Ringo EIS Appendix C - Response to Science

Appendix C – RESPONSE TO SCIENCE

The following table summarizes the Forest Service consideration of publications that were provided during the comment period and which were directly referenced in the comments, or determined to either have some relevance to the analysis or indicate there is a difference of opinion within the body of the science. NEPA states that comments on the EIS shall be as specific as possible (40 CFR 1503.3 Specificity of Comments). Some of the following documents are considered non-substantive comments that do not warrant further response. In either case, the following table explains the consideration given by the Forest Service.

Referenced Document Forest Service Consideration/Response

Cited Science by Dick Artley Mr. Artleys Attachment #1- Scientists Reveal the Natural Resources in the Forest are Harmed (and some destroyed) by Timber Harvest Activities Al-jabber, Jabber M. “Habitat Fragmentation:: Effects and The picture in the Cascadia Wildlands Project publication shows clearcuts and talks Implications” about fragmentation and edge effects which results in crowding of the ark (Meffe et Clearcuts and forest fragmentation, Willamette NF, Oregon. al. 1997) where after logging, species all try to exist in the remaining patches of From: Cascadia Wildland Project, Spring 2003 unlogged forest. Clear cuts are not proposed for the Ringo project. There are http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/a/Documents/Habitat%20Fragmentation%20Eff openings that will be created that are consistent with gaps and openings of at least 0.5 ects%20and%20Implication.pdf acres described in the Old Growth Definitions (USDA FS 1993, Region 6 interim Old Growth Definitions). There are also specific prescriptions proposed that include wildlife leave areas, connectivity corridors and buffers from roads to ensure wildlife requirements are met.

Anderson, P.G. 1996. “Sediment generation from forestry Conference proceedings. The Forest Service recognizes and addresses the points operations and associated effects on aquatic ecosystems” from this opinion regarding sedimentation produced from harvest activities, its Proceedings of the Forest-Fish Conference: Land Management Practices effects on fish resulting from changing stream morphology and habitat conditions in Affecting Aquatic Ecosystems, May 1-4, 1996, Calgary, Alberta. Chapter 3 (Fisheries and Aquatics, Transportation) of the EIS. Crescent Creek is the only perennial water body in the Ringo planning area Implementation of the proposed project would include the development of temporary roads needed to access and remove timber from some areas. All temporary roads would be located outside of riparian areas and follow all BMPs to ensure that they are inert and not a sediment source. Following project completion, temporary roads would be obliterated and removed from the landscape.

“Applying Ecological Principles to Management of the U.S. National The quotes from commenter could not be located within this cited report. This report Forests” Issues in Ecology Number 6 Spring 2000 "outlines key ecological considerations that should underlie sound forest http://www.esa.org/science_resources/issues/FileEnglish/issue6.pdf management practices." It looks at ecological considerations for forest management in five broad categories: 1) soil and nutrient cycles, 2) hydrology, 3) biodiversity,

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Ringo EIS Appendix C - Response to Science

4) landscape level issues, and 5) global change. Ringo resource specialists have considered these and the effects are discussed in the EIS. Barry, Glen, Ph.D. “Commercial Logging Caused Wildfires” Article in the Portland Independent Media Center newswire that says the recent Published by the Portland Independent Media Center, August 2002. wildfires in the west are being inappropriately blamed on environmentalists by the http://portland.indymedia.org/en/2002/08/17464.shtml President, timber industry representatives and the Forest Service. It says that old growth logging should be halted and more concern around housing and communities should be undertaken. There is one community (Wickiup Acres) at the northeastern edge of the Ringo project area. The Forest Service and partners are focusing additional treatments that will reinforce current work being done to lower fire risk and fire hazard as Wickiup Acres is in close proximity (one mile) to the Ringo planning area.

Barry, John Byrne. “Stop the Logging, Start the Restoration” Sierra Club article that states timber advocates say commercial logging on federal from The Planet newsletter June 1999, Volume 6, Number 5 lands can be sustained, whereas the North Star chapter (Minnesota) says public data http://www.sierraclub.org/planet/199905/ecl1.asp does not support this. Instead they support bill, H.R.1396, which “would eliminate the money-losing commercial logging” and help logging communities develop alternative means of creating revenue. The Ringo project focuses on restoring and maintaining a resilient, fire adapted ecosystem that will: protect or enhance quality habitat for key wildlife species including the northern spotted owl, white-headed woodpecker, and big game, allow for safe and effective wildfire response, maintain developed and dispersed recreational opportunities, and contribute to local and regional economies by providing timber, firewood, and other forest products.

Cushman, John H. Jr. “Audit Faults Forest Service on Logging New York Times article refers to 12 specific timber sales from 1995-1999 and that Damage in U.S. Forests” New York Times, February 5, 1999 Federal auditors found logging was poorly done, streams and wildlife were not being http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B00E2DF163BF936A adequately protected, and mitigation measures were not incorporated. The Ringo 35751C0A96F958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=print project has Harvest Inspectors and Timber Sale Administrators on the ground during the entire timber harvest process to ensure compliance. In addition project design features, mitigation measures, and monitoring are incorporated in the EIS and followed up by resource specialists to ensure compliance. Higgins, Margot, “National forest logging is bad business, study says” An opinion on the 75-page report “The Economic Case against Logging National Posted on CNN.com-Nature, March 16, 2000 Forests” that looks at the external costs of logging and the economic benefits of http://www.colorado.edu/AmStudies/lewis/west/costlogging.pdf standing trees. The Ringo project completed an economic efficiency analysis per Forest Service Handbook (FSH) Chapter 2400. The Ringo planning area landscape provides numerous values and services (ecosystem services, Chapter 1, page 2) that are not easily quantifiable or comparable. Dombeck, Mike Ph.D. "Through the Woods" 1998 TV Interview/discussion with stakeholders taken out of context- it was about an The News Hour with Jim Lehrer. 19 June 1998. 18th month moratorium to reassess building roads in roadless areas of some national http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/fedagencies/jan-june98/road_6- forests, lack of funding to maintain them, and the effects to fish and wildlife. The 19.html

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Deschutes National Forest has a Travel Management Rule in place and the Ringo project is consistent with the rule. Dombeck, Mike Ph.D. a message on "Conservation Leadership” sent to Communication letter sent to all USFS employees by then Chief Dombeck regarding all USFS employees on July 1, 1998 doing a better job in talking about and managing values like: “wilderness and http://www.wvhighlands.org/VoicePast/VoiceAug98/Dombeck.Aug98.h roadless areas, clean water, protection of rare species, old growth forests, tml naturalness” as these are what the American people cherish. The Ringo project focuses on restoring and maintaining a resilient, fire adapted ecosystem that will: protect or enhance quality habitat for key wildlife species including the northern spotted owl, white-headed woodpecker, and big game, allow for safe and effective wildfire response, maintain developed and dispersed recreational opportunities, and contribute to local and regional economies by providing timber, firewood, and other forest products. In addition an analysis regarding unroaded and its effects to the Areas without Roads was completed for the Ringo project area.

Ehrlich, Anne Ph.D., David Foster Ph.D. and Peter Raven Ph.D. 2002 Article in Native Forest Network to President Bush calling for an end of commercial “Call to End Logging Based on Conservation Biology.” Native Forest logging and instead focus on restoration and utilizing tree-free products. The Ringo Network. project focuses on restoring and maintaining a resilient, fire adapted ecosystem that http://www.nativeforest.org/campaigns/public_lands/stb_5_30_02.htm will: protect or enhance quality habitat for key wildlife species including the northern spotted owl, white-headed woodpecker, and big game, allow for safe and effective wildfire response, maintain developed and dispersed recreational opportunities, and contribute to local and regional economies by providing timber, firewood, and other forest products.

Bush Fire Policy: Clearing Forests So They Do Not Burn” Forest Conservation News Today article that President Bush and the Forest Service FOREST CONSERVATION NEWS TODAY, August 27, 2002 are utilizing fear of fire to increase large-scale logging projects. The Ringo project http://forests.org/archived_site/today/recent/2002/tiporefl.htm focuses on restoring and maintaining a resilient, fire adapted ecosystem that will: protect or enhance quality habitat for key wildlife species including the northern spotted owl, white-headed woodpecker, and big game, allow for safe and effective wildfire response, maintain developed and dispersed recreational opportunities, and contribute to local and regional economies by providing timber, firewood, and other forest products. FEIS (Chapter 3 Fire and Fuels, Forest Vegetation) shows how each will be utilized in conjunction with the other to protect or enhance quality habitat for key wildlife species including the northern spotted owl, white-headed woodpecker, and big game, allow for safe and effective wildfire response, maintain developed and dispersed recreational opportunities, and contribute to local and regional economies by providing timber, firewood, and other forest products.”

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Franklin, Jerry Ph.D., David Perry Ph.D., Reed Noss Ph.D., David A scientific panel report from National Wildlife Federation emphasizing that as our Montgomery Ph.D. and Christopher Frissell Ph.D. 2000. "Simplified understanding about forest habitats increases so must our prescriptions for improving Forest Management to Achieve Watershed and Forest Health: A health evolve. It focuses on Simplified Structure-Based Management (SSBM) which Critique." is a set of loosely associated forestry concepts drawn principally from traditional http://www.coastrange.org/documents/forestreport.pdf silvicultural science, and applied to landscape-level forest management. “SSBM relies on traditional silvicultural techniques—harvest, thinning, chemical application (herbicide and pesticide), and pruning—to create salable timber and other forest “products,” including wildlife habitat. The Ringo project utilizes silvicultural techniques (but not chemical application) to help protect or enhance quality habitat for key wildlife species including the northern spotted owl, white-headed woodpecker, and big game as well as: Allow for safe and effective wildfire response, maintain developed and dispersed recreational opportunities, and contribute to local and regional economies by providing timber, firewood, and other forest products.”

Franklin, Jerry F. Ph.D. and James K. Agee Ph.D. Provided weblink did not work and quotes provided by commenter not in Franklin 2007. “Forging a Science-Based National Forest Fire Policy.” and Agee (2007) Forging a Science-based National Forest Fire Policy. This paper is Issues in Science and Technology. on the need for a National Forest Fire Policy (NFFP) based on science vice the A National Wildlife Federation publication sponsored by the Bullitt current system where each Federal land management agency has their own Foundation established fire policies. The authors recognize that all forests are not alike and http://www.coastrange.org/documents/forestreport.pdf cannot be managed under one 'universal policy' and that recognition of different forest types and regions is an important key that an NFPP must accommodate. The Ringo project fire and fuel managers have taken this into consideration in the FEIS (Chapter 3 Fire and Fuels). Giuliano, Jackie Alan, Ph.D. “Fire Suppression Bush Style: A 2002 article in the Environmental News Service an International Daily Newswire Cut Down the Trees!” Environmental News Service, 2008. concerning President Bush wanting to increase logging and road building activities http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/aug2002/2002-08-23g.asp on Federal lands. Cascadia Forest Alliance agrees that the forests are out of balance due to decades of fire suppression but they say “increasing logging is the exact opposite of what should be done.” The Ringo project is utilizing prescribed fire and thinning prescriptions (Chapter 3 Fire and Fuels, Forest Vegetation) in conjunction with the other to protect or enhance quality habitat for key wildlife species including the northern spotted owl, white-headed woodpecker, and big game as well as: Allow for safe and effective wildfire response, maintain developed and dispersed recreational opportunities, and contribute to local and regional economies by providing timber, firewood, and other forest products.

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Government Accounting Office Report to the Subcommittee on Forest and Forest Health, Committee on Resources, “Western National Forests: A Cohesive Strategy is House of Representatives on the need for a cohesive strategy on catastrophic wildfire Needed to Address Catastrophic Wildfire Threats” threats. Scientists and agency officials attribute this (on the dry eastside forests) to GAO/RCED-99-65 long periods of fire suppression resulting in denser forests, shifts in tree species http://www.gao.gov/archive/1999/rc99065.pdf composition, and increases in insects and disease. One of the key issues in the Ringo project is to utilize prescribed fire to help return stands on the dry eastside forest more to their historic fuels/fire regime (FEIS Chap 3 Fire and Fuels). Gorte, Ross W. Ph.D. “Forest Service Timber Sale Practices and CRS Report for Congress concerning Forest Fire/Wildfire Protection (updated in Procedures: Analysis of Alternative Systems.” A Congressional 2006) especially in regards to two main factors: wildland urban interface (WUI) and Research Service (CRS) report, October 30, 1995. decline in forest and rangeland health. The District Silviculturalist and the Fire/Fuels http://www.ncseonline.org/NLE/CRS/abstract.cfm?NLEid=215 resource specialists are working on the Ringo project to utilize treatments and prescribed fire in conjunction to help return stands on the dry eastside forest more to their historic fuels/fire regime (FEIS Chap 3 Fire and Fuels). Hanson, Chad Ph.D., “Commercial Logging Doesn't Prevent New York Times article regarding the Los Alamos prescribed fire that “went awry”, Catastrophic Fires, It Causes Them.” Published in the New York logging of large trees reduces the older, thick-barked trees that would survive a fire Times, May 19, 2000 of this type and use of timber sales as a tool of fire management is not an option as http://www.commondreams.org/views/051900-101.htm most tress that need to be removed are of the smaller diameter variety that have very little commercial value. The Ringo project focus to help protect or enhance quality habitat for key wildlife species including the northern spotted owl, white-headed woodpecker, and big game as well as: Allow for safe and effective wildfire response, maintain developed and dispersed recreational opportunities, and contribute to local and regional economies by providing timber, firewood, and other forest products. The District Silviculturalist and the Fire/Fuels resource specialists are working on the Ringo project to utilize treatments and prescribed fire in conjunction to help return stands on the dry eastside forest more to their historic fuels/fire regime (FEIS Chap 3 Fire and Fuels). Hanson, Chad, Ph.D. “National Forest Protection” Article from a private non-profit foundation concerning the harmful commercial Environment Now (see picture on last page) logging on the national forests. The Ringo project it utilizing treatments (including http://www.environmentnow.org/forest.html commercial logging, thinning from below, small diameter thinning, and prescribed underburning to help protect or enhance quality habitat for key wildlife species including the northern spotted owl, white-headed woodpecker, and big game as well as: Allow for safe and effective wildfire response, maintain developed and dispersed recreational opportunities, and contribute to local and regional economies by providing timber, firewood, and other forest products.

Hanson, Chad Ph.D., “Logging Industry Misleads on Article written as Guest Writer for Travel and Outdoor concerning the timber Climate and Forest Fires.” Guest Commentary in New West, July 11, industry and its attempt to mislead the public by saying that increased logging will 2008 reduce wildfires, that it fails to mention logging increases greenhouse gas emissions, http://www.newwest.net/topic/article/logging_industry_misleads_on_cli and most modern fires are low to moderate severity effects (where most overstory mate_and_forest_fires/C41/L41/ trees survive). The Fire/Fuels specialist in conjunction with the District

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Silviculturalist are working together to utilize silvicultural prescriptions and prescribed burning to help return stands on the dry eastside forest more to their historic fuels/fire regime (FEIS Chap 3 Fire and Fuels). Harvey, A. E., M. J. Larsen, and M. F. Jurgensen The quote is 'Increased tree utilization potentially reduces the organic parent material “Distribution of Ectomycorrhizae in a Mature (litter and wood residues) available for soil formation processes." However, this Douglas-fir/larch Forest Soil in Western Montana” study was conducted on a 250-year old mature Douglas-fir forest with limestone- Forest Science, Volume 22, Number 4, 1 December 1976 , pp. 393- based soil, thus it is not relevant to the dry, eastside ponderosa and lodgepole pine on 398(6) pumice of the Ringo planning area. http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/saf/fs/1976/00000022/0000000 4/art00007;jsessionid=l2sdf2hphia2.alexandra

Houston, Alan Ph.D., "Why Forestry is in Trouble with the Public." Quote on the Evergreen webpage from Dr. Houston (1997) regarding the lack of Evergreen magazine, October 1997. transparency between the public and the Federal agencies. The Ringo project has http://evergreenmagazine.com/web/Why_forestry_is_in_trouble_with_t followed the NEPA process which included: a pre-NEPA workshop to obtain public he_public-v2.html values (the group included foresters, environmentalists, timber advocates etc.), field trips with the general public, scoping opportunity, and a 45-day comment period on the Draft EIS. H. R. 1494 text. April 4, 2001 House Resolution 1494 was “To save taxpayers money, reduce the deficit, cut http://www.agriculturelaw.com/legis/bills107/hr1494.htm corporate welfare, protect communities from wildfires, and protect and restore America's natural heritage by eliminating the fiscally wasteful and ecologically destructive commercial logging program on Federal public lands, restoring native biodiversity in our Federal public forests, and facilitating the economic recovery and diversification of communities affected by the Federal logging program. This bill was never passed through Congress. The Ringo project focus to help protect or enhance quality habitat for key wildlife species including the northern spotted owl, white-headed woodpecker, and big game as well as: allow for safe and effective wildfire response, maintain developed and dispersed recreational opportunities, and contribute to local and regional economies by providing timber, firewood, and other forest products. Hudak, Mike Ph.D. “From Prairie Dogs to Oysters: How Biodiversity Book Review: The Work of Nature regarding ecosystem services, how they are Sustains Us”from his book review of The Work of Nature: How the important to human civilizations, what we have done to disrupt them, and that we Diversity of Life Sustains Us by Yvonne Baskin, 1997, Newsletter of should consider each species “irreplaceable resource that should be preserved for Earth Day Southern Tier, February/March 1999, p. 2 future generations unless the costs of doing so prove to be intolerably—not just http://www.mikehudak.com/Articles/FromPrairieDogs9902.html inconveniently—high.” The Ringo project focus to help protect or enhance quality habitat for key wildlife species including the northern spotted owl, white-headed woodpecker, and big game as well as: Allow for safe and effective wildfire response, maintain developed and dispersed recreational opportunities, and contribute to local and regional economies by providing timber, firewood, and other forest products.

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Huff, Mark H. Ph.D.; Ottmar, Roger D.; Alvarado, Ernesto Ph.D. Stated findings are acknowledged by District Fuels Managers and in the Ringo DEIS, Vihnanek, Robert E.; Lehmkuhl, John F.; Hessburg, Paul F. Ph.D. and some of the reasons why treatment of activity-generated fuels is proposed in this Everett, Richard L. Ph.D. 1995. “Historical and current forest project. Part of the purpose and need for the Ringo project is the need for the project landscapes in eastern Oregon and Washington. Part II: Linking is to decrease the density of trees and surface fuels providing a variety of stand vegetation characteristics to potential fire behavior and related structures and compositions appropriate to the biophysical environment in order to smoke production” Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-355. USDA increase resilience and provide or enhance quality habitat for a variety of species Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. (flora and fauna). The area includes ponderosa pine plant communities which are https://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1957/4706/PB9 fire dependent and treatments were designed to move the stands towards more open 6155213.pdf;jsessionid=C8DDB611DB29D3716BBF313AADBA2E70 structural conditions reflective of low intensity, high frequency burning regimes to ?sequence=1 provide habitat for white-headed woodpeckers and others associated with more open structure conditions.

Ingalsbee, Timothy Ph.D. "Logging for Firefighting: A Critical Unpublished research paper for the Western Ancient Forest Campaign on Quincy Analysis of the Quincy Library Group Fire Protection Plan." Library Group Bill (H.R.858) which originally called for a Proposal to increase Unpublished research paper. 1997. federally subsidized commercial logging and morphed into a Plan “that claims http://www.fire-ecology.org/research/logging-for-firefighting_2.htm increased timber extraction would both stabilize local economies and protect public forests from wildfires.” A selective reading of SNEP can thus extract specific quotes to support all sides in the debate over resource extraction vs. environmental protection in management of National Forests and other public lands. The Ringo project is combining silvicultural treatments with low intensity underburning to help return stands on the dry eastside forest more to their historic fuels/fire regime (FEIS Chap 3 Fire and Fuels). In addition, focus is on wildlife and how to balance the opening of mixed conifer and ponderosa pine stands versus those wildlife species that prefer the denser, more closed stands. Ingalsbee, Timothy Ph.D. 2000. “Commercial Logging Article on how commercial logging does not really benefit wildfire prevention and for Wildfire Prevention: Facts Vs Fantasies” how commercial logging, road building, grazing etc. can lead to increases in disease, http://www.fire-ecology.org/citizen/logging_and_wildfires.htm insects and severe fires and now is the time for ‘Congress to heed the facts, not fantasies, and develop forest management policies based on science, not politics.’ The Ringo project is combining silvicultural treatments with low intensity underburning to help return stands on the dry eastside forest more to their historic fuels/fire regime (FEIS Chap 3 Fire and Fuels). Ingalsbee, Timothy Ph.D. “Logging without Limits isn't a Solution to Article published in the Portland Oregonian regarding that Congress is utilizing the Wildfires” published in the Portland Oregonian, August 6, 2002 severe fire season to try and pass legislation that would bypass the public http://www.klamathforestalliance.org/Documents/loggingwithoutlimits. involvement process in fuels reduction process. The Ringo project was transparent to html the public and followed the NEPA process which included: a pre-NEPA workshop to obtain public values (the group included foresters, environmentalists, timber advocates, locals etc.), field trips with the general public, scoping opportunity, and a 45-day comment period on the Draft EIS.

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Ingalsbee, Timothy Ph.D. “The wildland fires of 2002 illuminate Article published in the Oregon Quarterly regarding the 2002 fire season and it “was fundamental questions about our relationship to fire.” but a harbinger of more frequent severe fire seasons to come’ if we do not make The Oregon Quarterly, Winter 2002 changes between society and fires. This includes the damage done by building http://fireecology.org/research/wildfire_paradox.pdf firelines, dropping retardant or contaminated water (noxious weeds, disease) in pristine areas, lighting backfires kills more than it saves due to the intensity, leave more large diameter trees- they’re the ones better able to withstand a fire, and follow the community wildfire standards (clear up to 200 feet from a house in the WUI). The Ringo project prescriptions were developed to reduce fuels and reduce the severity and intensity of the prescribed underburning. Ingalsbee, Timothy Ph.D. "Fanning the Flames! The U.S. Forest Article published in the Missoula Independent regarding that the Forest Service has Service: A Fire-Dependent Bureaucracy." become dependent on severe fires (brought on by decades of fire suppression) and Missoula Independent. Vol. 14 No. 24, June 2003 how the Forest Service is trying to mask timber sales under the guise of "fuels http://www.fire-ecology.org/research/USFS_fire_dependent.html reduction" and "forest restoration" projects. The Ringo project focus is on wildlife and how to create the large diameter, open stands for habitat it requires while balancing the need for denser, more closed canopy stands for other wildlife species. Ingalsbee, Timothy Ph.D. 2005. “A Reporter's Guide to Wildland Article on Common Dreams.org concerning the Firefighters United for Safety, Ethic, Fire.” and Ecology (FUSEE) group, and the over dramatization by newspaper articles on Published by the Firefighters United for Safety, Ethics, and fire. FUSEE offers the public “new perspectives on wildland fires, and the related Ecology (FUSE), January 2005 issues of public information.” There is one community (Wickiup Acres) at the http://www.commondreams.org/news2005/0111-14.htm northeastern edge of the Ringo project area. The Forest Service and partners are focusing additional treatments that will reinforce current work being done to lower fire risk and fire hazard as Wickiup Acres is in close proximity (one mile) to the Ringo planning area. The Ringo fire/fuels manager’s work with Walker Range Fire Protection District and the Greater La Pine CWPP concerning education and protection for the Community Wildfire Protection Plans (CWPP) for private subdivisions. Jalkotzy, M.G., P.I. Ross, and M.D. Nasserden. 1997. “The Effects of This publication is about effects of linear development (roads) on wildlife and the Linear Developments on Wildlife: A Review of Selected Scientific commenter is concerned about wolverine. The DEIS on page 206 states “Wolverine Literature.” Prepared for Canadian Association of Petroleum denning habitat for the Deschutes National Forest was modeled using alpine dry, Producers. Arc Wildlife Services Ltd., Calgary. 115pp. alpine meadow, glacier and rock talus lands with aspects of 320-120 degrees and http://www.capp.ca/getdoc.aspx?DocId=24902&DT=PDF clipped to areas above 5,500 feet.” The highest elevations are on Davis Mountain and Hamner Butte where the Davis Fire (2003) removed the majority of trees and all the potential habitat for the wolverine, 5,500 feet and above. Aubrey et al. (2007) reported “that virtually all of the wolverine records located in the Pacific states were within or near alpine areas.” There are no confirmed sightings of wolverine on the Crescent Ranger District and no permanent roads would be built for this project. Keene, Roy “Logging does not prevent wildfires” Guest Viewpoint from The Register Guard (Eugene, OR) newspaper that logging has Guest Viewpoint, the Eugene Register Guard started many of the recent fires in Lane county. The Ringo project prescriptions were January 11, 2009 developed to reduce fuels and reduce the severity and intensity of the prescribed http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-192070397.html underburning.

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Keene, Roy Restorative Logging? “More rarity than reality” Guest editorial comment in Eugene weekly newspaper concerning the increased Guest Viewpoint, the Eugene Register Guard logging proposed under the guise of “restoration” and the detrimental effects on the March 10, 2011 land. The Ringo project analysis has addressed the effects of the proposed harvest http://eugeneweekly.com/2011/03/03/views3.html activities and prescribed burning by resource in the FEIS. Keppeler, Elizabeth T. Robert R. Ziemer Ph.D., and Peter H. Cafferata This study was done on steep slopes (30-70%), utilizing clear cutting and skyline "Effects of Human-Induced Changes on Hydrologic Systems." yarding, along a coastal range that receives a large amount of moisture year round. An American Water Resources Association publication, June 1994 The Ringo project proposes only ground-based harvesting on slopes less than 30 http://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/ziemer/Ziemer94a.PDF percent on dry eastside forest utilizing Improvement cuts, thinning from below, and small diameter thinning prescriptions. Slope stability and effects to soils was addressed by the Silviculturalist and Soil Scientist in Chapter 3 of the DEIS. Klein, Al 2004. Logging Effects on Amphibian Larvae Thesis paper. Sensitive species are managed for in the Ringo project. Redband trout Populations in Ottawa National Forest. are a Region 6 sensitive and are found in Crescent Creek, the only perennial water http://www.nd.edu/~underc/east/education/documents/AKlein2004Pre- body in the Ringo planning area. The water quality analysis in the Ringo project is loggingsurveyofamphibianlarvaeinvernalpools.pdf limited to Crescent Creek and implementation of identified Best Management Practices (BMPs) and Project Design Features (PDFs) are expected to effectively inhibit the mobilization and transport of increased sedimentation. Laverty, Lyle, USDA Forest Service and Tim Hartzell U.S. Department The President asked for a report as well as short-term actions towards reducing the of the Interior “A Report to the President in Response to the wildland urban interface hazards and preparing firefighters for extreme conditions in Wildfires of 2000”, September 8, 2000. the future. The 2000 Congressional Research Service (CRS) report pertained to http://frames.nacse.org/6000/6269.html plantations, which is dissimilar to this project. CRS also emphasized need to treat activity fuels, which this project does.

Lawrence, Nathaniel, NRDC senior attorney Testimony presented before the U.S. House of Representatives Subcommittee on “Gridlock on the National Forests” Testimony before the U.S. House Forests and Forest Health (Committee on Resources) on thinning for fire risk of Representatives Subcommittee on Forests and Forest reduction and post-fire salvage logging. The Ringo project has not post-fire salvage Health (Committee on Resources) December 4, 2001. and the thinning prescription are in support of the project focus which is on wildlife http://www.nrdc.org/land/forests/tnl1201.asp and how to create the large diameter, open stands for habitat it requires while balancing the need for denser, more closed canopy stands for other wildlife species. This project also incorporates slash disposal (by handpiling and burning or mastication). Leitner, Brian. “Logging Companies are Responsible for Article in Democratic Underground.com with regards to the fires in California and the California Wildfires.” the Democratic Underground, October 30, how the logging companies are actually responsible for them by clear cutting and 2003. thinning. The Ringo project focus is on wildlife and how to balance the need for http://www.democraticunderground.com/articles/03/10/30_logging.html large diameter open stands of ponderosa pine for one species versus a closed canopy, more dense stand that other species prefer. The District Silviculturalist and District Wildlife Biologist worked together to ensure that forest health, density reduction, and wildlife requirements were met.

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Long, Richard D., U.S. Department of Agriculture Office of Inspector U.S. Department of Agriculture Office of Inspector General Western Region Audit General "Western Region Audit Report: Forest Service National Report on the National Fore Plan Implementation. This report “recommended how Fire Plan Implementation" best to respond to the ongoing fires, reduce the impacts of these fires on rural Report No. 08601-26-SF, November 2001. communities, and ensure sufficient firefighting resources in the future.” It found that http://maps.wildrockies.org/ecosystem_defense/Resources_Species_Top the Forest Service did not correctly calculate funds needed to fight fire, it did not ics/Fire/Misuse%20of%20Fire%20Plan%20funds.pdf exercise control over restoration and rehabilitation NFP funding, ensure all projects met funding criteria, and clarify project criteria to address issues 1-3.

Mann, Charles C. Ph.D. and Mark L. Plummer Ph.D. Article in Science magazine regarding “Ecological sustainability in the planning area, “Call for 'Sustainability' in Forests Sparks a Fire” looking at broad factors such as the proportion of old-growth forests, stream flows, Science 26 March 1999: Vol. 283. no. 5410, pp. 1996 – 1998 wildfire frequency, and the amount and distribution of large dead trees ” The http://www.sciencemag.org/content/283/5410/1996.summary resource specialists analysis for the Ringo planning area is found in Chapter 3 of the FEIS and includes all of the above listed factors. Maser, C. Ph.D., and J. M. Trappe Ph.D. United States Department of Agriculture General Technical Report regarding down “The Seen and Unseen World of the Fallen Tree”, 1984 wood. The Ringo project recognizes and manages for down wood and snags for USDA Forest Service, GTR-PNW-164 wildlife (Chapter 3 Snag and Down Wood Analysis). http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/publications/pnw_gtr164/

Maser, C. Ph.D., R. F. Tarrant, J. M. Trappe Ph.D., and J. F. Franklin United States Department of Agriculture General Technical Report on downed wood Ph.D. 1988 “The Forest to the Sea: A Story of Fallen Trees” and its effects on the forest floor, streams, estuaries and coastal beaches. The Ringo USDA Forest Service, GTR-PNW-GTR-229 project recognizes and manages for down wood and snags for wildlife (Chapter 3 http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/publications/pnw_gtr229/ Snag and Down Wood Analysis). Crescent Creek is the only perennial or fish bearing water body in the project area.

