank area, with a population Bank. The area of the Governorate of 54,765 distributed over is about 243 km² and forms 19 communities, including 4 approximately 4% of the West communities with a population Bank area. The population of the of 695 capita that do not have district is estimated to be 165,791 access to water networks distributed over 35 communities, and piped water supply, but of which 34 of them (with 165484 depend mainly on tankers residents) have water networks for transporting water from with two communities that have

46 Water Supply Report recently been served (Akkabah Fureek, Beit Dajan, Bureen and and Safareen), and only 1 Ammourrya) were switched to community (with 307 residents) “served” communities with 13 with no water network and piped other communities within the water supply that depends on process of being served in the water collected in cisterns during following two years. winter and on purchasing water Drinking and domestic water from tankers and agricultural wells supply management in the in the area. Drinking and domestic Nablus Governorate is carried water supply management in the out through municipalities, Governorate is carried out through municipalities, local councils, and local councils, and joint services joint services councils. councils. The service providers are supplied in bulk by the West Nablus: Located in the northern Bank Water Department, while part of the West Bank with an a few others either are supplied area of 607 km², which forms by Nablus municipality or have approximately 11% of the their own water resources or area of the West Bank. The purchase water from private population of the Governorate agricultural wells. is approximately 340,117 distributed over 62 communities, Qalqilya: Located in the of which 59 of them are served northwestern part of the West by water networks, while the Bank with an area of about 173 remaining 3 communities (with km² the Qalqilya Governorate 5331 residents) do not have forms approximately 3% access to a water distribution of the West Bank area. The network and piped water Governorate’s population supply; they depend on water is estimated to be 97,447 collected in cisterns during distributed over 33 communities, the winter season, and water of which 32 of them (with 97340 purchased from tankers private residents) are served with water wells, springs and filling stations networks, and the remaining in the area. During the last one community (with 107 two years 4 communities (Beit residents) does not have access

47 to a water distribution network Drinking and domestic water and a piped water system, supply management in the and depends on tankers for Governorate is carried out transporting water from nearby through municipalities, local wells. However, 5 communities councils, and joint services have been switched to served councils. The service providers communities in the last two are supplied in bulk by the West years; these include Fara’ta, Bank Water Department. Ammatain, Izbet Salman, Abu Fardeh and Arab alramaden). Ramallah and Al-Bireh: Located in the middle of the Drinking and domestic water West Bank with an area of about supply management in 830 km² this Governorate forms Qalqiliya is carried out through approximately 14% of the West municipalities, local councils Bank area. The population of and joint services councils. the Governorate is estimated Some of the service providers at approximately 301,296 are supplied in bulk by the West distributed over 75 communities Bank Water Department while with only three of them (1524 others have their own water residents) not served with resources. internal water networks. Salfit: Located in the northern part of the West Bank with an Drinking and domestic water area of approximately 202 km², supply management in the Salfit Governorate forms about Governorate is carried out 3.6% of the West Bank area. The through the JWU for the Ramallah population of the Governorate and Al Bireh areas in cooperation is estimated at 63,148 in 20 with the municipalities and local communities, of which all are councils. The service providers completely served with water are supplied in bulk by the West distribution networks and piped Bank Water Department and by water systems. Two communities JWU. were served within the last two years (Kafr Adeek and Burqein). Jericho: Located in the farthest

48 Water Supply Report eastern side of the West Bank of about 1546, that do not have with an area of 634 km², Jericho water networks and are denied Governorate forms more than a tapped water supply service. 11% of the West Bank area. The These communities depend population of the Governorate is on water collected in cisterns estimated at 45,433 distributed during winter and on water over 13 communities. All of supplied by tankers from nearby these communities are served sources in the area. by piped water networks. Drinking and domestic water supply management in the Drinking and domestic water Governorate is carried out supply management in the through the JWU for Ramallah Governorate is carried out and Al Bireh areas in cooperation through municipalities, local with municipalities and local councils and joint services councils. The service providers councils. Some of the service are supplied in bulk by both the providers are supplied in West Bank Water Department bulk by the West Bank Water and by JWU for Ramallah and Al Department while others have Bireh Areas. their own water resource. Bethlehem: Located in the Jerusalem: Located in the southern part of the West middle of the West Bank Bank with an area of 659 km² , with an area of 336 km², Bethlehem Governorate forms Jerusalem Governorate forms approximately 11% of the West approximately 6% of the West Bank area. The population of the Governorate is approximately Bank area. The population of the 188,880, distributed over Governorate is approximately 44 communities, with all 44 144,740 (without East communities being served with Jerusalem), while the number water networks. of its communities is about 30, Water supply management in including 28 served with water the Bethlehem Governorate is networks. There are 2 small carried out by the Bethlehem communities, with a population Water and Sewage Authority,

49 municipalities, local councils projects included rehabilitation and joint service councils. The and extention of internal service providers are supplied water networks, construction in bulk by the West Bank Water of transmition water pipelines Department. and elevated water tanks, Hebron: Located in the southern construction of water reservoirs, part of the West Bank with an etc…., Figures 1.21 and 1.22 are area of 1043 km², the Hebron examples on the implemented Governorate forms about 18% projects in this governorate. of the West Bank area. The In general, drinking and domestic Governorate’s population is water supply management in around 600,364, distributed the Governorate is carried out over 87 communities; 52 through municipalities, local of these communities have councils, and joint services water networks. whereas 35 councils. Most of the service communities (with 30,943 providers are supplied residents) have no water in bulk by the West Bank networks and piped water Water Department supply, and depend on water while few others are collected in cisterns during supplied through the winter, and on purchasing Hebron Municipality. water by tankers from springs, wells and filling points in the area. However, the last two years were very productive through implementing the needed water projects in many of the unserved communities; the

50 Water Supply Report Figure 1.21: the Construction of 2000 m3 water reservoir in Halhoul, 2010

Figure 1.22: Construction of water networks in Hebron, 2010

51 1.2.5 Water Supply for Agricultural Purposes Agriculture is a leading sector The rain-fed farming forms the of the Palestinian economy; it primary cultivated area of the total symbolizes a major constituent of cultivated Palestinian land due to the GDP, and provides employment water scarcity and the continuous to large numbers. The Palestinian awareness raising campaigns agriculture zone shares the discussing this issue and joint distinctiveness of both concentrating on other alternatives concentrated irrigated farming as “virtual water” option. Figure 1.23 as well as the widespread rain- summarizes the amounts of water fed farming which is prevailing in used for agricultural purposes in the highlands of the West Bank. each governorate.

