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Top Ten Blendstocks for Turbocharged Gasoline Engines Bio-Blendstocks with the Potential to Deliver the Highest Engine Efficiency

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Top Ten Blendstocks for Turbocharged Gasoline Engines Bio-Blendstocks with the Potential to Deliver the Highest Engine Efficiency Co-Optimization of Fuels & Engines Top Ten Blendstocks for Turbocharged Gasoline Engines Bio-blendstocks with the Potential to Deliver the Highest Engine Efficiency September 2019 Co-Optimization of Fuels & Engines Top 10 Bio-Blendstocks This page intentionally left blank. Co-Optimization of Fuels & Engines Top 10 Bio-Blendstocks About the Co-Optimization of Fuels & Engines Project This report is one of a series of products from the Co-Optimization of Fuels & Engines (Co-Optima) project, a U.S. Department of Energy- (DOE-) sponsored multi-agency project initiated to accelerate the introduction of affordable, scalable, and sustainable biofuels and high- efficiency, low-emission vehicle engines. The simultaneous fuels and vehicles research and development are designed to deliver maximum energy savings, emissions reduction, and on-road performance. Co-Optima brings together two DOE Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy (EERE) research offices, nine national laboratories, and numerous industry and academic partners in a first-of-a-kind project to make improvements to the types of fuels and engines found in most vehicles currently on the road. Co-Optima partners will also work to develop revolutionary engine technologies for a longer-term, higher-impact series of solutions. This first-of-its-kind project is providing industry with the scientific underpinnings required to move new biofuels and advanced engine systems to market faster while identifying and addressing barriers to commercialization. In addition to the EERE Vehicle Technologies and Bioenergy Technologies Offices, the Co- Optima project team included representatives from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory and Argonne, Idaho, Lawrence Berkeley, Lawrence Livermore, Los Alamos, Oak Ridge, Pacific Northwest, and Sandia National Laboratories. More detail on the project, as well as the full series of reports, can be found at www.energy.gov/fuel-engine-co-optimization. Availability This report is available electronically at no cost from http://www.osti.gov/bridge. Citation Please cite as follows: Gaspar, Daniel. 2019. Top Ten Blendstocks For Turbocharged Gasoline Engines: Bio- blendstocks With Potential to Deliver the for Highest Engine Efficiency. PNNL-28713, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Note This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States government or any agency thereof. Co-Optimization of Fuels & Engines Top 10 Bio-Blendstocks Report Contributors and Roles Lead Author Daniel J. Gaspar, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Contributing Authors Ethanol • Brian West, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Isopropanol • Daniel J. Gaspar, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Methanol • Dan Ruddy, National Renewable Energy Laboratory • Trenton Wilke, National Renewable Energy Laboratory n-Propanol • Evgueni Polikarpov, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Isobutanol • Teresa L. Alleman, National Renewable Energy Laboratory Prenol • Anthe George, Sandia National Laboratories • Eric Monroe, Sandia National Laboratories Fusel Alcohol Blend • Ryan Davis, Sandia National Laboratories • Eric Monroe, Sandia National Laboratories Furan Mixture • Derek Vardon, National Renewable Energy Laboratory Di-isobutylene • Andrew D. Sutton, Los Alamos National Laboratory • Cameron Moore, Los Alamos National Laboratory Cyclopentanone • Daniel J. Gaspar, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Analysis • Pahola Thathiana Benavides, Argonne National Laboratory • Jennifer Dunn, Argonne National Laboratory • Mary Biddy, National Renewable Energy Laboratory • Susanne Jones, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Co-Optimization of Fuels & Engines Top 10 Bio-Blendstocks Compatibility • Michael D. Kass, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Emissions • Josh Pihl, Oak Ridge National Laboratory • Melanie Debusk, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Engine Testing • Magnus Sjöberg, Sandia National Laboratories • Jim Szybist, Oak Ridge National Laboratory • Scott Sluder, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Fuel Property Datasheets • Gina Fioroni, National Renewable Energy Laboratory Kinetics • Bill Pitz, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Co-Optimization of Fuels & Engines Top 10 Bio-Blendstocks Acknowledgments This research was conducted as part of the Co-Optimization of Fuels & Engines (Co-Optima) project sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy (EERE), Bioenergy Technologies and Vehicle Technologies Offices. Co- Optima is a collaborative project of multiple national laboratories initiated to simultaneously accelerate the introduction of affordable, scalable, and sustainable biofuels and high-efficiency, low-emission vehicle engines. The following EERE officials and managers played important roles in establishing the project concept, advancing implementation, and providing ongoing guidance. DOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Michael Berube, Acting Deputy Assistant Secretary for Transportation Bioenergy Technologies Office • Jonathan Male, Director • Alicia Lindauer, Technology Manager Vehicle Technologies Office • Dave Howell, Acting Director • Gurpreet Singh, Program Manager • Kevin Stork, Technology Manager • Mike Weismiller, Technology Manager This report documents a large body of work that was conducted during the first phase of Co-Optima (2016-2018). During most of this time, the national laboratory leadership team consisted of: • John Farrell, National Renewable Energy Laboratory • Robert Wagner (current Technical Monitor), Oak Ridge National Laboratory • John Holladay, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory • Art Pontau, Sandia National Laboratories. These researchers also served or are serving on the leadership team: • Chris Moen, Sandia National Laboratories • Dan Gaspar, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory • Robert McCormick, National Renewable Energy Laboratory • Paul Bryan, Sandia National Laboratories. Co-Optimization of Fuels & Engines Top 10 Bio-Blendstocks Argonne is a U.S. Department of Energy laboratory managed by UChicago Argonne, LLC under contract DE-AC02-06CH11357. The work performed at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344. Los Alamos National Laboratory is operated by Triad National Security, LLC, for the National Nuclear Security Administration of U.S. Department of Energy (Contract No. 89233218CNA000001). The work at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE347-AC36-99GO10337. The work performed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory was conducted under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC05-00OR22725 with UT-Battelle, LLC, which manages ORNL. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory is operated by Battelle Memorial Institute for the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC05-76RL01830. Sandia National Laboratories is a multi-mission laboratory managed and operated by National Technology and Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC., a wholly owned subsidiary of Honeywell International, Inc., for the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-NA0003525. Co-Optimization of Fuels & Engines Top 10 Bio-Blendstocks Table of Contents List of Figures ......................................................................................................................... xi List of Tables .......................................................................................................................... xi Abbreviations and Acronyms ................................................................................................ xii Executive Summary ............................................................................................................... xvi 1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Purpose .......................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Background .................................................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Research Methodology and Approach ........................................................................................... 3 1.4 Overview of Content ...................................................................................................................... 6 2 Evaluating Potential for Efficiency Increases Enabled by New Biofuels .............................. 7 2.1 Application of the BSI Merit Function .........................................................................................
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