McIntosh, B.A., J.R. Sedell, J.E. Smith, R.C. Wissmar United States Department of Agriculture General Technical Report on how logging S.E. Clarke, G.H. Reeves, and L.A. Brown “Management history of effects small headwater streams. Crescent Creek is the only perennial water body in eastside ecosystems: changes in fish habitat over 50 years, 1935- the Ringo planning area. The water quality analysis in the Ringo project is limited to 1992.” 1994 GTR-321 93-181 Crescent Creek and implementation of identified Best Management Practices (BMPs) http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/publications/pnw_gtr321/ and Project Design Features (PDFs) are expected to effectively inhibit the mobilization and transport of increased sedimentation.

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Moring, John R. Ph.D. 1975. “The Alsea Watershed Study: Effects of Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife publication. Crescent Creek is the only Logging on the Aquatic Resources of Three Headwater Streams of perennial water body in the Ringo planning area. The water quality analysis in the the Alsea River, Oregon – Part III.” Fishery Report Number 9 Ringo project is limited to Crescent Creek and implementation of identified Best Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife. Management Practices (BMPs) and Project Design Features (PDFs) are expected to http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfd/library/ffip/Moring_JR1975b.pdf effectively inhibit the mobilization and transport of increased sedimentation.

Naeem, Shahid Ph.D., F.S. Chapin III Ph.D., Robert Costanza Ph.D., Article in Issues in Ecology (English version) regarding how human impacts have Paul R. Ehrlich Ph.D., Frank B. Golley Ph.D., David U. Hooper Ph.D. effects biological diversity and ecosystem services. The Ringo project focus is on J.H. Lawton Ph.D., Robert V. O’Neill Ph.D., Harold A. Mooney Ph.D. wildlife and how to balance the need for large diameter open stands of ponderosa Osvaldo E. Sala Ph.D., Amy J. Symstad Ph.D., and David Tilman Ph.D. pine for one species versus a closed canopy, more dense stand that other species "Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning: Maintaining Natural Life prefer. The District Silviculturalist and District Wildlife Biologist worked together Support Processes." Issues in Ecology No. 4. Fall 1999. to ensure that forest health, density reduction, and wildlife requirements were met. http://www.esa.org/science_resources/issues/TextIssues/issue4.php

Nappier, Sharon. Lost in the Forest: How the Forest Service's Article in Taxpayers for Common Sense on how the Forest Service Misdirection, Misdirection, Mismanagement, and Mischief Squanders Your Tax Mismanagement and Mischief Squanders your Tax Dollars in regards to timber sales, Dollars.Taxpayers for Common Sense, 2002. road management, and reforming budget priorities. http://www.ourforests.org/fact/lostintheforest.pdf

Noble, Ian R. and Rodolfo Dirzo Ph.D. "Forests as Human- Current management practices on the forest use an interactive approach for Dominated ecologically sustainable forestry. The District Silviculturalist, District Wildlife Ecosystems." Science Vol. 277. No. 5325, pp. 522 - 525. 25 July 1997. Biologist and Fuel/Fire managers worked together to ensure that forest health, http://www.sciencemag.org/content/277/5325/522.abstract?maxtoshow= density reduction, prescribed burning, and wildlife requirements were met. &HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=logging&searchid =1136659907310_5043&FIRSTINDEX=0&journalcode=sci Northup, Jim. 1999. "Public Wants More Wilderness, Survey conducted in Vermont where topography, climate, and geology are very Less Logging on Green Mountain NF". Press Release different from dry, eastside forests in central Oregon. An analysis was conducted in by Forest Watch, a Vermont-based environmental organization. the Ringo planning area utilizing the criteria for a potential areas without roads and http://www.forestwatch.org/content.php?id=10 areas were identified for inclusion in an analysis. However, the Ringo planning area has never been identified for inclusion in the Wilderness System. Okoand Ilan Kayatsky, Dan. “Fight Fire with Logging?” Article in Mother Jones website regarding that the National Fire Plan is “becoming a Mother Jones, August 1, 2002 feeding ground for logging companies” so they can remove the largest diameter trees. http://motherjones.com/politics/2002/08/fight-fire-logging The Ringo project is utilizing several methods to achieve the desired goals of creating large diameter open ponderosa pine stands for white-headed woodpecker. These include small diameter thin, thinning from below, brush mastication, and prescribed burning.

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Platt, Rutherford V. Ph.D., Thomas T. Veblen Ph.D., and Rosemary L. Could not locate full text article. The commenter quoted the abstract that is available Sherriff “Are Wildfire Mitigation and Restoration of Historic Forest at website. Abstract discusses ponderosa pine-dominated montane forest zone in Structure Compatible? A Spatial Modeling Assessment” Published Boulder County, Colorado mostly on private lands “and the need for wildfire Online: by the by Association of American Geographers. Sep. 8, 2006 mitigation and restoration of historic forest structure are potentially needed.” Much http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/routledg/anna/2006/00000096/0 of Ringo is dry east-side forests of central Oregon where one of the projects purpose 0000003/art00001 and needs are to restore more of the planning area back to its historic fire regime.

Powell, Douglas S. Ph.D., Joanne L. Faulkner, David R. Darr, Zhiliang Unites States Department of Agriculture General Technical Report on Forest Zhu Ph.D. and Douglas W. MacCleery. 1992. "Forest Resources of the Resources of the United States. This report is more than 20 years old and more United States." current science and assessments were utilized during the analysis for the Ringo USDA Forest Service. Rocky Mt. Forest and Range Experiment Station. project. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-234. http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs_rm/rm_gtr234.html

Raven, Peter, Ph.D., Jane Goodall, C.B.E., Ph.D., Edward O. Wilson, Letter addressed to members of Congress that clearcutting, even aged silvicultural Ph. D. and over 600 other leading biologists, ecologists, foresters, and practices and timber road construction lead to ecosystem fragmentation and scientists from other forest specialties. From a 1998 letter to congress. degradation. These 600+ scientists urge Congress to pass the "Act to Save America's http://www.saveamericasforests.org/resources/Scientists.htm Forests." as they feel it may be the last hope for America's forests.

Raven, Peter, Ph.D., from his February 9, 2001 letter to Senator Jean Letter on the "Act to Save America's Forests endorsed by over 600 leading scientists, Carnahan this bill provides a concrete blueprint for managing our federal forests and proposes http://www.saveamericasforests.org/Raven.htm to stop logging in roadless areas, ‘special areas and Northwest Ancient Forests. The Ringo project conducted an analysis in the Ringo planning area utilizing the criteria for an Area Without Roads and areas were identified for inclusion in an analysis.

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Ringo EIS Appendix C - Response to Science

Roberson, Emily B. Ph.D., Senior Policy Analyst, California Native Letter to Chief Bosworth from the California Native Plant Society (CNPS) regarding Plant Society Excerpt from a letter to Chief Dale Bosworth and 5 poor policy conclusions that failure to log National Forest is causing wildfires. The members of congress CNPS supports “fire and fuels management practices that minimize danger to lives http://www.plantsocieties.org/PDFs/Fire%20letter%20CNPS%208.02% and property, creates and maintain sustainable, productive forest ecosystems 20letterhead.pdf dominated by viable native species, conserve rare and imperiled species through their natural ranges and protect water quality and supply, soils and other forest ecosystem services and resources.” A comprehensive analysis was completed for the Ringo project and available in Chapter 3 of the EIS. Roelofs, Terry D. Ph.D. Testimony for the California State Water Board Article concerning salmonid in California waterways. Crescent Creek is the only and Regional Water Quality Control Boards Regarding Waivers of perennial water body in the Ringo planning area. Redband trout and whitefish are Waste Discharge Requirements on Timber Harvest Plans. August 2003. present Crescent Creek. The water quality analysis in the Ringo project is limited to http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:QNy_aih1RxEJ Crescent Creek and implementation of identified Best Management Practices (BMPs) :edennapa.org/thp/roelofstestimony.doc+%22timber+harvest%22+ph.d. and Project Design Features (PDFs) are expected to effectively inhibit the +adverse&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=5&gl=us mobilization and transport of increased sedimentation.

Rudzitis, Gundars. 1999 “Amenities Increasingly Draw People to the Non-technical article in Rural Development Perspectives detailing a study and results Rural West” Rural Development Perspectives, vol. 14, no. 2 on why people move to western rural areas. The number one reason was amenities http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/rdp/rdpsept99/rdpsept99b.pdf related to the social environment, employment and outdoor recreation. There is little rural development within the planning area of the Ringo project (664 acres of private lands) however, the opportunities for hunting, driving on roads and dispersed camping are plentiful. Scott, Mark G. “Forest Clearing in the Gray’s River Watershed Thesis paper. Research area is Gray's River watershed, approximately 20 miles from 1905-1996” A research paper submitted in partial fulfillment of the the coast of the Pacific Ocean. The climate, topography, and geology are vastly requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in different than the dry east-side forest with pumice soils that dominate the Ringo GEOGRAPHY planning area. Crescent Creek is the only perennial water body in the Ringo Portland State University, 2001 planning area. The water quality analysis in the Ringo project is limited to Crescent http://www.markscott.biz/papers/grays/chapter1.htm Creek and implementation of identified Best Management Practices (BMPs) and Project Design Features (PDFs) are expected to effectively inhibit the mobilization and transport of increased sedimentation. Short, Brant, Ph.D. and Dayle C. Hardy-Short Ph.D. Article in the Electronic Green Journal that looks at the public demand for "Physicians of the Forest": A Rhetorical Critique of the accountability on fires and the shift in ideology resulted in the Healthy Forest Bush Healthy Forest Initiative” Initiative. The Ringo project utilizes a combination of vegetation treatment and Electronic Green Journal, Issue #19, December 2003 prescribed fire to help reset the fire regime in the dry eastside forests towards what is http://escholarship.org/uc/item/4288f8j5 a normal cycle for them (every 5-15 years vice the decades that resulted from previous fire suppression policies)

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Sierra Club. 2005 “Ending Commercial Logging on Public Lands” Short article calling for the end of commercial logging on federal lands and to stop http://northcarolina.sierraclub.org/pisgah/conservation/ecl.html tax payer subsidizing of these activities. More money and effort should be put into preservation. The Ringo project focus is on wildlife and how to balance the need for large diameter open stands of ponderosa pine for one species versus a closed canopy, more dense stand that other species prefer. The District Silviculturalist and District Wildlife Biologist worked together to ensure that forest health, density reduction, and wildlife requirements were met.

Slaymaker, Olav Ph.D. “Assessment of the Geomorphic Commenter quoted abstract from research article. Study area is British Columbia, Impacts of Forestry in British Columbia” Canada where the topography, geology, and climate is vastly different from the dry AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment 29(7):381-387. 2000 east-side forest of the Ringo planning area. . Crescent Creek is the only perennial http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1579/0044-7447-29.7.381 water body in the Ringo planning area. The water quality analysis in the Ringo project is limited to Crescent Creek and implementation of identified Best Management Practices (BMPs) and Project Design Features (PDFs) are expected to effectively inhibit the mobilization and transport of increased sedimentation. Stahl, Andy. “Reducing the Threat of Catastrophic Wildfire to Testimony before the House Resources Committee stating that fires should be Central Oregon Communities and the Surrounding Environment.” allowed to burn under appropriate conditions as 100 years of fire suppression has Testimony before the House Committee on Resources, August 25, 2003 altered the fire regime, houses and property should use fire resistant materials, and http://www.propertyrightsresearch.org/2004/articles6/testimony_of_and returning fire to fire-dependent landscapes is important. The Ringo project utilizes a y_stahl.htm combination of vegetation treatment and prescribed fire to help reset the fire regime in the dry eastside forests towards what is a normal cycle for them (every 5-15 years vice the decades that resulted from previous fire suppression policies). Strickler, Karyn and Timothy G. Hermach, “Liar, Liar, Forests Article in CommonDreams.org that President Bush and timber industry are on Fire: Why Forest Management Exacerbates Loss of Lives capitalizing on people’s fear of fire to increase commercial logging in back county and Property” Published by CommonDreams.org, October 31, 2003 old growth forests instead of thinning around communities for wildfire protection. http://www.commondreams.org/scriptfiles/views03/1031-10.htm The Ringo project focus is on wildlife and how to create the large diameter, open stands for habitat certain wildlife requires while balancing the need for denser, more closed canopy stands for other wildlife species. In addition Ringo utilizes a combination of vegetation treatment and prescribed fire to help reset the fire regime in the dry eastside forests towards what is a normal cycle for them (every 5-15 years vice the decades that resulted from previous fire suppression policies). Taxpayers for Common Sense. “From the Ashes: Reducing An article regarding the mismanagement of tax payer money on ineffective or low the Harmful Effects and Rising Costs of Western Wildfires” priority effects. In addition Congress has granted a “blank check” approach to Washington DC , Dec. 2000 firefighting and the Forest Service has not followed through on reforming its wildfire http://www.ourforests.org/fact/ashes.pdf program. The focus of the Ringo project is on wildlife and how to create the large diameter, open stands for habitat some wildlife requires while balancing the need for denser, more closed canopy stands for other wildlife species. Thomas, Craig. “Living with risk: Homeowners face the Article in the Sacramento Bee newspaper regarding the Angora fire and instead of responsibility and challenge of developing defenses against pointing fingers to focus on the real problem, which is surface fuels, brush and trees

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Ringo EIS Appendix C - Response to Science wildfires.” Sacramento Bee newspaper, July 1, 2007. smaller than 16 inches in diameter and that home owners are responsible for http://www.sierraforestlegacy.org/NR_InTheNews/SFLIP_2007-07- defensible spaces around their homes. There is broad consensus on this point from 01_SacramentoBee.php various jurisdictions with the Tahoe Basin. The Ringo fire/fuels managers work with the District Silviculturalist for vegetation treatments prior to prescribe burning to reduce the understory and ladder fuels. They also work with Walker Range Fire Protection District and the Greater LaPine CWPP concerning the Community Wildfire Protection Plans for private subdivisions (there is 664 acres of private land in the Ringo planning area). University of California; SNEP Science Team and Special Consultants Article about fires in the Sierra Nevada’s, the diaries of early explorers detailing the 1996 “Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project: Final Report to Congress” open vs dense dark forest and the indiscriminate burning done by sheepherders that Volume 1, Chapter 4 – Fire and Fuels. would burn anything that would burn. The focus of the Ringo project is on wildlife http://ceres.ca.gov/snep/pubs/web/PDF/v1_ch04.pdf and how to create the large diameter, open stands for habitat certain wildlife requires while balancing the need for denser, more closed canopy stands for other wildlife species by utilizing various vegetation treatments in combination with prescribed fire. Vincent, James W. Ph.D., Daniel A. Hagen, Ph.D., Patrick G. Welle Forest Service supported document. The Multiple -Use Sustained Yield Act of 1960 Ph.D. and Kole Swanser. 1995. Passive-Use Values of Public recognizes not only the cost and benefits but goods and services that may or may not Forestlands: A Survey of the Literature. have a monetary value attached. The Ringo DEIS recognizes this and they are A study conducted on behalf of the U.S. Forest Service. included in the analysis. http://www.icbemp.gov/science/vincent.pdf

Voss, René “Getting Burned by Logging,” July 2002 Article in the Baltimore Chronicle regarding high levels of undergrowth can cause The Baltimore Chronicle severe fire and some hazardous fuels reduction is warranted. However, the http://www.baltimorechronicle.com/firelies_jul02.shtml environmentalists are at odds with the Forest Service saying they are using the guise of fuel s reduction to log old growth mature forests. The focus of the Ringo project is on wildlife and how to create the large diameter, open stands for habitat certain wildlife requires while balancing the need for denser, more closed canopy stands for other wildlife species by utilizing various vegetation treatments in combination with prescribed fire. Wuerthner, George. “Logging, thinning would not curtail wildfires” Guest viewpoint in the Eugene Register in which the author refutes a previous article The Eugene Register-Guard, December 26, 2008 regarding the “unhealthy forest” require more logging. He says that large fires are http://wuerthner.blogspot.com/2008/12/logging-thinning-would-not- driven by climatic conditions high winds, high temperatures, low humidity and curtail.html severe drought, you have the right ingredients for large fires. The fire/fuels managers are well aware of these effects on prescribed fire and consideration has been given in the analysis (Chapter 3, Fire and Fuels).

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Wuerthner, George “Who Will Speak For the Forests?” Blog article on New West.Net detailing his view, “that the role of environmental NewWest, January 27, 2009 organizations is to continuously challenge the assumption that we “need” to log the http://www.newwest.net/topic/article/who_will_speak_for_the_forests/C forest” and advocate responsible behavior and promote recycling to reduce the 564/L564/ “need” for wood products. Ringo resource specialists are well aware of competing needs within the forest and these are addressed the analysis in Chapter 3 of the FEIS Ziemer, Robert R. Ph.D., "Effect of logging on subsurface pipeflow Paper study area is 4.3 miles from the Pacific Ocean in California where three swales and erosion: coastal northern California, USA." Proceedings of the were constructed to measure pipeflow (an engineering term used to describe Chengdu Symposium, July 1992. IAHS Publication. No. 209, 1992 concentrated subsurface erosion). This is not applicable to the Ringo planning area http://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/ziemer/Ziemer92.PDF due to topography, geology, and climate which is vastly different from the dry pumice soil, east-side forest of the Ringo planning area. Crescent Creek is the only perennial water body in the Ringo planning area. The water quality analysis in the Ringo project is limited to Crescent Creek and implementation of identified Best Management Practices (BMPs) and Project Design Features (PDFs) are expected to effectively inhibit the mobilization and transport of increased sedimentation. Best management practices are incorporated in the FEIS to limit and reduce the amount of soil displacement. Additional project design features are in place to designate skid trails and the amount of passes per trail is limited and no heavy equipment on slopes over 30 percent. From an April 16, 2002 letter to President Bush asking him Letter to President Bush on Native Forest Network asking him to stop commercial to stop all logging in the national forests. logging on federal lands and instead invest in “scientifically supported forest http://www.forestwatch.org/content.php?id=108 restoration projects.” Commercial logging destroys wildlife habitat, degrades Note: After the link has been opened, scroll to the bottom and follow the streams, increases fragmentation and reduces ecosystem health. Ringo resource link to “Scientist's No Logging Letter.pdf 64KB” This will show the specialists are well aware of competing needs within the forest and these are complete letter and the signatories. addressed the analysis in Chapter 3 of the FEIS. Partridge, Arthur Ph.D., Statement at a Press Conference with Senator Press conference with U.S. Senator Torricelli regarding deforestation is reducing Robert Torricelli about S. 977 and HR 1376), the Act to Save America’s biodiversity and clear cutting leads to severe ecosystem consequences such as: Forests April 28, 1998, U.S. Capitol erosion, damage to streams, and even age stands could lead to increases in insects http://www.saveamericasforests.org/news/ScientistsStatement.htm and disease. Ringo resource specialists are well aware of competing needs within the forest and these are addressed the analysis in Chapter 3 of the FEIS. Elliot, W.J.; Page-Dumroese, D.; Robichaud, P.R. 1999. The effects of Article on disturbance and the effects on soil erosion and surface water and how they forest management on erosion and soil productivity. affect soil productivity in regards to roads, timber management, harvesting effects, Proceedings of the Symposium on Soil Quality and Erosion nutrient impacts, and fire effects. Ringo resource specialists are well aware of Interaction Keystone, CO, July 7, 1996. Ankeney, IA: Soil and water competing needs within the forest and these are addressed the analysis in Chapter 3 Conservation Society. 16 p. of the FEIS. http://forest.moscowfsl.wsu.edu/smp/docs/docs/Elliot_1-57444-100- 0.html

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Forests Monitor, Environmental Impacts of Logging, 2006 (with Article in Forest Monitor concerning soil erosion in third world countries where photos) current logging is being conducted on steep slopes that are composed of material that http://www.forestsmonitor.org/en/reports/550066/550083 is highly susceptible to erosion, forest fires, impacts to the marine environment, and loss of biodiversity. The Ringo project is

Hansen, Chad, Ph.D., Ending Timber Sales on National Forests: THE Unable to open the http://www.johnmuirproject.org/pdf/Fy-1997-Economic-Report- FACTS (FY ’97) Ending-Timber-Sales.pdf. “The internet site reports that the item you requested Published in the Earth Island Journal, 1999 could not be found.” http://www.johnmuirproject.org/pdf/Fy-1997-Economic-Report-Ending- Timber-Sales.pdf

WUERTHNER, GEORGE, “Why are Conservation Groups Advocating Public opinion article in counterpunch concerning the conservation groups who are Logging Public Forests?” promoting the timber industry by publically supporting the logging in plantations, in Published by Counterpunch, September 27, 2012 already heavily roaded and previously harvested areas, in part, to keep the logging http://www.counterpunch.org/2012/09/27/why-are-conservation-groups- away from roadless and old growth areas and to challenge the flawed assumptions advocating-logging-public-forests/ that guide federal logging.

Stop Drilling and Logging on Federal Lands While the Public is Kept Blog site talking about the current government shutdown (2012) and how the public Out” isn’t allowed into the National Parks but the oil, mineral and timber companies are A petition targeted for Secretary of the Interior Sally Jewel and allowed to continue work. There is a petition letter they encourage people to print, Secretary of Agriculture Tom Vilsack sign and send to Secretary jewel and Secretary Vilsack. This is outside the scope of Posted at FORCECHANGE.COM, 2013 the Ringo project. http://forcechange.com/86223/stop-drilling-and-logging-on-federal- lands-while-the-public-is-kept-out/

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Conservation Groups Look to Hold Forest Service Accountable for This link took us to a Go Daddy add asking if “would you like to buy this domain” or Middle East Fork Logging Plan “Is this your domain? Let’s turn it into a website.” Unable to find the article Published by Lowbagger, April 25, 2006 Conservation Groups Look to Hold Forest Service Accountable for Middle East Fork http://www.lowbagger.org/mideast.html Logging Plan.

Trees Are Our Climate Saviors - So Stop Logging on Public Land Blog concerning climate change and President Obamas actions to address this issue. 02/12/2014 All levels of the government should take action to stop logging on federal lands so The Huffington Post the forests can be utilized as carbon sinks. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/ellen-moyer-phd/trees-are-our-climate- logging_b_4775894.html

Logging Impacts Article that logging in the Sierra Nevada mountains has likely degraded the Published by Sierra Forest Legacy, 2012 ecosystem functions of the forest and will impact the resources: road building, http://www.sierraforestlegacy.org/FC_FireForestEcology/FFE_LoggingI watershed and aquatic environments, soils, disease, invasives, biological diversity, mpacts.php forest structure, wildfire risk, and global warming. Ringo resource specialists are well aware of competing needs within the forest and these are addressed the analysis in Chapter 3 of the FEIS.

Pacific Salmonids: Major Threats and Impacts Article concerning land use changes and activities that can impact the pacific salmon. Published by NOAA fisheries Office of Protecte {sic} Resources, May Washington and Oregon have lost 1/3rd of their wetlands and California has a 91 15, 2014 percent loss of wetlands in the last 200 years. The Ringo planning area is dry east- http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/species/fish/salmon.htm side forest with pumice soils. Crescent Creek is the only perennial water body in the Ringo planning area. There are no Threatened or Endangered fish species in the Ringo project area.

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Global Deforestation Unable to open Published by the University of Michigan, 01/04/2010 http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange2/current/lectures/deforest/def http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange2/current/lectures/ orest.html deforest/deforest.html “The internet site reports that the item you requested could not be found.”

Groups Challenge Industrial Logging of Pristine Wildlife Habitat Press release from the Western law Center where two local Montana conservation Along South Fork Flathead River groups filed a lawsuit against the U. S. Forest Service concerning a proposed logging A Western Environmental Law Center Press Release, 2/28/2012 project that “would jeopardize the area’s wildlife, which is already teetering on the http://www.westernlaw.org/article/groups-challenge-industrial- edge of survival.” logging-pristine-wildlife-habitat-along-south-fork-flathead-rive

Judge Halts Glacier Loon Timber Sale in Swan Valley Newspaper article from Montana where a U.S. District judge blocked a U.S> Forest Published in the Flathead Beacon, Sep 26, 2014 Service timber sale due to a violation of the Endangered Species Act by not http://flatheadbeacon.com/2014/09/26/judge-halts-glacier-loon- following the necessary procedures to protect wolverine, bull trout, and water timber-sale-swan-valley/ howeilla. Within the Ringo planning area wolverine and bull trout are addressed in the analysis in Chapter 3 of the FEIS. Water howellia, a winter annual aquatic plant, are believed to be extirpated in Oregon.

Judge stops 3 Montana logging projects over lynx Newspaper article from Montana where a federal judge blocked three logging By Matt Volz, Associated Press June 26, 2013 projects “saying the U.S. government did not properly examine effect might have on http://news.yahoo.com/judge-stops-3-montana-logging-141919567.html lynx and the threatened animal’s habitat.” In Ringo, resource specialists have addressed all appropriate TES species within the planning area and these are addressed the analysis in Chapter 3 of the FEIS.

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Judge blocks Klamath logging plan Media article from 2004 where a federal judge blocked the U.S. Forest Service from By Don Thompson,Associated Press logging in Siskiyou County, California as he said the FS should have done a better October 16, 2004 job in its analysis on N. Spotted owl habitat. The Ringo project has a robust analysis http://www.wildcalifornia.org/media/epic-in-the-news/judge-blocks- of Northern Spotted owl and its critical habitat in Chapter 3 of the FEIS. klamath-logging-plan/

Hansen, Chad Ph.D., The Big Lie: Logging and Forest Fires Opinion article that commercial logging causes catastrophic wildfires and that Published by the Earth Island Journal, spring 2000 issue massive clearcuts through old-growth forests and roadless areas- are planned, http://yeoldeconsciousnessshoppe.com/art6.html prepared, and cut under the guise of the Forest Stewardship program, ostensibly to “reduce fire risk.” For the Ringo project the type of contract to be utilized has not been determined at this time and it is beyond the scope of this project. Resource specialists have addressed fire/fuels, silviculture, area without roads, and old growth within the planning area and refer to the full analysis in Chapter 3 of the FEIS.

Mr. Artleys Attachment # 4- Roads Damage the Proper Ecological Functioning of the Natural Resources in a Forest Al-jabber, Jabber M. 2003 “Habitat Fragmentation: Effects and Article on fragmentation and edge effects which are well known and taken into Implications” account in the Ringo FEIS not only in regards to roads, but also wildlife. There are http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/a/Documents/Habitat%20Fragmentation%20Eff no permanent system roads being proposed and the temporary road construction will ects%20and%20Implication.pdf be decompacted (usually subsoiled) upon completion of harvest activities.

Amaranthus, Mike P. Ph.D., Raymond M. Rice Ph.D., N. R. Barr This study was of debris slides in the Klamath Mountains in which 3/4 of the slides and R. R. Ziemer Ph.D. "Logging and forest roads related to were found on steep slopes (over 70 percent) and half on the lower third of slopes. increased debris slides in southwestern Oregon." The Klamath Mountains topography, geology, and climate is vastly different from Journal of Forestry Vol. 83, No. 4. 1985. the Ringo planning area (east-side Cascade range) where approximately 93 percent of http://www.humboldt.edu/~rrz7001/pubs/Ziemer85.PDF the planning area is less than 30 percent slope on landforms that aren't prone to landslides. “Applying Ecological Principles to Management of the U.S. National This report outlines key ecological considerations that should underlie sound forest Forests” Issues in Ecology Number 6 Spring 2000 management as listed by the panel. The quote from the commenter re: Road http://www.watertalk.org/wawa/ecosci.html Construction Opposing View 3 could not be located in this report.

Borga, M., F. Tonelli, G. Dalla Fontana and F. Cazorzi Abstract only. Commenter has quoted “Plot-level studies have demonstrated the “Evaluating the Effects of Forest Roads on Shallow Landsliding” ability of forest roads to intercept and route both subsurface and surface overland Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol. 5, 13312, 2003 flow more efficiently to the stream network.” Crescent Creek is the only perennial http://www.cosis.net/abstracts/EAE03/13312/EAE03-J-13312.pdf water body in the Ringo planning area. The water quality analysis in the Ringo project is limited to Crescent Creek and implementation of identified Best Management Practices (BMPs) and Project Design Features (PDFs) are expected to

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effectively inhibit the mobilization and transport of increased sedimentation. Best management practices are incorporated in the FEIS to limit and reduce the amount of soil displacement. Additional project design features are in place to designate skid trails and the amount of passes per trail is limited and no heavy equipment on slopes over 30 percent. Bowling, L.C., D. P. Lettenmaier, M. S. Wigmosta and W. A. Perkins Poster- Again the focus is on roads and impacts from them on streams. Crescent “Predicting the Effects of Forest Roads on Streamflow using a Creek is the only perennial water body in the Ringo planning area. The water quality Distributed Hydrological Model” from a poster presented at the fall analysis in the Ringo project is limited to Crescent Creek and implementation of meeting of the American Geophysica Union, San Francisco, CA, identified Best Management Practices (BMPs) and Project Design Features (PDFs) December 1996. are expected to effectively inhibit the mobilization and transport of increased http://www.ce.washington.edu/~lxb/poster.html sedimentation. Best management practices are incorporated in the FEIS to limit and reduce the amount of soil displacement. Additional project design features are in place to designate skid trails and the amount of passes per trail is limited and no heavy equipment on slopes over 30 percent. Dr. Seth Reice is Associate Professor of Biology in the Department of Press Conference to support a bill in Congress that would ban clearcutting, restores Biology and Curriculum in Ecology, University of North Carolina. areas by allowing regeneration of native species, and prohibiting further road From Press Conference with Senator Robert Torricelli, April 28, construction in core areas of biodiversity. The focus of the Ringo project is to 1998, U.S. Capitol regarding the proposed Act to Save America’s balance the priority ecosystem services values. Resource specialists have addressed Forests (S. 977, HR 1376) transportation/roads, silviculture, and botany within the planning area. Please refer to the full analysis in Chapter 3 of the FEIS. Forest Service Roads: A Synthesis of Scientific Information, June, Forest Service Synthesis paper concerning roads and the benefits and impacts roads 2000 have on the forest. Ringo resource specialists are well aware of competing needs within the forest and how roads play a part and these are addressed the analysis in Edited by: Hermann Gucinski, Pacific Northwest Research Station Chapter 3 of the FEIS. Corvallis, OR.; Michael J. Furniss, Rocky Mtn Res. Station, Stream SystemsTechnology Center, Fort Collins, CO.; Robert R. Ziemer, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Arcata, CA.; Martha H. Brookes, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland https://www.fs.fed.us/eng/road_mgt/science.pdf

Brister, Daniel. "A Review and Comment on: Forest Service Roads: Opinion on USFS report. The focus is on the relationships between roads and A Synthesis of Scientific Information, 2nd Draft, USDA Forest sedimentation in streams. Crescent Creek is the only perennial water body in the Service." Ringo planning area. The water quality analysis in the Ringo project is limited to December 1998. Crescent Creek and implementation of identified Best Management Practices (BMPs) http://www.wildlandscpr.org/forest-service-roads-synthesis-scientific- and Project Design Features (PDFs) are expected to effectively inhibit the information-socio-economic-impacts mobilization and transport of increased sedimentation. Best management practices are incorporated in the FEIS to limit and reduce the amount of soil displacement. Additional project design features are in place to designate skid trails and the amount of passes per trail is limited and no heavy equipment on slopes over 30 percent.

