DOCSLIB.ORG

Desert Shield June 28, 2016 Page 37

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Desert Shield June 28, 2016 Page 37 GW-2 Desert Shield June 28, 2016 Page 37 Chapter Two: Desert Shield: The Historical Framework1 The Gulf War occurred in the midst of a radical change in the balance of power that shaped the world after 1945. It was the first major conflict of the post-Cold War era, and the first time since World War II that the US and Russia cooperated in a major effort to repel aggression. It established a broad coalition between the West and Arab states that demonstrated the potential ability of cooperative defense to repel aggression and execute peace enforcement. While Bosnia and Somalia have already demonstrated that the Gulf War will scarcely be a paradigm for all future peacemaking operations, the Gulf War does indicate the potential that international peacekeeping and cooperative security can have when nations perceive their vital strategic interests are at stake -- even when this involves high intensity conflict. There are many lessons that can be learned from the history of the war, and this includes the preparation for the conflict. Iraq's invasion of Kuwait reveals important lessons about strategic warning and deterrence. The international reaction to Iraq's invasion tells much about the process of coalition building and the strengths and limits of the UN. At the same time, the changes in Coalition and Iraqi forces tell much about both power projection and the forces that shaped the outcome of the war. Iraq: Guns, Butter, and Bankruptcy There was nothing inevitable about Iraq's invasion of Kuwait. It came at a time when Iraq had emerged from the Iran-Iraq war with greatly enhanced status and prestige. Iraq was the dominant military power in the Gulf, and the most powerful military force in the Arab world. It had virtually destroyed the Iranian army during the final battles of the spring and summer of 1988 and had obtained billions of dollars in aid from southern Gulf states, including Kuwait. The West and many Arab states had accepted Saddam Hussein's regime as "moderate" and "pragmatic," while Iraq's military strength and possession of weapons of mass destruction gave it immense regional influence. Iraq was not being driven to further military expenditures by external threats. Iran had lost 40% to 60% of its major land force equipment during the final battles of the Iran- Iraq war. Most of the Iranian air force had limited or no operational capability, and Iranian sea power had been decisively checkmated by the Western presence in the Gulf. Although Iraq faced the problem of paying its wartime debts, many of these could have been renegotiated, and probably forgiven entirely, by its Southern Gulf neighbors. Other than Iran, Iraq faced no other military or political threats.2 Copyright Anthpony H. Cordesman, all rights reserved. GW-2 Desert Shield June 28, 2016 Page 38 Iraq had little justification in invading Kuwait in terms of historical legitimacy. While Iraq did claim it was "liberating" territory stolen from it by Britain, Iraq had no real claim to Kuwait as a successor state. Iraq had been created by Britain after the collapse of the Turkish empire at the end of World War I. Kuwait had technically been part of the Ottoman province of Basra, but it had signed a comprehensive agreement with Britain in 1899, and its boundary had been demarcated by the Anglo-Turkish convention of 1913. Iraq was created as a state in 1920, while Kuwait had existed for more than two decades as a small autonomous Bedouin settlement.3 The key pressures driving Iraq towards invasion were a combination of an economic crisis triggered by its search for further military power, and the belief of the Iraqi leadership that it deserved much more generous help from its southern Gulf neighbors. Iraq did not react to its victory in the Iran-Iraq by concentrating on economic recovery. Instead, it chose to spend billions of dollars on missiles and biological, chemical, and nuclear weapons and billions more on grandiose civil development projects. This decision followed a long standing pattern in Iraqi arms imports and military expenditures, and one that should have been a warning of Iraq's future intentions. Iraq's invasion of Iraq had already cost it dearly. Measured in constant 1991 dollars, Iraq's GNP peaked during 1980, with a total of over $85 billion. The Iran-Iraq war rapidly cut its GNP to $39.8 billion in 1981 and $35.5 billion in 1982, as the result of the impact of a combination of wartime damage, the inability to export oil through the Gulf and Syria, and lower oil prices. Aid for other Gulf states gave Iraq a GNP of $47.9 billion in 1983 and $48.3 billion in 1984, but cuts in the flow of such aid let Iraq's GNP drop to $41.1 billion in 1985, and levels below $40 billion during the rest of the 1980s. It was only $35.3 billion in 1986, and around $39 billion in 1986 and 