Water Consumption for agricultural Users(MCM)

Figure 1.23: Water Consumption for Agricultural Purposes (MCM)

52 Water Supply Report Jericho is the governorate with for the price of water but also for the highest water consumption the fuel costs to transport the for agricultural uses. The sources water, reaching an average cost of water in this governorate of 3 to 5 times more than water are mainly springs (agricultural from a water network. Hence, springs producing almost 15.5 these additional costs erode MCM) and agricultural wells farmers’ profit. In addition, the (producing almost 8 MCM). quality of tankered water is often This is why the economic base much lower than that from a of Jericho is agriculture, mainly water network which places the dates, bananas and citrus fruits. communities dealing with this However, many farmers and supply service at a higher risk of herders simply cannot afford the water-borne disease. water they need to sustain their “People and the land are livelihood. It is important to thirsty and we can do little note that the current situation about it”(15). Without access severely handicaps economic to water networks or storage activity, as most of the Jordan and irrigation systems many Valley is Area C, and the vast farmers have come to depend majority of it is completely off on growing rain-fed crops. limits to Palestinian access. Wheat and barley are common Also, Bardala and Kardala in examples for such a type of the Jordan Valley are the only crops because without access areas that purchase water from to grazing land, wheat and Mekorot for agricultural uses barley make up a bulk of the in the West Bank. They were food farmers need for animals. provided with 4.4 MCM in 2010. Otherwise, around 80% of the Without access to water, farmers farmer’s monthly expenditures are forced to buy bulk amounts are spent on buying animal from water tankers, stored in fodder. large tanks and hauled in by trucks. This source of water (15) Dr. Shaddad Attili to Reuters, Water Shortage charges the consumer not only Cripples Palestinian Farming. September, 2008

53 54 Part Two Water Supply to Gaza Strip The Gaza Strip has more than 1.5 • Billed metered water million people distributed over consumption. an area of 365 km2, living in 25 • Estimated quantities for urban and rural communities. groundwater production for This high population density agricultural use. is accompanied with growing As mentioned earlier, the Gaza water demands that are met Strip suffers from a disastrous by groundwater as the one and situation due to the poor water only local resource in addition quality and with the Coastal to the water purchased from Aquifer as the sole water source Mekorot Company (up to 5 shared with Israel. The aquifer MCM). The water-supply data for is being over pumped with 2010 is updated based on the annual quantities that double following: that of the safe pumping rate (50-60 MCM/year); this leads to • Municipal water demand seawater and surrounding saline data, obtained from the aquifers intruding into this fresh PMU-CMWU, which cover water source causing salination. 25 municipalities The analysis of the Gaza Strip • UNRWA official records is divided into two sections; concerning the water the municipal and domestic provided to the water supply section, and the Palestinian refugee Camps agricultural section which is and abstracted from given a higher weight in this part groundwater. than the West Bank’s part in the • Billed Mekorot water data. Water Supply Report of 2010.

55 2.1 Municipal Water Demand There are 25 Municipalities poor quality and not adequate responsible for providing for human consumption. In domestic water through 192 addition, it is observed that the wells distributed over the Gaza groundwater production in the Strip municipal areas as shown Gaza governorate is the highest in Figure 2.3; these wells provide among Gaza Strip governorates water for both municipal and while it is the lowest in Rafah industrial uses. and Khan Younis governorates. This is due to the groundwater The Gaza strip water supply in depletion and minimal rainfall the year 2010 was 172.4 MCM. quantities. The overall calculated The per capita production water supply system effciency and consumption cannot in the Gaza governorate is the be calculated based on this highest around 65.1% and the number since almost 90% of this lowest in Norhern governorate quantity is water classified as at around 48%.

Table 2.1: Summary of Water Data for Gaza Strip Governorates Governorate Water supplied Consumption System Efficiency (MCM) (MCM) %

Gaza 33.9 22.0 65.1

Middle 13.3 6.7 50.5

Khan Younes 14.0 7.6 54.2

Rafah 8.4 5.1 60.6

North 24.2 11.6 48.0

Gaza Strip 93.96(16) 53.1 56.6

(16)

(16) “It should be noted that these quantities include an overall quantity of 4.88 MCM purchased from Mekorot in 2010. this cannot be seperated from the individual quantities due to the combined metering system”

56 Water Supply Report A historical annual municipal from 57 MCM in 2000 to 91.4 water supply and consumption MCM in 2010. This is in response in Gaza strip is shown in Figure to the continuous increase in 2.1. It is observed that the total municipal water supply in the water demand as a result of the Gaza Strip increased sufficiently, population growth.

(MCM)

Figure 2.1: Historical Water Supply and Consumption in the Gaza Strip

57 Figure 2.2: Location of Municipal Wells in the Gaza Strip

58 Water Supply Report 2.1.1 Governorate Analysis about 301000 inhabitants with The following is a governorate- about 24.22 MCM of water for based illustration, where each of the domestic uses. However, the the five Gaza Strip governorates actual billed water consumption has an individual overview that is 11.63 MCM. This high water includes purchased water from loss was examined, and it was Mekorot Company; billed water observed that the calculated metered consumption and system efficiency for water calculated system efficiency for supply system in Beit Hanoun the water supply system. is the lowest which is around I. Northern Governorate 42.09% Table 2.2 shows detailed There are 32 municipal water quantities of water supply and wells in this area that supply consumption for this area.

Table 2.2: Water Supply and Water Consumption in the Northern Governorates Municipality Water supplied Billed Water System Efficiency (MCM) Consumption (%) (MCM)

Um AL Nasser 0.19 0.15 76.52

Beit Hanoon 4.21 1.77 42.09

Beit Lahia 6.69 2.85 42.61

Jabalia 13.13 6.86 52.21

Total (m3) 24.22 11.63 47.99

UNRWA wells 1.64

59 II. Gaza Governorate There are 63 water wells water consumption is 22.04 operated by Gaza municipalities MCM with a system efficiency to provide 553000 inhabitants with a total amount of 33.86 of around 65.09% as shown in MCM. However, the total billed Table 2.3.

Table 2.3: Water Supply and Water Consumption in Gaza Governorate Municipality Water supplied Billed Water System (MCM) Consumption Efficiency (MCM) (%)

Gaza 32.59 21.24 65.17

Wadi Gaza 0.09 0.05 55.56

Al Moghraga 0.78 0.49 62.71

Al Zahra 0.40 0.26 65.16

Total (m3) 33.86 22.04 65.09

UNRWA wells 0.50

III. Middle governorate There are 34 water wells was noted that Deir Al Balah operated by Middle governorate had the lowest system efficiency municipalities to provide (43.2%) while Musader had the 224000 inhabitants with 13.3 MCM, with the total billed water highest one (73.4%). Table 2.4 consumption at 6.73 MCM. It shows this in detail.