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Bunnell, Fred L. Ph.D., Kelly A. Squires and Isabelle Houde. 2004 This paper is on salvage logging in Canada to recover potential revenue that is lost as "Evaluating effects of large-scale salvage logging for mountain trees (mostly lodgepole) die and may slow the spread of beetles to other areas and the pine beetle on terrestrial and aquatic vertebrates." effects of salvage logging on vertebrates. The Ringo project is not a salvage Mountain Pine Beetle Initiative Working Paper 1. Canadian Forest operation. Crescent Creek, in the southern portion of the planning area, is the only Service. perennial water body in the Ringo planning area thus this paper is not applicable to http://warehouse.pfc.forestry.ca/pfc/25154.pdf the Ringo project area.

Burns, James W., "Some Effects of Logging and Associated Road This paper from 1972 discussing effects of logging and road building on four Construction on Northern California Streams." Transactions of the California salmonid streams is based on the west side of the Cascade Mountain range American Fisheries Society, Volume 1, Number 1, January 1972. where climate and topography is different from the dry, east-side forest where the http://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/4351/Burns72.pdf Ringo project is located. Crescent Creek is the only perennial water body in the Ringo planning area. The water quality analysis in the Ringo project is limited to Crescent Creek and implementation of identified Best Management Practices (BMPs) and Project Design Features (PDFs) are expected to effectively inhibit the mobilization and transport of increased sedimentation. Best management practices are incorporated in the FEIS to limit and reduce the amount of soil displacement. Brown, George W. Ph.D., The Impact of Timber Harvest on Soil and Paper that describes how generalizations about the impact of timber harvest are Water Resources difficult and should be looked at site by site, and that changing one part may affect Dr. BROWN is the Forest Hydrologist, School of Forestry, Oregon State another. Ringo resource specialists are well aware of competing needs within the University forest and these are addressed the analysis in Chapter 3 of the FEIS. http://andrewsforest.oregonstate.edu/pubs/pdf/pub1695.pdf

From Forest Roads and Sediment Project Research paper but only the summary is online. It details that forested watersheds PROJECT DURATION:1 January 2011 to 30 November 2019 typically release clean water but roads and trails can drastically impact water quality. Published by Virginia Tech University They would like to utilize a Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) model to try By W. Mike Aust,Ph.D., Kevin McGuire, Ph.D., M. Chad Bolding, and predict Forest Service road sedimentation production. Ringo resource specialists Ph.D. and Scott Barrett, Ph.D. are well aware of water quality and roads and that these are addressed the analysis in http://hydro.vwrrc.vt.edu/research/projects/forest-roads-and-sediment- Chapter 3 of the FEIS. In addition, identified Best Management Practices (BMPs) project/ and Project Design Features (PDFs) are expected to effectively inhibit the mobilization and transport of increased sedimentation. Best management practices are incorporated in the FEIS to limit and reduce the amount of soil displacement. Dombeck, Mike Ph.D., US Forest Service Chief, 1997-2001 Letter from Chief, communication between employees regarding the concern about Remarks made to Forest Service employees and retirees roads on the environment. The Ringo project recognizes the impacts of road building at the University of Montana. February 1998. and proposes no new permanent road construction. The impacts of temporary road https://www.uwsp.edu/cnr/gem/Dombeck/MDSpeeches/CD%20COPY/ construction are discussed in the Soils, Wildlife, Aquatics, and Transportation Chief%20Mike%20Dombeck%27s%20Remarks%20to%20Forest%20S sections of the FEIS. ervice%20Employees%20and%20.htm

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EPA entry into the Federal Register: March 3, 2000 (Volume 65, The Ringo DEIS plans to mitigate the effects of proposed temporary roads. At the Number 43) Page 11675, "National Forest System Road completion of harvest activities any temporary roads constructed will be barricaded Management." and restored by decompaction to facilitate their return to vegetative productivity. http://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-GENERAL/2000/March/Day- 03/g5002.htm

“Forest Fragmentation and Roads” USDA paper on fragmentation. These effects are documented and addressed in the Eastern Forest Environmental Threat Assessment Center specialist reports in the DEIS (see Wildlife for Big Game, Botany for Invasive U.S. Forest Service - Southern Research Station Species, Transportation and Fisheries and Aquatics for roads). http://www.forestthreats.org/publications/su-srs-018/fragmentation

Forman, Richard T. and Lauren E. Alexander “Roads and Quote is abstract from paper. This paper is a comparison of The Netherlands, their Major Ecological Effects” Annual Review of Ecology Australia, and the United States on roads and their effects. The Ringo project has no and Systematics, Vol. 29: 207-231, November 1998 proposed permanent system road construction and all proposed temporary roads will http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.29. be decompacted upon completion of harvest activities. 1.207?cookieSet=1&journalCode=ecolsys.1

Franklin, Jerry Ph.D., David Perry Ph.D., Reed Noss Ph.D., David Paper. Commenter reiterates two of the many questions that the panel specified Montgomery Ph.D. and Christopher Frissell Ph.D. 2000. "Simplified under "III. Considerations for Ecosystem-based Management Approaches" suggests Forest Management to Achieve Watershed and Forest Health: A as a checklist of important considerations that should be included in fashioning Critique." A National Wildlife Federation publication sponsored by the and/or evaluating an ecosystem-based management plan. Bullitt Foundation http://www.coastrange.org/documents/forestreport.pdf

Frey, David “Logging Won’t Halt Beetles, Fire, Report Says” David Frey is writing about another report authored by Noon, Black and DellaSalla NewWest.net, 3-03-10 which states that climate is the leading driver of fire not beetle kill and that thinning http://www.newwest.net/topic/article/logging_wont_halt_beetles_fire_re should be focused on Wildland Urban Interface. A quote by Frey is that cutting port_says/C41/L41/ roads into current roadless areas could bring harm to wildlife, soils and fisheries. The original report was not referenced or linked so could not review the original article. There are no inventoried roadless areas within the Ringo Project area. There are unroaded areas and the effects of treatments have been disclosed in the Unroaded section of the FEIS. No permanent roads would be built with the project.

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Furniss, Michael J., Michael Love Ph.D. and Sam A. Flanagan Commenter quoted the Introduction of this paper in regards to stream crossings of "Diversion Potential at Road-Stream Crossings." USDA Forest roads. Crescent Creek is the only perennial water body in the Ringo planning area. Service. 9777 1814—SDTDC. December 1997. The two Forest Service crossings of Crescent Creek in the project area are on paved http://www.stream.fs.fed.us/water-road/w-r-pdf/diversionpntl.pdf roads thus water quality analysis in the Ringo project is limited to Crescent Creek. Implementation of identified Best Management Practices (BMPs) and Project Design Features (PDFs) are expected to effectively inhibit the mobilization and transport of increased sedimentation, if any temporary roads are built in proximity to the Creek. Gable, Eryn “Battling beetles may not reduce fore risks – report” Paper. The commenter has quoted Barry Noon. This opinion piece is on tree Land Letter, March 4, 2010 thinning and logging across millions of acres of Western lodgepole pine and spruce- http://www.xerces.org/2010/03/04/battling-beetles-may-not-reduce-fire- fir, and suggests that it is unlikely to reduce fire risk or alleviate future large-scale risks-report/ epidemics of bark beetles and that limited funds should be used for WUIs. The current presence of and proposed susceptibility to bark beetles under the Ringo project alternatives is disclosed in Chapter 3 (Forested Vegetation). Grace, Johnny M. III Ph.D. 2003. "Minimizing the impacts of the This study is by the USDA Forest Service Southern Research Station on four forest road system." In: Proceedings of the conference 34 international different alternatives for filtering sediment laden road run-off before it reaches the erosion control association; ISSN 1092-2806. [Place of publication forest floor in Alabama. It studied vegetation, riprap, sediment fence, and settling unknown]: International Erosion Control Association: 301-310. basins. http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/ja/ja_grace011.pdf There are no permanent system road construction proposed and Crescent Creek is the only perennial water body in the Ringo planning area. The water quality analysis in the Ringo project is limited to Crescent Creek and implementation of identified Best Management Practices (BMPs) and Project Design Features (PDFs) are expected to effectively inhibit the mobilization and transport of increased sedimentation. Best management practices are incorporated in the FEIS to limit and reduce the amount of soil displacement. Gucinski, Hermann Ph.D., Michael J. Furniss, Robert R. Ziemer Ph.D. This synthesis goes through a wide variety of beneficial and detrimental effects of and Martha H. Brookes, Editors. 2001. "Forest Roads: A Synthesis of roads on social-economic, wildlife, aquatics, landscape scale and a general Scientific Information." USDA Forest Service, General Technical consideration of road networks. From the paper: "Roads are a vital component of Report PNW-GTR-509. civilization. They provide access for people to study, enjoy, and commune with http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr509.pdf forested wildlands and to extract an array of resources from natural and modified ecosystems." Ringo has no proposed permanent road construction. Hann, W.J. et al. 1997. Landscape dynamics of the Basin. Pp. 337- Not the full document. (Abstract only, preface, Science team members, volume 1,055 in: Quigley, T.M. and S.J. Arbelbide (eds.) contents and acknowledgements). A quote from the abstract states “As compared to An Assessment of Ecosystem Components in the Interior Columbia historic conditions, the terrestrial, aquatic, forest, and rangeland systems have Basin and Portions of the Klamath undergone dramatic changes. Forested landscapes are more susceptible to fire, insect, and Great Basins: Volume II. USDA Forest Service, PNW-GTR-405 and disease than under historic conditions.” The Ringo Project endorses this type of http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr405/pnw_gtr405aa.pdf management and the purpose and need strives to return the area to a more fire dependent system normally found under historical conditions.

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Haskell, David G. Ph.D. 1999 “Effects of Forest Roads on Commenter quote is summary from paper. This paper is the study of whether roads Macroinvertebrate Soil Fauna of the Southern Appalachian affect the abundance and richness of macroinvertebrate fauna in the soil leaf litter in Mountains” the Southern Appalachian Mountains. The Southern Appalachian Mountains http://www.jstor.org/stable/2641904 topography, geology, and climate is vastly different from the Ringo planning area (Cascade range), thus this paper is not applicable to the Ringo project area. Hawbaker, Todd J. Ph.D., Volker C. Radeloff Ph.D., Commenter quote is the beginning of the papers summary. This paper mapped roads Murray K. Clayton Ph.D., Roger B. Hammer Ph.D., and Charlotte E. in northern Wisconsin from aerial photographs between 1937 to 1999 to improve the Gonzalez-Abraham Ph.D. “Road Development, Housing Growth, and understanding of the dynamics of road networks over time and their effects on Landscape Fragmentation In Northern Wisconsin: 1937–1999” landscape patterns, and to identify significant relationships between road changes and Ecological Applications: Vol. 16, No. 3, pp. 1222-1237. other land-use changes. There is no proposed permanent system road construction http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/1051- for the Ringo project and the only housing area is on private land that partially 0761%282006%29016%5B1222%3ARDHGAL%5D2.0.CO%3B2?jour overlaps (10 acres) the planning area. nalCode=ecap

Ivins, Molly Creators Syndicate, August 3 1997 08 03 Article with the viewpoint that the Forest Service is logging in inappropriate steeper http://www.creators.com/opinion/molly-ivins/molly-ivins-august-3- slopes with landslides occurring as a result of logging and road building. The Ringo 1997-08-03.html Project is not proposing any logging on slope over 30%, not proposing at permanent road construction and the project area has only one perennial stream, Crescent Creek. Jones, Julia A. Ph.D., Frederick J. Swanson Ph.D. This paper looks at the effects of road networks on stream and riparian networks in Beverley C. Wemple Ph.D., and Kai U. Snyder. "Effects of steep mountain watersheds, with high precipitation, forest cover, and road networks, roads on hydrology, geomorphology, and disturbance principally the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest on the western slopes of the patches in stream networks." Conservation Biology 14, No. 1. 2000. Oregon Cascades. Topography, geology, and climate is vastly different from the dry http://www.jstor.org/stable/2641906 east-side forest of the Ringo planning area. Crescent Creek is the only perennial water body in the Ringo planning area. The water quality analysis in the Ringo project is limited to Crescent Creek and implementation of identified Best Management Practices (BMPs) and Project Design Features (PDFs) are expected to effectively inhibit the mobilization and transport of increased sedimentation. Best management practices are incorporated in the FEIS to limit and reduce the amount of soil displacement. Kahklen, Keith. "A Method for Measuring Sediment Production This objective of this paper is to provide a method of measuring sediment production from Forest Roads." Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA from roads and sediment transportation from roads to small streams. Crescent Creek Forest Service. Research note PNW-RN-529, April 2001. is the only perennial water body in the Ringo planning area. The water quality http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/rn529.pdf analysis in the Ringo project is limited to Crescent Creek and implementation of identified Best Management Practices (BMPs) and Project Design Features (PDFs) are expected to effectively inhibit the mobilization and transport of increased sedimentation. Best management practices are incorporated in the FEIS to limit and reduce the amount of soil displacement.

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Karr, James R. Ph.D., Christopher A. Frissell Ph.D., Jonathan J. Letter about the Beschta report (not peer-reviewed science) and why the Rhodes, David L. Perry Ph.D. and G. Wayne Minshall Ph.D. Subcommittee on Forests and Forest Health should abide by it anyway. The Beschta Excerpt from a letter to the Subcommittee on Forests & Forest report focuses on the impacts to the environment from road construction and timber Health harvest associated with salvage harvest. The Ringo Project is not in a wildfire area U.S. House of Representatives. 3 July, 2002. and is not proposing any salvage. There is no permanent road construction proposed http://www.nativeforest.org/campaigns/wildfire_info_center/letter_from and Crescent Creek is the only perennial stream or waterbody within the project area. _beschta.htm Lawren, Bill 1992 “Singing the Blues for Songbirds: Bird Article on decline of songbirds in Connecticut and along the eastern seaboard due to lovers lament as experts ponder the decline of dozens of forest species” forest fragmentation. The effects of the Ringo Project on migratory birds has been National Wildlife addressed in the Wildlife section of the FEIS, specifically in the Birds of http://www.nwf.org/News-and-Magazines/National- Conservation Concern section. Wildlife/Birds/Archives/1992/Singing-the-Blues-for-Songbirds.aspx Lowe, Kimberly Ph.D.,"Restoring Forest Roads." Publication that discusses the restoration of roads and different methods to restore a A Northern Arizona University Ecological Restoration Institute road. The Ringo project does not construct any new permanent roads and temporary publication Working Paper 12. June, 2005. roads will be rehabilitated, with subsoiling or other methods to restore conditions to a http://www.eri.nau.edu/en/information-for-practitioners/restoring-forest- more productive state after harvest is completed. roads Luce, Charles H. Ph.D., 2002. "Hydrological processes and This paper addresses cutslope surfaces and road hydrology and the need for more pathways affected by forest roads: what do we still need to learn?" research. The researcher says that a great deal of literature on forest roads focuses on Hydrologic Processes: 16, 2901–2904. road tread and the impervious nature of it and we should look at better ways to http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/boise/teams/soils/Publications/Luce%202002% decompact them after use. The Ringo area has one perennial or fish bearing water 20HP.pdf body [Crescent Creek], no proposed permanent road construction, and all proposed temporary roads will be decompacted upon completion of harvest activities. Maholland, Becky and Thomas F. Bullard Ph.D., "Sediment-Related Commenter quote is the second paragraph of the abstract from a Master Thesis. Road Effects on Stream Channel Networks in an Eastern Sierra Squaw Creek, CA is 303(d) impaired for high sediment production and turbidity. Nevada Watershed." Journal of the Nevada Water Resources Roads are an acknowledged source of stream sedimentation. The Ringo project area Association, Volume 2, Number 2, Fall 2005. is a dry east-side forest with pumice soils. There is no proposed permanent road http://www.nvwra.org/docs/journal/vol_2_no_2/NWRAjournal_fall2005 construction. Crescent Creek is the only perennial water body in the project area and _article4.pdf is 303(d) listed for exceeding temperature standards and there is a detailed analysis in the Aquatics section in Chapter 3 of the FEIS.

Malecki, Ron W. “A New Way to Look at Forest Roads: the Article from a gentleman who developed a Road Hydrologic Impact Rating System Road Hydrologic Impact Rating System (RHIR)” (RHIR) to assess the impacts of roads in an area. The model also can be used to The Road-RIPorter, Autumn Equinox, 2006 identify roads that are contributing to impacts in the watershed and should be http://www.wildlandscpr.org/files/uploads/RIPorter/rr_v11-3.pdf targeted for rehabilitation or decommissioning. The Ringo Project proposes no new permanent road construction. Temporary roads constructed will be rehabilitated after use. The impacts of roads in the area have been discussed in the Soils, Aquatics, Wildlife, and Transportation sections of the FEIS.

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McCashion, J. D. and R. M. Rice Ph.D. 1983. "Erosion on logging Comment is the abstract. This is an old paper on roads where type of road and road roads in northwestern California: How much is avoidable?" location play a large part in road-related erosion. Best Management Practices and Journal of Forestry 8(1): 23-26. updated technology are utilized today to help locate roads in a suitable and http://www.fs.fed.us/psw/rsl/projects/water/McCashion.pdf sustainable location where needed. There is no permanent road construction proposed in the Ringo Project area. McFero III, Grace, J. "Sediment Plume Development from Presentation written for 2004 ASAE/CSAE Annual International Meeting in Canada. Forest Roads: How are they related to Filter Strip It is about utilizing turn-outs, and turnout spacing along the road length, and Best Recommendations?" An ASAE/CSAE Meeting Presentation, Paper Management Practices (BMPs) to help control sediment movement and resulting Number: 045015, August 1-4, 2004. sediment plumes from the road system. There is no proposed permanent road http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/ja/ja_grace017.pdf construction in the Ringo Project area.

McGarigal, Kevin Ph.D., William H. Romme Ph.D. This study was conducted to determine to what extent logging activities and road Michele Crist Ph.D.and Ed Roworth Ph.D. “Cumulative effects of building have changed the overall landscape structure, especially patch structure in roads and logging on landscape structure in the San Juan mature forests at elevations over 7,874 feet. If the analysis was done in suitable Mountains, Colorado (USA)” timberlands then the number of patches increased but the overall size decreased as Landscape Ecology, Volume 16, Number 4 / May, 2001 the result from timber harvest and road building activities than the landscape as a http://www.springerlink.com/content/w12557624742tv77/ whole. If all the study area land was included then only small changes in landscape structure was noted. In the Ringo project area there is no proposed permanent road construction. McLellan, Bruce N. “Relationships between Human This paper is about grizzly bears and the relationship between roads, their use of Industrial Activity and Grizzly Bears” Bears: Their Biology and habitat close to roads, and how timber harvest may alter their habitat, especially in Management, Vol. 8 International Conference on Bear Research and remote areas. There are no known grizzly bears, nor is there any grizzly bear habitat Management February 1989 (1990), pp. 57-64 in the Ringo project area. http://www.bearbiology.com/fileadmin/tpl/Downloads/URSUS/Vol_8/ McClellan_8.pdf

Megahan, Walter F. Ph.D. “Predicting Road Surface Erosion from Article for the 2003 Seattle Geological Society of America discussing the Forest Roads in Washington State” from a presentation presented at Washington Road Surface Erosion Model and its associated database. The emphasis the 2003 Geological Society of America meeting. is on the relationship between roads as a source of sediment in the area. http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2003AM/finalprogram/abstract_67686.htm There is no permanent road construction proposed and Crescent Creek is the only perennial stream or waterbody within the project area. Implementation of identified Best Management Practices (BMPs) and Project Design Features (PDFs) are expected to effectively inhibit the mobilization and transport of increased sedimentation. Best management practices are incorporated in the FEIS to limit and reduce the amount of soil displacement.

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Montgomery, David Ph.D., Statement at a Press Conference with Statement on clearcutting and stopping this destructive practice along with the Senator Robert Torricelli about S. 977 and HR 1376), the Act to Save adverse effects of roads in the watershed. There is no permanent road construction America’s Forests April 28, 1998, U.S. Capitol proposed and Crescent Creek is the only perennial stream or waterbody within the http://www.saveamericasforests.org/news/ScientistsStatement.htm project area. Implementation of identified Best Management Practices (BMPs) and Project Design Features (PDFs) are expected to effectively inhibit the mobilization and transport of increased sedimentation. Best management practices are incorporated in the FEIS to limit and reduce the amount of soil displacement.

Noss, Reed F., Ph.D. 1995. “The Ecological Effects of Roads Article regarding the impacts of roads on wildlife. There is no permanent road or the Road to Destruction” Wildlands CPR construction proposed with the Ringo Project. The Wildlife section in the FEIS http://www.wildlandscpr.org/ecological-effects-roads discusses the existing condition and habitat effectiveness of the area considering the current density of roads.

Ortega, Yvette K.; Capen, David E. 1999. “Effects of forest Commenter quoted the abstract. The Ovenbird is a Neotropical migrant that prefers roads on habitat quality for Ovenbirds in a forested landscape” deciduous/conifer (maple, basswood, pine forests) closed canopy forests in the east Auk. 116(4): 937-946. and is a rare vagrant west of the Rockies (NatureServe 2012). http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs_other/rmrs_1999_ortega_y001.html

Reed, R.A., Johnson-Barnard, J., and Baker, W.A. 1996. "Contribution Paper on how roads and logging contribute to fragmentation by dissecting large of Roads to Forest Fragmentation in the Rocky Mountains." patches into smaller ones creating more edge effects. There is no permanent road Conservation Biology 10: 1098-1106. construction proposed with the Ringo Project. The Wildlife section in the FEIS http://cpluhna.nau.edu/Research/contribution_of_roads_to_forest_.htm discusses the existing condition and habitat effectiveness of the area considering the current density of roads.

Reid, L. M. Ph.D. and T. Dunne (1984), “Sediment Production from Commenter quoted the abstract. This paper is on road surface erosion and how much Forest Road Surfaces,” Water Resour. Res., 20(11), 1753–1761. is actually from the roadbed itself, how much is from other sources, and how http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/1984/WR020i011p01753.shtml important is this road surface source in comparison/relation to those other sources in western Washington. Topography, climate, and geology are different in western WA than the dry east-side forest of central Oregon. There is no permanent road construction proposed and Crescent Creek is the only perennial stream or waterbody within the project area. Implementation of identified Best Management Practices (BMPs) and Project Design Features (PDFs) are expected to effectively inhibit the mobilization and transport of increased sedimentation. Best management practices are incorporated in the FEIS to limit and reduce the amount of soil displacement.

Reid, Leslie M. Ph.D., Robert R. Ziemer Ph.D., and Michael J. Furniss Paper on roads being the 'backbone' of society, the problems associated with roads 1994. "What do we know about Roads?" USDA Forest Service. and options for roads (restricted use, closing). The paper discusses the relationship http://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/reid/4Roads.htm between roads and sedimentation. There is no permanent road construction proposed and Crescent Creek is the only perennial stream or waterbody within the project area.

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Implementation of identified Best Management Practices (BMPs) and Project Design Features (PDFs) are expected to effectively inhibit the mobilization and transport of increased sedimentation. Best management practices are incorporated in the FEIS to limit and reduce the amount of soil displacement.

Rice, Raymond M. Ph.D., Forest B. Tilley and Patricia A. Datzman. This paper is on the effects of roads and logging in a pair of watersheds- one was 1979. "Watershed's Response to Logging and Roads: South Fork logged and one was left alone as a control. Streamflow and sedimentation was of Caspar Creek, California, 1967-1976." measured over several years and analyzed separately. There is no permanent road USDA Forest Service, Research Paper PSW-146. construction proposed and Crescent Creek is the only perennial stream or waterbody http://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/rice/Rice79.pdf within the project area. Implementation of identified Best Management Practices (BMPs) and Project Design Features (PDFs) are expected to effectively inhibit the mobilization and transport of increased sedimentation. Best management practices are incorporated in the FEIS to limit and reduce the amount of soil displacement.

Riedel, Mark S. Ph.D. and James M. Vose Ph.D., "Forest Road This paper's study area is in southern Tennessee and northern Georgia looking at a Erosion, Sediment Transport and Model Validation in the Southern major river (supplies drinking water, being considered for Wild and Scenic status) Appalachians." Presented at the Second Federal Interagency where the researchers are working with an erosion model (Sediment Tool) to help Hydrologic Modeling Conference, July 28 – August 1, 2002. prioritize road improvement projects by looking at severity of sediment erosion and http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/ja/ja_riedel002.pdf transport, sediment impacts on water quality, road usage, and potential effectiveness of restoration. There is no permanent road construction proposed and Crescent Creek is the only perennial stream or waterbody within the project area. Implementation of identified Best Management Practices (BMPs) and Project Design Features (PDFs) are expected to effectively inhibit the mobilization and transport of increased sedimentation. Best management practices are incorporated in the FEIS to limit and reduce the amount of soil displacement.

Rowland, M. M., M. J. Wisdom, B. K. Johnson, and M. A. Penninger This article discusses the relationship between roads and habitat effectiveness for 2005. “Effects of Roads on Elk: Implications for Management in wildlife species. The effects of roads on elk and mule deer from the Ringo project Forested Ecosystems.” Pages 42-52 in Wisdom, M. J., technical editor, are disclosed in Chapter 3 (Wildlife-Big Game) of the EIS. The Starkey Project: a synthesis of long-term studies of elk and mule deer. Reprinted from the 2004 Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference, Alliance Communications Group. http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/journals/pnw_2004_rowland001.pdf

Schwartz, Chuck Ph.D. - March 1998 “Wildlife and Roads” Article in newsletter on road construction and wildlife, specifically grizzly bears. The Interagency Forest Ecology Study Team (INFEST) newsletter There are no known grizzly bears, nor is there any grizzly bear habitat in the Ringo http://www.sf.adfg.state.ak.us/sarr/forestecology/fsroads.cfm project area. There is no proposed permanent road construction in the project area.

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Ringo EIS Appendix C - Response to Science

Shanley, James B. and BeverleyWemple Ph.D. This research is on mountain stream hydrology and the importance/vulnerability to “Water Quantity and Quality in the Mountain Environment” mountain development (ski areas, resorts) due to harsh environment for vegetation, Vermont Law Review, Vol. 26:717, 2002 thin soils, and high snowfall. The Ringo project area is a dry east-side forest with http://www.uvm.edu/~bwemple/pubs/shanley_wemple_law.pdf pumice soils at the edge of the high desert. There is no permanent road construction proposed and Crescent Creek is the only perennial stream or waterbody within the project area. Implementation of identified Best Management Practices (BMPs) and Project Design Features (PDFs) are expected to effectively inhibit the mobilization and transport of increased sedimentation. Best management practices are incorporated in the FEIS to limit and reduce the amount of soil displacement.

Swift Jr., L. W. "Soil losses from roadbeds and cut and fill This paper looks at location of the road, road width, cutslope, and number of vehicle slopes in the Southern Appalachian Mountains." trips on the road in relation to soil loss. It also examines whether grass along the Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 8: 209-216. 1984. slopes or a light layer of gravel in the roadbed gravel would affect soil loss. There is http://cwt33.ecology.uga.edu/publications/403.pdf no permanent road construction proposed and Crescent Creek is the only perennial stream or waterbody within the project area. Implementation of identified Best Management Practices (BMPs) and Project Design Features (PDFs) are expected to effectively inhibit the mobilization and transport of increased sedimentation. Best management practices are incorporated in the FEIS to limit and reduce the amount of soil displacement.

Switalski, Adam “Where Have All the Songbirds Gone? Article on why the author thinks the Neotropical songbirds are declining. The effects Roads, Fragmentation, and the Decline of Neotropical Migratory of the Ringo Project on migratory birds, including song birds, have been addressed in Songbirds” Wildlands CPR, September 8, 2003 the Wildlife section of the FEIS, specifically in the Birds of Conservation Concern http://www.wildlandscpr.org/node/213 section.

Trombulak, Stephen C. Ph.D. and Christopher A. Frissell Ph.D. Commenter quoted the abstract. This paper is on road construction during the past “Review of Ecological Effects of Roads on Terrestrial and Aquatic century and how it is the most widespread form of natural landscape modification. Communities” Conservation Biology, Volume 14, No. 1, Pages 18–30, This, in turn, modifies animal behavior, increases mortality from road kill and alters February 2000 habitat and how road maintenance contributes to an increase in chemicals being http://www.transwildalliance.org/resources/200922144524.pdf added to the environment. There is no proposed permanent road construction in the Ringo Project area and animal behavior with respect to roads is documented in the Wildlife section of the DEIS. Watson, Mark L. "Habitat Fragmentation and the Effects of Roads Literature review on habitat fragmentation and road construction. The effects of on Wildlife and Habitats." Background and Literature Review 2005. roads on elk and mule deer from the Ringo project are disclosed in Chapter 3 http://www.wildlife.state.nm.us/conservation/habitat_handbook/docume (Wildlife-Big Game) of the EIS. nts/2004EffectsofRoadsonWil dlifeandHabitats.pdf

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Ringo EIS Appendix C - Response to Science

Wisdom, Michael J., Richard S. Holthausen Ph.D., Barbara C. Wales Roads/road density and wildlife are discussed in the following sections in the Ringo Ph.D., Christina D. Hargis Ph.D., Victoria A. Saab Ph.D., Danny C. Lee DEIS; For marten and goshawk see Wildlife MIS; for fisher see Wildlife-TES, for Ph.D., Wendel J. Hann Ph.D. Terrell D. Rich, Mary M. Rowland, flammulated owls see Wildlife- BCC. Wally J. Murphy, and Michelle R. Eames "Source Habitats for Terrestrial Vertebrates of Focus in the Interior Columbia Basin: Broad-Scale Trends and Management Implications Volume 2 – Group Level Results." USDA Forest Service, PNW-GTR- 485, May 2000. http://maps.wildrockies.org/ecosystem_defense/Science_Documents/Wi sdom_et_al_2000/Vol_2a.pdf Wright, Bronwen, Policy Analyst and Attorney Pacific Rivers Council Letter to Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest re: Motorized Vehicle Use Draft Excerpt from a May 11, 2009 letter to the Rogue River-Siskiyou Environmental Impact Statement concerning the amount of open roads and the National Forest Travel Management Team effects of those roads on that Forest. The Ringo DEIS is re-designating seven roads http://www.pacificrivers.org/protection-defense/comment- in three subwatersheds to better align the system roads with the road use and allow letters/Rogue%20River%20Siskiyou%20TMP%20DEIS.pdf for emergency egress route to a private sub-division. Overall there would be an increase in open ML2 roads of 0.06 miles in the Ringo project area.