1987 -- about half of Iraq's GNP in 1980. The ceasefire in the Iran-Iraq War did nothing to alter this trend. Iraq's GNP was only $37.4 billion in 1989.4 Military Spending Becomes a National Crisis In spite of this decline in national income, Iraq's military expenditures remained at around 30% of its percentage of GNP from 1978 to 1984. After 1984, when the Iran-Iraq war grew even more threatening, Iraqi military spending rose to 44% of its GNP in 1984, and stayed close to 40% for the rest of the war.5 Although it faced growing limits on its foreign borrowing capacity, Iraq could sustained this level of expenditures because aid from southern Gulf states like Kuwait and Saudi Arabia and credit from nations like France and Japan. Iraq's debt to its Arab neighbors totaled at least $37 billion by 1989.6 To put these Iraqi military expenditures in perspective, the US Arms Control and Disarmament Agency (ACDA) estimates that Iraq spent $16,820 million in constant 1989 Copyright Anthpony H. Cordesman, all rights reserved. GW-2 Desert Shield June 28, 2016 Page 39 dollars on military forces in 1978, $17,520 million in 1979, $28,030 million in 1980, $31,770 million in 1981, $30.4 million in 1982, $29,500 million in 1983, $29,200 million in 1984, and $20,730 million in 1985.7 It is not possible to compare these estimates directly with more recent ACDA estimates of Iraq defense spending, but ACDA has since estimated that Iraqi military spending in constant 1991 dollars, was $10.1 billion for 1981, $15.89 billion in 1982, $18.7 billion in 1983, $21.4 billion in 1985, $15.6 billion in 1986, $16.8 billion in 1987, $15.6 billion in 1988, $11.9 billion in 1989, $12.4 billion in 1990, and $9.5 billion in 1991.8 Iraq's arms imports represented a large part of the massive burden that military expenditures placed on Iraq's economy. During the latter half of the Iran-Iraq war, from 1984-1988, Iraq took delivery on $29.7 billion worth of new arms in current dollars, including $15.4 billion worth of arms from the Former Soviet union, $0.75 billion from Poland, $0.65 billion from Bulgaria, $0.675 billion from Czechoslovakia, and $2.8 billion from the People's Republic of China. Iraq obtained $3.1 billion from France, $0.37 billion from Italy, $0.03 billion from the UK, $0.675 billion from Germany, and $5.2 billion from other countries.9 During 1989 to 1990 -- which covers most of the period from the end of the Iran- Iraq war in August, 1988 to the beginning of the embargo on arms shipments to Iraq in August, 1990 -- Iraq ordered only $1.7 billion worth of arms. Some $200 million worth were ordered from the Former Soviet Union, $500 million from major West European states, $100 million from other European states, and $900 million from other countries. Iraq did, however, take delivery on $5.0 billion worth of arms during 1989-1992, including $1.5 billion worth of arms from the Former Soviet union, $400 million from the People's Republic of China, $2.1 billion from major West European states, $600 million from other European states, and $ 400 million from other countries. Deliveries exceeded orders because Iraq had a large pipeline of deliveries from prior orders.10 The data on Iraq's annual arms imports are controversial, but US sources estimate that Iraq maintained very high levels of arms imports during the Iran-Iraq War. These estimates indicate that Iraq imported $6,419 million worth of arms in 1981 in constant 1991 dollars, $9,981 worth in 1982, $9,320 in 1983, $11,900 in 1984, $6,113 in 1985, $7,289 in 1986, $6,947 in 1987, and $6,123 in 1988. In contrast, Iraq imported $2,495 worth of arms in 1989 and $2,912 in 1990 -- before UN sanctions reduced its arms imports to zero.11 Although Iraq cut its rate of new arms orders during 1989-1990, it still ordered $1,125 million more during the first six months of 1990, and took delivery on nearly $3 billion worth of military imports, of which $1,435 million went towards new arms. This level of expenditure raised Iraq's international debt to the West to at least $40 billion -- and Copyright Anthpony H. Cordesman, all rights reserved. GW-2 Desert Shield June 28, 2016 Page 40 some experts feel that Iraq's total debt was in excess of $70-80 billion including all of Iraq's debts to Arab states.12 By 1989, the year between the Iran-Iraq war and Iraq's invasion of Kuwait, Iraq's handling of its post Iran-Iraq War debt had already begun to create a serious economic crisis.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Country City Sitename Street Name Saudi Arabia Jeddah Arabian Solutions - Saudi Arabia Barom Center Saudi Arabia Jeddah Arabian Solutions Hial St