60 Water Supply Report Table 2.4: Water Supply and Water Consumption in the Middle Governorate Water supplied Billed Water System Efficiency Municipality (MCM) Consumption (%) (MCM)

Al Nussirat 3.9 1.8 45.6

Al Buriej 1.6 1.04 65.6

Al Maghazi 1.5 0.93 61.3

Al Zawiada 1.4 0.8 57.6

Al Musader 0.1 0.11 73.4

Deir Al Balah 4.7 2.05 43.2

Total 13.3 6.73 50.5

IV. Khan Younis Governorate There are 38 water wells, consumption at 7.6 MCM. The operated by khan Younis calculated system efficiency in governorate municipalities and khan Younis is the lowest (47.6%) providing 295720 inhabitants and it is the highest in Khozza’a with 14 MCM of water compared which is around 75.3% as shown with the total billed water in Table 2.5.

61 Table 2.5: Water Supply and Water Consumption in Khan Younis Governorate

Municipality Water supplied Billed Water System Efficiency (MCM) Consumption (%) (MCM)

Al Qarara 1.0 0.6 54.4

KhanYounis 8.8 4.2 47.6

Bani Suhaila 1.7 1.1 64.2

Abassan Al Kabira 1.4 1.0 74.2

Abassan Al Jadidah 0.5 0.3 54.5

Khoza›a 0.6 0.5 75.3

Total 14.0 7.6 54.2

V. Rafah Governorate There are 25 municipal water the total billed water amounts. wells operated by Rafah The calculated system efficiency governorate municipalities to of the water supply system in provide 199320 inhabitants with 8.45 MCM, while only 5.12 MCM Rafah is about 60 % as shown in is actually consumed based on Table 2.6 below.

62 Water Supply Report Table 2.6: Water Supply and Water Consumption in Rafah Governorate

Municipality Water supplied Billed Water System Efficiency (MCM) Consumption (%) (MCM)

Al Fukhari 0.34 0.20 58.9

Al Nasser 0.29 0.24 82.2

Al Shokah 0.48 0.28 57.8

Rafah 7.33 4.40 60.0

Total 8.45 5.12 60.6

UNRWA wells 0.21

2.1.2 UNRWA Wells In the Gaza Strip, nine wells are production from those wells was operated by UNRWA. These wells around 2.35 MCM. Groundwater supply water for refugee camps: monthly production from those 5 in Jabalia, 3 in Gaza City, and 1 wells is illustrated in Table 2.7; in Rafah. In 2010, the total water

Table 2.7: Monthly Production of UNRWA Wells in 2010

North Gaza Total E11A E11C E11B Rafah Jabalia Jabalia Beach Beach Beach (M3) Jabalia Jabalia Jabalia No.4 No. 5 No.1 No.2 No.3 No. 1 No. 2 No. 3

148,500 433,502 501,600 210,604 345,000 136,800 159,602 205,200 210,600 2,351,408

63 2.1.3 Purchased Resources The overall purchased water Based on water meters records quantities in 2010 were about in those areas, the monthly 4.88 MCM distributed over different municipal areaspurchased amounts from (Middle and Eastern areas). Mekorot are shown in Table 2.8.

Table 2.8: Monthly Purchased Amounts of Water from Mekorot (MCM)

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Total

Water 0.36 0.32 0.36 0.48 0.39 0.5 0.4 0.48 0.35 0.5 0.38 0.36 4.88 supplied

2.2 Agricultural Water Demand The municipal water supplied withdrawal for agriculture. The within the Gaza Strip area Agricultural sector in the Gaza is recorded monthly while Strip on an average consumes agricultural usage cannot be around 75-80 million cubic measured due to the lack of meters of water annually. meters, and non-functioning All amounts of water used meters on existing wells are for this purpose come from being estimated annually. groundwater wells. Table 2.9 Agricultural water use and shows the seasonal crop water water use productivity are not requirement. It can be noticed always available at the country that more than two thirds of level. This is mainly due to the the total cultivated areas are complexity of the assessment irrigated areas (118,216 dunam methods and to the absence of out of the total irrigated area of direct measurement of water 154, 821 dunams).

64 Water Supply Report Table 2.9: Seasonal Crop Water Requirements

Crop Irrigated % of total area Irrigated Area

Vegetables 59,601 36.8% 45712

Horticulture 62,871 38.8% 57339

Field Crops 39,066 24.1% 15430

Herbs 50 0.3% 140

Total 161,909 100 118,621 (73%)

Irrigated agriculture is a vital irrigated lands is about 73 MCM/ component of total agricultural year, with a clear depression of water demand. By the year water abstraction for irrigation 2020, the Gazan population purposes taking into account is expected to grow up to 2 the illegal abstraction from more million inhabitants, and this will than 4600 agricultural wells cause huge increases in demand (2600 legal wells and more than for agricultural production 2000 illegal wells) distributed confined in a small area. Urban over the Gaza Strip. (PWA Water use of land and water will Supply Report, 2004). also increase enormously. The amount of fresh water allocated Intensive cultivation in green for agriculture will be reduced houses is accompanied by high radically to meet the increasing water consumption. Drip irriga- demand for the municipal tion systems designed for use in purposes. The approximate greenhouses use low-flow emit- estimation of irrigation water ters that deliver less water for demand based on the quota the farms. On the other hand, ir- allowed and the available rigation practices are only based

65 on farmer’s own experience. jection of climate changes in the They determine when and how area. Table 2.10 shows an elabo- to irrigate crops based on the rated estimation of crop water appearance of the soil and the consumption. climatic conditions. Irrigation water management involves controlling the rate, timing and amount of irrigation water, so crop moisture requirements are met while minimizing water losses. Without proper management, fields are irrigated too often and at exces- sive rates. The quota specified should be based on soil conditions, type of crop, climate, agricultural practice, growing season and efficient use of water incorporated with modern irrigation techniques and pro-

66 Water Supply Report 56,000 436,000 1,005600 4,622500 6,172000 1,024000 8,657600 2,363600 7,514,000 30,843200 Total CWR Total 80,017,000 17,322,500 300 800 500 200 400 200 800 100 400 500 400 dunam CWR/m3/ yr 140 area 3352 9245 2180 5120 Total Total 38554 15430 10822 23636 18785 34645 161909 80 MCM/ 20 528 210 16.5 1060 2010 4857 4502 4510 4330 4782 6646 33455 Rafah Governorates 0 0 0 50 22 2580 6100 3740 4964 6384 9517 Khan 11157 44492 Younis 25 780 660 150 16.3 2050 1625 6650 2472 1970 5680 10831 32893 Middle 0 0 12 20 170 535 417 13.5 5335 9295 6459 5147 Gaza 27390 0 25 460 710 11.7 1500 1905 2435 2414 2942 7655 3633 23679 North Table 2.10 Estimation of Crop Water Requirements for 2010 in Gaza Governorates for Requirements Water of Crop 2.10 Estimation Table rainfed irrigated irrigated Governorate Veg- Tunnels Veg- Crops Types Crops 2- Field crops 2- Field 1- Vegetables 4- Horticulture 3- Medical Herbs Veg-greenhouses Veg-open -rainfed Veg-open Total/Governorate Water Consumed/ Water Field crops-rainfed Field Veg-open-irrigated Field crops-Irrigated Field Horticulture-Mature- Horticulture-Immature- Horticulture-Immature- Horticulture-Mature-Rainfed