Wuerthner, George 2008 “Ecological Differences Comments on a blog website. The commenter suggests a relationship between roads between Logging and Wildfire” and fragmented habitat. Additionally, roads can be a vector for invasives species http://wuerthner.blogspot.com/2008/12/ecological-differences-between- spread. The Ringo Project discloses the impacts of the project on wildlife habitat, logging.html including fragmentation in the Wildlife section of the FEIS. The project also includes invasive plant prevention practices to keep invasive species from being introduced into the project area (Chapter 3 of FEIS). Currently the project area only has a few populations of invasive species even though the area has been previously logged and roaded.

Zimmerman, E.A. and P.F. Wilbur “A Forest Divided” Article regarding the impacts of forest fragmentation and the impacts to wildlife New Roxbury Land Trust newsletter, 2004 species. The Wildlife section in the FEIS discusses the existing condition and habitat http://www.ourbetternature.org/forestfrag.htm effectiveness of the area considering the current density of roads.

Mr. Artleys Attachment # 5- Insect Activity is a Beneficial Natural Disturbance Event in the Forest Barnard, E. L. Ph.D. “Forest Health Fundamentals” Article on what forest health means/definition and that Florida needs healthy forests. from Forest Management, 2004 The article states “To the extent that unhealthy forests and forest conditions remain, http://www.fl-dof.com/forest_management/fh_fundamentals.html and to the extent that we focus on treating symptoms (e.g., killing beetles, putting out fires) while neglecting the underlying cause(s) of the problems (i.e., unhealthy forest conditions), we can expect more damaging wildfires and more pest outbreaks. And, contrary to the thinking of some, a "hands off" approach is not now a suitable option

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for developing and maintaining healthy forests in Florida.” This statement and the emphasis of the article is on active management to prevent catastrophic conditions is essential. The Ringo project management is reflective of this article in that a landscape has been assessed and treatments have been designed to reduce the stressors on residual trees, create conditions for long-term sustainability and development of late and old structured conditions and create conditions approximately a fire climax community in the ponderosa pine system. Barry, Glen Ph.D. “Insect Attacks May Benefit Colorado Forests” Blog website. Essentially the emphasis is that insects or diseases cannot be or Forests.org, January 29, 2004 shouldn’t be, totally removed from the landscape. The Ringo project does not http://forests.org/blog/2004/01/insect-attacks-may-benefit-col.asp attempt to remove mistletoe or conditions conducive to insect infestations in the project area. Endemic levels of insects or disease would remain after treatment because of no treatment retention patches, areas of no treatment or areas of prescribed burning only. Mistletoe will not be eradicated from the landscape either. See the Forested Vegetation section of the FEIS. Black, Scott Hoffman Ph.D., Entomologist/Ecologist and Executive Letter re: that the Xerces Society cannot support the Jasper Fire "Value Recovery" Director, The Xerces Society, Excerpt from a 2008 comment letter to Project DEIS in the Black Hills National Forest. They feel that salvage logging Alice Allen Hell Canyon Ranger District Black Hills National Forest doesn't effectively control insects and they're worried about the viability of some http://www.xerces.org/wp- sensitive species. The Ringo project has no salvage logging, its focus is to remove content/uploads/2008/09/black_hills_comments.pdf the current crowded understory, and create large patches of disease-free large diameter ponderosa pine stands for white-headed woodpecker habitat. Black, Scott Hoffman Ph.D., Entomologist/Ecologist Commenter quoted the executive summary of this opinion paper (synthesis of and Executive Director, The Xerces Society for Invertebrate independently reviewed research) on the importance of insects to a forest's function Conservation 2005 “Logging to Control Insects: The Science and and some methods used to control these forest 'pests.' The Ringo project uses Myths Behind Managing Forest Insect ‘Pests’” thinning from below techniques to retain the largest trees on the landscape. Alt. C, http://www.xerces.org/guidelines-logging-to-control-insects/ the preferred alternative, also defers treatment in some dense stands of lodgepole pine, ponderosa pine and mixed conifer to provide habitat for species associated with those conditions. The Forested Vegetation section of the FEIS discusses the impacts of treatment on insect and disease conditions and future projections.

Black, S. H. Ph.D., D. Kulakowski Ph.D., B.R. Noon Ph.D., and This report is on bark beetles and their current role in Colorado. In addition they D. DellaSala Ph.D. 2010. “Insects and Roadless Forests: A Scientific examine the relationship of bark beetle outbreaks to fire risk, climate, and stand Review of Causes, Consequences and Management Alternatives.” structure. The current presence of and proposed susceptibility to bark beetles under National Center for Conservation Science & Policy, Ashland OR. the Ringo project alternatives are disclosed in Chapter 3 (Forested Vegetation). http://nccsp.org/files/Insect%20and%20Roadless%20Forests.pdf

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Board on Agriculture. 1998 “Forested Landscapes in Perspective: Book on forest health and sustainable management. The commenter quoted “It may Prospects and Opportunities for Sustainable Management be said that the standards by which we measure forest health are determined by the of America’s Nonfederal Forests” objectives we aspire to. Forests managed for maximum timber yield will require http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=5492&page=205 different criteria for judging forest health than those managed for old-growth forest purposes. Likewise, the health of forests adjacent to or in urban communities will be judged with criteria that are quite different from those used to judge forests in rural areas where population densities are quite low.”

While the Ringo Project occurs mostly within General Forest where the emphasis is on timber production in the Deschutes Land and Resource Management Plan, one purpose and need for the project is to decrease the density of trees, providing a variety of stand structures and compositions appropriate to the biophysical environment in order to increase resilience and provide habitat for a variety of species (flora and fauna). The area includes ponderosa pine plant communities which are fire dependent and treatments were designed to move the stands towards more open structural conditions reflective of low intensity, high frequency burning regimes to provide habitat for white-headed woodpeckers and others associated with more open structure conditions. Calvert, Jeffrey Ph.D. “A healthy forest needs bugs” Article on why a healthy forest needs "bugs", what they are, and basics about what California Forest Stewardship Program, 2002 they do. The Ringo project does not attempt to eliminate insects from the landscape http://ceres.ca.gov/foreststeward/html/bugs.html but to provide vegetative structural conditions more reflective of a fire dependent system, especially in the ponderosa pine areas. Additionally, the preferred alternative leaves areas untreated that are denser and currently exhibit insect infestations at endemic levels. Drever, Ronnie Ph.D. and Josie Hughes 2001 “Salvaging Solutions: A report commissioned by the David Suzuki Foundation on the mountain pine beetle Science-based management of BC’s pine beetle outbreak” infestation of lodgepole pine in the central interior forest of British Columbia and A report commissioned by the David Suzuki Foundation, how to minimize short-term losses from outbreaks without compromising the long- Forest Watch of British Columbia (a project of the Sierra Legal Defence term integrity and sustainability of the ecosystems. The current presence of and Fund), and Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society – B.C. Chapter proposed susceptibility to bark beetles under the Ringo project alternatives is http://www.davidsuzuki.org/files/Pine_beetle.final_w=cover2.pdf disclosed in Chapter 3 (Forested Vegetation). “Forest Protection – Insects” Canfor Corporation, 2007 Unable to locate page via the weblink. http://www.canfor.com/treeschool/library/files/insects.asp

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Ringo EIS Appendix C - Response to Science

Gerein, Keith “Notorious pine beetle may be misunderstood” Newsletter article that the southern pine beetle may have healing powers in the form The Edmonton Journal, March 21, 2009 of a bacterium that it is associated with and they're currently looking at the mountain http://www.chetwyndecho.net/Issues/Issue_13_March_27_2009IWORK pine beetle. Outside the scope of the Ringo project. The current presence of and _-_website_PDF.pdf/ proposed susceptibility to bark beetles under the Ringo project alternatives is disclosed in Chapter 3 (Forested Vegetation). Perry, David A. Ph. D. Testimony at a Senate Field Hearing on Forest Testimony to Senate Field Hearing on Forest Health in Boise, Idaho on forest health Health August 29, 1994 and how it’s affecting the Inland Northwest. The commenter quoted “Although http://www.subtleenergies.com/ormus/Fire/D_PERRY.htm healthy trees are prerequisite to healthy forest ecosystems, health encompasses much more than trees, and forest health correlates much more closely with structure and processes than with how fast trees are growing.” The Ringo Project does not attempt to remove the presence and incidence of insects and disease in the project area but strives to move vegetative conditions more reflective of a fire-adapted ecosystem. Alt. C, the preferred alternative, leaves areas untreated within and among treatment units and will provide conditions for endemic levels of insects and disease. Schowalter, Tim Ph.D., “Insect epidemics a natural path to forest Unable to locate page via the weblink. health?” 27-May-1997, OSU News http://oregonstate.edu/dept/ncs/newsarch/1997/May97/goodbugs.htm

“Native Forest Insects and Diseases” Unable to locate page via the weblink. A publication of the Canadian Forest Service, 2003 http://www.health.cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/BorealShield/nativeInsectsAndDiseas es_e.html

Romme, W.H., J. Clement, J. Hicke, D. Kulakowski Ph.D. Commenter quote is summary of Question #7 of this report. This report focuses on L.H. MacDonald, T.L. Schoennagel Ph.D., and T.T. Veblen. 2006 bark beetle outbreaks in Colorado, with nine questions on the basic ecology of the “Recent Forest Insect Outbreaks and Fire Risk in Colorado Forests: outbreaks, and six possible treatments. The current presence of and proposed A Brief Synthesis of Relevant Research” susceptibility to bark beetles under the Ringo project alternatives is disclosed in http://www.cfri.colostate.edu/docs/cfri_insect.pdf Chapter 3 (Forested Vegetation). View of forest insects changing from pests to partners Newspaper article on insect outbreaks and how they may be healthy for a forest by Bio-Medicine.org, 2001 naturally thinning a forest that has become too crowded. Mr. Schowalter does agree http://news.bio-medicine.org/biology-news-2/View-of-forest-insects- that where fire suppression has created the crowded understory forest thinning changing-from-pests-to-partners-8940-1/ followed by controlled fire can bring the forest back to more historic conditions. He Science Blog feels that as these insect systems become better understood, it should be possible to http://www.scienceblog.com/community/older/2001/C/200113890.html work with the insects, rather than against them, to achieve conservation goals and healthier ecosystems. The current presence of and proposed susceptibility to bark beetles under the Ringo project alternatives is disclosed in Chapter 3 (Forested Vegetation).

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Black, S.H. Ph.D. 2005. Logging to Control Insects: The Science This is a paper (synthesis of independently reviewed research) on the importance of and Myths Behind Managing Forest Insect “Pests.” A Synthesis insects to a forest's function and some methods used to control these forest “pests”. of Independently Reviewed Research. The Ringo Project does not attempt to remove the presence and incidence of insects The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation, Portland, OR. and disease in the project area but strives to move vegetative conditions more http://www.xerces.org/wp- reflective of a fire adapted ecosystem. Alt. C, the preferred alternative, leaves areas content/uploads/2008/10/logging_to_control_insects.pdf untreated within and among treatment units and will provide conditions for endemic levels of insects and disease.

Bond, Monica L., Derek E. Lee, Curtis M. Bradley and Chad T. Hanson This paper looks at whether pre-fire tree mortality (from drought and insects, Ph.D. “Influence of Pre-Fire Tree Mortality on Fire Severity in specifically western pine beetle) increased fire severity in coniferous forest stands in Conifer Forests of the San Bernardino Mountains, California” California after ignition occurred. The current presence of and proposed The Open Forest Science Journal, 2009, 2, 41-47 susceptibility to bark beetles under the Ringo project alternatives is disclosed in http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/publications/papers/Bond_et_al.pdf Chapter 3 (Forested Vegetation).

Boxall, Bettina “Bark beetles may kill trees, but that may not raise Newspaper article on bark beetles killing trees, but mentions that bark beetle attacks fire risk” Los Angeles Times, September 26, 2010 actually reduce the risk of crown fires by thinning tree crowns. The effects of the http://articles.latimes.com/2010/sep/26/nation/la-na-beetle-fire- treatments proposed in the Ringo project is discussed in Chapter 3, Forested 20100926 Vegetation and the Fire and Fuels sections.

Frey, David “Logging Won’t Halt Beetles, Fire, Report Says” David Frey is writing about another report authored by Noon, Black and DellaSalla NewWest Travel and Outdoors, 3/03/10 which states that climate is the leading driver of fire not beetle kill and that thinning http://www.newwest.net/topic/article/logging_wont_halt_beetles_fire_re should be focused on Wildland Urban Interface. The original report was not port_says/C41/L41/ referenced or linked so could not review the original article. One purpose and need for the Ringo project is the need for the project is to decrease the density of trees, providing a variety of stand structures and compositions appropriate to the biophysical environment in order to increase resilience and provide habitat for a variety of species (flora and fauna). The area includes ponderosa pine plant communities which are fire dependent and treatments were designed to move the stands towards more open structural conditions reflective of low intensity, high frequency burning regimes to provide habitat for white-headed woodpeckers and others associated with more open structure conditions.

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Gable, Eryn “Battling beetles may not reduce fore risks – report” Article about large scale extensive areas of dead trees from bark beetle attacks have Land Letter, March 4, 2010 led to widespread concern about increased fire risk. However, one of the report's http://www.xerces.org/2010/03/04/battling-beetles-may-not-reduce-fire- author’s states best available science says that climate, particularly drought, leads to risks-report/ fire not beetle attacks and that limited funds should be used to reduce the risk of fire to WUIs. The Fire and Fuels section of the FEIS discusses the projects impacts on fuel levels and the probability of loss due to a wildfire. Kulakowski, Dominik Ph.D., Assistant Professor, Clark University Unable to locate page via the weblink. Testimony before the Subcommittee on Public Lands and Forests of the Energy and Natural Resources Committee of the United States Senate April 21, 2010 http://energy.senate.gov/public/_files/KulakowskitestimonyonS2798042 110.pdf Logan, Jesse A. Ph.D. and James A. Powell Ph.D. This paper is looking at lodgepole pine and the mountain pine beetle, how they Ghost Forests, Global Warming and the Mountain Pine Beetle interact, at what elevations, and what is the timeframe between episodes (outbreaks). (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGIST • Fall 2001 Current outbreaks are confined to the lower elevations; however with climate change http://www.usu.edu/beetle/documents/Logan_Powell01.pdf they could reach a higher elevation band than previously thought. The current presence of and proposed susceptibility to bark beetles under the Ringo project alternatives is disclosed in Chapter 3 (Forested Vegetation). “Science should lead pine beetle epidemic solutions” This article discusses the epidemic levels of beetle infestation and resulting mortality Star-Tribune Editorial Board in the lodgepole pine systems in Wyoming. The Ringo project area currently does Wyoming Star Tribune, October 3, 2010 not have epidemic levels of beetle infestations therefore the recommendations or http://trib.com/news/opinion/editorial/article_f87d7db9-ed2a-5620- conclusions in this paper do not apply to the Ringo project. The current presence of 8d66-20556935c592.html and proposed susceptibility to bark beetles under the Ringo project alternatives is disclosed in Chapter 3 (Forested Vegetation). http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a010600/a010634/G2009- Video on the correlation between the bark beetle infestations, tree mortality and the

098_Wildfire_and_Beetles__ipod_lg.m4v increase in risk of wildfire in lodgepole pine stands. The current presence of and proposed susceptibility to bark beetles under the Ringo project alternatives is disclosed in Chapter 3 (Forested Vegetation). Shoemaker, Jennifer, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Paper on mountain pine beetles and their relationship to fire risk. Utilizing “Landsat Reveal Surprising Connection Between Beetle Attacks, LANDSAT data the researchers made maps of hard hit beetle kill areas, ground- Wildfire” truthed them to verify what they saw was what was happening on the ground and Posted at the NASA WEB site, Sep. 8, 2010 then compared them to recent fire maps. Their preliminary analysis showed that http://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/news/news-archive/sci_0031.html large fires do not appear to occur more often or burn more severe in forest tracts with beetle damage. The current presence of and proposed susceptibility to bark beetles under the Ringo project alternatives is disclosed in Chapter 3 (Forested Vegetation).

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Ringo EIS Appendix C - Response to Science

Tinker, Daniel B. Ph.D. et al., 2010 “Reciprocal interactions This research paper, focusing on the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, is about the between bark beetles and wildfire in subalpine forests: interactions of the bark beetle outbreaks and fire. It poses the question, what landscape patterns and the risk of high-severity fire” influences are there on fire behavior, bark beetle dynamics, and ecosystem A research paper sponsored in part by the Joint Fire Science Program infrastructure. The commenter has quoted several of the management implications http://landscape.zoology.wisc.edu/October%202009%20updates/JFSP_F that research will need to continue to examine as these insect systems become better nlRep_30Sept2009.pdf understood. It should be possible to work with the insects, rather than against them, to achieve conservation goals and healthier ecosystems. The current presence of and proposed susceptibility to bark beetles under the Ringo project alternatives is disclosed in Chapter 3 (Forested Vegetation). Wuerthner, George Pine Beetle Fears Misplaced Article that discusses the relationships between bark beetle infestations, tree Helena Independent Record, March 25, 2010 mortality and likelihood of increased wildfire risk in lodgepole pine communities. http://helenair.com/news/opinion/article_f3d671f0-37c9-11df-921d- The current presence of and proposed susceptibility to bark beetles under the Ringo 001cc4c002e0.html project alternatives is disclosed in Chapter 3 (Forested Vegetation).

Mr. Artleys Attachment # 8- The Natural Resources in the Forest Benefit from Fire Campbell, John L. Ph.D, Dan C. Donato, Joe B. Fontaine J. Boone This scientific paper, in part, studied post-fire logging effects on small mammals. Kauffman Ph.D., Beverly E. Law Ph.D., and Doug Robinson The Ringo project does not propose post-fire logging. "Biscuit Fire Study." Oregon State University Department of Forest Science Terrestrial Ecosystem Research and Regional Analysis. 2003. http://zircote.forestry.oregonstate.edu/terra/biscuit.htm

Chronicle Staff, “Yellowstone fires have potential to grow much 2009 Newspaper article on the current fires in Yellowstone and that Yellowstone is a larger” “fire-adapted ecosystem.” Most of the fires in the park are caused by lightning and BozemanDailyChronicle.com, September 24, 2009 whenever possible monitored and managed but not necessarily extinguished. The http://bozemandailychronicle.com/articles/2009/09/25/news/70fires.txt Ringo project Fire/Fuels managers are aware of fire-adapted ecosystems and have considered this as well as fuels reduction and fire risk in their analysis.

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Ringo EIS Appendix C - Response to Science

Congressional Research Service Report This report speaks to both, the ecological benefits of fire and the damage to “Forest Fire/Wildfire Protection” resources. The Ringo project is consistent with this science. February 14, 2005 http://www.coloradofirecamp.com/congressional_research/forest-fire- wildfire-effects.htm

Dead Trees and Healthy Forests : Is Fire Always Bad?” Unable to locate page via the weblink. The Wilderness Society, March 2003 http://www.wildfirelessons.net/documents/Dead-Trees-and-Healthy- Forests.pdf

Duncan, Sally Ph.D. "Postfire Logging: Is it Beneficial to a Paper debating the pros and cons of post-fire logging. For land management Forest?" USDA Forest Service. PNW Science Findings implications :there is so much variation in burned forests, and so much variation in issue 47. October 2002. logging equipment used, that small-scale experimental studies are unlikely soon to provide general principles for mitigation damage in postfire environment.” The http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/sciencef/scifi47.pdf Ringo project does not proposed post-fire logging.

“Fighting fire in the forest” This is a media story that discusses firefighting in Canada as well as Canadian policy. CBC News, June 17, 2009 There is prescribed burning proposed for the Ringo project but no general http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2009/06/17/f-forest-fires.html firefighting. Policy making for U.S. firefighting is beyond the scope of this project.

Forest Fires” Opinion article on forest fires, whether man-made or natural contribute to forest loss, The Environmental Literacy Council, 2008 the succession (ecological responses) that follows, and the importance of periodic http://www.enviroliteracy.org/article.php/46.html fires and the danger of uncontrolled fires. The Ringo project utilizes a combination of vegetation treatment and prescribed fire to help reset the fire regime in the dry eastside forests towards what is a normal cycle for them (every 5-15 years vice the decades that resulted from previous fire suppression policies).

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Ringo EIS Appendix C - Response to Science

“Forest Fire/Wildfire Protection” This report speaks to both, the ecological benefits of fire and the damage to Congressional Research Service Report for Congress, February 14, 2005 resources. The Ringo project is consistent with this science. http://www.coloradofirecamp.com/congressional_research/forest-fire- wildfire-effects.htm Note: this is the same citation as listed above.

Franklin, Jerry F. Ph.D. and James K. Agee Ph.D. "Forging a Science- Paper on how a substantial amount of scientific evidence indicates that, in many Based National Forest Fire Policy." Issues in Science and Technology North American forests, accumulations of fuels have reached levels far exceeding Fall 2003. those found under “natural” or pre-European settlement conditions. These fuel http://issues.org/20-1/franklin/ accumulations result from human activities, including fire suppression, grazing, logging, and tree planting. The Ringo Fire/Fuel managers are aware of the fuels buildup and Ringo utilizes a combination of vegetation treatment and prescribed fire to help reset the fire regime in the dry eastside forests towards what is a normal cycle for them (every 5-15 years vice the decades that resulted from previous fire suppression policies). This paper is applicable and consistent with other literature used in the analysis Gorte, Ross W. Ph.D., Specialist in Natural Resources Policy, Unable to open the weblink. Resources, Science, and Industry Division from a CRS report for Congress, January 18, 2006 http://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs8266/m1/1/high_res_d/R L30755_2006Jan18.pdf

Gregory, Lisa Dale Ph.D. Unable to open the weblink. “Wildland Fire Use: An Essential Fire Management Tool” The fire/fuel managers on Ringo utilizes a combination of vegetation treatment and A Wilderness Society Policy and Science Brief prescribed fire to help reset the fire regime in the dry eastside forests towards what is December 2004 a normal cycle for them (every 5-15 years vice the decades that resulted from http://wilderness.org/Library/Documents/upload/ScienceBrief- previous fire suppression policies). Planned ignitions, when within prescription, WildlandFireUseEssentialTool.pdf would be allowed to burn to enhance resource values.

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Hanson, Chad Ph.D. February 2, 2010 “New This document is an opinion piece that has not been published in a scientifically peer Report Debunks Myth of ‘Catastrophic Wildfire’ “ reviewed outlet. The Earth Island Institute is not a recognized scientific outlet with http://johnmuirproject.org/documents/Myth%20of%20Catastrophic%20 known and replicated quality assurance and quality control processes. The document Wildfire%20Media%20Release.pdf and its findings have not been subjected to the rigors of formal technical or peer review. The report contains many erroneous statements and attempts to extrapolate limited data to the entire western U.S. Forest Service specialists are well aware of the importance of fire-adapted systems and have considered the interactions between specialists. See Ringo FEIS Chapter 3 for the full analysis. Hutto, Richard L. Ph.D. “The Ecology of Severely Burned Forests” The weblink to this article will not open. They are requiring a password to access Counterpunch, July 19 / 20, 2008 Counterpunch. http://www.counterpunch.org/hutto07192008.html The cited excerpts provided were reviewed concerning severely burned forests and the biological uniqueness it provides and that post-fire logging is harmful. The Ringo project is not a post-fire salvage project.

Karr, James R. Ph.D., "Nature doesn't Benefit from Logging This link took us to a Go Daddy add asking if “would you like to buy this domain” or Fire-Damaged Lands". Op-Ed Tacoma News Tribune. December 8, “Is this your domain? Let’s turn it into a website.” Unable to find the article Nature 2005. doesn’t benefit from Logging Fire-damaged Lands. http://www.docstoc.com/docs/122585663/Nature- The cited excerpts provided were reviewed regarding salvage after forest fires and doesn%EF%BF%BDt-benefit-from-logging-fire-damaged-lands the consideration of science. The Ringo project is not a post-fire salvage project.

Mark, Jason “Mission Impossible” Opinion piece in 2009 Earth Island Journal that fighting fires is viewed as a moral Earth Island Journal, winter 2009 equivalent of war and that it is a battle we cannot win, no matter how much money is http://www.earthisland.org/journal/index.php/eij/article/mission_impossi spent. The Forest Service needs to revise its policy on firefighting and budgets. ble/ Forest Service policy and budgets are outside the scope of the Ringo project.

Marks, Raissa, Fish and Wildlife Habitat Management Leaflet number Natural Resources Conservation Service Leaflet that describes different disturbances 37 Published by the Natural Resources Conservation Service, USDA, and the role they play in all the worlds ecosystems and how landowners can April 2006 incorporate disturbance into management plans. Forest Service specialists are well ftp://ftp- aware of the importance of fire-adapted systems and have considered the interactions fc.sc.egov.usda.gov/NHQ/ecs/Wild/ImportofDisturbInHabMgt.pdf between specialists. See Ringo FEIS Chapter 3 for the full analysis.

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Ringo EIS Appendix C - Response to Science

Martinez, Lori “Applications of Tree-Ring Dating” This document uses a study of tree rings to explore the effects of fire on tree growth. Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research at the University of Arizona This study is outside the scope of the Ringo project. February, 2000 http://www.ltrr.arizona.edu/lorim/apps.html

Nappi, Antoine Ph.D., Pierre Drapeau Ph.D., Jean-François Giroux This peer-reviewed article is on snag use by black-backed woodpeckers in eastern Ph.D. and Jean-Pierre Savard Ph.D. “Snag use by foraging black- black spruce boreal forests that were recently burned. Although the forest type and backed woodpeckers (Picoides articus) in a recently burned eastern scope of the project are unrelated (dry eastside lodgepole and ponderosa pine for boreal forest.” Ringo versus the burned black spruce boreal forest of the east) snag use is analyzed The Auk 120(2): 505-511. 2003. for Ringo in Chapter 3. See Wildlife and DecAID sections. http://www.borealcanada.ca/research_arc_hot_e.cfm

Noss, Reed F. Ph.D., Jerry F. Franklin Ph.D., Paper for the Society of Conservation Biology Scientific Panel on Fire in Western William Baker, Ph.D., Tania Schoennagel, Ph.D., and Peter B. Moyle, U.S. Forests, talking about the shift in fire regimes and that incorporation of current Ph.D. science knowledge into revised practices and policies is essential. Revising Forest “Ecological Science Relevant to Management Policies for Service policies and practices is beyond the scope of the Ringo project. Ringo Fire-prone Forests of the Western United States” Fire/Fuel managers are aware of the importance of fire-adapted systems, coordinate Society for Conservation Biology, February 24, 2006 with the District Silviculturalist, and utilize current science to help determine what http://www.nifc.gov/fuels/downloads/planning/EcologicalScience.pdf combination of vegetation treatment and prescribed fire is best utilized to help reset the fire regime in the dry eastside forests towards what is a normal cycle for them (every 5-15 years vice the decades that resulted from previous fire suppression policies). Reice, Seth, Ph.D. from a press conference with Senator Robert This is a press conference statement concerning the Act to Save America‘s Forests. Torricelli, April 28, 1998, This opinion piece discusses the effects of logging and road building on streams and http://www.saveamericasforests.org/news/ScientistsStatement.htm terrestrial biodiversity, calls for a ban on clearcutting and leaving larger uncut tracts to reduce fragmentation. In Ringo the resource specialists are working together incorporate into the treatments, thickets, skips, and gaps (0.5 to 2 acres in size), leaving retention areas/ untreated habitat, as well as connectivity corridors. See Ringo FEIS Chapter 3 for the full analysis.

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Ringo EIS Appendix C - Response to Science

“Rising from the ashes: Forest fires give way to new growth” Blog on the 2007 Minnesota fires, the resource benefit of the heat releasing the seeds Science Buzz, May 2007 (supported by the National Science from the cones, and how fire needs to be part of the forest cycle. Ringo Fire/Fuel Foundation) managers are aware of the importance of fire-adapted systems, coordinate with the http://www.sciencebuzz.org/blog/rising_from_the_ashes_forest_fires_gi District Silviculturalist, and utilize current science to help determine what ve_way_to_new_growth combination of vegetation treatment and prescribed fire is best utilized to help reset the fire regime in the dry eastside forests towards what is a normal cycle for them (every 5-15 years vice the decades that resulted from previous fire suppression policies). “Rotting Wood and how it affects the Environment” Opinion piece on how rotting logs (standing or down) are good for your garden and MamasHealth.com what a healthy habitat it creates. Ringo Specialists are well aware of the importance http://www.mamashealth.com/saveearth of down wood and snags. Snag use is analyzed for Ringo in Chapter 3. See Wildlife and Dead Wood Habitat and Associated Species sections.

Schneider, Gary“Dead trees (they're still full of life!)” News article about the Macphail Woods Ecological Forestry Project on Prince 2008 Macphail Woods Ecological Forestry Project Edward Island, Canada that offers service to help restore habitats across the Island. http://www.macphailwoods.org/wildlife/deadtrees.html Ringo specialists are well aware of the importance of TES species, down wood, and snags. Snag use is analyzed for Ringo in Chapter 3. See Wildlife and Dead Wood Habitat and Associated Species sections. Project design measures including retention of downed woody material and standing trees in treatment areas that would assure the project would maintain soil stability and productivity and meet Regional soil standards for coarse woody material and snag retention. Smith, Jane Kapler, ed. "Wildland Fire in Ecosystems: A 2000 Rocky Mountain Research Station General Technical Report on fires and the Effects of Fire on Fauna" USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain changes to wildlife habitat they create. Ringo Wildlife biologists are aware of the Research Station. General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-42-volume 1. ever changing needs of the species on the Crescent Ranger District, especially in January 2000. relation to fire. However, Ringo is not a post-fire salvage project. Thus this GTR is http://nps.gov/fire/download/fir_eco_wildlandfireJan2000.pdf not directly applicable to the Ringo Project.

Tanner, G.W. Ph.D., W.R. Marion Ph.D., and J.J. Mullahey Ph.D. This pamphlet was produced by the University of Florida, Florida Cooperative “Understanding Fire: Nature's Land Management Tool” Extension Service discussing fire ecology in Florida. The Ringo project is on the A Florida Cooperative Extension Service publication, July, 1991 Crescent Ranger District in central Oregon. Fire ecology in Florida in different than http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/UW124 fire ecology in central Oregon, this is not relevant to the Ringo project. However, local fire ecology was considered and impacts to vegetation, soils, wildlife were analyzed and discussed in Chapter 3 of the FEIS.