    Country City SiteName Street name Saudi Arabia Jeddah Arabian Solutions - Saudi Arabia Barom Center Saudi Arabia Jeddah Arabian Solutions Hial St. W.Bogddadih AlZabin Cmpound villa 102 Saudi Arabia Damman Abdulla Fouad Company Limited P. O. Box 257 Saudi Arabia Dammam Abdulla Fouad Company Limited P O Box 257 31411 Saudi Arabia Riyadh Riyadh House Est. King Fahad Road Saudi Arabia Jeddah Idress Mohammed Ali Fatni Trading P.O.Box 132270 Jeddah 21382 Est. Saudi Arabia Jeddah Saudi Business Machine P.O.Box 5648 Saudi Arabia Riyadh Saudi Business Machine P.O Box 818 Saudi Arabia Jeddah Saudi Business Machines Ltd PO Box 5648 Saudi Arabia Jeddah Saudi Business Machines Ltd. PO Box 5648, Jeddah 21432, K S A Saudi Arabia Jeddah Saudi Business Machines Ltd. PO Box 5648, Juffali Building,Madinah Road Saudi Arabia Jeddah Saudi Business Machines Ltd. Juffali Building, Madinah Road Saudi Arabia Riyadh SAUDI BUSINESS MACHINES LTD. Centria Commercial Complex Saudi Arabia Riyadh Saudi Business Machines Olaya Street Saudi Arabia Al-Khobar Redington Arabia LTD AL-Khobar KSA Hail Center Saudi Arabia Jeddah Canar Office Systems Co Khalid Bin Walid Street Saudi Arabia Riyadh shrakat partnerships trading olaya street villa number 8 Saudi Arabia Riyadh Saudi Unicom for communications Al-Mrouje technology Saudi Arabia Riyadh Khalid Al Safi Company Salah Al-Deen Al-Ayubi St., Saudi Arabia Jeddah Azizia Panda United Company P.O.Box 33333 Jeddah 21448 Saudi Arabia Dammam Othman Yousif Al Yousif Est. for IT Ad Dhahran Street Solutions Saudi Arabia Al Khober al hasoob al asiavy est. king abdulaziz road Saudi Arabia Jeddah EchoServe-Al Sada Al Shamila for Madina Road Information Technology Co.
    [Show full text]
  • Us Military Assistance to Saudi Arabia, 1942-1964
    DANCE OF SWORDS: U.S. MILITARY ASSISTANCE TO SAUDI ARABIA, 1942-1964 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Bruce R. Nardulli, M.A. * * * * * The Ohio State University 2002 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor Allan R. Millett, Adviser Professor Peter L. Hahn _______________________ Adviser Professor David Stebenne History Graduate Program UMI Number: 3081949 ________________________________________________________ UMI Microform 3081949 Copyright 2003 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ____________________________________________________________ ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road PO Box 1346 Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346 ABSTRACT The United States and Saudi Arabia have a long and complex history of security relations. These relations evolved under conditions in which both countries understood and valued the need for cooperation, but also were aware of its limits and the dangers of too close a partnership. U.S. security dealings with Saudi Arabia are an extreme, perhaps unique, case of how security ties unfolded under conditions in which sensitivities to those ties were always a central —oftentimes dominating—consideration. This was especially true in the most delicate area of military assistance. Distinct patterns of behavior by the two countries emerged as a result, patterns that continue to this day. This dissertation examines the first twenty years of the U.S.-Saudi military assistance relationship. It seeks to identify the principal factors responsible for how and why the military assistance process evolved as it did, focusing on the objectives and constraints of both U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • The Khobar Towers Bombing Incident
    PRESS RELEASE House National Security Committee Floyd D. Spence, Chairman Contact: Maureen Cragin FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE Ryan Vaart August 14, 1996 (202) 225-2539 STATEMENT OF CHAIRMAN FLOYD D. SPENCE ON THE REPORT ON THE BOMBING OF KHOBAR TOWERS “In the wake of the June 25 bombing of the American compound at Khobar Towers in Saudi Arabia, the House Committee on National Security sent a delegation of professional staff members to Saudi Arabia to conduct a preliminary investigation of the incident. “Although the professionalism and courage of the men and women who suffered this terrible disaster is apparent and should be a source of pride for all Americans, the bombing raises issues of intelligence failures and operational deficiencies that at least suggest that military leaders and policymakers were unaware of the potential risks that U.S. service personnel faced in Saudi Arabia. “First, as the report indicates, the performance of the troops living in Khobar Towers and stationed in the Dhahran area was superb. As a result of the rapid reaction of the Air Force Special Police who observed the bomb-laden truck and immediately began to evacuate the building, as well as the efforts of doctors, medical personnel and soldiers to save lives, a much larger tragedy was almost certainly averted. “But individual professionalism and heroism during the bombing cannot obscure larger problems that may have contributed to the unpreparedness of U.S. troops in the face of a serious terrorist threat. Intelligence failures left the military personnel in Khobar Towers, as well as the 4404th wing’s leaders, largely unaware of the magnitude of the threat they faced.