67 The agricultural water demand Administration since 1967. The was roughly estimated from current cultivated lands in the the available cultivated areas Gaza Governorates observed a gathered from the Ministry remarkable decrease due to the of Agriculture (MoA) for the last war launched against the season 2009, multiplied by Gaza Strip which lasted 22 days the irrigation water quota with heavy intensive air strikes allowed for each crop allocated and land invasions. The total officially by PWA and MoA, as cultivated areas record in the most of the agricultural wells last years witnessed an observed distributed over the Gaza Strip decline since the mid of the have either been metered or not 1900’s with a drastic decrease well-functioning. The method in citrus, the main consumer used in estimating agricultural of water. Table 2.11 shows the water use is similar to the variation of the cultivated areas simulations applied by the Israeli over the period 2002-2010.

Table 2.11: Fluctuation of Cultivated Areas and Related Water Demand in Gaza Governorates Year Total Cultivated Area, Total Estimated Dunam Agricultural Water Demand, MCM/Year 2002/2003 167,016 79.5

2003/2004 158,055 77.5

2004/2005 154,000 73.5

2005/2006 167,861 80

2006/2007 175,755 85.5

2007/2008 156,945 74

2008/2009 154,821 73

2009/2010 161,909 80

Source: Ministry of Agriculture Reports (2002-2010)

68 Water Supply Report While the significance reduction water quality especially in the of agricultural lands in the early middle and the southern areas 2000,s occurred due to the was due to the socio-economic expansion of construction urban factors and restrictions imposed areas particularly in Gaza City, on the farmers by the Israeli the deterioration of irrigation Authorities.

2.2.1 Crop Water Requirements and Vulnerable Climate Change in the Region In light of the uncertainty of with the scenario of decreasing climate change in the region, the precipitation. The results clearly crop water requirement (CWR) show that the scenario of is very sensitive to temperature increasing temperature gets increase, more than the worse when combined with sensitivity of rainfall decrease. the scenario of decreasing CWR increases by an average of precipitation; where (T+2, 2.17%, and 5.5% as temperature P-10%) scenario being the increases by 1ºC and 2ºC worst scenario resulted in respectively, to compensate the an additional 8.4% required water lost in evapotranspiration. annually to overcome the Changing precipitation did water lost in evapotranspiration not affect the crop water under the proposed scenario. It requirements at the same can be obviously noticed that level, but it affects remarkably crops are highly affected by the amount of irrigation temperature change more than water requirements (IWR) in precipitation change. The worst general as the effective rain scenario may be exacerbated provides part of the crop water in case of simulating requirement. The total amount increased temperature (3ºC) of irrigation water required for combined with depreciation the district gets greater when of precipitation (more than combined with the scenario 20%) and so on. The CWR was of increasing temperature and estimated for a variety of main

69 crops grown in Gaza under the study showed that the rainfed tangible depression of rainfall crops like olive trees and grains as witnessed in the Gaza Strip are highly influenced by the in 2010 (50% depression) and drastic climate change in the with the incremental of 2ºC as recorded in the Palestinian Gaza Strip more than the Meteorological climate records irrigated crops as illustrated in for the same period, and this Table 2.12.

Table 2.12: Gross irrigation water demand of crops (m3/dunum)

Crop Gross Irrigation, M3/ % increase of CWR Dunam

Citrus 1140 (900) 26.6%

Olives 630 ( 400) 57.5%

Fruits 765 ( 500) 53%

Alfalfa 1626 ( 1200) 35.5%

Grains 803( 400) 61%

Vegetables 953( 700) 36%

Accordingly, and upon the and conservation practices, fact that the entire existing including brackish water, storm agricultural water demand is water harvest, blending of taken from the groundwater water and conjunctive use of aquifer, of which a large saline and non saline water, proportion is brackish, PWA will be utilized to optimal addressed that the long-term economic and practical effect in target is that only minimal fresh accordance with the following water will be provided for soil targets. Ultimately, by 2020 flushing and specific high value the utilization of wastewater is crops. Other low quality water planned to provide 50 % of the

70 Water Supply Report total required by agriculture, taken place by this time under with the remainder being effective aquifer management, provided by the freshwater will have reduced the quantity of aquifer in order to maintain the brackish water in the aquifer. The balance of salts in the soil and principal demand components provide the quality necessary for of the Gazan water economy certain crops. The improvement are municipalities, industry, and in the quality of the aquifer, agriculture as shown in Table which is planned to have 2.13.

Table 2.13: Water Resource Development for Agriculture in the Gaza Strip,

Water 2000 2005 2010 2015 2025 Source Fresh water 40 35 30 25 27 Wastewater 0 0 1 7 40 Brackish 47 50 46 45 10 Rainwater 4 5 [3]** [3] [3] Harvesting Total 90 90 80 80 80 *Source: National Water Plan (modified), 2000 ** Figures in brackets indicated rainwater harvest collected from greenhouses roofs

2.2.2 Livestock Water Demand The livestock water demand decline in the total number of was estimated to be one million livestock in the Gaza Strip as cubic meter. The appropriate a result of the imposed siege. estimation of livestock water Accordingly, the total quantities demand considered the present estimated of agricultural water number of animals in the Gaza use including the livestock are Governorates for year 2008 about 74 MCM/yr as shown in because there was a remarkable Table 2.14.

71 Table 2.14: Summary of Agricultural Water Use, 2009

Item Estimated Quantity MCM/year Irrigation 80 Livestock 1 Total 81

2.2.3 General Notes The current municipal and revealed an obvious decrease industrial demand accounts for in the area, and as a result the about 55% of the total demand, total agricultural consumption demonstrating higher value is expected to oscillate (up and than the agricultural water down) within the normal range sector consumption ( 45%) in from 75-85 MCM per year due addition to the difference of to the economic growth and the number of wells operated political instability conditions for domestic purposes (197 in the Gaza Strip. This is why wells) in comparison to those for demand management has agricultural purposes (more than become a must for PWA to 4600) shown in Table 2.15. sustain its development and Table 2.15: Summary of Total satisfy population needs. The Water Demand for all Sectors in irrigated agriculture sector the Gaza Strip for 2010 may become more water demanding in a response to the Item Water No. of expected climate change that Estimation Operating MCM/year Wells will increase irrigation water Municipal requirement due to positive & Industrial 98.8 197 trends in evapotranspiration. Water This conclusion is robust for the Demand Agricultural wide range of climate change Water 81 scenarios considered here. One Demand consequence of shorter growing Total water 179.8 seasons could be that it will be demand possible to produce two crops The agricultural water demand each year. At that point irrigation

72 Water Supply Report water demand will increase to the rapid increase of the significantly, perhaps beyond population growth in addition what can be supplied. to improved living standards. By On the other hand, it is expected the year 2020, the domestic and that the municipal demand will become the major demand in industrial demands are expected the water sector. This is due to reach 170 MCM/yr.