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Ringo EIS Appendix C - Response to Science

Thomas, Jack Ward Ph.D., US Forest Service Chief "Dead Wood: Conference keynote address in USDA FS General Technical Report PSW-GTR-181. From Forester’s Bane to Environmental Boon". Keynote address at 2002 on standing and down dead wood and the need to produce a summary treatise the symposium on ecology and management of deadwood in western on the role of dead wood in managed forests. forests, Reno, Nevada. 1999. Ringo Specialists are well aware of the importance of down wood and snags. Snag http://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/documents/gtr- use is analyzed for Ringo in Chapter 3. See Wildlife and DecAID sections. Project 181/003_Thomas.pdf design measures including retention of downed woody material and standing trees in treatment areas that would assure the project would maintain soil stability and productivity and meet Regional soil standards for coarse woody material. Vernetti, Toni “Are You Wildfire Aware?” Unable to open the weblink. The cited excerpts provided were reviewed concerning June 07, 2005 wildfire and the benefits it provides to the forest. http://www.googobits.com/articles/p0-547-are-you-wildfire-aware.html The Ringo specialists are very aware of the benefits of wildfire as well as the impacts, however, only prescribed burns are planned for the Ringo area. Ringo Fire/Fuel managers are aware of the importance of fire-adapted systems, coordinate with the other resource specialists, and utilize current science to help determine what combination of vegetation treatment and prescribed fire is best utilized to help reset the fire regime in the dry eastside forests towards what is a normal cycle for them (every 5-15 years vice the decades that resulted from previous fire suppression policies). Voss, René, Ph.D. This is an opinion piece; not a scientific peer reviewed document that logging “Getting Burned by Logging,” July 2002 advocates conveniently propose that massive amounts of commercial “thinning” will The Baltimore Chronicle reduce wildfire risk to both the forest and private homes and that logging of large old http://www.baltimorechronicle.com/firelies_jul02.shtml growth trees are disguised as hazardous fuels treatments. The Ringo project focus is on wildlife and how to balance the need for large diameter open stands of ponderosa pine for one species versus a closed canopy, more dense stand that other species prefer. The District Silviculturalist and District Wildlife Biologist worked together to ensure that forest health, density reduction, fuel reduction and prescribed burning, and wildlife requirements were met.

“Wildfire in British Columbia” Fact sheet from British Columbia (BC) Forest Facts that wildfire is a natural part of BC Forest Facts, September 2003 most ecosystems across British Columbia. We do not disagree. The Ringo project is http://www.llbc.leg.bc.ca/public/PubDocs/bcdocs/364421/wildfire_bc.p utilizing prescribed burning to improve habitat for wildlife, reduce tree density, to df remove a build-up of forest floor fuels, and to help reset the fire regime in the dry eastside forests towards what is a normal cycle for them (every 5-15 years vice the decades that resulted from previous fire suppression policies).

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Ringo EIS Appendix C - Response to Science

Woodford, Riley “Regeneration Following Fire Creates Fertile Opinion piece on prescribed fire in Alaska and the benefits it brings. The Ringo Habitat for Wildlife” specialists are very aware of the benefits of wildfire as well as the impacts, however, Alaska Fish and Wildlife News, August 2003 only prescribed burns are planned for the Ringo area. Ringo Fire/Fuel managers are http://www.wildlife.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=wildlife_news.view_arti aware of the importance of fire-adapted systems, coordinate with the other resource cle&issue_id=5&articles_id=60 specialists, and utilize current science to help determine what combination of vegetation treatment and prescribed fire is best utilized to help reset the fire regime in the dry eastside forests towards what is a normal cycle for them (every 5-15 years vice the decades that resulted from previous fire suppression policies). Wuerthner, George. “Logging, thinning would not curtail wildfires” This is not a peer reviewed article. It contends that mechanical treatments can The Register - Guard (Eugene Ore.), December 26, 2008 increase wildfires’ spread and severity by increasing the fine fuels on the ground http://wuerthner.blogspot.com/2008/12/logging-thinning-would-not- (slash) and by opening the forest to greater wind and solar penetration, drying fuels curtail.html faster than in unlogged forests. The Ringo project proposes treatment of activity fuels following timber harvest.

Published by the Center for Biological Diversity and the John Muir “Nourished by Wildfire” 2014 report published by the Center for Biological Project, January 2014 Diversity and John Muir Project concerning the 2013 Rim Fire in the Sierra Nevada http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/species/birds/black- Mountain in California. It suggests that instead of salvage logging, post-fire backed_woodpecker/pdfs/Nourished_by_Wildfire.pdf management activities should focus on activities that benefit forest values. The Ringo project is not a post-fire salvage logging project.

Mr. Artleys Attachment # 11- Caring USFS Officials will Always Take the Most Effective Action Available to Reduce the Risk of Homes Burning and Loss of Life should a Wildfire Start Near neighborhoods Located in the Woods. Not Analyzing an Alternative in detail that Applies Dr. Cohen’s Fine Fuels Removal Methods Discussed below Indicates the Responsible USFS Official Believes Timber Removal resulting from Hazardous Fuels Reduction Logging is more Important than Preventing Homes from Burning Fact Sheet: Understanding Fire and Fire Behavior Fact Sheet provided by Ecological Restoration Institute on understanding wildfire Ontario Aviation and Forest Fire Management and wildfire behavior and that homeowners are their own first line of defense. http://www.emifpa.org/PDF/FactSheetUnderstandingFire.pdf Wildfire risk is addressed in Chapter 3 in the Ringo FEIS. Wildland-Urban Fire—A different approach Unable to open link to webpage provided. http://www.nps.gov/fire/download/pub_pub_wildlandurbanfire.pdf Reducing the Wildland Fire Threat to Homes: Where and How Much? This paper is about how to reduce the possibility of structures igniting if a wildfire Presented as the Fire Economics Symposium in San Diego, California comes too close to the Wildland Urban Interface. What materials the home is built on April 12, 1999. with, how far away from the house is the surrounding vegetation, and design/location http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs_other/rmrs_1999_cohen_j001.pdf plays a big role in its ignitability. Walker Range Fire Protection District and the Greater LaPine Community Wildfire Protection Plan (CWPP) plays a vital role in the community with their Community Wildfire Protection Plans for private subdivisions. Creating a defensible space around homes is a prime recommendation in wildland

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interface communities. Most of the Ringo project is not adjacent to communities. See Fire and Fuels section of the Ringo DEIS. Structure Ignition Assessment can Help Reduce Fire Damages in the Again, the emphasis is about creating defensible space directly adjacent to homes, WUI building homes with fire resistant materials, and identifying responsibility with Published in Fire Management Notes, Volume 57 No. 4, 1997 homeowners for reducing the probability of ignition to their home. Although there is http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs_other/rmrs_1997_cohen_j001.pdf very little WUI in the Ringo planning area, fuel managers for the Forest Service work closely with the Walker Range Fire Protection District (WRFP) and the Greater LaPine CWPP. They protect private lands and educates the publics in the Community Wildfire Protection Plans and how to make their homes fire-safe. Examination of the Home Destruction in Los Alamos Associated with Eyewitness account and examination of the home destruction by Jack Cohen in Los the Cerro Grande Fire July 10, 2000 Source: USDA Forest Service, Alamos Cerro Grande Fire due to fuels directly in contact with homes. Not Rocky Mountain Research Station, Missoula, Montana, 2000. applicable to the Ringo project and see previous responses regarding the Community http://www.fusee.org/docs/Preparedness/Cohen_examlosalamos%20cop Wildfire Protection Plan. y.pdf The Wildland-Urban Interface Fire Problem: A Consequence of the Fire This paper is on wildfire at the Wildland Urban Interface, its causes and effects, and Exclusion Paradigm what homeowners can do reduce the chance home ignition. Although there is very Published in Forest History Today, Fall 2008 little WUI in the Ringo planning area, fuel managers for the Forest Service work http://www.foresthistory.org/Publications/FHT/FHTFall2008/Cohen.pdf closely with the Walker Range Fire Protection District (WRFP) and the Greater LaPine CWPP. They protect private lands and educates the publics in the Community Wildfire Protection Plans and how to make their homes fire-safe. Thoughts on the Wildland-Urban Interface Fire Problem, June 2003 Opinion on the home ignition zone and how homes ignite and burn in extreme http://www.nps.gov/fire/download/pub_pub_wildurbaninterface.pdf wildland urban interface fires. Dr. Cohen also feels that how a wildfire impacts a society should be looked at as well. Although there is very little WUI in the Ringo planning area, fuel managers for the Forest Service work closely with the Walker Range Fire Protection District (WRFP) and the Greater LaPine CWPP. They protect private lands and educates the publics in the Community Wildfire Protection Plans and how to make their homes fire-safe. Saving Homes from Wildfires: Regulating the Home Ignition Zone Zoning News newsletter on factors around the home that may be flammable within Published in Zoning News, May 2001 the "home ignition zone' and how land-use planning regulations could be utilized to http://www.battle-creek.net/docs/fire/Zoning.pdf reduce the chances of ignition. Although there is very little WUI in the Ringo planning area, fuel managers for the Forest Service work closely with the Walker Range Fire Protection District (WRFP) and the Greater LaPine CWPP. They protect private lands and educates the publics in the Community Wildfire Protection Plans and how to make their homes fire-safe.

What is the Wildland Fire Threat to Homes? Lecture paper on utilizing the Structure Ignition Assessment Model (SIAM) to assess Presented as the Thompson Memorial Lecture, April 10, 2000 the potential for houses to burn relative to distance from flames, especially in a http://www.nps.gov/fire/download/pub_pub_wildlandfirethreat.pdf Wildland Urban Interface (WUI). It also discusses the home ignition zone and how best to reduce the burn potential. Although there is very little WUI in the Ringo

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Ringo EIS Appendix C - Response to Science

planning area, fuel managers for the Forest Service work closely with the Walker Range Fire Protection District (WRFP) and the Greater LaPine CWPP. They protect private lands and educates the publics in the Community Wildfire Protection Plans and how to make their homes fire-safe. See Fire and Fuels section of the Ringo DEIS. Modeling Potential Structure Ignitions from Flame Radiation Exposure Paper on the analysis of flame radiation of three principal ignition factors: radiation, with Implications for Wildland/Urban Interface Fire Management convection, and firebrands. Walker Range Fire Protection District and Greater Presented at the 13th Fire and Forest Meteorology Conference. Lorne, LaPine CWPP play a vital role in the communities with their Community Wildfire Australia, 1996 Protection Plan for private subdivisions. See Fire and Fuels section of the Ringo http://www.firewise.org/resources/files/WUI_HIR/Modelingpotentialign DEIS. itions.pdf Preventing Disaster Home Ignitability in the Wildland-Urban Paper on Wildland Urban Interface, home ignition potential, fire, and the utilization Interface of the Structure Ignition Assessment Model (SIAM) vs. actual test burns and the Published in the Journal of Forestry 98(3): 15-21, 2000 results on adjacent man-made structures. Home ignitability is well known by District http://www.nps.gov/fire/download/pub_pub_preventingdisaster.pdf fire/fuels managers but is outside the scope of this project. The Ringo project focus is on wildlife and how to balance the need for large diameter open stands of ponderosa pine for one species versus a closed canopy, more dense stand that other species prefer. The District Silviculturalist, District Wildlife Biologist, and Fuels Technicians worked together to ensure that forest health, density reduction, fuel reduction and prescribed burning, and wildlife requirements were met. Walker Range Fire Protection District and the Greater LaPine CWPP play a vital role in the communities with their Community Wildfire Protection Plan for private subdivisions. See Fire and Fuels section of the Ringo FEIS. Objectives and considerations for wildland fuel treatment in forested This paper reviews some of the common misunderstandings about fuel treatments ecosystems of the interior western United States and discusses ecological and managerial realities. The authors suggest that, while the Published in Forest Ecology and Management 256, 2008 potential of fuel treatment to reduce wildfire occurrence or enhance suppression http://www.firewise.org/Information/Research-and-Guidance/WUI- capability is uncertain, it has an important role in mitigating negative wildfire effects, Home-Ignition- increasing ecosystem resilience and making wildfire more acceptable. The Ringo Research/~/media/Firewise/Files/Pdfs/Research/CohenFuelTreatment.pd project, through its silvicultural and fuels prescriptions, including prescribed burning, f moves the landscape towards conditions that will mitigate the effects of a potential wildfire be reducing fuels, accomplishing ladder fuel reduction and reducing stand densities. The effects of these treatments are found in the Fire and Fuels section of the Ringo FEIS. Mr. Artleys Attachment # 14- Dead and Dying Trees are Important to the Survival of many Natural Resources in the Forest and should not be Removed to provide Opportunities for Corporate Profit or to Produce private Industrial Tree-Farm Conditions Bartels, Ronald, John D. Dell, Richard L. Knight Ph.D. and Gail Forest Service article on the values of dead and down woody material, in any stage of Schaefer “Dead and Down Woody Material” Animal Inn decay and the habitat it provides for wildlife. Ringo Specialists are well aware of the http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/nr/wildlife/animalinn/hab_8ddwm.htm importance of down wood and snags. Snag use is analyzed for Ringo in Chapter 3. See Wildlife and Dead Wood Habitat and Associated Species sections. Project design measures including retention of downed woody material and standing trees in

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Ringo EIS Appendix C - Response to Science

treatment areas that would assure the project would maintain soil stability and productivity and meet Regional soil standards for coarse woody material and snag retention.

Byron, Eve “Wuerthner to speak on forest ecology and value of dead Opinion about wildfires, bark beetles and the ecological values of dead trees. Ringo trees” Specialists are well aware of the importance of down wood and snags. Snag use is Published in the Helena Independent Record, November 17, 2009 analyzed for Ringo in Chapter 3. See Wildlife and Dead Wood Habitat and http://www.helenair.com/news/local/article_7cac58d2-d339-11de-abfc- Associated Species sections. Project design measures including retention of downed 001cc4c002e0.html woody material and standing trees in treatment areas that would assure the project would maintain soil stability and productivity and meet Regional soil standards for coarse woody material and snag retention. “Dead Trees are Good Homes” “Parks Canada has reorganized its website and the page you are looking for has Parks Canada, 2009 either been moved to a new address or no longer exists.” The cited excerpts provided http://www.pc.gc.ca/eng/docs/v-g/dpp-mpb/sec1/dpp-mpb1b.aspx were reviewed concerning decomposing wood and the nutrient cycle. Ringo Specialists are well aware of the importance of down wood and snags. Snag use is analyzed for Ringo in Chapter 3. See Wildlife and Dead Wood Habitat and Associated Species sections. Project design measures including retention of downed woody material and standing trees in treatment areas that would assure the project would maintain soil stability and productivity and meet Regional soil standards for coarse woody material and snag retention. Kreil, Randy “Bare Trees” Opinion in 1994 ND Outdoors magazine that humans are neat, organized creatures North Dakota Outdoors, March 1994 and this trait can have a detrimental effect to out nonhuman neighbors- specifically http://www.und.nodak.edu/org/ndwild/oldtree.html trees, dead trees. Ringo Specialists are well aware of the importance of down wood and snags. Snag use is analyzed for Ringo in Chapter 3. See Wildlife and Dead Wood Habitat and Associated Species sections. Project design measures including retention of downed woody material and standing trees in treatment areas that would assure the project would maintain soil stability and productivity and meet Regional soil standards for coarse woody material and snag retention. Miller, Edward W. “Savage or Salvage Logging?” 1998 Newspaper article on salvage logging and that erosion afterwards removes The Coastal Post - September, 1998 topsoil, fills streams, and destroys the habitat of animal, birds and salmon. The http://www.coastalpost.com/98/9/13.htm Ringo project is not a salvage logging project.

Maser, Chris Ralph G. Anderson, Kermit Cromack, Jr. Ph.D. A 1979 publication on wildlife habitats and the benefits of dead and down woody Jerry T. Williams and Robert E. Martin, Ph.D. “Dead and Down materials. Ringo Specialists are well aware of the importance of down wood and Woody Material” snags. Snag use is analyzed for Ringo in Chapter 3. See Wildlife and Dead Wood From Wildlife Habitats in Managed Forests the Blue Mountains of Habitat and Associated Species sections. Project design measures including retention Oregon and Washington of downed woody material and standing trees in treatment areas that would assure the http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/nr/wildlife/animalinn/hab_6ddwm.htm project would maintain soil stability and productivity and meet Regional soil standards for coarse woody material and snag retention.

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Ringo EIS Appendix C - Response to Science

Naylor, Brian, Ph.D. “Cavity Trees – Nature’s Refuge” Unable to open this internet website. The cited excerpts provided were reviewed The Ontario Woodlot Association Newsletter, Winter / Spring 2006, concerning dead or dying trees that contain cavities utilized by multiple wildlife Vol. 42 species. Ringo Specialists are well aware of the importance of down wood and snags. http://www.ontariowoodlot.com/pages_pdf_new/cavitytree_S&W.pdf Snag use is analyzed for Ringo in Chapter 3. See Wildlife and Dead Wood Habitat and Associated Species sections. Project design measures including retention of downed woody material and standing trees in treatment areas that would assure the project would maintain soil stability and productivity and meet Regional soil standards for coarse woody material and snag retention. “Removal of dead wood and dead trees was listed as a KEY This website opens to the Australian Office of Environment and Heritage (NSW THREATENING PROCESS” Government) and talks about Threatened Species. Ringo specialists are well aware of Schedule 3 of the Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 [12 the importance of TES species, down wood, and snags. Snag use is analyzed for December 2003]. Ringo in Chapter 3. See Wildlife and Dead Wood Habitat and Associated Species http://www.threatenedspecies.environment.nsw.gov.au/tsprofile/threat_p sections. Project design measures including retention of downed woody material and rofile.aspx?id=20011 standing trees in treatment areas that would assure the project would maintain soil stability and productivity and meet Regional soil standards for coarse woody material and snag retention. Santiago, Melissa J. and Amanda D. Rodewald, Ph.D. Unable to open this internet site. The cited excerpts provided were reviewed “Dead Trees as Resources for Forest Wildlife” concerning dead trees and the multiple uses from birds, wildlife, amphibians and Ohio State University Extension Fact Sheet botanical species. Ringo specialists are well aware of the importance of TES species, http://ohioline.osu.edu/w-fact/0018.html down wood, and snags. Snag use is analyzed for Ringo in Chapter 3. See Wildlife and Dead Wood Habitat and Associated Species sections. Project design measures including retention of downed woody material and standing trees in treatment areas that would assure the project would maintain soil stability and productivity and meet Regional soil standards for coarse woody material and snag retention. Schneider, Gary, “Dead Trees (they’re still full of life)” Unable to open this internet site. The cited excerpts provided were reviewed The Macphail Woods Ecological Forestry Project, December 2008 concerning news article about the Macphail Woods Ecological Forestry Project on http://www.macphailwoods.org/wildlife/deadtrees.html Prince Edward Island, Canada that offers service to help restore habitats across the Island. Ringo specialists are well aware of the importance of TES species, down wood, and snags. Snag use is analyzed for Ringo in Chapter 3. See Wildlife and Dead Wood Habitat and Associated Species sections. Project design measures including retention of downed woody material and standing trees in treatment areas that would assure the project would maintain soil stability and productivity and meet Regional soil standards for coarse woody material and snag retention. Science Findings, issue twenty, November 1999 Pacific Northwest Research Station (PNW) publication on understanding the Pacific Northwest Research Station USDA Forest Service connection between the life and death cycle of trees to logs. Ringo specialists are http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/sciencef/scifi20.pdf well aware of the importance of TES species, down wood, and snags. Snag use is analyzed for Ringo in Chapter 3. See Wildlife and Dead Wood Habitat and Associated Species sections. Project design measures including retention of downed woody material and standing trees in treatment areas that would assure the project

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would maintain soil stability and productivity and meet Regional soil standards for coarse woody material and snag retention.

Mr. Artleys Attachment # 15- Forest Service Leaders Stress that Independent, Unbiased Science Conclusions should Always form the Basis for Proposed Public Land Treatments Excerpts from an interview with Hilda Diaz-Soltero Interview, not scientific publication. Associate chief discusses the importance of Associate Chief for Natural Resources, USDA Forest Service integration of science and management sides of the Forest Service. The Ringo Women in Natural Resources, Vol. 21, No. 3, August-00 project utilized the best available science in the development of the proposed action http://www.fs.fed.us/publications/2000/00nov02-Hilda-Diaz-Soltero- and alternatives, including treatment prescriptions, analysis of effects, and Interview.pdf development of mitigation measures and monitoring.

Dr. Ann Bartuska, Deputy Chief for Research and Development, USDA Testimony, not scientific publication. Discusses the use of best science available. Forest Service, Excerpt from testimony before the House Resources The Ringo project utilized the best available science in the development of the Forest and Forest Health Subcommittee July 15, 2004 proposed action and alternatives, including treatment prescriptions, analysis of http://www.fs.fed.us/congress/108/house/oversight/bartuska/071504.htm effects, and development of mitigation measures and monitoring. l

Dale Bosworth Chief, USDA Forest Service Statement, not published paper. Chief Bosworth indicated that in 2005 the Forest Excerpt from a statement before the Committee on Energy and Natural Service would work to accomplish watershed restoration efforts under the Healthy Resources United States Senate Forests Restoration Act and that the Research Stations are committed to utilizing the March 3, 2004 best science available. The Ringo project utilized the best available science in the http://www.ourforests.org/fact/bosworthtestimony0304.pdf development of the proposed action and alternatives, including treatment prescriptions, analysis of effects, and development of mitigation measures and monitoring.

Sally Collins Associate Chief USDA Forest Service Statement, not published paper. Sally Collins is quoted that the use of best available Excerpt from testimony before the Committee on Energy and Natural science is needed. The Ringo project utilized the best available science in the Resources, United States Senate July 11, 2006 development of the proposed action and alternatives, including treatment http://www.fs.fed.us/congress/109/senate/oversight/collins/071106.html prescriptions, analysis of effects, and development of mitigation measures and monitoring.

Dale N. Bosworth Chief USDA Forest Service Statement, not published paper. Chief Bosworth focused his statement on the use of Excerpt from a speech on Sustainable Management of the National best science. The Ringo project utilized the best available science in the Forests, at the Andrus Center for Public Policy, Boise State University development of the proposed action and alternatives, including treatment December 12, 2001 prescriptions, analysis of effects, and development of mitigation measures and http://www.andruscenter.org/images/transcripts/Sustainable_transcript.p monitoring. df

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Ringo EIS Appendix C - Response to Science

Sally Collins Associate Chief USDA Forest Service Statement, not published paper. Sally Collins is quoted and implies that the use of Excerpt from a speech to the Land Trust Alliance Rally “Protecting best available science is needed to assure special areas are managed in the long-term Open Spaces: Partners in a Common Cause” October 31, 2004 and that researchers and managers should work together to understand the http://www.fs.fed.us/news/2004/speeches/10/open-spaces.shtml consequences of our decisions. The Ringo project utilized the best available science in the development of the proposed action and alternatives, including treatment prescriptions, analysis of effects, and development of mitigation measures and monitoring.

Statement by Heidi Valetkevitch, National Media Officer USDA Forest Statement, not published paper. Commenter included quote to utilize the best Service to Joe Bauman, reporter for the Deseret Morning News available science. The Ringo project utilized the best available science in the December 24, 2004 development of the proposed action and alternatives, including treatment http://www.deseretnews.com/article/600100084/New-forest-rules-focus- prescriptions, analysis of effects, and development of mitigation measures and on-holistic-approach.html monitoring.

Brown, Joel “Power to the People!” Newsletter/opinion. The commenter included a quote from Forest Service Chief SRM Rangeland News, November 2007 Abigail Kimball where she stated that management approaches should be based on http://www.rangelands.org/RN/Nov.RN07.pdf the best available science. The Ringo project utilized the best available science in the development of the proposed action and alternatives, including treatment prescriptions, analysis of effects, and development of mitigation measures and monitoring. Statement by Chief Dr. Mike Dombeck “Forest Chief Shifts focus to Statement, not published paper. Shifts focus of management to use best available clean water” April 1998 TRANSITIONS science. The Ringo project utilized the best available science in the development of http://www.waterplanet.ws/transitions/tr9804/ the proposed action and alternatives, including treatment prescriptions, analysis of effects, and development of mitigation measures and monitoring.

Chief F. Dale Robertson Incorrect site. The use of the “new perspectives” back in the 1990s was an effort to From FIVE YEAFt REVIEW - B-3 # # consider more ecosystem based management in national forests and to use science in http://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/fsbdev3_053856.p the development of management actions. New perspectives had been replaced with df an ecosystem approach to management actions and the use of best available science. The Ringo project utilized the best available science in the development of the proposed action and alternatives, including treatment prescriptions, analysis of effects, and development of mitigation measures and monitoring. Smith, Ted “Chief's Ecosystem Stewardship Conference Workshop Conference transcripts, not scientific document. Emphasis is on using the best Review” Eco-Watch, February 26, 1996 available science to guide management. The Ringo project utilized the best available http://www.fs.fed.us/eco/eco-watch/ew960226.htm science, through the design of alternatives, different silvicultural treatments, assessment of effects, and determination of mitigation measures.

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Agriculture Secretary Dan Glickman, From an Announcement of Announcement made in 1999 and does not reflect current policy direction for the Interim Ban on Forest Road Construction, Washington, D.C., February Forest Service relative to managing roads. The Forest Service now has the Travel 11, 1999 Management Rule published in 2005 which guides management of designation of http://www.usda.gov/news/releases/1999/02/0056 open roads among other items related to motorized travel. The Ringo project does not propose construction of any new permanent roads.

Statement by USFS Chief Tom Tidwell Statement made by Chief Tidwell regarding the use of the best available science. From an interview with Rob Chaney of the Missoulian, June 19, 2009 The Ringo project utilized the best available science, through the design of http://westinstenv.org/sosf/2009/06/19/tidwell-interviewed-by-the- alternatives, different silvicultural treatments, assessment of effects, and missoulian/ determination of mitigation measures.

Potyondy, John P. 2007 “The Evolution of Channel Maintenance The water quality analysis in the Ringo project is limited to Crescent Creek and Science in the Forest Service” implementation of identified Best Management Practices (BMPs) and Project Design Mr. Potyondy is the WO Watershed, Fish, Wildlife, Air, and Rare Plants Features (PDFs) are expected to effectively inhibit the mobilization and transport of Staff http://www.stream.fs.fed.us/afsc/pdfs/Potyondy.pdf increased sedimentation. Best management practices are incorporated in the FEIS to limit and reduce the amount of soil displacement. Additional project design features are in place to designate skid trails and the amount of passes per trail is limited and no heavy equipment on slopes over 30 percent.. Melle, Ann R. “The U.S. Forest Service Approach to Forest Law This paper has discusses in a very broad way the many integrated aspects of the U.S. Enforcement” A presentation to the East Asia Ministerial Conference, Forest Service forest management and enforcement program. The Ringo project September 12, 2001 proposes vegetation management to achieve goals related to providing habitat for Ms. Melle is the Asst. Director of Law Enforcement and Investigations, species reliant on more open habitat conditions. It does not concern law enforcement USDS Forest Service or investigations related to illegal activities. http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfd/library/documents/bib49682.pdf Statements by retired Chief Dr. Mike Dombeck Statement made by retired Chief of Forest Service. Dombeck says, "Science should “Politics vs. Science,” October 19, 2006 not be the only driver of policy; there are economic, social and political concerns, but Published by the University of Wisconsin, Board of Regents. ... scientists can provide information that informs policymaking; “If we adopt this http://whyfiles.org/247sci_politics/index.php?g=5.txt policy, this will be the outcome…” Consideration of the social aspects related to timber harvest in concert with utilizing the best available science was accomplished with the Ringo Project, through the design of alternatives, different silvicultural treatments, assessment of effects, and determination of mitigation measures. Kaufmann, Merrill R. 2005 “Good Fire, Bad Fire” USDA publication about the role of fire in forest ecosystems. The quote from the Mr. Kaufmann is the Rocky Mountain Research Station's team leader for commenter is taken out of context, as the premise of the section of the paper that the ecosystem management, Fort Collins, CO, USDA Forest Service comment comes out of is that the current condition on the ground (which is a result http://csfs.colostate.edu/pdfs/Good_Fire_Bad_Fire.pdf of decades of fire suppression) can be at least partially remedied through reintroduction of fire. The Ringo project proposes to do exactly that - work towards returning the project area to more of a natural fire return interval.

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Bravo, Aguirre Celedonio and Carlos Rodriguez Franco, compilers USDA publication. It was a symposium on future inventory and monitoring 1999. North American Science Symposium: Toward a Unified programs to hydrological responses to disturbance processes on a watershed scale. Framework for Inventorying and Monitoring Forest Ecosystem The water quality analysis in the Ringo project is limited to Crescent Creek and Resources. implementation of identified Best Management Practices (BMPs) and Project Design Guadalajara, Mexico (November 2-6, 1998). Proceedings RMRS-P-12. Features (PDFs) are expected to effectively inhibit the mobilization and transport of U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain increased sedimentation. Best management practices are incorporated in the FEIS to Research Station limit and reduce the amount of soil displacement. Additional project design features http://cwt33.ecology.uga.edu/publications/pubs_martha_new_01282003/ are in place to designate skid trails and the amount of passes per trail is limited and Batch_2_@300dpi/PDF/1389.pdf no heavy equipment on slopes over 30 percent. Monitoring of project specific mitigations has been identified as part of the alternatives in the Ringo Project. McDaniel, Josh 2007 “The Zaca Fire: Bridging Fire Science and Not peer reviewed/published document. The paper is regarding the use of a Management” Widland Fire Lessons Learned, predictive wildfire behavior model which was used on the Zaca Fire in California in http://www.wildfirelessons.net/Additional.aspx 2007 in order to facilitate fire suppression efforts during a wildfire. The use of this model would not be appropriate for vegetation management planning as in the Ringo Project.

CENTER FOR BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY v. UNITED STATES The referenced document is an opinion from the 9th circuit court regarding a lack of FOREST SERVICE consideration of opposing viewpoints that goshawks are not generalists. The Ringo Argued and Submitted July 15, 2003. -- November 18, 2003 project correctly identifies goshawk habitat and assesses impacts of the alternatives Before: KLEINFELD, WARDLAW, Circuit Judges, and POGUE, to habitat. Goshawks are an MIS species for the Deschutes and a Forest-wide MIS Judge. analysis was completed in 2012 that considered all the relevant science associated In the United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit with the species. Effects analysis related to goshawks can be found within the http://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-9th-circuit/1173711.html Wildlife Section of the FEIS.