    [Show full text]
  • The Following Lawyers in the Dhahran / Al-Khobar / Dammam Area Have Expressed Interest in Providing Legal Services and Advice to U.S
    The following lawyers in the Dhahran / Al-Khobar / Dammam area have expressed interest in providing legal services and advice to U.S. citizens. Law offices are generally open during Saudi working hours of approximately 9:00 a.m. to 1:00 p.m. and 5:00 p.m. to 8:00 p.m. 1. Abdulaziz Alassaf & Partners in association with Shearman & Sterling LLP Firm size: 20 attorneys Mailing Address: P.O. Box 30572, Al-Khobar 31952 Physical Address: : SUMO Tower, 6th Floor, Unit 6140,Prince Turki Street (Corniche), Al- Khobar Phone(s): +966 (01) 3 830 6554 Fax: +966 (01) 3 830 4949 Email: [email protected] Website: http://www.shearman.com/en/offices/saudi-arabia Languages: Arabic, English, French, Russian Law School: Various Saudi and foreign law schools Geographic Area: All provinces Areas of Practice: Employment / Labor Disputes Contract Mergers and acquisitions Private equity Joint ventures Corporate restructuring Capital markets and regulatory advice Company law and corporate governance Structuring foreign investments Formation of Saudi, GCC and foreign owned companies Agency, distribution and franchises Procurement contracts Litigation Arbitration and mediation Risk management Enforcement and debt recovery Regulatory enforcement Alternative dispute resolution Fees: Fixed Rates, Hourly Rates, Contingency depending upon the nature of the case Ex-Pat Clients: Previous representation of Americans and other Westerners Additional: Headquarters in Riyadh, branch offices in Jeddah and Al-Khobar. No criminal matters. 2.Abdulateef Abdalla Ahmed
    [Show full text]
  • Geothermal Power Sources of Saudi Arabia
    Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2005 Antalya, Turkey, 24-29 April 2005 Geothermal Resources of Saudi Arabia – Country Update Report Shafiqur Rehman and Ali Shasha Center for Engineering Research, The Research Institute, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, KFUPM BOX # 767, Dhahran – 31261, Saudi Arabia. aDirector, Center for Engineering Research, The Research Institute, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran – 31261, Saudi Arabia. E-mail: [email protected] Home page: http://staff.kfupm.edu.sa/ri/srehman Keywords: Saudi Arabia, Geothermal Resources, Environment Protection Agency (MEPA). The other Renewable Energy, Geology of Saudi Arabia, Hot Water organizations including Saudi Aramco, Saudi Basic Spring, Aquaculture, Industries (SABIC), Saudi Electricity Company (SEC), Royal Commission of Yanbu and Jubail, King Fahd ABSTRACT University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), King Abdulaziz University (KAAU), Ummulqura University, In terms of energy, the Saudi Arabian land is gifted with King Saud University (KSU), etc. also collect data on huge resources of petroleum, natural gas, and solar energy. various meteorological parameters. It also holds bright prospects of exploiting the other forms of energy such as the wind energy, nuclear energy, and the The government has also provided lot of funding for geothermal energy, because of its variety of geological research and development work on various aspects of solar features and environments. With respect to geothermal energy utilization. A good amount of research papers are resources, there are 10 hot springs with varying deep found in the literature on topics including solar radiation temperatures of 50 to 120°C and different flow rates. In data analysis, development of empirical model for the addition to this, there are three major harrats namely prediction of solar radiation, wind data analysis, electricity Khaybar, Kishb, and Rahat of geothermal interest.