73 74 Part Three Consequences of Israeli Actions

3.1 Water Supply to Area C Area C forms over 60% of face administrative demolition the West Bank, of which orders from the Israeli Civil 33% is a closed military area. Administration (ICA) due to the The residents of those areas lack of building permits. Cisterns contain 150,000 Palestinians are vital to the livelihoods of in addition to 300,000 Israeli marginalized Palestinian rural settlers. Israel has a full control and herder communities in the over all natural resources in West Bank who rely on them to these areas including water, provide water for livestock, crops which prevents the PWA along and sometimes for domestic with local NGOs to develop an water usage in the absence of adequate water infrastructure to an adequate water network provide a sufficient supply to the connection. Between 2009 and Palestinians living in those areas. 2010; a total of 24 cisterns and This results in an inequitable rainwater collection structures in division and supply of water; Area C were demolished. where the average Palestinian Recently, the legal brief issued consumes four to five times less by Oxfam(17), focused on water than the average Israeli the ongoing destruction of settler. Palestinian-owned rainwater Palestinians in area C are storage cisterns by the Israeli forced to depend on the rain Civil Administration (ICA) in Area water as their main water C of the West Bank due to lack resource. However, everyday (17) For more information, refer to Oxfam Media rain water harvesting cisterns Background Briefing, Hung out to Dry. Issued in August, 2011

75 of building permits (commonly the Committee include denying referred to as “administrative” Palestinians access to safe destructions). The analysis drinking water and sanitation.”(19) was based on international Palestinians not only have humanitarian law (IHL) with to survive the current a human rights perspective, circumstances of water scarcity, the report highlighted key they even have to brawl for it legal aspects of the Israeli against the political constraints planning regime in Area C, and imposed by Israel. A sustainable demand/supply scenario is elaborated on the special legal difficult to achieve as long as the status of cisterns, and identified development of additional water the scope of prohibition against resources is controlled by the their destructions under IHL. In approval of the Israelis, where the addition, the report examined construction and maintenance the implications of inadequate of water infrastructure is also planning for and destruction obstructed by the continuous of cisterns on the occupier’s Israeli veto in the Joint Water humanitarian and human Committee. Israeli ostensible rights obligations towards security measures include the protected Palestinian roadblocks, checkpoints and population, including the the construction of the Wall delivery of aid in Area C. that directly limit the freedom of movement and barricade Palestinian access to water 3.1 Violations in Water Supply sources that include springs, Agreements(18) wells and other water points. “The UN Human Rights Committee These measures force the found Israel in violation of its Palestinians to travel long commitments under international distances to reach an accessible law. The violations identified by water source, furthermore, water

(18) Water sector enhancement in Palestine is tankers are obstructed from challenging, of which supplying water for end users reaching those areas to deliver faces many obstacles. However, this section deals only with the violations in the agreements with the water, this results in increasing Israeli side, and does not discuss other obstacles the time and fuel costs for those as there were many reports discussing this issue in the last two years in addition to PWA reports issued (19) The UN Human Rights Committee, Findings on a regular annual basis that discusses this issue against Israel, the conclusion of the 99th session thoroughly. held in Geneva from 12-30 July 2010.

76 Water Supply Report tankers and increasing the water water resources is maintained price as a consequence. to benefit both Israeli citizens “Indeed, water is not scarce in living in Israel and those living the region as it contains several in West Bank settlements, productive aquifers, generally which are unlawful under replenished by ample rainfall, as international law, and prevent well as the Jordan River and other Palestinians from developing or natural water sources. Rather, accessing their own resources the lack of water for Palestinians and thus undermining their is the result of deliberate acts right to self-determination. and omission of Israel. Unequal Israel was allocated nearly six and discriminatory allocation of times more water from trans- Reference to International Law: UN Committee on Economic, The Helsinki Rules on the Uses Social and Cultural Rights, of the Waters of International General Comment No. 15 (26 Rivers (1966) call for equitable Nov.2002): “The human right to distribution of waters from rivers water is indispensable for leading shared by nation states. a life in human dignity. It is a UNGA Res. 3005 (Dec. 1972) prerequisite for the realization of recognized the Palestinians’ other human rights.” right of permanent sovereignty Customary international water applies to the resources of the law calls for the “equitable and Occupied Territories. reasonable” allocation of water UN Convention on the Law of Non- among the two or more parties navigational Uses of International who possess a claim to shared Watercourses (May 1997) the watercourses. State of Palestine is entitled to an The Hague Regulations of 1910 equitable and reasonable allocation / Fourth Geneva Convention of of shared freshwater resources, 1949: Both oblige the belligerent including those in the four main to safeguard the natural aquifers and the Jordan River. resources of the occupied This was summarized by PASSIA’s country and to provide the Bulletin: “Palestinian-Israeli original citizens with their needs Negotiations and the Issues at from these resources. Stake, 2011

77 boundary underground aquifers (OSLO II agreement). One result is discriminatory access to water, with Israeli citizens consuming on average 4.6 times more water than a Palestinian living in the West Bank.”(20) In the Oslo II Agreement of September 1995, Israel recognized Palestinian water rights, but owing to its complexity and significance, the water issue - together with other thorny issues such as Jerusalem, borders, refugees, settlements and security- was left to the final status negotiations, which were to begin in May 1996 and conclude by 4 May 1999, but have yet to start. Case Study: The Jordan Valley The Jordan Valley area (28.8% of the total area of the West Bank) is one of the richest water sources in the West Bank containing both surface water from the Jordan River Basin, floodwaters, and water flowing into the River from West Bank streams, and ground water from the eastern section of the Mountain Aquifer. The West Bank lies within the Jordan basin, and accounts for about 11% of the basin area, this is why and based on the international law, some of these water sources Annexes are shared by the Israelis and the Palestinians, and some belong solely to the Palestinians. However, since 1967; Palestinians have lost access to the water of the Jordan River and no Jordan River water is extracted for Palestinian benefit. At the same time, Israel pumps an annual average quantity of 420 MCM from the Sea of Galilee. Over pumping of this Sea in the past 20 years has resulted in a serious drop in the Dead Sea’s water level. In addition to small amounts pumped by settlements in the Jordan Valley from the “Gaon Hayarden” the flood plain of the Jordan River. Furthermore, a recent announcement by the Israeli government seeks to increase the allocation of land to Jordan Valley settlements by 130%, and their water allocation by 20%. Under the new plan, the average water quota will increase from 42 cubic meters to 51 cubic meters per settler. (21)