Mr. Artleys Attachment # 17 Mountain Pine Beetle Activity in Lodgepole pine does not increase the Fire Risk

Dr. Martin Simard, Dr. William H. Romme, Dr. Jacob M. Griffin, and Peer-reviewed paper on two types of disturbance interactions- compound Dr. Monica G. Turner “Do mountain pine beetle outbreaks change disturbances and linked disturbances. In particular, they looked at bark beetles and the probability of active crown fire in lodgepole pine forests?” wildfire and if beetle kill increases the probability of wildfires or if beetle kill may Ecological Monographs, 81(1), 2011, pp. 3–24, 2011 by the Ecological reduce the probability and intensity of active crown fire by thinning the forest. The Society of America District Silviculturalist and the Fire/Fuels Managers worked together to ensure that http://esa.org/papers/pdf/emon-81-01-04_3.24.pdf forest health, density reduction, fuel reduction and prescribed burning requirements were met in the Ringo planning area. CTV.ca News Staff Newspaper article concerning University of Wisconsin forest ecologists studying “Could pine beetles actually reduce forest fire risk?” beetle-infested forest near Yellowstone National Park. They suggest that large fires Published Sunday, Sep. 12, 2010 do not occur more often or with greater severity in areas of beetle damage. The District Silviculturalist, District Wildlife Biologist, and Fuels Technicians worked

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Ringo EIS Appendix C - Response to Science http://www.ctvnews.ca/could-pine-beetles-actually-reduce-forest- together to ensure that forest health, density reduction, fuel reduction and prescribed fire-risk-1.551560 burning, and wildlife requirements were met in the Ringo planning area. Gable, Eryn, “Battling beetles may not reduce fire risks – report” Report that thinning or logging in Western lodgepole pine and spruce-fir forests are Published in Land Letter and the Xerces Newsletter, March 2010 unlikely to reduce fire risk or alleviate future large scale epidemics of bark beetles http://www.xerces.org/2010/03/04/battling-beetles-may-not-reduce-fire- and that money should be best spent on defensible space around structures. risks-report/ Home ignitability is well known by District fire/fuels managers but is outside the scope of this project. The Ringo project focus is on wildlife and how to balance the need for large diameter open stands of ponderosa pine for one species versus a closed canopy, more dense stand that other species prefer. The District Silviculturalist, District Wildlife Biologist, and Fuels Technicians worked together to ensure that forest health, density reduction, fuel reduction and prescribed burning, and wildlife requirements were met. Walker Range Fire Protection District and the Greater LaPine CWPP play a vital role in the communities with their Community Wildfire Protection Plan for private subdivisions. See Fire and Fuels section of the Ringo FEIS. “Beetle Mania” Unable to open this internet site. The cited excerpts provided were reviewed Published by the Biodiversity Conservation Alliance concerning news article about the beetles and how beetle-killed forest may or may http://www.voiceforthewild.org/clearcutting/beetle_mania.html not be more vulnerable to forest fires and that logging after fires destroys habitat. The Ringo project does not proposed post-fire logging. The current presence of and proposed susceptibility to bark beetles under the Ringo project alternatives is disclosed in Chapter 3 (Forested Vegetation).

“Pine beetles' role in fire risk devalued -- Drought, which dries out Newspaper article from 2007 about the beetles and how beetle-killed forest may or trees and promotes the insect outbreaks, is the key hazard, a may not be more vulnerable to forest fires and that logging dead trees in reaction to Massachusetts researcher says.” beetle outbreaks should be confused with efforts to reduce wildfire hazards. Published in the Denver Post, August 2007 Communities need defensible space to better protect them from wildlife risk. Home http://www.denverpost.com/news/ci_6520740 ignitability is well known by District fire/fuels managers but is outside the scope of this project. The Ringo project focus is on wildlife and how to balance the need for large diameter open stands of ponderosa pine for one species versus a closed canopy, more dense stand that other species prefer. The District Silviculturalist, District Wildlife Biologist, and Fuels Technicians worked together to ensure that forest health, density reduction, fuel reduction and prescribed burning, and wildlife requirements were met. Walker Range Fire Protection District and the Greater LaPine CWPP play a vital role in the communities with their Community Wildfire Protection Plan for private subdivisions. See Fire and Fuels section of the Ringo FEIS. Evans, Clay, Ph.D.,“Verdict’s still out on pine-beetle-kill fire effects” Page could not be found but the cited excerpts provided were reviewed concerning Colorado Arts and Sciences magazine news article about the beetles and how beetle-killed forest may or may not be more vulnerable to forest fires. The current presence of and proposed susceptibility to bark

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Ringo EIS Appendix C - Response to Science http://artsandsciences.colorado.edu/magazine/2012/10/verdicts-still-out- beetles under the Ringo project alternatives is disclosed in Chapter 3 (Forested on-pine-beetle-kill-fire-effects/ Vegetation).

CU-Boulder researchers see an upside to pine beetle kill Newspaper article from 2013 about small trees and other vegetation near waterways Camera staff that survive pine beetle infestations increase their uptake of nitrate, a pollutant Posted: January 15, 2013 associated with logging and storms. There is only one perennial waterway in the http://www.dailycamera.com/cu-news/ci_22378043/cu-boulder- Ringo project area, Crescent Creek, and the proposed treatments are mainly in researchers-see-an-upside-pine-beetle uplands to reduce young lodgepole pine densities and promote large ponderosa pine through reduce fire intensity potential. See Aquatics section in FEIS. Black, S. H. Ph.D., D. Kulakowski Ph.D., B.R. Noon Ph.D., and Website takes you to a German blog page. Unable to read German. D. DellaSala Ph.D. 2010. “Insects and Roadless Forests: A Scientific Review of Causes, Consequences and Management Alternatives.” National Center for Conservation Science & Policy, Ashland OR. http://nccsp.org/files/Insect%20and%20Roadless%20Forests.pdf

George Wuerthner, “Pine beetles are accomplished ecosystem Guest columnist for the Bozeman Daily Chronicle. Newspaper will not allow you to engineers” read the article unless to take a survey/log in. Thus is was not reviewed. The Bozeman Daily Chronicle, guest opinion, March 29, 2010 http://bozemandailychronicle.com/opinions/guest_columnists/article_bf 43fc58-3ac3-11df-aa79-001cc4c03286.html Frey, David “Logging Won’t Halt Beetles, Fire, Report Says” Report released by a conservation group, National Center for Conservation Science NewWest.net, March 3, 2010 and Policy, 2012, that states bark beetle outbreaks may not lead to greater fire risk http://www.newwest.net/topic/article/logging_wont_halt_beetles_fire_re and thinning won’t keep the beetles from spreading. Instead the focus should be port_says/C41/L41/ around communities and homes Home ignitability is well known by District fire/fuels managers but is outside the scope of this project. The Ringo project focus is on wildlife and how to balance the need for large diameter open stands of ponderosa pine for one species versus a closed canopy, more dense stand that other species prefer. The District Silviculturalist, District Wildlife Biologist, and Fuels Technicians worked together to ensure that forest health, density reduction, fuel reduction and prescribed burning, and wildlife requirements were met. Walker Range Fire Protection District and the Greater LaPine CWPP play a vital role in the communities with their Community Wildfire Protection Plan for private subdivisions. See Fire and Fuels section of the Ringo FEIS. Black, Scott H. Ph.D., Kulakowski, Dominik Ph.D., Barry R. Noon Paper where the authors reviewed peer-reviewed literature to determine if bark Ph.D., Barry R., DellaSala, Dominick A. Ph.D. “Do Bark Beetle beetles outbreaks are associated with higher wildfire incidences and if silviculture Outbreaks Increase Wildfire Risks in the Central U.S. Rocky treatments are effective at lowering beetle –induced mortality. The District Mountains? Implications from Recent Research” Silviculturalist and the Fire/Fuels Managers worked together to ensure that forest Published in Natural Areas Journal, January 2013 health, density reduction, fuel reduction and prescribed burning requirements were http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.3375/043.033.0107 met in the Ringo planning area.

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Wuerthner, George “Bark Beetles and Forest Fires: Another Myth Blog article on bark beetle are not the driving force in wildfire, rather climate, terrain Goes Up in Smoke” and other factors are more important yet the Forest Service keeps promoting that Published in Counterpunch, July 28, 2015 logging beetle-killed trees will reduce future fires. The District Silviculturalist and Link: http://www.counterpunch.org/2015/07/28/bark-beetles-and-forest- the Fire/Fuels Managers worked together to ensure that forest health, density fires-another-myth-goes-up-in-smoke/ reduction, fuel reduction and prescribed burning requirements were met in the Ringo planning area. Comments on eco website, “Ecologist” that tracks usage via “cookies.” That the Hanson, Chad, Ph.D., In defense of the Bark Beetle: a keystone public is being misled that bark beetles, spurred by drought, have killed 25 million species of Western forest ecosystems trees in California. Instead dead trees should not be salvage logged as they provide a Seen on KCETLink, formerly Community Television of Southern diversity of habitat. The Ringo project does not proposed salvage logging. The California, October 14, 2015 current presence of and proposed susceptibility to bark beetles under the Ringo http://www.kcet.org/news/redefine/rewild/commentary/in-defense-of- project alternatives is disclosed in Chapter 3 (Forested Vegetation). the-bark-beetle.html and

Published in Counterpunch and Ecologist, 28th October 2015 http://www.theecologist.org/essays/2985889/in_defense_of_the_bark_b eetle_a_keystone_species_of_western_forest_ecosystems.html http://www.counterpunch.org/2015/10/15/in-defense-of-the-bark-beetle/

Hart, Sarah, Ph.D., Schoennagen, Tanya, Ph.D., Veblen, Thomas, Ph.D., Paper concerning the mountain pine beetle and that abundant dead fuels may increase and Chapman, Teresa, Ph.D., Area burned in the western United acres burned and exacerbate fire behavior. Or is the changing climate and increased States is unaffected by recent mountain pine beetle outbreaks drought time playing a higher role? The District Silviculturalist and the Fire/Fuels Published in the proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Managers worked together to ensure that forest health, density reduction, fuel December 15, 201 reduction and prescribed burning requirements were met in the Ringo planning area. http://www.pnas.org/content/112/14/4375.abstract

Bond, Monica, Lee, Derek. Ph.D., Bradley, Curtis and Hanson, Chad, Paper on tree mortality due to drought and insect attacks are common in western Ph.D., Influence of Pre-Fire Tree Mortality on Fire Severity in coniferous forests. They examined “whether fire severity in two large fires that Conifer Forests of the San Bernardino Mountains, California occurred in the midst of a tree mortality event was influenced by the number of trees The Open Forest Science Journal, 2009, 2, 41-47 killed by drought and insects.” Did pre-fire tree mortality increase fire severity? http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/publications/papers/Bond_et_al.pdf They also found that harvesting the largest class size trees for fire severity reduction is ineffective. Ringo is not harvesting trees over 21 inches and the District Silviculturalist and the Fire/Fuels Managers worked together to ensure that forest health, density reduction, fuel reduction and prescribed burning requirements were met in the Ringo planning area.

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Martin Simard, Martin, Ph.D., Romme, William, Ph.D., Griffin, Jacob, Peer-reviewed paper on two types of disturbance interactions- compound Ph.D. and Turner, Monica, Ph.D., Do mountain pine beetle outbreaks disturbances and linked disturbances. In particular, they looked at bark beetles and change the probability of active crown fire in lodgepole pine forests? wildfire and if beetle kill increases the probability of wildfires or if beetle kill may reduce the probability and intensity of active crown fire by thinning the forest. The Published by the Ecological Society of America, 2011 District Silviculturalist and the Fire/Fuels Managers worked together to ensure that http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/10-1176.1 forest health, density reduction, fuel reduction and prescribed burning requirements

were met in the Ringo planning area. NASA Sattelites {sic} Reveal Surprising Connection between Beetle NASA article from 2010 that NASA satellites like Landsat can detect areas of beetle- Attacks, Wildfire killed forest from space. University of Wisconsin forest ecologists have utilized this A NASA publication, September 8, 2010 data to build models of how much fuel there is and how burnable it is. The District http://www.nasa.gov/topics/earth/features/beetles-fire.html Silviculturalist and the Fire/Fuels Managers worked together to ensure that forest health, density reduction, fuel reduction and prescribed burning requirements were met in the Ringo planning area. In Defense of The Bark Beetle Blog article talking about the sensational headlines that, according to US Forest by Chad Hanson, Phd., John Muir Project Service, bark beetles, spurred on by drought, have killed 25 million trees in Aired by KCET public TV, October 14, 2015 California, greatly increasing spread and intensity of recent fires and research is http://www.kcet.org/news/redefine/rewild/commentary/in-defense-of- saying that dead trees/snags are instead providing habitat. The Ringo project focus is the-bark-beetle.html on wildlife and how to balance the need for large diameter open stands of ponderosa pine for one species versus a closed canopy, more dense stand that other species prefer. The District Silviculturalist, District Wildlife Biologist, and Fuels Technicians worked together to ensure that forest health, density reduction, fuel reduction and prescribed burning, and wildlife requirements were met (see Chapter 3 of DEIS). Forest officials agree: Beetle infestation doesn’t determine fire Newspaper article from 2015 that discusses the spruce beetle and that Forest Service severity Report downplays correlation between tree die-offs, fires officials are not surprised by the studies downplaying the impact spruce beetle By Peter Marcus, Herald Denver Bureau infestations have on severe wildfires in Colorado. Forest Officials are careful to point Published by The Journal, November 17, 2015 out that intensity and severity of wildfires are different. The forests in the Ringo http://www.cortezjournal.com/article/20151117/NEWS01/151119854/0/ planning area in central Oregon has different type trees (lodgepole and ponderosa SEARCH/Forest-officials-agree:-Beetle-infestation- pine) than in Colorado (spruce). The current presence of and proposed susceptibility doesn%E2%80%99t-determine-fire-severity to bark beetles under the Ringo project alternatives is disclosed in Chapter 3 (Forested Vegetation).

Mr. Artleys - Science showing Logged Areas do not affect Fire Spread and Intensity

Western National Forests: A Cohesive Strategy is Needed to Report to the Subcommittee on Forest and Forest Health, Committee on Resources, Address Catastrophic Wildfire Threats House of Representatives on the need for a cohesive strategy on catastrophic wildfire Published by the Government Accounting Office, GAO/RCED-99-65 threats. Scientists and agency officials attribute this (on the dry eastside forests) to Link: http://www.gao.gov/archive/1999/rc99065.pdf long periods of fire suppression resulting in denser forests, shifts in tree species composition, and increases in insects and disease. One of the key issues in the Ringo

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project is to utilize prescribed fire to help return stands on the dry eastside forest more to their historic fuels/fire regime (FEIS Chap 3 Fire and Fuels). Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project: Final Report to Congress -- Fire is a natural component of the Sierra Nevada mountains. There is a difference Volume 1, Chapter 4 – Fire and Fuels. between the pre-settlement forests and the forests of today and there are three broad Source for quote above: University of California; SNEP Science Team goals for fire management in the Sierra Nevada’s (1) reduce the area and average size and Special Consultants of large, high-severity wildfires (2) restore the ecosystem to more low to moderate http://ceres.ca.gov/snep/pubs/web/PDF/v1_ch04.pdf wildfires, (3) encourage a more rational approach for intermix of homes and wildland vegetation with high fire risk. The District Silviculturalist, District Wildlife Biologist, and Fuels Technicians worked together to ensure that forest health, density reduction, fuel reduction and prescribed burning, and wildlife requirements were met and coordinate with Walker Range Fire Protection District and the Greater LaPine CWPP on education and fire wise awareness. They play a vital role in the communities with their Community Wildfire Protection Plan for private subdivisions. See Fire and Fuels section of the Ringo FEIS. Testimony to the Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry Committee Professor Partridge’s opinion that there is no “emergency” and no need for massive United State Senate. Hearing to Review Healthy Forests Restoration interventions, that to “fireproof” our forests is unproven as a reliable method, and Act, HR 1904 on June 26, 2003 that it is the homeowners responsibility to protect their own homes in the woods in By:, Arthur Partridge Ph.D., Professor Emeritus, University of Idaho regard to the Healthy Forest Restoration Act, HR 1904. Link: http://www.univision.co.za/offer-day- While Ringo incorporates some of the fuels reduction elements it is not utilizing oA2A392Cr1N3B2x_2F2du3g3-music.shtml grants for biomass. It is promoting the District Silviculturalist, District Wildlife Biologist, and Fuels Technicians working together to ensure that forest health, density reduction, fuel reduction and prescribed burning, and wildlife requirements were met. Walker Range Fire Protection District and the Greater LaPine CWPP focus on private land education and fire wise awareness. They play a vital role in the communities with their Community Wildfire Protection Plan for private subdivisions. See Fire and Fuels section of the Ringo FEIS. A USFS scientist comments on logging and fire behavior Newspaper will not allow you to read the article unless to take a survey/log in. Thus By Tom Kuglin, writing about Dr. Mark Finney’s research is was not reviewed. Published in the Helena Independent Record newspaper, June 17, 2015 Link: http://helenair.com/news/local/researcher-finds-need-for-more- prescribed-burning/article_4a58c3c3-a7bb-5905-a505- 4567e8107600.html Mark Finney, Ph.D., a research forester with the U.S. Forest Service Fire Lab in Missoula.

Authors: Curt Bradley, Dr. Chad Hanson and Dr. Dominick Della Sala It is the authors belief that the Forest Service utilizes “This prevailing forest/fire Published in the October 26, 2016 Ecological Society of America management hypothesis assumes that forests with higher levels of protection, and publication Ecosphere therefore less logging, will burn more intensely due to higher fuel loads and forest

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Link: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ecs2.1492/full density. Recommendations have been made to increase logging as fuel reduction and decrease forest protections before wildland fire can be more extensively reintroduced on the landscape after decades of fire suppression.” This study suggest the need to rethink “current forest and fire management direction, particularly proposals that seek to weaken forest protections or suspend environmental laws ostensibly to facilitate a more extensive and industrial forest–fire management regime.” Ringo’s Fire//Fuels managers are aware of the ideas and work with the District Silviculturalist, District Wildlife Biologist, to ensure that forest health, density reduction, fuel reduction and prescribed burning, and wildlife requirements were met.

Study challenges views about Western forest fires Newspaper will not allow you to read the article unless to take a survey/log in. Published by the Daily World, July 23, 2012 By Scott Sonner AP However, KTCV5 from Kansas City, MO. had the opinion piece that researchers Link: from University of Wyoming say their finding show “the fuel reduction programs http://www.thedailyworld.com/sections/newswire/northwest/study- run by the U.S. Forest Service and other agencies may be creating artificial challenges-views-about-western-forest-fires.html conditions that make dry forests less resilient.” and that thinning and post-fire salvage operations should be reexamined. The Ringo project is not a post-fire salvage logging project and that the thinning is done for fuels reduction and for forest health. District Silviculturalist, District Wildlife Biologist, to ensure that forest health, density reduction, fuel reduction and prescribed burning, and wildlife requirements were met.

Forest health concepts out of date Newspaper will not allow you to read the article unless to take a survey/log in. Thus Published in the Helena Independent Record, November 13, 2016 is was not reviewed. By George Wuerthner Ph.D., ecologist and author of 42 books Link: http://helenair.com/news/opinion/guest/forest-health-concepts-out- of-date/article_d063df30-af9c-523b-b320-5d9290a624e3.html Commercial Logging Causes Forest Fires This weblink takes you to the EcoInternet with Real Climate Change and Published in FOREST CONSERVATION NEWS TODAY, July 20, 2002 Environmental News. However I could not locate the article form 2002 Commercial OVERVIEW & COMMENTARY by Forests.org logging causes Forest fires. Link: http://forests.org/archived_site/today/recent/2002/grgrurge.htm Fight Fire With Logging? A 2002 Mother Jones article on the debate over how the Bush Administration has By Dan Okoand Ilan Kayatsky implemented the federal government’s fire-protection plan. USDA policy/funding Published by Mother Jones magazine, Wed Jul. 31, 2002 modification is beyond the scope of this project. The Ringo project is not cutting Link: http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2002/08/fight-fire-logging trees over 21 inches and slash will be utilized for biomass if possible, firewood, piled and burned, or consumed with prescribed fire. A Burning Issue: Helping Loggers, Hurting Forests Guest commentary in Los Angeles Times (2002) that the government is By Dr. Chad Hanson administration intends to “modify” the Northwest Forest Plan and Sierra framework Published on Monday, July 15, 2002 in the Los Angeles Times plan to increase access into ancient forests and the size of the trees that could be Link: http://www.commondreams.org/views02/0715-04.htm removed. USDA policy/funding modification is beyond the scope of this project. The Ringo project is not cutting trees over 21 inches in the Eastside Screens and

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slash will be utilized for biomass if possible, firewood, piled and burned, or consumed with prescribed fire. The wildland fires of 2002 illuminate fundamental questions about The excerpts quoted were not found in “The wildland fires of 2002 illuminate our relationship to fire fundamental questions about our relationship to fire” article in the Oregon By Dr. Timothy Ingalsbee Quarterly. Instead this is an opinion piece containing four paradoxs about wildland Published in the Winter 2002 issue of the The Oregon Quarterly firefighting and logging private home protection. Link: http://www.fire-ecology.org/research/wildfire_paradox.pdf The District Silviculturalist, District Wildlife Biologist, and Fuels Technicians working together to ensure that forest health, density reduction, fuel reduction and prescribed burning, and wildlife requirements were met in the Ringo project area. Walker Range Fire Protection District and the Greater LaPine CWPP focus on private land education and fire wise awareness. They play a vital role in the communities with their Community Wildfire Protection Plan for private subdivisions. See Fire and Fuels section of the Ringo FEIS. A Report to the President in Response to the Wildfires of 2000. The website would not open. However Google notes that the full report is titled By Lyle Laverty USDA Forest Service and Tim Hartzell U.S. Managing the Impacts of Wildfire on Communities and the environment: A Report to Department of the Interior, September 8, 2000 the President in Response to the Wildfires of 2000. Which became the cornerstone of Link: http://frames.nacse.org/6000/6269.html the National Fire Plan. Dead trees aren't a wildfire threat, but overlogging them will ruin Opinion piece in the Los Angeles Times newspaper that high snag levels had no our forest ecosystems effect on the fire rate of spread and that Secretary Vilsack was well aware of this By Chad Hanson, Ph.D., research ecologist research but the Department of Agriculture has a direct financial interest to remove Published in the LA Times, June 27, 2016 these “supposedly dangerous dead trees.” Link: http://www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-hanson-dead-trees- The District Wildlife biologist and Silviculturalist for Ringo follow the Deschutes fires-vilsack-20160627-snap-story.html National Forest Wildlife Tree and Log Implementation Strategy. It provides guidance and options for meeting the snag, green tree replacements and down log objectives for the forest, regardless of management direction. Timber Industry Fails to Convince Judges that Logging Levels Opinion piece where a judge had ruled in favor of the industry plaintiffs but the DC Linked to Wildfires circuit court ruled that the timber industry didn’t have standing so all four cases were Published in a New Century of Forest Planning, September 29, 2015 dismissed. American Forest Resource Council is now looking at Congress vice the Link: http://forestpolicypub.com/2015/09/29/timber-industry-fails-to- courts to make the Federal government allow more logging. convince-judges-that-logging-levels-linked-to-wildfires/ Court jurisdiction and the federal government policy and regulations are outside the scope of the Ringo. Commercial Logging for Wildfire Prevention: Facts Vs Fantasies Opinion piece -the timber industry and its supporters that commercial logging can By Dr. Timothy Ingalsbee prevent wildfires does not match up with scientific evidence or history of federal Link: http://www.fire-ecology.org/citizen/logging_and_wildfires.htm management practices. The District Silviculturalist and the Fire/Fuels managers are well aware of the latest science on logging and on prescribed fire and consideration has been given in the analysis (Chapter 3, Fire and Fuels). More Logging Won’t Stop Wildfires Opinion in The New York Times that the fires near Yosemite in 2013 had Congress By Dr. Chad Hanson and Dr. Dominick DellaSala looking at suspending the environmental laws to increase logging in the national Published in the New York Times on July 23, 2015 forests in the name of fire prevention and “restoration.” USDA and Congressional

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Link: http://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/23/opinion/more-logging-wont- policy making is beyond the scope of this project. The Ringo project focuses on stop-wildfires.html?_r=0 restoring and maintaining a resilient, fire adapted ecosystem that will: protect or enhance quality habitat for key wildlife species including the northern spotted owl, white-headed woodpecker, and big game, allow for safe and effective wildfire response, maintain developed and dispersed recreational opportunities, and contribute to local and regional economies by providing timber, firewood, and other forest products. Historical and current forest landscapes in eastern Oregon and Peer-reviewed paper that compared potential fire behavior and smoke production of Washington. Part II: Linking vegetation characteristics to potential historical and current time periods based on vegetative conditions in six river basins fire behavior and related smoke production in eastern Oregon and Washington. They found the smoke production has increased By: Mark H. Huff; Roger D. Ottmar; Ernesto Alvarado; Robert E. from historical times. Ringo’s Fire/Fuel managers are aware of smoke potential and Vihnanek; John F. Lehmkuhl; Paul F. Hessburg; Richard L. Everett, during prescribed burns are in compliance with national Ambient Air Quality 1995 Standards under the Oregon Smoke Management Plan. Link: https://www.frames.gov/rcs/6000/6691.html

Study challenges views about Western forest fires Duplicate entry- Newspaper will not allow you to read the article unless to take a By: Scott Sonner, AP Published in the Daily World, July 23, 2012 survey/log in. However, KTCV5 from Kansas City, MO. had the opinion piece that Link: researchers from University of Wyoming say their finding show “the fuel reduction http://www.thedailyworld.com/sections/newswire/northwest/study- programs run by the U.S. Forest Service and other agencies may be creating challenges-views-about-western-forest-fires.html artificial conditions that make dry forests less resilient.” and that thinning and post- fire salvage operations should be reexamined. The Ringo project is not a post-fire salvage logging project and that the thinning is done for fuels reduction and for forest health. The District Silviculturalist, District Wildlife Biologist, and Fire/Fuels managers work together to ensure that forest health, density reduction, fuel reduction and prescribed burning, and wildlife requirements were met.

Healthy Forests" and Wildfire Control: Accumulating Scientific Evidence Montana public radio commentary on the Bush Administration and US Forest By Dr. Thomas Power Service path to use timber harvest to improve forest “health.” That thinning alone is A Montana Public Radio Commentary, December 11, 2006 not enough it must be followed by prescribed burning to be effective. In Ringo the Link: http://forestcouncil.org/so-called-healthy-forests-and-wildfire- District Silviculturist and Fire/Fuels managers are working together to ensure that the control/ treatments and prescribed burning are coordinated to ensure the best course of action for forest health.

Colorado: Front Range forest thinning may be misguided Opinion piece regarding the severity of fires in Colorado’s ponderosa pine stands and Posted online on February 24, 2012 by Bob Berwyn that utilizing low-intensity fires does not prevent high-intensity fires in dry forests. In Link: https://summitcountyvoice.com/2012/02/24/colorado-front-range- Ringo the District Silviculturist and Fire/Fuels managers are working together to forest-thinning-may-be-misguided/ ensure that the treatments and prescribed burning are coordinated to ensure the best course of action for forest health.

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Statement of Norman L. Christensen, Jr., Ph.D. Before the Senate Statement of Norman Christensen, Jr in regards to the Healthy Forest Restoration Act Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry Regarding H.R. of 2003. He feels that the western forests are in an unhealthy state with respect to 1904—the Healthy Forests Restoration Act of 2003, 26 June 2003 flammable fuels and risk of catastrophic fire and that large old trees should be Link: retained and hazardous fuel reduction should be accompanied by long-term https://wwwpaztcn.wr.usgs.gov/fire/hr_1904_testimony_christensen.pdf management. In Ringo the District Silviculturalist, District Wildlife Biologist, and Fuels Technicians working together to ensure that forest health, density reduction, fuel reduction and prescribed burning, and wildlife requirements were met. See Fire and Fuels section of the Ringo FEIS.

Mr. Artleys – Glyphosate Dangers, This document contains links to Monsanto and glyphosate safety literature. Of course we cannot believe

Here’s a very recent (January 27, 2017) article published in Your Opinion in YourNewsWire.com that France was banning the sale of Monsanto’s Newswire. roundup glyphosate based on a United Nations announcement that the active Link to entire article: http://yournewswire.com/france-bans-sale-of- ingredient was “carcinogenic to humans.” monsanto-herbicide-roundup/ Each county has the right to regulate what chemicals are sold within their borders. Project Design Features are in place to help limit the spread of invasive species. Any France Bans Sale Of Monsanto Herbicide Roundup herbicide use is regulated under the 2012 Deschutes and Ochoco Invasive Plant EIS and not the Ringo EIS. Se Botany and Invasive Species section in Chapter 3 of DEIS. Here’s another recent (January 24, 2017) article published in Truthout. Opinion in Truthout that officials from Monsanto Co. and Environmental Protection Link to entire article: http://www.truth-out.org/news/item/39197- Agency are fighting legal efforts exploring Montsanto’s influence over regulatory monsanto-epa-seek-to-keep-talks-secret-on-glyphosate-cancer-review assessments of the key chemical in roundup. Project Design Features are in place to help limit the spread of invasive species. Any herbicide use is regulated under the MONSANTO, EPA SEEK TO KEEP TALKS SECRET ON 2012 Deschutes and Ochoco Invasive Plant EIS and not the Ringo EIS. See Botany GLYPHOSATE CANCER REVIEW and Invasive Species section in Chapter 3 of DEIS. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-03-20/who-classifies- Unable to open this website and cannot locate it on Google. monsanto-s-glyphosate-as-probably-carcinogenic-

Why Glyphosate Should Be Banned – A Review of its Hazards to Report that serious harm to health and environment caused by glyphosate herbicides Health and the Environment and they’d feel there is a compelling case to ban or phase out glyphosate-based Published by, Permaculture Research Institute, November 1, 2012 herbicides. Link to full report: http://permaculturenews.org/2012/11/01/why- Trial studies are outside the scope of the Ringo project. Project Design Features are glyphosate-should-be-banned-a-review-of-its-hazards-to-health-and-the- in place to help limit the spread of invasive species. Any herbicide use is regulated environment/ under the 2012 Deschutes and Ochoco Invasive Plant EIS and not the Ringo EIS. See Botany and Invasive Species section in Chapter 3 of DEIS. Monsanto’s Roundup linked to fatty liver disease Opinion that glyphosate can cause non-alcohol fatty liver disease in rats at very, real Published by: Nation of Change, January 11, 2017 world doses. The chemical is so ubiquitous that it can now be detected in common Link: http://www.nationofchange.org/2017/01/11/monsantos-roundup- food items from breakfast cereals, wine and even childhood vaccines. linked-fatty-liver-disease/ Project Design Features are in place to help limit the spread of invasive species. Any herbicide use is regulated under the 2012 Deschutes and Ochoco Invasive Plant EIS

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and not the Ringo EIS. See Botany and Invasive Species section in Chapter 3 of DEIS. Monsanto undermines EPA's scientific review Blog website that EPA has put the glyphosate review back on the calendar. It states Published by: Pesticide Action Network, December 8, 2016 that Monsanto tried to publically discredit an expert epidemiologist by saying he was Link: http://www.panna.org/blog/monsanto-pushing-silence- biased. science?utm_source=blog&utm_campaign=gt-12- Project Design Features are in place to help limit the spread of invasive species. Any 09&utm_medium=groundtruth herbicide use is regulated under the 2012 Deschutes and Ochoco Invasive Plant EIS and not the Ringo EIS. See Botany and Invasive Species section in Chapter 3 of DEIS. Section 735 is known by many as the "Monsanto Protection Act." See: Opinion piece on HR 933 provision that bars the federal courts form being able to http://www.ibtimes.com/monsanto-protection-act-5-terrifying-things- halt the sale of controversial genetically modified (GMO) or genetically engineered know-about-hr-933-provision-1156079 (GE) seeds. Genetically modified or engineered crops is outside the scope of the Ringo project. Section 1- the USDA has been in bed with Monsanto for decades Six Reasons Why Obama Appointing Monsanto's Buddy, Former Opinion on Tom Vilsack from 2008 and why he shouldn’t be considered for Iowa Governor Vilsack, for USDA Head Would be a Terrible Idea Secretary of Agriculture under President Obama. The current Secretary of Published by Organic Consumers Association, November 12, 2008 Agriculture of Sonny Purdue. The Secretary of Agriculture is appointed by the Link: https://www.organicconsumers.org/news/six-reasons-why-obama- President and confirmed by Congress thus this cited article is beyond the scope of the appointing-monsantos-buddy-former-iowa-governor-vilsack-usda-head- Ringo project. would

Monsanto Receives Full Deregulation From Vilsack's USDA For Blog website stating that USDA head Tom Vilsack “pushed hard for his favorite Roundup Ready Alfalfa corporate demon, the dreaded Monsanto to further gain total control of US Published by Alabama Confidential, January 31, 2011 Link: agriculture with this latest power bestowal by granting full deregulation for http://alabamacorruption.blogspot.com/2011/01/monsanto-recieves-full- Monsanto's genetically modified Alfalfa.” deregulation.html Genetically modified or engineered crops is outside the scope of the Ringo project.