    [Show full text]
  • Economic Development Prospects for the Eastern Province
    Economic Development Prospects for the Eastern Province Economic Development Prospects for the Eastern Province www.chamber.org.sa Eastern Province in Brief 02 Section One: 04 Eastern Province’s Key Economic Development Section Two: 06 Industrial Activity in Eastern Province Contents Section Three: 15 Infrastructure Development in Eastern Province Section Four: 18 Tourism Activity in Eastern Province Section Five: 22 Population in Eastern Province Section Six: 24 Work Force in Eastern Province Section Seven: 26 Housing Units in Eastern Province Section Eight: 28 Hospital & Beds in Eastern Province Section Nine: 32 Agriculture & Livestock Resources in Eastern Province Section Ten: 38 Water Production in Eastern Province Conclusion and References 42-45 Eastern Province in Brief ASH SHARQIYAH Eastern Province The Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia is the place where Kingdom’s first oil was extracted in 1938 and subsequently this region has become the center of world-class oil, gas and petrochemical industries with the presence of global giants in these sectors. Today, the Eastern Province is dubbed “The Industrial Capital of the Entire Gulf” for its enormous industrial activities. And it is evident when this region has become the biggest recipient of industrial capital investments of the Kingdom. 22 Economic Development Prospects for the Eastern Province With the support from the recently launched “Saudi Vision 2030”, the Eastern Province has taken a key role in the Kingdom’s drive to diversify its income away from oil. Most of the manufacturing industries such as petrochemicals, chemicals, steel, cement, aluminum and plastics are located in the region. These industries are mainly based in the Dammam-I, II and III industrial estates, Al Ahsa-I and II industrial estates, Hafr Al-Batin industrial estate and Jubail-I and II industrial cities.
    [Show full text]
  • From Exclusivism to Accommodation: Doctrinal and Legal Evolution of Wahhabism
    NEW YORK UNIVERSITY LAW REVIEW VOLUME 79 MAY 2004 NUMBER 2 COMMENTARY FROM EXCLUSIVISM TO ACCOMMODATION: DOCTRINAL AND LEGAL EVOLUTION OF WAHHABISM ABDULAZIZ H. AL-FAHAD*t INTRODUCTION On August 2, 1990, Iraq attacked Kuwait. For several days there- after, the Saudi Arabian media was not allowed to report the invasion and occupation of Kuwait. When the Saudi government was satisfied with the U.S. commitment to defend the country, it lifted the gag on the Saudi press as American and other soldiers poured into Saudi Arabia. In retrospect, it seems obvious that the Saudis, aware of their vulnerabilities and fearful of provoking the Iraqis, were reluctant to take any public position on the invasion until it was ascertained * Copyright © 2004 by Abdulaziz H. AI-Fahad. B.A., 1979, Michigan State University; M.A., 1980, Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies; J.D., 1984, Yale Law School. Mr. Al-Fahad is a practicing attorney in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Earlier versions of this paper were presented at the Conference on Transnational Connec- tions: The Arab Gulf and Beyond, at St. John's College, Oxford University, September 2002, and at the Yale Middle East Legal Studies Seminar in Granada, Spain, January 10-13, 2003. t Editors' note: Many of the sources cited herein are available only in Arabic, and many of those are unavailable in the English-speaking world; we therefore have not been able to verify them in accordance with our normal cite-checking procedures. Because we believe that this Article represents a unique and valuable contribution to Western legal scholarship, we instead have relied on the author to provide translations or to verify the substance of particular sources where possible and appropriate.