(20) Joint Parallel Report submitted by the Emergency Water, Sanitation and Hygiene group (EWASH) and Al-Haq to the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights on the occasion of the consideration of the Third Periodic Report of Israel. Israel’s violations of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights with regard to the human rights to water and sanitation in the Occupied Palestinian Territory. 2011 (21) B’Tselem- The Israeli Information Center for Human Rights in Occupied Territory. Israel›s policy in the Jordan Valley & northern Dead Sea, Dispossession and Exploitation, May 2011 78 Annexes

79 52.7 42.6 2004 196.1 295.8

53.6 42.2 2005 214.7 315.2

51.7 43.9 2006 223.5 319.1

44.8 49.4 2007 241.2 335.4

25.2 52.8 2008 225.7 308.7

30.6 53.5 2009 227.2 316.0 (1) (1) 26.8 56.0 Year 2010 244.0 331.1 m3/year) Indicator Table A.1: Selected Indicators for Water Statistics in the Palestinian Territory, 2004 – 2010 Territory, in the Palestinian Statistics Water A.1: Selected Indicators for Table Annual Available Water Quantity (million m3/year) Water Available Annual Annual Discharge of Springs Water (million m3/year) Water of Springs Discharge Annual Annual Quantity of Water Purchased from Israeli Water Water Israeli from Purchased Water QuantityAnnual of Company (Mekorot) for Domestic Use (million m3/year) Domestic Use for (Mekorot) Company Annual Pumped Quantity from Groundwater Wells (million Wells Groundwater Quantity from Pumped Annual (1) This includes the unsafe pumping, of which the safe pumping and the basin sustainable yield do not exceed 50-60 MCM. More than 90% of the water pumped from from pumped water the of 90% than More 50-60 MCM. exceed not do yield sustainable basin the and pumping safe the which of pumping, unsafe the includes This (1) Health Organization. World of the quality in the Gazastandards the water Strip does not satisfy aquifer the coastal Ramallah - Palestine. System. Information Water 2011. Authority, Water Palestinian Source:

80 Water Supply Report (3) wells 71,559 243,979 172,420

Water pumped from Palestinian Palestinian pumped from Water _ 26,767 26,767 Springs discharge discharge ( 1) (2) 4,880 60,317 Source Source 55,437 company ( Mekorot) company Water purchased from Israeli water water Israeli from purchased Water Total 331,063 153,763 177,300 Table A.2: Annual Available Water Quantity in the Palestinian Territory by Region and Source, 2010 and Source, Region by Territory Quantity in the Palestinian Water Available A.2: Annual Table Region Gaza Strip West Bank West Palestinian Territory Palestinian (1) Includes the pumped water from the wells which are located in the Palestinian Territory and controlled by Mekorot company for domestic and agricultural uses. Governorate Tubas use in agricultural for (2) 4.34 million cubic meter 50- pumping and the basin sustainable yield do not exceed of which the safe pumping, and the unsafe wells the UNRWA pumped from includes the quantities This (3) Health Organization. World of the quality in the Gazastandards the water Strip does not satisfy aquifer the coastal pumped from than 90% of the water 60 MCM. More (-) Nil Ramallah - Palestine. System. Information Water 2011. Authority, Water Palestinian Source: Unit : 1000 m3/year

81 _ 3.6 0.7 4.2 7.3 3.3 3.6 3.1 7.6 33.4 91.4 124.8 Domestic ( 2) ( 3) _ _ _ 4.0 8.4 9.5 0.9 7.6 7.7 38.1 81.0 119.1 Agriculture Pumped and Used Quantity and Used Pumped (4) 7.6 9.1 8.2 3.6 7.7 3.1 7.6 71.5 13.7 10.9 Total 243.9 172.4 ( 1) Jenin Tubas Nablus Hebron Qalqiliya Tulkarem Gaza Strip West Bank West Bethlehem Governorate Palestinian Territory Palestinian Jericho and Al-Aghwar Table A.3: Palestinian Water Wells and Annual Pumping Quantity in the Palestinian Territory by Governorate and Use, 2010 and Use, Governorate by Territory Quantity in the Palestinian Pumping and Annual Wells Water A.3: Palestinian Table Ramallah and Al-Bireh and Jerusalem (J2)Ramallah and Al-Bireh (1) The wells existence is restricted to the governorates mentioned. the governorates is restricted to existence wells The (1) permit. the well’s not to use, to according calculated were the wells pumped from (2) Quantities data. estimated in Gaza Strip are wells of agricultural pumped quantities (3) Annual 50- pumping and the basin sustainable yield do not exceed of which the safe pumping, and the unsafe wells the UNRWA pumped from includes the quantities This (4) Health Organization. World of the quality in the Gazastandards the water Strip does not satisfy aquifer the coastal pumped from than 90% of the water 60 MCM. More (-) Nil Ramallah - Palestine. System. Information Water 2011. Authority, Water Palestinian Source: Quantity: million m³/year

82 Water Supply Report _ _ 2008 504.2 152.5 152.8 2,460.7 2,382.3 2,458.2 17,127.1 25,237.8 _ _ 2009 188.1 176.8 2,445.4 1,875.5 4,879.8 1,572.3 19,492.2 30,630.1 _ _ 2010 174.0 698.0 627.0 354.0 1,493.0 6,136.0 17,285.0 26,767.0 ( 1) Salfit Jenin Tubas Nablus Tulkarm Qalqiliya West Bank West Table A.4: Annual Discharge of Springs in the West Bank by Governorate and Year, 2008 – 2010 Year, and Governorate Bank by West of Springs in the Discharge A.4: Annual Table Governorate Jericho and Al-Aghwar Bethlehem and Hebron Ramallah and Al-Bireh and Jerusalem J2 Ramallah and Al-Bireh (1) Number of springs and quantity of discharged water are for the springs monitored by the Palestinian Water Authority Water the Palestinian by the springs monitored for are (1) Number of springs water and quantity of discharged (-) Nil Ramallah - Palestine. System. Information Water 2011. Authority, Water Palestinian Source: Unit : 1000 m3/year