Tom "Monsanto" Vilsack Must Go. Opinion rambling on how Tom Vilsack is supposedly working for Monsanto and the Published by Daily Kos, April 25, 2011 GMO’s risk regarding sugarbeets in the Willamette Valley. Link: http://www.dailykos.com/story/2011/04/25/969976/-Tom- Genetically modified or engineered crops is outside the scope of the Ringo project. Monsanto-Vilsack-Must-Go

Ag Secretary Tom Vilsack: Too much Monsanto in the Mix? A 2008 OpEdNews opinion on the selection of Tom Vilsack as the new Secretary of Published by OpEdNews, December 17, 2008 Agriculture and six reasons why that was a bad choice. Link: http://www.opednews.com/articles/Ag-Secretary-Announced-To- by-Jill-Hamilton-and-081216-596.html It is 2017 and Sonny Perdue is Secretary of Agriculture. Who is selected for the position of Secretary is nominated by the President and goes through congressional confirmation proceedings. This process is outside the scope of the Ringo project.

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How did Barack Obama become Monsanto’s man in Washington? Opinion for a radio show concerning key Barak Obama appointees who support Published by Infowars, April 29, 2013 GMO crops. Link: http://www.infowars.com/how-did-barack-obama-become- Genetically modified or engineered crops is outside the scope of the Ringo project. monsantos-man-in-washington/

Monsanto Has Tom Vilsack Under Its Thumb Opinion piece by Ring of Fire staff that the budget sent by the Department of Broadcast by Ring of Fire Radio, LLC, March 25, 2013 Agriculture to the White House contained specific industry demands to withdraw Link: https://trofire.com/2013/03/25/monsanto-has-tom-vilsack-under- implemented regulations on chicken growers and GMO seeds produced by its-thumb/ Monsanto. The Department of Agriculture budget and genetically modified or engineered crops is outside the scope of the Ringo project. USDA Forces Whole Foods to Accept Monsanto Blog website on a 12 year battle to keep Monsanto’s genetically engineered crops Published by Reader Supported News, February 3, 2016 from contaminating organic crops. Companies such as Whole Foods Market, Link: http://readersupportednews.org/opinion2/265-34/34968-usda- Organic Valley, and Stonyfield Farms have ‘succumbed” to the GMO pressure. forces-whole-foods-to-accept-monsanto Genetically modified or engineered crops is outside the scope of the Ringo project.

GMO Science Deniers: Monsanto and the USDA Blog website stating that Monsanto and the USDA are in a group of science deniers The Huffington Post, May 20, 2015 on the central tenets of evolutionary biology, namely natural selection and Link: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/andrew-kimbrell/gmo-science- adaptation. deniers-monsanto-and-the-usda_b_6904606.html Genetically modified or engineered crops is outside the scope of the Ringo project.

Section 2

As is the case here, USFS EAs and EISs that propose to apply glyphosate cite research conclusions from the Human Health and Ecological Risk Assessment prepared by Syracuse Environmental Research Associates’ (SERA).

Report Name: Glyphosate -Human Health and Ecological Risk This report concerns Glyphosate is a herbicide used in Forest Service programs Assessment Final Report, 2011 primarily in conifer release, site preparation, and noxious weed control. The Forest Prepared by: Syracuse Environmental Research Associates, Inc. Service identified more than 50 formulations which are explicitly considered in the Prepared for: USDA Forest Service, Contract Number: AG-3187-C- current risk assessment. This risk assessment on glyphosate is dominated by three 06-0010 considerations: the extensive literature available on glyphosate, the availability of Link to Report: numerous glyphosate formulations, and the use of surfactants either as components in http://www.fs.fed.us/foresthealth/pesticide/pdfs/Glyphosate_SERA_TR- glyphosate formulations or as adjuvants added to glyphosate formulations prior to 052-22-03b.pdf application. Research on the effects of genetically modified or engineered crops and the effects to human consumption is outside the scope of the Ringo project. Roundup: Birth Defects Caused By World’s Top-Selling Weedkiller, Opinion in Huff Post that the active ingredient in Roundup and other herbicides used Scientists Say around the globe pose a serious threat to human health. Earth Open Source, a non- The Huffington Post, August 24, 2011 profit from the U.K. questions the safety of glyphosate and GMOs.

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Link: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/06/24/roundup-scientists- Research on the effects of genetically modified or engineered crops and the effects to birth-defects_n_883578.html human consumption is outside the scope of the Ringo project.

Lab Study Establishes Glyphosate Link to Birth Defects Article in the Science in Society Archive that two years after round-up ready Institute of Science in Society, April 10, 2010 soybeans were introduced in Argentina people were reporting birth defects related to Link: http://www.i-sis.org.uk/glyphosateCausesBirthDefects.php glyphosate spray. Research on the effects of genetically modified or engineered crops and the effects to human consumption is outside the scope of the Ringo project.

The inside story on Monsanto and the glyphosate birth defect data Blog article in Ecologist that Industry and the EC knew as long ago as the 1980’s that The Ecologist, June 13, 2011 Roundup caused birth defects and yet the public wasn’t notified. Link:http://www.theecologist.org/blogs_and_comments/commentators/o Research on the effects of genetically modified or engineered crops and the effects to ther_comments/938661/the_inside_story_on_monsanto_and_the_glypho human consumption is outside the scope of the Ringo project. sate_birth_defect_data.html

Monsanto's Roundup Herbicide Threatens Public Health Article in Organic Consumers Guide that Roundup is a hormone-disruptor and is Rachel's Environment and Health News, issue 751, Sept. 5, 2002. associated with birth defects. Roundup ready seeds for corn, soybeans, and cotton are Reprinted by Organic Consumers Association, September 25, 2001 engineered to withstand a thorough Link: http://www.organicconsumers.org/Monsanto/roundup92502.cfm dousing with Roundup, which kills weeds without killing the Roundup-ready crops. Research on the effects of genetically modified or engineered crops and the effects to human consumption is outside the scope of the Ringo project. Is Glyphosate Responsible for your Health Problems? Article on Health Impact News on a new herbicide in 1974 called roundup, the sugar from Health Impact News, December 6, 2015 tariff, and the adoption of dietary guidelines that have led to todays obesity, Link: http://healthimpactnews.com/2014/is-glyphosate-responsible-for- numerous forms of chronic health and uncontrollable healthcare expenditures. That your-health-problems/ genetic engineering utilizing roundup and glyphosate is damaging the human race. Research on the effects of genetically modified or engineered crops and the effects to human consumption is outside the scope of the Ringo project. Glyphosate Weedkiller in Our Food and Water? Opinion for the Alex Jones Radio Show that a professor has done a study from Infowars, June 17, 2013 commissioned by Friends of the Earth Europe and found traces of glyphosate in the Link: http://www.infowars.com/glyphosate-weedkiller-in-our-food-and- urine of individuals in 18 countries across Europe. water/ Research on the effects of genetically modified or engineered crops and the effects to human consumption is outside the scope of the Ringo project.

Glyphosate, pathways to modern diseases II: Celiac sprue and Article in Interdisciplinary Toxicology that gluten intolerance is a growing epidemic gluten intolerance. in the United States and worldwide. Glyphosate has been shown to disrupt the gut From Interdisiplinary Toxicology , 2013 Dec;6(4):159-84. doi: bacteria in animals and negatively impact human health- chelation of minerals such 10.2478/intox-2013-0026 as iron and cobalt and interfere with cytochrome P450 enzymes. They argue that a Link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24678255

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key system-wide pathology in celiac disease is impaired sulfate supply to the tissues, and this is also a key component of glyphosate’s toxicity to humans. Research on the effects of roundup ready genetically modified or engineered crops and the effects to human consumption is outside the scope of the Ringo project.

#3 Cancer

Roundup and Glyphosate Toxicity Have Been Grossly Blog article that glyphosate is toxic to human DNA even when diluted to Underestimated concentrations 450-fold lower than agricultural applications, inert doesn’t mean Published by Mercola.com inactive, birth malformations are skyrocketing in Argentina, it predisposes cattle to Link: botulism, and to avoid any processed foods. The effects of roundup ready genetically http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2013/07/30/glyphosate- modified or engineered crops and the effects to human consumption being linked to toxicity.aspx#! causing cancer and a host of other diseases is outside the scope of the Ringo project. Ringo is an ecosystem services project regarding the need for amore long-term multi- story structure and a better mosaic of short-term dispersal corridors for the northern spotted owl. RoundUp--Lymphoma Connection Article for 1999 that glyphosate, commonly known as roundup is the world’s most From a June 22, 1999 Press Release by Sadhbh O' Neill, author of commonly used herbicide. Companies are receiving permits to allow for higher Genetic Concern. residue on genetically engineered foods but eminent oncologists from Sweden have Link: http://www.naturescountrystore.com/roundup/page8.html discovered a clear link between glyphosate and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. The effects of roundup ready genetically modified or engineered crops and the effects to human consumption being linked to causing cancer and a host of other diseases is outside the scope of the Ringo project. Ringo is an ecosystem services project regarding the need for amore long-term multi-story structure and a better mosaic of short-term dispersal corridors for the northern spotted owl. RoundUp Ready" nears end of the line... Blog that the chemical efficiency of roundup is declining and farmers are facing From GroundTruth, July 7, 2014 “superweeds.” That glyphosate and genetically engineered crops have a close Link: http://www.panna.org/blog/roundup-ready-nears-end-line relationship and that using less chemicals is better. The effects of roundup ready genetically modified or engineered crops and the effects to human consumption being linked to causing cancer and a host of other diseases is outside the scope of the Ringo project. Ringo is an ecosystem services project regarding the need for amore long-term multi-story structure and a better mosaic of short-term dispersal corridors for the northern spotted owl. Study: Glyphosate Doubles Risk of Lymphoma Blog in AGMAG that glyphosate doubles the risk lymphoma. That there is a strong From AgMag BLOG, May 23, 2014 type between pesticide exposure and blood cancer called non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Link: http://www.ewg.org/agmag/2014/05/study-glyphosate-doubles- Genetic engineering was a promise to use less chemicals and we are using more due risk-lymphoma to “superweeds.” The effects of roundup ready genetically modified or engineered crops and the effects to human consumption being linked to causing cancer and a host of other

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diseases is outside the scope of the Ringo project. Ringo is an ecosystem services project regarding the need for amore long-term multi-story structure and a better mosaic of short-term dispersal corridors for the northern spotted owl. Cytotoxic and DNA-damaging properties of glyphosate and PubMed abstract on Glyphosate containing polyoxyethyleneamine as the main Roundup in human-derived buccal epithelial cells. surfactant and that recent studies indicate exposure may cause DNA damage and From Arch Toxicol. 2012 May;86(5):805-13. doi: 10.1007/s00204-012- cancer in humans. 0804-8. Epub 2012 Feb 14. The effects of roundup ready genetically modified or engineered crops and the Link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22331240 effects to human consumption being linked to causing cancer and a host of other diseases is outside the scope of the Ringo project. Ringo is an ecosystem services project regarding the need for amore long-term multi-story structure and a better mosaic of short-term dispersal corridors for the northern spotted owl. Roundup is tied to infertility and cancer; herbicide’s maker calls it Health and Science new article in The Washington Post that Roundup maybe linked safe to a range of health problems and diseases. Residue from glyphosate has been found Published in the Washington Post, April 29, 2013 in food. By Carey Gillam The effects of roundup ready genetically modified or engineered crops and the Link: effects to human consumption being linked to causing cancer and a host of other https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/roundup-is- diseases is outside the scope of the Ringo project. Ringo is an ecosystem services tied-to-infertility-and-cancer-herbicides-maker-calls-it- project regarding the need for amore long-term multi-story structure and a better safe/2013/04/29/ac86ced6-ae71-11e2-98ef-d1072ed3cc27_story.html mosaic of short-term dispersal corridors for the northern spotted owl.

#4 DNA Damage

Glyphosate Toxic to Mouth Cells & Damages DNA, Roundup Much Science in Society Archive that a group from the Medical University of Vienna, Worse Austria found that Roundup Ultra Max caused cellular damage and DNA damage From an Institute of Science Publication, March 3, 2012 including chromosomal abnormalities and ultimately killed cell at higher Link: http://www.i-sis.org.uk/Glyphosate_Toxic_to_Mouth_Cells.php concentrations. The effects of roundup ready genetically modified or engineered crops and the effects to human consumption being linked to causing cancer and a host of other diseases is outside the scope of the Ringo project. Ringo is an ecosystem services project regarding the need for amore long-term multi-story structure and a better mosaic of short-term dispersal corridors for the northern spotted owl. Evaluation of DNA damage in an Ecuadorian population exposed to 2007 paper in which aerial spraying of glyphosate, with an added surfactant, was glyphosate studied in northern Ecuador. They compared an exposed group to a non-exposed from Genetics and Molecular Biology, 30, 2, 456-460 (2007) group and concluded that the exposed manifested symptoms of toxicity after several Link: http://www.scielo.br/pdf/gmb/v30n2/a26v30n2.pdf exposures to the aerial spraying. The effects of roundup ready genetically modified or engineered crops and the effects to human consumption being linked to causing cancer and a host of other diseases is outside the scope of the Ringo project. Ringo is an ecosystem services

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project regarding the need for amore long-term multi-story structure and a better mosaic of short-term dispersal corridors for the northern spotted owl. Monsanto’s Roundup is Causing DNA Damage Opinion piece in Natural Society that Roundup Ultra Max is causing both DNA and from Natural Society, March 30, 2012 Link: cellular damage to cells in the mouth and throat. http://naturalsociety.com/monsantos-roundup-is-causing-dna-damage/ The effects of roundup ready genetically modified or engineered crops and the effects to human consumption being linked to causing cancer and a host of other diseases is outside the scope of the Ringo project. Ringo is an ecosystem services project regarding the need for amore long-term multi-story structure and a better mosaic of short-term dispersal corridors for the northern spotted owl. Roundup: The "Safe" Garden Product that Can Destroy Your DNA Story-at-a-glance on the Mercola website that significant concentrations of the from Mercola.com, March 13, 2012 chemical glyphosate have been found in human urine samples and that the chemical Link: which work by inhibiting an enzyme called ESPS synthase caused birth defects in http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2012/03/13/active- frogs and chicken embryos at low levels. ingredient-glyphosate-in-roundup-herbicides-found-in-peoples- The effects of roundup ready genetically modified or engineered crops and the urine.aspx effects to human consumption being linked to causing cancer and a host of other diseases is outside the scope of the Ringo project. Ringo is an ecosystem services project regarding the need for amore long-term multi-story structure and a better mosaic of short-term dispersal corridors for the northern spotted owl. Carcinogenic Glyphosate Linked to DNA Damage as Residues are Daily news blog in Beyond Pesticides that glyphosate, already associated with cancer found in Bread could also damage human DNA and that the Soil Associate for the United Kingdom from Beyond Pesticides, July 22, 2015 has found residue in bread. Link: http://beyondpesticides.org/dailynewsblog/2015/07/carcinogenic- The effects of roundup ready genetically modified or engineered crops and the glyphosate-linked-to-dna-damage-as-residues-are-found-in-bread/ effects to human consumption being linked to causing cancer and a host of other diseases is outside the scope of the Ringo project. Ringo is an ecosystem services project regarding the need for amore long-term multi-story structure and a better mosaic of short-term dispersal corridors for the northern spotted owl.

#5 Cell Death

The Hidden Dangers of Roundup Opinion article in Natural News that roundup is omnipresent in the food chain of From Natural News, February 05, 2009 animals and humans and that genetically modified organisms is the potential for a Link: maelstrom of future health problems. http://www.naturalnews.com/025534_Roundup_research_toxic.html The effects of roundup ready genetically modified or engineered crops and the effects to human consumption being linked to causing cancer and a host of other diseases is outside the scope of the Ringo project. Ringo is an ecosystem services project regarding the need for amore long-term multi-story structure and a better mosaic of short-term dispersal corridors for the northern spotted owl. Endocrine disruption and cytotoxicity of glyphosate and roundup in Research article on glyphosate, which was described as an endocrine disrupter. human JAr cells in vitro The effects of roundup ready genetically modified or engineered crops and the effects to human consumption being linked to causing cancer and a host of other

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Ringo EIS Appendix C - Response to Science from Integr Pharm Toxicol Gentocicol, 2015 doi: diseases is outside the scope of the Ringo project. Ringo is an ecosystem services 10.15761/IPTG.1000104 project regarding the need for amore long-term multi-story structure and a better Link: http://www.gmoevidence.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/IPTG- mosaic of short-term dispersal corridors for the northern spotted owl. 1-104.pdf Roundup Weed Killer Dangers Article in a gardening magazine that Monsanto’s Roundup was originally marketed from Garden Guides.com, January 2013 as “biodegradable” and “environmentally friendly.” The New York Attorney Link: http://www.gardenguides.com/127538-roundup-weed-killer- General’s office received complaints and the company agreed to stop utilizing those dangers.html terms in marketing and advertising. Opinion on Roundup herbicide uses the active ingredient glyphosate which has been implicated in a number of potential dangers. That excessive exposure to Roundup can cause poisoning and an increased risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma cancer. The effects of roundup ready genetically modified or engineered crops and the effects to human consumption being linked to causing cancer and a host of other diseases is outside the scope of the Ringo project. Ringo is an ecosystem services project regarding the need for amore long-term multi-story structure and a better mosaic of short-term dispersal corridors for the northern spotted owl. Monsanto's Roundup is Causing DNA and Cellular Damage Duplicate entry on an opinion piece in Natural Society that Roundup Ultra Max is from Health and Wellness, March 30, 2012 causing both DNA and cellular damage to cells in the mouth and throat. Link: http://www.sott.net/article/243580-Monsantos-Roundup-is- The effects of roundup ready genetically modified or engineered crops and the Causing-DNA-and-Cellular-Damage effects to human consumption being linked to causing cancer and a host of other diseases is outside the scope of the Ringo project. Ringo is an ecosystem services project regarding the need for amore long-term multi-story structure and a better mosaic of short-term dispersal corridors for the northern spotted owl.

#6 Autism

MIT Researcher: Glyphosate Herbicide will Cause Half of All Opinion piece in The Mind Unleashed that an MIT researcher made a bold Children to Have Autism by 2025 proclamation that “at todays’ rate, by 2025, one in two children will be autistic.” Posted on December 23, 2014 at: Alliance for Natural Health That there is not a direct correlation but a remarkably consistent correlation with Links: http://healthimpactnews.com/2014/mit-researcher-glyphosate- utilizing roundup on crops and rising rates of autism. herbicide-will-cause-half-of-all-children-to-have-autism-by-2025/ The effects of roundup ready genetically modified or engineered crops and the effects to human consumption being linked to causing cancer and a host of other diseases is outside the scope of the Ringo project. Ringo is an ecosystem services project regarding the need for more long-term multi-story structure and a better mosaic of short-term dispersal corridors for the northern spotted owl. Here are other links explaining how research shows the mother’s Links provided to a variety of articles, opinion pieces, blogs on autism and how exposure to glyphosate likely causes her to have autistic babies. glyphosate affects children. This is outside the scope of the Ringo project. Ringo is an ecosystem services project regarding the need for more long-term multi-story forest structure and a better mosaic of short-term dispersal corridors for the northern spotted owl

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Links: http://circleofdocs.com/community/topic/4106-mit-researcher- glyphosate-herbicide-will-cause-half-of-all-children-to-have-autism-by- 2025/ http://circleofdocs.com/community/topic/4106-mit-researcher- glyphosate-herbicide-will-cause-half-of-all-children-to-have-autism-by- 2025/ http://www.livingforlonger.com/mit-researcher-glyphosate-herbicide- will-cause-half-of-all-children-to-have-autism-by-2025/ http://sensoryswim.com/autism-roundup http://www.infowars.com/half-of-all-children-will-be-autistic-by-2025- warns-senior-research-scientist-at-mit/ http://robinwestenra.blogspot.com/2015/02/warning-half-of-all-children- will-be.html http://www.medicaldaily.com/autism-rates-increase-2025-glyphosate- herbicide-may-be-responsible-future-half-316388 http://www.vibrationsofhealth.com/gmos-will-cause-half-of-all- children-to-be-autistic-by-2025/2/

There is not enough room to quote excerpts from them all. Here are the Numerous opinion pieces, articles, blogs on autism, Alzheimer’s and cardiovascular rest for those who are interested in the autism-glyphosate links. diseases and the link to glyphosate from GMO seed crops. The effects of roundup ready genetically modified or engineered crops and the http://www.healthnutnews.com/mit-researcher-glyphosate-herbicide- effects to human consumption being linked to causing cancer and a host of other will-cause-half-children-autism-2025/ diseases is outside the scope of the Ringo project. Ringo is an ecosystem services http://www.getholistichealth.com/41171/mit-researcher-glyphosate- project regarding the need for more long-term multi-story forest structure and a better herbicide-will-cause-half-of-all-children-to-have-autism-by-2025/ mosaic of short-term dispersal corridors for the northern spotted owl. http://beforeitsnews.com/alternative/2015/03/mit-researcher-glyphosate- herbicide-will-cause-half-of-all-children-to-have-autism-by-2025- 3130842.html http://gmoinside.org/mit-researcher-glyphosate-herbicide-will-cause- half-of-all-children-to-have-austim-by-2025-health-impact-news/ http://www.uncensorednewsnetwork.com/current-events/mit-researcher- glyphosate-herbicide-will-cause-half-of-all-children-to-have-autism-by- 2025 http://help.howproblemsolution.com/1131497/mit-researcher- herbicides-will-cause-half-of-all-children-to-have-autism-by-2025 http://agentorangezone.blogspot.com/2015/05/mit-researcher- glyphosate-herbicide.html http://www.globalresearch.ca/monsantos-roundup-glyphosate-overuse- scientist-warns-half-of-all-children-will-be-autistic-by-2025/5423676

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Ringo EIS Appendix C - Response to Science http://www.theepochtimes.com/n3/1179553-glyphosate-causing-autism- mit-researcher-claims-herbicide-will-cause-half-of-all-children-to-be- autistic/ http://www.naturalnews.com/048099_autism_glyphosate_Monsanto.htm l https://www.organicconsumers.org/news/warning-half-all-children-will- have-autism-2025 http://www.momsacrossamerica.com/the_autism_and_glyphosate_round up_link_a_mom_s_argument http://tapnewswire.com/2014/12/half-of-all-children-will-be-autistic-by- 2025-monsantos-glyphosate/ http://www.lawnsite.com/showthread.php?t=434553 http://www.thetruthseeker.co.uk/?p=109006 http://journal-neo.org/2015/01/26/mit-states-that-half-of-all-children- may-be-autistic-by-2025/ http://www.americasfreedomfighters.com/2014/12/28/half-of-all- children-will-be-autistic-by-2025-warns-senior-research-scientist-at-mit/ http://the-trumpet-online.com/half-children-will-autistic-2025-warns- senior-research-scientist-mit/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O9KWalwD_Nk http://edgytruth.com/2015/02/25/half-of-all-children-could-be-autistic- by-2025-due-to-monsanto/ http://www.investigatorsreport.com/health-news/autism/item/2583-half- of-all-children-will-be-autistic-by-2025,-warns-senior-research-scientist- at-mit.html http://ehsmanager.blogspot.com/2015/01/glyphosate-causing-autism- mit.html http://theunhivedmind.com/wordpress3/half-of-all-children-will-be- autistic-by-2025-warns-senior-research-scientist-at-mit/ http://investmentwatchblog.com/half-of-all-children-will-be-autistic-by- 2025-warns-senior-research-scientist-at-mit-number-of-adverse- reactions-from-vaccines-can-be-correlated-with-autism/ http://truthfrequencyradio.com/half-of-all-children-will-be-autistic-by- 2025-warns-senior-research-scientist-at-mit/ http://www.naturallifeenergy.com/senior-research-scientist-mit-warns- children-autistic-2025/ https://zedie.wordpress.com/2014/12/28/half-of-all-children-will-be- autistic-by-2025-warns-senior-research-scientist-at-mit-the-alliance-for- natural-health-usa/ https://usahitman.com/mshcmba/

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Ringo EIS Appendix C - Response to Science http://www.liveleak.com/view?i=d36_1422305199 http://soundofheart.org/galacticfreepress/content/mit-states-half-all- children-may-be-autistic-2025-due-monsanto http://www.thelibertybeacon.com/2014/12/26/half-of-all-children-will- be-autistic-by-2025-warns-senior-research-scientist-at-mit/ http://www.blacklistednews.com/Half_of_All_Children_Will_Be_Autist ic_by_2025,_Warns_Senior_Research_Scientist_at_MIT/40301/0/38/38 /Y/M.html http://medicsindex.ning.com/forum/topics/medical-news-half-of-all- children-could-be-autistic-by-2025-due

#7 Neurological disorders such as: learning disabilities, attention deficit, hyperactive disorder (ADHD), autism, dementia, Alzheimer’s, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder. Those most susceptible are children and elderly. GMO's & Neurological Disease: ADHD, Autism, Alzheimer's, A opinion piece in The Soft (Sign of the Times) website that glyphosate use has Schizophrenia, Bipolar exploded since 1995 when “glyphosateresistant, genetically engineered (GE) crops” From Health and Wellness, October 8, 2013 were introduced. That glyphosate is now in food and causes thyroid dysfunction Link: http://www.sott.net/article/267227-GMOs-Neurological-Disease- which leads to depression and several other issues. ADHD-Autism-Alzheimers-Schizophrenia-Bipolar The effects of roundup ready genetically modified or engineered crops and the effects to human consumption being linked to causing cancer and a host of other diseases is outside the scope of the Ringo project. Ringo is an ecosystem services project regarding the need for more long-term multi-story structure and a better mosaic of short-term dispersal corridors for the northern spotted owl. Roundup herbicide linked to Parkinson’s-related brain damage Story in the Digital Journal that Roundup is linked to Parkinson’s related brain from Health, April 21, 2012 damage and several other neurodegenerative disorders. The effects of roundup ready genetically modified or engineered crops and the effects to human consumption being linked to causing cancer and a host of other diseases is outside the scope of the Ringo project. Ringo is an ecosystem services project regarding the need for more long-term multi-story structure and a better mosaic of short-term dispersal corridors for the northern spotted owl. Neurotoxins? Opinion piece on the Detox Project website that some independent studies suggest from the Detox Project sponsored by the World Health Organization, that glyphosate and Roundup are neurotoxins. 2015 The effects of roundup ready genetically modified or engineered crops and the effects to human consumption being linked to causing cancer and a host of other diseases is outside the scope of the Ringo project. Ringo is an ecosystem services project regarding the need for more long-term multi-story structure and a better mosaic of short-term dispersal corridors for the northern spotted owl.

#8 Irreparable Kidney and Liver Damage

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Unique Gene Expression Study Shows Roundup Causes Massive This weblink would not open. Kidney and Liver Damage at Low Doses From Sustainable Pulse, Aug 26, 2015 at: Link: http://sustainablepulse.com/2015/08/26/unique-roundup-study- shows-massive-kidney-and-liver-gene-function- alterations/#.Vd8p0Zbn_IX

More evidence of Roundup's link to kidney, liver damage Article from Environmental Health News that n new study examines the impacts of From Environmental Health News, September 1, 2015 low doses of Glyphosate, on genes in livers and kidneys may suggest potential health Link: impacts. http://www.environmentalhealthnews.org/ehs/news/2015/aug/monsanto- The effects of roundup ready genetically modified or engineered crops and the roundup-glyphosate-pesticide-kidney-liver-toxic-gmo effects to human consumption being linked to causing cancer and a host of other diseases is outside the scope of the Ringo project. Ringo is an ecosystem services project regarding the need for more long-term multi-story structure and a better mosaic of short-term dispersal corridors for the northern spotted owl. MONSANTO'S HERBICIDE LINKED TO FATAL KIDNEY Blog article that Monsanto’s Roundup has been linked to a mysterious fatal kidney DISEASE EPIDEMIC: COULD IT TOPPLE THE COMPANY? disease epidemic that has appeared in Central America, Sri Lanka, and India. from Truthout, July 10, 2014 The effects of roundup ready genetically modified or engineered crops and the effects to human consumption being linked to causing cancer and a host of other diseases is outside the scope of the Ringo project. Ringo is an ecosystem services project regarding the need for more long-term multi-story structure and a better mosaic of short-term dispersal corridors for the northern spotted owl.