    [Show full text]
  • Quaternary Period in Saudi Arabia
    Quaternary Period in Saudi Arabia 1: Sedimentological, Hydrogeological, Hydrochemical, Geomorphological, and Climatological Investigations in Central and Eastern Saudi Arabia A Cooperative Research Project of the University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran and the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Edited by Saad S. AI-Sayari and Josef G. Zotl Springer-Verlag Wien NewYork Dr. SAAD S. AL-SAYARI Department of Earth Sciences, University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia Prof. Dr. JOSEF GEORG Zou Department of Hydrogeology, Technical Universi ty, Graz, Austria, and Quaternary Commission, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria This work is subject to copyright All rights arc reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically those of translaTion, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, broadcasting, reproduction by photo­ copying machine or similar means, and storage in da ta banks © 1978 by Springer-Verlag/Wicn Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1978 With 101 Figures and I Puilout Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data. Main entry under title: Quaternary period in Saudi Arabia. Bibliography: p. Includes index. Contents: 1. Sedimentological, hydrogeological, hydrodtemical, geomorphological, and climatological investigations in central and eastern Saudi Arabia. I. Geology, Stratigraphic-Quaternary. 2. Geology-Saudi Arabia. I. AI-Sayari, Saad S. II. Zotl, Jose f. Ill. Jami 'at al-Bi tTiil wa-al-Ma 'adin. IV. Akademi e deT Wi ss cnschaften, Vienna. QE696.Q34. 55 1.7'9'09538. 78-]708 . ISBN 978-3-7091-8496-7 ISBN 978-3-7091-8494-3 (eBook) DOl 10.1007/978-3-7091-8494-3 Foreword The publication of this first volume on the Quaternary Period in Saudi Arabia marks a significant milestone in the study of this Kingdom's basic geology.
    [Show full text]
  • Air Quality Over Major Cities of Saudi Arabia During Hajj Periods of 2019 and 2020
    Chapman University Chapman University Digital Commons Biology, Chemistry, and Environmental Sciences Science and Technology Faculty Articles and Faculty Articles and Research Research 2-2-2021 Air Quality Over Major Cities of Saudi Arabia During Hajj Periods of 2019 and 2020 Ashraf Farahat Akshansha Chauhan Mohammed Al Otaibi Ramesh P. Singh Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/sees_articles Part of the Atmospheric Sciences Commons, Environmental Indicators and Impact Assessment Commons, and the Environmental Monitoring Commons Air Quality Over Major Cities of Saudi Arabia During Hajj Periods of 2019 and 2020 Comments This article was originally published in Earth Systems and Environment in 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s41748-021-00202-z This scholarship is part of the Chapman University COVID-19 Archives. Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Copyright The authors Earth Systems and Environment https://doi.org/10.1007/s41748-021-00202-z ORIGINAL ARTICLE Air Quality Over Major Cities of Saudi Arabia During Hajj Periods of 2019 and 2020 Ashraf Farahat1 · Akshansha Chauhan2 · Mohammed Al Otaibi3 · Ramesh P. Singh4 Received: 25 October 2020 / Accepted: 13 January 2021 © The Author(s) 2021 Abstract Mecca and Madinah are two holy cities where millions of people in general, visit throughout the years, during Hajj (Mus- lim’s pilgrimage) time number of people visit these holy cities from diferent parts of the world is very high. However, the Government of Saudi Arabia only allowed 1000 pilgrims during the 2020 Hajj especially when the world is sufering from COVID-19.
    [Show full text]
  • Trade Information of Country Saudi Arab
    List of Saudi importers of food products Sl. No.Name of Importer Address Phone/ Fax E-mail/ website 01 A.H. AL Muhanna PO Box: 1945, Tel. 00966-13- Trading & Contracting Dammam 31441 8422969/ 8422454 Est. Fax: 00966-13- 8423221 02 A.K. Almuhaidib & PO Box:30, Tel. 00966-13- [email protected] Sons Dammam 31411 8328888/ 8322033 a Fax: 8336082 03 Abdullehah Ali Athawi PO Box: 4221, Tel. 00966-12- Jeddah 21491 6440219/ 6424508 Fax: 6479398 04 Abdulkarim ElkhreijiPO Box: 276, Tel. 00966-13- ictcs@ace- Group Dammam 31411 8324441 / 8329080 dmm.khereiji.com /8342326 Fax: 8349389 05 Abdullah A. AlPO Box:2395, Tel. 00966-11- [email protected] Munajem Sons Co. Riyadh 11451 4787933 Fax: 4764318 06 Abdullah Abbar &PO Box: 5700, Tel. 00966-12- [email protected] Ahemed Zainy Jeddah -21432 6474000 Fax: 6475542 07 Abdulla Abduljalil Est. PO Box: 5309, Tel. 00966-12- Jeddah -21422 6477092 / 6435175 Fax: 6473375 08 Abdullah AhemdPO Box: 4500, Tel. 00966-12- [email protected] Balubadi Est. Jeddah -21491 6470615/ 6470870 t.sa Fax: 6481728 09 Abdullah Bahkim Est.PO Box: 16538, Tel. 00966-12- bahakim_sat@hotmail for Trade Jeddah -21474 6480993 .com Fax: 6481426 10 Abdullah Balsharaf Est.PO Box: 7748, Tel. 00966-12- [email protected] Jeddah -21472 6482642 Fax: 6479060 11 Abdullah Bin Saeed BinPO Box: 26212 Tel. 00966-11- Shaea Trading &Riyadh 11486 4763138/ 4732231 Contracting Est. Fax: 4763149 12 Abdullah EstablishmentPO Box:7778 Tel. 00966-12- jed.office@messinalin for Trading & Industry Jeddah -21472 6424879/ 6426998/ e.com.sa 6426999 Fax: 6432645 13 Abdulmohsen andPO Box: 884, Tel.