83 Table A.5: West Bank Springs’ Production (MCM) Governorate Spring ID Production (MCM) Bartaa' Alsharqiyah 0.107

Sealet Athaher 0.038 Jenin Burqein 0.209

Total 0.345

Ein Beida 0.224

Tubas Bardalah 0.403

Total 0.627

Artas 1.371 Bethlehem Total 1.371

Halhul 0.029

Hebron Dura 0.093

Total 0.122

Aljeftlik 0.789

Al Dyuk 3.95

Annuwai'meh 2.407

Jericho Ashusa 0.719

Al sultan 5.854

Alqilt & Alfuwar 3.566

Total 17.285

84 Water Supply Report Governorate Spring ID Production (MCM) Shilby 0.662 Aqrabaniyah 0.002 Albathan 2.597 Nablus Municipality- Domestic 1.108 Nablus municipality- Agricultural 0.557 Zawata 0.174 Deir Sharaf 0.074 Nablus Ajnisinya 0.023 Nesf Jbail 0.127 Annaqoura 0.692 Beit Immarein 0.004 Burqa 0.058 Burein 0.058 Total 6.136 Bani Zeid Asharqiyah 0.029 Ajjoul 0.026 Deir Netham 0.011 Dura Alqare' 0.002 Ein Sinya 0.003 Birzeit 0.004 Abu Shukheidem 0.01 Ramallah Almazraa' Alsharqiyah 0.033 Ein Qinya – Domestic 0.01 Ein Qinya – Agricultural 0.25 Ein Areeq 0.178 Ein Ariq Agricultural 0.118 Bitunya 0.024 Total 0.698 Yasouf 0.042 Salfeet- Domestic 0.075 Salfeet Salfeet- Agricultural 0.057 Total 0.174

85 Table A.6: Municipal Wells’ Production Governorate Owner Production (MCM) Jenin Municipality 2 1.032 Jenin Municipality 1 Jenin Ya'abad Municipality 0.371

Total 1.403

Tammoun Municipality 0.534

Tubas Tubas (Ras Alfaraa') 0.156

Total 0.690

Kafr Zeibad 0.143

Shufa 0.272

Zeita Municipality 0.507

Tulkarem Municipality 1.453

Tulkarem Deir alghusoun Municipality 0.263

Balaa' Municipality 0.365

Quffin Municipality 0.583

Anabta Municipality 0.622

Total 4.208

Nablus Municipality (Oudla) 2.049

Nablus Municipality (Deir 0.618 Sharaf)

Nablus Municipality (Albadan) 1.508

Nablus Municipality (Alfaraa') 0.885 Nablus Nablus Municipality (Salem 0.245 Beit Dajan)

Nablus Municipality (Sabastya 1.245 well)

Total 6.550

86 Water Supply Report Governorate Owner Production (MCM)

Qalqilya Municipality 1 0.987

Qalqilya Municipality 2 0.416

Qalqilya Municipality 3 0.714

Qalqilya Qalqilya Municipality 4 0.731

Azzoun Municipality 0.151

Habla Municipality 0.331

Total 3.330

Hebron Municipality 0.168 (Alfawwar 1)

Hebron Municipality 0.168 Hebron (Alfawwar 2)

Sae'r 0.807

Total 1.143

West Bank Total Production 17.324

87 Table A.7: Agricultural Wells’ Production Governorate Locality Production (MCM)

Sannour 0.17

Jenin Municipality 0.172

Burqein 0.253

AlZababda 0.037

Jenin Arrabah 0.094

Kafr Dan 0.073

Qabatyah 0.8

Jenin Wells 2.4

Total 3.999

Bardalah 0.226

Tubas Ras Alfaraa' 8.155

Total 8.381

Nazlet Isa 0.211

Faroun 0.614

Kafr Allabad 0.446

Iktaba 0.141

Annazla Asharqiyah 0.053

Kaf Jammal 0.914

Tulkarem Zeita 0.331

Attil 1.216

Dannabah 0.6

Alar 0.929

Annazleh Algharbiyah 0.25

Anabta 0.062

Baqa Asharqiyah 1.025

88 Water Supply Report Governorate Locality Production (MCM)

Deir Ghusoun 0.246

Tulkarem 2.353 Tulkarem Quffin 0.126

Total 9.517

Annasariyah 0.095

Nablus Wadi Alfaraa' 0.758

Total 0.853

Almadwar 0.152

Annaby Alyas 0.116

Azzoun 0.445

Azzoun Atmeh 0.413

Beit Ameen 0.351

Qalqilya Flamya 1.617

Habla 1.494

Izbet Abu Salman 0.317

Jayyous 0.313

Qalqilya 2.362

Total 7.58

Marj Na'jeh 1.539

Azzubaidat 0.349

Al Jeftlik 3.446 Jericho Froush Beit Dajan 0.476

Jericho 1.934

Total 7.744

West Bank Total Production 38.074

89 4.0 1.2 1.7 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.2 1.1 15.6 16.7 41.5 37.5 2006 4.6 1.9 1.9 0.5 3.2 0.3 0.2 1.4 17.3 18.3 49.6 45.0 2007 4.8 1.8 2.0 0.5 3.8 0.4 0.2 1.9 18.3 19.0 52.7 47.9 Year 2008 _ 4.7 1.9 2.1 0.5 3.8 0.3 2.1 19.5 18.5 53.4 48.7 2009 Year, 2006 – 2010 Year, (1) (2) _ 4.9 1.8 2.5 0.7 3.6 0.4 2.0 19.8 20.3 2010 56.0 51.1 Salfit Jenin Tubas Nablus Qalqiliya Tulkarem Gaza Strip West Bank West Jerusalem J2 Governorate Palestinian Territory Territory Palestinian Jericho and Al-Aghwar Bethlehem and Hebron Ramallah and Al-Bireh and Ramallah and Al-Bireh Table A.8: Quantity of Water Purchased from Israeli Water Company (Mekorot) in the Palestinian Territory for Domestic Use by Governorate and Governorate by Domestic Use for Territory in the Palestinian (Mekorot) Company Water Israeli from Purchased Water A.8: Quantity of Table (1) Includes the pumped water from the wells located in the Palestinian Territory and controlled by Mekorot. by and controlled Territory in the Palestinian located the wells from (1) Includes the pumped water (2.392 MCM) side as per agreement Israeli supplied to includes water This (2) (-) Nil Ramallah - Palestine. System. Information Water 2011. Authority, Water Palestinian Source: Unit: million m3/year