#9 Parkinson’s-Related Brain Damage

Monsanto’s Roundup, Glyphosate Linked to Parkinson’s and Opinion piece in Natural Society that says there is a connection between a Similar Diseases component in Monsanto’s Roundup and Parkinson’s disease. Glyphosate is said to From Natural Society, October 30, 2012 induce cell death, with frightening repercussions. Link: http://naturalsociety.com/monsantos-roundup-glyphosate- The effects of roundup ready genetically modified or engineered crops and the parkinsons-neurodegenerative/ effects to human consumption being linked to causing cancer and a host of other diseases is outside the scope of the Ringo project. Ringo is an ecosystem services project regarding the need for more long-term multi-story structure and a better mosaic of short-term dispersal corridors for the northern spotted owl. Roundup, An Herbicide, Could Be Linked To Parkinson’s, Cancer And Reuters newspaper article that Roundup could be linked to a range of health Other Health Issues, Study Shows problems and diseases, including Parkinson’s, infertility, and cancers and that From Huffington Post, January 25, 2013 Biotech crops sprayed with Roundup could be the problem. The effects of roundup ready genetically modified or engineered crops and the effects to human consumption being linked to causing cancer and a host of other diseases is outside the scope of the Ringo project. Ringo is an ecosystem services

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project regarding the need for more long-term multi-story structure and a better mosaic of short-term dispersal corridors for the northern spotted owl. Pesticides and herbicides like glyphosate now strongly linked to Blog article in Natural News that genes in the human race are under intense pressure Parkinson's disease and other neurological disorders from their environmental surroundings. That pesticides and herbicides are bring From Natural News, March 8, 2016 introduced into people at a young age and may cause brain damage. Link: The effects of roundup ready genetically modified or engineered crops and the http://www.naturalnews.com/053226_herbicides_gene_expression_Park effects to human consumption being linked to causing cancer and a host of other insons.html diseases is outside the scope of the Ringo project. Ringo is an ecosystem services project regarding the need for more long-term multi-story structure and a better mosaic of short-term dispersal corridors for the northern spotted owl. Roundup herbicide linked to Parkinson’s-related brain damage Moderated discussion that supports emerging connection between glyphosate, From the National Parkinson Foundation, April 21, 2012 Roundup's active ingredient, and the emergence of neurodegenerative conditions Link: http://forum.parkinson.org/index.php?/topic/12649-roundup- including Parkinson's disease and Parkinsonian disorders. herbicide-linked-to-parkinson%e2%80%99s-related-brain-damage/ The effects of roundup ready genetically modified or engineered crops and the effects to human consumption being linked to causing cancer and a host of other diseases is outside the scope of the Ringo project. Ringo is an ecosystem services project regarding the need for more long-term multi-story structure and a better mosaic of short-term dispersal corridors for the northern spotted owl. Monsanto's Roundup Weedkiller Linked to Alzheimer's, Article on Alternet that a review of scientific literature links glyphosate to a wide Parkinson's and ALS range of diseases through a mechanism that modifies DNA functioning. From Alternet, July 19, 2016 The effects of roundup ready genetically modified or engineered crops and the effects to human consumption being linked to causing cancer and a host of other diseases is outside the scope of the Ringo project. Ringo is an ecosystem services project regarding the need for more long-term multi-story structure and a better mosaic of short-term dispersal corridors for the northern spotted owl. Monsanto's Roundup, Glyphosate Linked to Parkinson's and Opinion piece on new research published in a journal, Neurotoxicology and Similar Diseases Teratology, that indicates a connection between Roundup and Parkinson’s diseases. From Reader Supported News, October 13, 2012 The effects of roundup ready genetically modified or engineered crops and the Link: http://readersupportednews.org/news-section2/312-16/14279- effects to human consumption being linked to causing cancer and a host of other monsantos-roundup-glyphosate-linked-to-parkinsons-and-similar- diseases is outside the scope of the Ringo project. Ringo is an ecosystem services diseases project regarding the need for more long-term multi-story structure and a better mosaic of short-term dispersal corridors for the northern spotted owl.

Section 3 Children are especially susceptible to glyphosate poisoning

Concerns Over Glyphosate Use Unable to open this weblink. Published in The Sun (Malaysia), Friday August 20, 1999 Link: http://www.poptel.org.uk/panap/archives/glywb.htm

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Are Your Children Roundup-Ready? Opinion article from The Cornucopia Institute that genetically engineered (GE) foods Published by the Cornucopia Institute, October 1, 2015 is exposing our children to repeated doses of glyphosate. Link: http://www.cornucopia.org/2015/10/are-your-children-roundup- The effects of roundup ready genetically modified or engineered crops and the ready/ effects to human consumption being linked to causing cancer and a host of other diseases is outside the scope of the Ringo project. Ringo is an ecosystem services project regarding the need for more long-term multi-story structure and a better mosaic of short-term dispersal corridors for the northern spotted owl. Alleged Glyphosate Poisoning Kills 2 Children, 33 More in Hospital Opinion article that children were killed and/or sickened because they lived near Published by Natural Society, August 2, 2014 “vast fields of soybeans that were sprayed with a powerful herbicide to kill off weeds Link: http://naturalsociety.com/alleged-glyphosate-poisoning-kills-2- before farmers planted.…” children-33-hospital/ The effects of roundup ready genetically modified or engineered crops and the effects to human consumption being linked to causing cancer and a host of other diseases is outside the scope of the Ringo project. Ringo is an ecosystem services project regarding the need for more long-term multi-story structure and a better mosaic of short-term dispersal corridors for the northern spotted owl.

Glyphosate toxicity – impacts on the environment and non-target Opinion article on glyphosate toxicity and that there are important facts not readily species made available by Monsanto to the public Re: effects on soil, non-target plants, Published by the Pemaculture College Australia animals, and humans. Link: http://permaculture.com.au/glyphosate-toxicity-impacts-on-the- The effects of roundup ready genetically modified or engineered crops and the environment-and-non-target-species/ effects to human consumption being linked to causing cancer and a host of other diseases is outside the scope of the Ringo project. Ringo is an ecosystem services project regarding the need for more long-term multi-story structure and a better mosaic of short-term dispersal corridors for the northern spotted owl. Section 4 Herbicides that contain glyphosate are banned in Denmark, England, Italy, El Salvador, Sri Lanka, France, Holland, Austria, Bulgaria, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Japan, Chile, South Africa, Luxembourg, Madeira, Cameroon, New Zealand, Peru, South Australia, Russia, France, Switzerland, Columbia, and Costa Rica.

Monsanto Has Been Removed And Banned By: Austria, Bulgaria, Opinion that Monsanto claims GMOs are safe and that studies by Michael Antoniou Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Japan, Luxembourg, Madeira, of Earth Open Source and Dr. Giles-Eric Seralini from the University of Caan in New Zealand, Peru, South Australia, Russia, France, France say otherwise. That GMOs are inundated with pesticides like Roundup and Switzerland! creating numerous health problems. Published by Political Vel Craft, March 23, 2013 The effects of roundup ready genetically modified or engineered crops and the Link: https://politicalvelcraft.org/2013/03/23/monsanto-has-been- effects to human consumption being linked to causing cancer and a host of other removed-and-banned-by-austria-bulgaria-germany-greece-hungary- diseases is outside the scope of the Ringo project. Ringo is an ecosystem services ireland-japan-luxembourg-madeira-new-zealand-peru-south-australia- project regarding the need for more long-term multi-story structure and a better russia-france-and-switzerland/ mosaic of short-term dispersal corridors for the northern spotted owl.

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El Salvador bans glyphosate Opinion piece on the difference between the U.S. EPA doubling allowable Published by Natural News, October 22, 2013 glyphosate residue on certain foods and the nation of El Salvador banning the Link: chemical. That GMO are genetically modified, specifically corn and soybean. http://www.naturalnews.com/042608_El_Salvador_glyphosate_ban_Mo The effects of roundup ready genetically modified or engineered crops and the nsanto.html# effects to human consumption being linked to causing cancer and a host of other diseases is outside the scope of the Ringo project. Ringo is an ecosystem services project regarding the need for more long-term multi-story structure and a better mosaic of short-term dispersal corridors for the northern spotted owl. Sri Lanka bans leading Monsanto herbicide citing deadly disease Investigative journal article that Sri Lanka banned the use of glyphosate based on a fears new detailed theory that glyphosate use with heavy metals in drinking water is Published by The International Consortium of Investigative Journalists, causing chronic kidney disease. March 14, 2014 The effects of roundup ready genetically modified or engineered crops and the Link: https://www.icij.org/blog/2014/03/sri-lanka-bans-leading- effects to human consumption being linked to causing cancer and a host of other monsanto-herbicide-citing-deadly-disease-fears diseases is outside the scope of the Ringo project. Ringo is an ecosystem services project regarding the need for more long-term multi-story structure and a better mosaic of short-term dispersal corridors for the northern spotted owl. France Bans the World’s Leading Herbicide From Garden Stores Opinion articles that France will crease over the counter sales of Roundup and that Published by Takepart, June 15, 2015 the U.S. should take its que from France. Link: http://www.takepart.com/article/2015/06/15/france-bans-herbicide The ability of any country to ban what they consider a cancer-causing herbicide is outside the scope of the Ringo project. On the Offensive' Against Monsanto, France Removes Roundup from Store Shelves Published by Common Dreams, June 15, 2015 Link: http://www.commondreams.org/news/2015/06/15/offensive- against-monsanto-france-removes-roundup-store-shelves

Dutch Ban Roundup, France and Brazil to Follow The weblink would not open Published by The Healthy Home Economist, Link: http://www.thehealthyhomeeconomist.com/roundup-banned- netherlands-france-brazil-likely-soon-follow/

5 Countries That are Throwing Monsanto Out on its Ass Blog site on how Monsanto made a major play to consolidate its control over the Published by Ultraculture agribusiness industry and seize permanent control of the entire worlds food supply. Link: http://ultraculture.org/blog/2014/04/01/5-countries-throwing- The ability of any country to ban what they consider a cancer-causing herbicide is monsanto-ass/ outside the scope of the Ringo project.

The Netherlands Says “No” to Monsanto, Bans RoundUp Herbicide Slideshow that the Netherlands is saying no to Monsanto and the sale of glyphosate- Published by Inhabitat, September 29, 2014 based herbicides will be prohibited as of late 2015. Link: http://inhabitat.com/the-netherlands-says-no-to-monsanto-bans- The ability of any country to ban what they consider a cancer-causing herbicide is roundup-herbicide/ outside the scope of the Ringo project.

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3 More European Countries Begin Banning Glyphosate and Opinion article that two Swiss supermarkets “concerned for public well being, are Monsanto’s Roundup taking action into their own hands to protect the people and the environment and are Published by ANTI MEDIA, June 24, 2015 removing glyphosate products from being sold due to health risks.” The ability of any country to ban what they consider a cancer-causing herbicide is outside the scope of the Ringo project. GLyphosate (Round UP) is Banned in DENMARK and will be Weblink would not open banned in Brazil and France Published by Lanka Newspapers ink: http://www.lankanewspapers.com/news/2014/9/89870_space.html

Section 5 California classifies glyphosate bas {sic}a “

California Becomes First State to Label Monsanto's Roundup as a EcoWatch and Daily News articles on California having plans to list glyphosate on Carcinogen the list of chemicals known to cause cancer. Published by the Organic Consumer Assn., September 10, 2015 The ability of the state of California and their Environmental Protection Agency Link: https://www.organicconsumers.org/news/california-becomes-first- regulations and policies to ban what they consider a cancer-causing herbicide is state-label-monsantos-roundup-carcinogen outside the scope of the Ringo project.

Cancer: California Is First State Expected to Label the Herbicide as a Carcinogen Published by the Daily Meal, September 12, 2015 Link: http://www.thedailymeal.com/news/eat/monsanto-s-roundup-causes- cancer-california-first-state-label-herbicide-carcinogen/091415

California EPA to label Monsanto’s Roundup as cancer agent Matrixbob is a video and Common Dreams view on California state will label the Published by Matrixbob, September 15, 2015 common herbicide ingredient glyphosate a “probable carcinogenic.” That exposure Link: https://matrixbob.wordpress.com/2015/09/16/california-epa-to- could lead to serious illness. label-monsantos-roundup-as-cancer-agent-video/ The ability of the state of California and their Environmental Protection Agency regulations and policies to ban what they consider a cancer-causing herbicide is Monsanto Favorite Glyphosate Soon to Join California's Cancer outside the scope of the Ringo project List Published by Common Dreams, September 8, 2015 Link: http://www.commondreams.org/news/2015/09/08/monsanto- favorite-glyphosate-soon-join-californias-cancer-list

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Monsanto Stunned – California Confirms ‘Roundup’ Will Be Antimedia article that California’s EPA will list glyphosate under Proposition 65 as Labeled “Cancer Causing” known to cause cancer. Published by MintPressNews, September 14, 2015 The ability of the state of California and their Environmental Protection Agency Link: http://www.mintpressnews.com/monsanto-stunned-california- regulations and policies to ban what they consider a cancer-causing herbicide is confirms-roundup-will-be-labeled-cancer-causing/209513/ outside the scope of the Ringo project

Herbicide Cancer Lawsuits Consolidated in Northern California Newmann Law group blog website detailing where U.S. Judicial Panel on Published by Neumann Law Group, November 18, 2016 Multidistrict Litigation (JPML) consolidated 37 lawsuits alleging exposure to Link: http://www.californiainjurylawyerblog.net/2016/11/18/herbicide- Monsanto’s Roundup weed killer causes cancer. The lawsuits were consolidated in cancer-lawsuits-consolidated-northern-california/ Northern California, where two of the initial lawsuits alleging herbicide caused cancer were filed. The ability of the state of California and their Environmental Protection Agency regulations and policies to ban what they consider a cancer-causing herbicide is outside the scope of the Ringo project Monsanto Asks California to Halt Plan Listing Glyphosate as Unable to access the website as it asks for a user name and password. Cancer Cause Published by Truth in Media, October 22, 2015 Link: http://truthinmedia.com/monsanto-california-glyphosate-cancer/

Monsanto Is Suing California for Trying to Inform People That Article on Alternet website that Monsanto is suing the state of California for its intent Roundup Causes Cancer to list glyphosate under California’s Proposition 65 as a chemical known to cause Published by Alternet, March 2, 2016 cancer, birth defects or other reproductive harm, and prohibits their discharge into Link: http://www.alternet.org/environment/monsanto-suing-california- drinking waters of the state. trying-inform-people-roundup-causes-cancer The ability of the state of California and their Environmental Protection Agency regulations and policies to ban what they consider a cancer-causing herbicide is outside the scope of the Ringo project

Cited Science by Oregon Wild

Rainville, Robert; White, Rachel; Barbour, Jamie, tech. eds. 2008. Assessment A Forest Service General Technical Report that outlines several concepts such of timber availability from forest restoration within the Blue Mountains of as: Fire, Insects, Reliable supply of wood thru thinning, Precommercial Oregon. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-752. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of thinning, Stewardship contracts, and amending the Forest Plan to allow Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 65 p. harvest of over 21 inch trees. http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/pnw_gtr752.pdf

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Lehmkuhl, John; Gaines, William; Peterson, Dave W.; Bailey, John; A government General Technical Report that addresses the need for Youngblood, Andrew, tech. eds. 2015. Silviculture and monitoring guidelines developing consistent regional guidelines for stand level management that for integrating restoration of dry mixed-conifer forest and spotted owl habitat integrates goals and objectives for dry forest restoration and habitat management in the eastern Cascade Range. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-915. management for northern spotted owl. These guidelines are similar to Ringo Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific as they tie closely with the Northwest Forest Plan (1994), the 2011 Recovery Northwest Research Station. 158 p. Plan for the Northern Spotted Owl (USFWS 2011), and the Final Revised http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/pnw_gtr915.pdf NSO Critical Habitat Rule (USFWS 2012). The report reviewed the best available science in developing the goals (see Chapter 3 Wildlife- TES species). Schoennagel et al 2017. Adapt to more wildfire in western North American PNAS direct submission that wildfires have grown over the past three decades, forests as climate changes. PNAS 2017; published ahead of print April 17, will continue to grow, and that the wildland-urban interface (WUI) will 2017. www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1617464114; experience a substantially higher risk of wildfire. The key message is that https://headwaterseconomics.org/wp- wildland fire policy and management needs to change and adapt in the coming content/uploads/Adapt_To_More_Wildfire.pdf years and look at the concept of adaptive resilience. Communities need defensible space to better protect them from wildlife risk. Home ignitability is well known by District fire/fuels managers but is outside the scope of this project. The Ringo project focus is on wildlife and how to balance the need for large diameter open stands of ponderosa pine for one species versus a closed canopy, more dense stand that other species prefer. The District Silviculturalist, District Wildlife Biologist, and Fuels Technicians worked together to ensure that forest health, density reduction, fuel reduction and prescribed burning, and wildlife requirements were met. Walker Range Fire Protection District and the Greater LaPine CWPP play a vital role in the communities with their Community Wildfire Protection Plan for private subdivisions. See Fire and Fuels section of the Ringo FEIS. Odion, D.C. et al 2014. Examining Historical and Current Mixed-Severity Fire This website is unable to be located. Link will not open. Regimes in Ponderosa Pine and Mixed-Conifer Forests of Western North America. PLOS One. February 2014 | Volume 9 | Issue 2 http://www.californiachaparral.org/images/Odion_et_al_Historical_Current_Fi re_Regimes_mixed_conifer_2014.pdf

William L. Baker, Jonathan J. Rhodes. 2008. Fire Probability, Fuel Treatment Cannot open this weblink as it contains potentially harmful viruses. Effectiveness and Ecological Tradeoffs in Western U.S. Public Forests. pp.1-7 (7). The Open Forest Science Journal, Volume 1. 2008. http://api.ning.com/files/1kp0vDW*F1cqOeO4- GdXE1AHOATghmIAN2x9qLpH3aA_/FireandFuelTreatments.pdf

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See M. A. Cochrane, C. J. Moran, M. C. Wimberly, A. D. Baer, M. A. Finney, From International Journal of Wildland Fire-They are examined how pre-fire K. L. Beckendorf, J. Eidenshink, and Z. Zhu. 2012. Estimation of wildfire size alteration of wildland fuels both positively and negatively affected the and risk changes due to fuels treatments. International Journal of Wildland landscape. Fire. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/WF11079. http://www.publish.csiro.au/?act=vi The Ringo project, through its silvicultural and fuels prescriptions, including ew_file&file_id=WF11079.pdf prescribed burning, moves the landscape towards conditions that will mitigate the effects of a potential wildfire be reducing fuels, accomplishing ladder fuel reduction and reducing stand densities. The effects of these treatments are found in the Fire and Fuels section of the Ringo FEIS. Tania Schoennagel, Penny Morgan, Jennifer Balch, Philip Dennison, Brian Insights from several authors on the policy and management of the past Harvey, Richard Hutto, Meg Krawchuk, Max Moritz, Ray Rasker, and Cathy approaches will not suffice under the new era of western wildfires. The Ringo Whitlock. 2016. Insights from wildfire science: A resource for fire policy project does not necessarily disagree with points like high severity fires often discussions. January 2016. having ecological benefits and land use planning can reduce wildfire risk. The http://headwaterseconomics.org/wphw/wp-content/uploads/wildfire-insights- Fire and Fuels managers, wildlife biologists and District Silviculturalist have paper.pdf worked together through its silvicultural and fuels prescriptions, including prescribed burning, moves the landscape towards conditions that will mitigate the effects of a potential wildfire be reducing fuels, accomplishing ladder fuel reduction and reducing stand densities while still allowing for wildlife clumps and corridors.. See also, Max A. Moritz, Enric Batllori, Ross A. Bradstock, A. Malcolm Gill, Review in Nature on the escalating impacts of wildfire in many regions, the John Handmer, Paul F. Hessburg, Justin Leonard, Sarah McCaffrey, Dennis C. need for more integrated framework to let fire operate as a natural ecosystem Odion, Tania Schoennagel & Alexandra D. Syphard. 2014. REVIEW: process, and the socioecological systems which recognizes the links between Learning to coexist with wildfire. NATURE | VOL 515 | 6 NOVEMBER human and their environment. 2014. doi:10.1038/nature13946 The Ringo project through its silvicultural and fuels prescriptions, including prescribed burning, moves the landscape towards conditions that will mitigate the effects of a potential wildfire be reducing fuels, accomplishing ladder fuel reduction and reducing stand densities. The effects of these treatments are found in the Fire and Fuels section of the Ringo FEIS.

Powell 1999, Suggested Stocking Levels for Forest Stands in Northeastern Oregon and https://fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/fsbdev7_016034.pdf Southeastern Washington: An Implementation guide for the Umatilla National Forest. 1999. It talks about how insect and disease damage can be minimized by maintaining high stand vigor and can a “no silvicultural approach” contribute to forest health? The Ringo Silviculturalist and Wildlife biologists are well aware of the value of a healthy vigorous stand to support tree health and wildlife diversity. See Chapter 3 Forest Vegetation and Wildlife for their analysis including Stand Density Index (SDI) and basal area.

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And see, Dominick A. DellaSala, Richard L. Hutto, Chad T. Hanson, Monica Forum on Issues, Management, Policy and Opinions in Fire Ecology on L. Bond, Timothy Ingalsbee, Dennis Odion, and William L. Baker. 2017. “existing fire policy encourages maintenance of ecosystem integrity in fire Accommodating Mixed-Severity Fire to Restore and Maintain Ecosystem management, yet difficult to implement on lands managed for competing Integrity With a Focus on the Sierra Nevada of California, USA. Fire Ecology economic, human safety, and air quality concerns.” Revising fire policy is in press. beyond the scope of the Ringo project. Ringo Fire and Fuels managers are aware of the human safety and air quality concerns. See Fire and Fuels section in Chapter 3 of the EIS. Rose, C.L., Marcot, B.G., Mellen, T.K., Ohmann, J.L., Waddell, K.L., Lindely, Chapter 24 discussing “Decaying Wood in Pacific Northwest Forests; D.L., and B. Schrieber. 2001. Decaying Wood in Pacific Northwest Forests: Concepts and Tools for Habitat Management.” The Ringo Wildlife Biologists Concepts and Tools for Habitat Management, Chapter 24 in Wildlife-Habitat are well aware of the benefits of dead and down wood and it is included in the Relationships in Oregon and Washington (Johnson, D. H. and T. A. O’Neil. analysis in Chapter 3 under Dead Wood habitat and Associated Species. OSU Press. 2001) http://web.archive.org/web/20060708035905/http://www.nwhi.org/inc/data/GI Sdata/docs/chapter24.pdf

Center for Biological Diversity et al., March 17, 2017 comments on the Letter from various environmental groups with comments on the Draft California Forest Carbon Plan (January 20, 2017 Draft). California Forest Carbon Plan. They’d like to see California forest restored by http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/campaigns/debunking_the_biomass_myth/p forest heterogeneity and complexity through working with fire. dfs/Forest_Carbon_Plan_Comments.pdf citing Carnwath, G.C. and C.R. The Ringo project through its silvicultural and fuels prescriptions, including Nelson. 2016. The effect of competition on response to drought and interannual prescribed burning, moves the landscape towards conditions that include climate variability of a dominant conifer tree of western North America. heterogeneity. that will mitigate the effects of a potential wildfire by reducing Journal of Ecology 104: 1421-1431, and Keeling, E.G. et al. 2011. Lack of fire fuels, accomplishing ladder fuel reduction and reducing stand densities. The has limited physiological impact on old-growth ponderosa pine in dry montane effects of these treatments are found in the Forested Vegetation and Fire and forests of north-central Idaho. Ecological Applications 21: 3227-3237. Fuels section of the Ringo EIS.

Northern forests do not benefit from lengthening growing season. EurekAlert public release on forests in Finland that stop growing before frosts UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI. PUBLIC RELEASE: 12-JAN-2010. and this cessation of growth has been programed into their genotype, thus if http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2010-01/uoh-nfd011210.php. climate change lengthens the growing season, trees will not be able to take advantage. Genetic research is outside the scope of the Ringo project. The District Silviculturalist has taken heterogeneity, healthy stands, SDI, and basal area into account for the prescriptions. See Forested Vegetation in Chapter 3 and Alternatives in Chapter 2 of the DEIS.

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Derek Lee. January 14, 2017. Blog post: Proposed Forest Thinning Will Blog post on how the Forest Service, via proposed widespread thinning, is Sabotage Natural Forest Climate Adaptation and Resistance to Drought, Fire, attempting to “chainsaw their way out of a perceived problem” and that natural and Insect Outbreaks. http://dereklee.scienceblog.com/34/proposed-forest- disturbance keeps the forest healthy and dynamic. thinning-will-sabotage-natural-forest-climate-adaptation-and-resistance-to- In Ringo Alternatives B and C propose management practices that will drought-fire-and-insect-outbreaks/ maintain forested lands in appropriate cover with species of trees, degree of stocking, rate of growth and condition of stands designed to secure the maximum benefits of multiple-use, sustained yield management in accordance with land management plans. See Forested Vegetation and Wildlife section in Chapter 3 of EIS. Richard Shiffman interview with Diana Six. 04 JAN 2016: INTERVIEW- How Unable to open. The weblink cannot be found. Science Can Help to Halt The Western Bark Beetle Plague http://e360.yale.edu/content/feature.msp?id=2944

Wuerthner, George. 3-28-2017 Email to Deschutes Collaborative via Vernita Email not attached. Weblink open to Kolb et al. 2016 paper. Ediger, citing Kolb, T.E., Grady, K.C., McEttrick, M.P., and A. Herrero 2017. Local-Scale Drought Adaptation of Ponderosa Pine Seedlings at Habitat Ecotones. For. Sci. 62(6), pp.641-651. http://dx.doi.org/10.5849/forsci.16-049 Pinnell, Sean, 2016. MS Thesis: "Resin Duct Defenses In Ponderosa Pine University of Montana Thesis, 2016. Resin Duct Defenses in Ponderosa Pine During A Mountain Pine Beetle Outbreak: Genetic Effects, Mortality, And During a Mountain Pine Beetle Outbreak: Genetic effects, Mortality, and Relationships With Growth" (2016). Paper 10709. Relationships with Growth. On bark beetle outbreaks in western North http://scholarworks.umt.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=11753&context=etd. American forests and the extent of resin ducts defenses and the role genetics could play in tree survival. Although genetics is outside the scope of this project the District Silviculturalist has taken heterogeneity, SDI, and basal area into account for the prescriptions to help increase the degree of healthy stands across the landscape and reduce the possibility of bark beetle attacks. See Forested Vegetation in Chapter 3 and Alternatives in Chapter 2 of the DEIS.

Kline, Jeffrey D.; Mazzotta, Marisa J. 2012. Evaluating trade-offs among General Technical Report (2012) that discusses tradeoffs in managing public ecosystem services in the management of public lands. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW- lands, specifically “an understanding of how tradeoffs are evaluated, and the GTR-865. Portland, R: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific limitations of scientific information to support evaluating tradeoffs.” Ringo is Northwest Research Station. 48 p. an ecosystem services project where tradeoffs are taken into consideration. http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/pnw_gtr865.pdf Something beneficial to one species may not be beneficial to another. These tradeoffs are discussed in detail in Chapter 3.

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Pollock, Michael M. and Timothy J. Beechie, 2014. Does Riparian Forest Article in Journal of American Water Resources Association on how riparian Restoration Thinning Enhance Biodiversity? The Ecological Importance of ecosystems are being degraded throughout the world and how thinning in Large Wood. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) riparian affects the long-term development of large diameter live trees and 50(3): 543-559. DOI: 10.1111/jawr.12206. http://oregon-stream-protection- deadwood. coalition.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Pollock-and-Beechie.-2014.- Ringo has an in-depth analysis for deadwood starting on page 334 of the DEIS Riparian-thinning-and-biodiversity.pdf and the Aquatics report in Chapter 3addresses compliance with Northwest Forest Plan and Deschutes Land and Resource Management Plan for riparian areas. Jain, Theresa B.; Battaglia, Mike A.; Han, Han-Sup; Graham, Russell T.; A Forest Service General Technical Report on Fuel Management Practices for Keyes, Christopher R.; Fried, Jeremy S.; Sandquist, Jonathan E. 2012. A Dry Mixed Conifer for Forests in Northwestern United States. These concepts comprehensive guide to fuel management practices for dry mixed conifer are recognized by the District Silviculturalist and incorporated into Ringo forests in the northwestern United States. USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. prescriptions where feasible. Rep. RMRS-GTR-292. 2012 http://www.firescience.gov/projects/09-2-01- 16/project/09-2-01-16_09-2-01-16_rmrs_gtr292web.pdf Yang, W., T. Dietz, D. B. Kramer, Z. Ouyang, and J. Liu. 2015. An integrated Research article in Ecosystem Health and Sustainability on ecosystem services approach to understanding the linkages between ecosystem services and human and human well-being and how natural disasters affect the human-nature well-being. Ecosystem Health and Sustainability 1(5):19. interactions. The scope and scale of the study in the Wolong Nature Reserve http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/EHS15-0001.1; in southern western China is beyond the scope of the Ringo project. The focus http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1890/EHS15-0001.1/epdf of the Ringo project is to balance the priority ecosystem services values. Resource specialists have addressed transportation/roads, fire and fuels, silviculture, wildlife, and botany within the planning area. Please refer to the full analysis in Chapter 3 of the FEIS. Law, B.E., Waring, R.H. 2015. Review and synthesis - Carbon implications of The Oregon State webpage is no longer available. current and future effects of drought, fire and management on Pacific Northwest forests. Forest Ecology and Management 355 (2015) 4–14. http://terraweb.forestry.oregonstate.edu/pubs/law.fmec.2015.pdf Heiken, D. 2010. Log it to save it? The search for an ecological rationale for Could not locate the Internet server or proxy server. fuel reduction logging in Spotted Owl habitat. Oregon Wild. v 1.0. May 2010. https://www.dropbox.com/s/pi15rap4nvwxhtt/Heiken_Log_it_to_save_it_v.1.0 .pdf?dl=0 Bond, M.L. 2016. The Heat Is On: Spotted Owls and Wildfire. Reference Article in Elsevier that high severity fire is a primary threat to Northern Module in Earth Systems and Environmental spotted owls and widespread thinning is needed to reduce severity. That fire in Scienceshttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.10014-4. core areas could harm populations but could also create foraging habitat if fire burned trees are not logged. Ringo is not a fire salvage project and there is a

robust section in the Wildlife-TES species on effects to Northern spotted owl (Chapter 3 of the DEIS) from thinning, underburning, and vegetation treatments..

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Dennis C. Odion, Chad T. Hanson, Dominick. A. DellaSala, William L. Baker, This link will not open and link would not work on the internet. However after and Monica L. Bond. 2014. Effects of Fire and Commercial Thinning on doing a title search on the internet a copy was obtained. Article on the Future Habitat of the Northern Spotted Owl. The Open Ecology Journal, 2014, benefits and effects of logging in spotted owl habitat. The Ringo project area 7, 37-51 37. http://benthamopen.com/toecolj/articles/V007/37TOECOLJ.pdf does not propose to treat NRF or Core Habitat. As such there would be no direct affect to NRF habitat.

Proposed treatments would maintain spotted owl habitat at the landscape scale by not treating NRF, reducing understory densities, accelerating the growth of large trees, promoting growth of Douglas-fir, retaining down wood, retaining snags, creating/enhancing stand heterogeneity, maintaining and/or moving stands towards sustainability, cycling NRF and dispersal over the landscape, while reducing the risk of a stand replacing stochastic event.

The Wildlife Society 2010. Peer Review of the Draft Revised Recovery Plan The Draft Recovery Plan has been replaced by the Revised Recovery Plan for for Northern Spotted Owl. November 15, 2010. the Northern Spotted Owl (Strix occidentalis caurina) 2011. The Ringo http://www.fws.gov/oregonfwo/Species/Data/NorthernSpottedOwl/Recovery/L project is consistent with the 2011 Revised Recovery Plan for the Northern Spotted Owl (Strix occidentalis caurina). See Chapter 3 Wildlife-TES species ibrary/Documents/TWSDraftRPReview.pdf. of the DEIS for a detailed analysis.

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