    [Show full text]
  • Inspecfion of Embassy Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
    UNCLASSIFIED ISP-I-18-17 Office of Inspections May 2018 Inspection of Embassy Riyadh and Constituent Posts, Saudi Arabia BUREAU OF NEAR EASTERN AFFAIRS UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED May 2018 OFFICE OF INSPECTIONS Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs Inspection of Embassy Riyadh and Constituent Posts, Saudi Arabia ISP-I-18-17 What OIG Found What OIG Inspected OIG inspected the executive direction, The Chargé d’Affaires and the acting Deputy Chief of program and policy implementation, Mission worked as a team, leading the embassy’s country management controls, and resource team in pursuing the administration’s priorities for a key management operations of Embassy Riyadh. bilateral relationship. However, staff reported the Chargé The inspection included Consulates General limited his communications to a small group of employees Dhahran and Jeddah. and did not always include all relevant offices in meetings he chaired. What OIG Recommended Embassy Riyadh lacked procedures to review sensitive This report includes 29 recommendations. OIG threat information related to the safety of both official and made 27 recommendations to Embassy nonofficial Americans living and working in Saudi Arabia. Riyadh to improve embassy operations; one Embassy reporting met policy makers’ needs and to the Bureau of Consular Affairs regarding supported the mission’s Integrated Country Strategy handling of security threat information; and goals. one to the Bureau of Educational and Cultural Public diplomacy programming promoted strategic goals Affairs regarding the educational advising in a challenging environment that limited mixed-gender center in Dhahran. social interaction and required host government approval for most outreach activities. In its comments on the draft report, the Department concurred with 28 During the inspection, the embassy began to address recommendations and disagreed with 1.
    [Show full text]
  • + CPI PROFILE Dammam
    1 The Future Saudi Cities Programme CPI PROFILE - Dammam ©Ministry of Municipal and Rural Affairs , 2019 King Fahd National Library Cataloging-in-Publication Data Ministry of Municipal and Rural Affairs CPI PROFILE Dammam. / Ministry of Municipal and Rural Affairs .- Riyadh , 2019 ..p ; ..cm ISBN: 978-603-8279-38-0 1- City planning - Saudi Arabia-Dammam I-Title 309.2625314 dc 1440/8349 L.D. no. 1440/8349 ISBN: 978-603-8279-38-0 © 2018. Ministry of Municipal and Rural Affairs and United Nations Human Settlements Programme. All rights reserved Ministry of Municipal and Rural Affairs P.O. Box : 935 - King Fahd, Riyadh, 11136 Tel: 00966114569999 https://www.momra.gov.sa/ United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat) P.O. Box 30030, 00100 Nairobi GPO KENYA Tel: 254-020-7623120 (Central Office) www.unhabitat.org Disclaimer The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of the Ministry of Municipal and Rural Affairs, the United Nations Human Settlements Programme, the United Nations or its Member States. Excerpts may be reproduced without authorization, on condition that the source is indicated. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Authors: UN-Habitat (Riyadh) Un-Habitat (Nairobi) Mr. John Obure Mr. Robert Ndugwa Mr. Mohammed Al Ahmed Mr. Antony Abilla Mr. Bader Al Dawsari Ms.
    [Show full text]