90 Water Supply Report 4.5 2.0 6.3 0.8 8.3 5.3 25.5 21.8 11.0 85.5 2007 2.2 4.9 1.5 4.2 4.3 33.0 22.7 11.4 12.4 96.6 2008 Year 4.8 2.3 5.1 0.9 6.1 5.4 28.5 21.4 12.0 86.5 2009 3.6 2.6 4.0 4.6 6.0 30.5 20.8 11.2 85.0 2010 1.7(1) Table A.9: Quantity of Water Supply for Domestic Sector in the West Bank by Governorate and Year, 2007 – 2010 Year, and Governorate Bank by West Domestic Sector Supply for in the Water A.9: Quantity of Table Salfit Jenin Tubas* Nablus Tulkarm Qalqiliya West Bank West Governorate and Jerusalem (J2) Ramallah and Al-Bireh, Ramallah and Al-Bireh, Jericho and Al-Aghwar Bethlehem and Hebron (1)Tubas Governorate uses some of the amount of water from the agricultural wells to cover their domestic needs. cover to wells the agricultural from of water uses some of the amount Governorate (1)Tubas Ramallah - Palestine. System. Information Water 2011. Authority, Water Palestinian Source: Unit:Milion m3/year

91 6.0 1.7 4.6 4.0 2.6 3.6 4.6 85.0 11.2 16.2 10.7 19.8 Domestic Sector Water Supply for Supply for Water 54,765 97,447 63,148 45,433 274,001 165,791 340,117 301,296 144,740 188,880 600,364 2,275,982 Population Population 4.3 1.2 2.8 7.9 3.1 2.0 2.7 2.8 7.0 60.3 11.9 14.6 Sector by Domestic by Water Consumed Water 1.7 0.5 1.8 3.3 0.9 0.6 4.3 0.9 1.8 3.7 5.2 24.8 the West Bank by Governorate, 2010 Governorate, Bank by West the Total Losses Total 73.0 43.0 60.0 46.0 64.0 87.0 87.0 53.0 67.0 108.0 162.0 102.0 Daily Consumption Consumption Rate per capitaRate ( liter/capita/day) Salfit Jenin Tubas Bireh Nablus Hebron Aghwar Tulkarm Qalqiliya West Bank West Bethlehem Governorate ) Jerusalem (J2 Jericho and Al- Ramallah and Al- Source: Palestinian Water Authority, 2011. Water Information System. Ramallah - Palestine. System. Information Water 2011. Authority, Water Palestinian Source: Table A.10: Quantity of Water Supply for Domestic Sector and Water Consumed and Total Losses and Population and Daily Allocation per Capita in Capita per Allocation Daily and Population and Losses Total and Consumed Water Domestic Sector for Supply and Water QuantityA.10: of Table Unit: milion m3/year

92 Water Supply Report (2) 63,148 45,433 97,447 54,765 301,296 340,117 165,791 274,001 600,364 188,880 144,740 2,275,982 Population Population ( 1) 3.5 2.5 5.3 9.1 3.0 7.9 16.5 18.6 15.0 32.9 10.3 124.6 Needed Needed Quantities of Quantities Water ( MCM) Water 2.6 3.6 4.0 4.6 1.7 6.0 4.6 16.2 11.2 85.0 19.8 10.7 Water Available Available Quantities of Quantities 0.9 0.3 7.4 1.3 4.5 1.3 9.0 3.3 -1.1 -0.4 39.6 13.1 Deficit 2.0 7.9 3.1 2.8 2.7 1.2 4.3 2.8 7.0 11.9 60.3 14.6 Water Water ( MCM) Consumed for for Consumed Domestic sector 1.4 2.2 4.6 6.3 1.8 5.1 3.3 -0.2 10.7 64.3 18.3 10.7 Actual Deficit Table A.11:Supply and Demand Quantities and Deficit and Population in the West Bank by Governorate, 2010 by Governorate, West Bank in the Population A.11:Supply and Demand and Deficit Quantities and Table Salfit Jenin Tubas Nablus Hebron Aghwar Al-Bireh Al-Bireh Tulkarm Qalqiliya West Bank West Bethlehem Governorate Ramallah and Jerusalem (J2) Jericho and Al- (1)Needed Quantity of water is calculated based on a water supply of 150 l/c.d based on a water is calculated (1)Needed Quantity of water in 1976 Israel by those partsannexed of Jerusalem excludes were population of Jerusalem that (2)The Ramallah - Palestine. System. Information Water 2011. Authority, Water Palestinian Source: Unit: milion m3/year

( 3) _ _ _ _ 2.7 0.2 3.6 0.7 4.5 7.7 25.0 44.4 Eastern Basin Eastern Production ( MCM)

( 2) ______10.9 13.7 24.6 Western Basin Western Production ( MCM) ( 1) ______8.0 7.0 14.3 29.3 Production ( MCM) North-Eastern Basin 8.0 9.7 0.2 3.6 0.7 4.5 7.7 10.9 14.3 13.7 25.0 98.3 Total Table A.12: Water Produced per Basin from Wells and Springs in the West Bank, 2010 West and Springs in the Wells per Basin from Produced Water A.12: Table Salfit Jenin Tubas Nablus Hebron Tulkarm Qalqiliya Bethlehem West Bank West Jerusalem(J2) Ramallah and Al-Bireh Ramallah and Al-Bireh Jericho and Al-Aghwar (1) This includes the unlicensed wells. OSLO II (1995) agreement quota is 42 MCM. II (1995) agreement OSLO wells. includes the unlicensed This (1) quota is 22 MCM. II (1995) agreement (2) OSLO be developed. quota is 56 MCM +78 to II (1995) agreement (3) OSLO (-) Nil Ramallah - Palestine. System. Information Water 2011. Authority, Water Palestinian Source: Unit: milion m3/year

94 Water Supply Report Table A.13: Water Produced from the Coastal Aquifer, 2010 Unit: milion m3/year Governorate Coastal Basin Production(1)

Gaza Strip 93.9(2)

Gaza 33.9

Middle 13.3

Khan Younes 14.1

Rafah 8.4

North 24.2

(1) The Gaza Strip suffers from a disastrous situation due to water quality degradation. Based on international reports, more than 90% of the coastal aquifer production is not suitable for human consumption due to the unsafe pumping of more than 110 MCM. Therefore, this number is considered misleading if used in calculating the per capita consumption. (2) This includes water purchased from Mekorot (4.88 MCM) and does not include the quantities pumped from the UNRWA wells. But mostly includes the unsafe pumping, of which the safe pumping and the basin sustainable yield do not exceed 50-60 MCM. More than 90% of the water pumped from the coastal aquifer in the Gaza Strip does not satisfy the water quality standards of the World Health Organization. (-) Nil Source: Palestinian Water Authority, 2011. Water Information System. Ramallah - Palestine.

95 This publication has been produced by the Palestinian Water Authority in partnership with UNICEF in support of the data bank enhancement initiative.

The views expressed in this publication are those of authors and do not necessarily reflect the policies or views of UNICEF and the designations and presentation of material do not imply any expression of opinion of the United Nations or UNICEF as to the legal status of any country, territory, city, or area, or of the authorities thereof, or as to the delimitation of boundaries or national affiliation.

96 97 98 99 100