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Evaluation of Gossypium Herbaceum Germplasm Race Wightianum Under Different Sowing Dates in the Central Cotton Zone of India

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Evaluation of Gossypium Herbaceum Germplasm Race Wightianum Under Different Sowing Dates in the Central Cotton Zone of India Evaluation of Gossypium herbaceum germplasm race Wightianum under different sowing dates in the central cotton zone of India D.V. PATIL, PUNIT MOHAN and V. N. WAGHMARE ICAR - Central Institute for Cotton Research Division of Crop Improvement (Indian Council of Agricultural Research) Nagpur – 441 108, MS, India E-mail: [email protected] Mob: 8975615439 Introduction • Cotton, popularly known as ‘White Gold’, is important commercial fiber crop in India. Cotton has long history and evolved in India millions of years ago. • 6000 BC Mehrgarh, Now Pakistan: G. arboreum • 3500 BC Tehaucan valley, Mexico: G. hirsutum • 2700 BC Mohenjodaro, Indus valley: G. herbaceum • 2500 BC Huaca Preita Peru: G barbadense • The genus Gossypium comprises of 51 species, among them 6 are tetraploids and 45 are diploids (G. ekmanianum Wittmack, AD6) The magic of Dhaka muslins Suleiman the Arab traveler wrote in the 9th century that cotton fabrics in Rahmi (now, Bangladesh) are so fine and delicate that they pass through a signet ring. Dhaka Muslin yarn was one of the finest ever heard of 345-356 counts. Andhra Khadi work women spin 70 -100 counts yarn with 15 mm cotton, which will yield only 12s counts yarn in machine spinning. • India is the only country in the world growing all the four cultivated species of cotton and successfully exploiting heterosis through cultivation of intra and inter specific hybrids. • India is the ancient home of Gossypium arboreum L. races bengalense, cernuum and indicum and also wightianum of G. herbaceum (Hutchinson et al.1947) • Diploids possess highly desirable traits such as stress, disease tolerance and adaptive features (Samba Murthy et al.1994) Diploid species of genus Gossypium G. arboreum G. herbaceum Geographic distribution as Till 1937 geographic distribution was done was not done as in case of arboreum Three varieties Typicum Typicum Neglectum Fruitescens Cernum Africanum Geographic races ( 6) Geographic races ( 5) Soudanense, Indicum, Persicum, kuljianum, acerifolium, Burmanium, Cernum, wightianum, africanum Bengalense, Sinense Hutchinson and Ghose (1937) ; Silow, 1944 Races Region wise distribution 1. G. herbaceum race Iran, Baluchistan, Afghanistan, persicum Turkmenistan, Iraq, and Mediterranean region 2. G. herbaceum race Western China and adjacent kuljianum regions of erstwhile Russia 3. G. herbaceum race Arabia , Ethiopia, North Africa and acerifolium Gambia 4. G. herbaceum race Western India and Persia wightianum 5. G. herbaceum race South – east Africa africanum (Zimbabwe, Mozambique , Swaziland and Transvaal) lowland Source : Cotton monograph, 1980 Distribution of G. herbaceum races ( Silow, 1944 ; Hutchinson , 1949 ; 1950) Cotton breeding work in herbaceum Gujarat The Govt. Agriculture research station was set up as Surat as early as in 1896. Talod, Bharuch, Charodi, Junagarh Karnataka Improvement of Kumptas cotton in the northern part of Mysore State was begun in 1905 at Dharwad, Arbhvi, Siruguppa Progress made for Early type, Less incidence of pink boll worm, Escape from late drought, Erect, Compact Africannum Drought resistance (South East Africa) Acerifolium Drought resistance (Saudi Arabia) Kuljianum Drought resistance, Early maturity (China & Russia) Persicum Drought resistance (Baluchistan) Wightianum Drought resistance (India) Linking races between B group of wild races (anamalum & trifolium) GUJARAT (14) Varieties / Year of Yield Duration Ginning MHL Spinning Adaptability hybrid released (q/ha) (Days) (%) (mm) counts Wagad 8 1930 6 R 230 37 19 14 Waged area Vijay 1943 4.5 R 220 39 21 24 Middle Gujarat Kalyan 1947 6 R 220 39 20 20 North Gujarat Vijalpa 1952 5 R 220 36 22 26 South Gujarat Digvijay 1956 6 R 170 39 23 38 Middle Gujarat V 797 1966 8 R 160 39 22 30 Waged Zone Sujay 1971 6 R 250 40 24 35 Middle Gujarat G. Cot 11 1979 10 R 140 38 24 37 South & Middle (1449) Gujarat G. Cot 13 1981 8 R 190 39 23 30 Waged area G.Cot 15 1989 16 R 150 38 22 30 Mathio Tract G. Cot 17 1995 11 R 210 37 23 40 Middle Gujarat G.Cot 19 1997 11 R 140 34 23 30 Mathio Tract G. Cot 21 1998 11 R 215 42 22 30 Waged area G. Cot 23 2000 13 R 200 39 22 30 Rainfed area Karnataka (15) Released Year Yield IC No. varieties (q/ha) 1. Dharwad-1 1918 -- IC- 371109 2. 1A LB 1919 -- IC-371256 3. Dharwad-2 1920 -- IC- 371165 4. 1027 ALF 1923 -- IC-371296 5. Jayawant 1928 6 R IC-371153 6. Western-1 1930 3 R IC- 371250 7. BD - 8 1938 -- IC-371095 Karnataka (15) Released Year Yield IC No. varieties (q/ha) 8. Wagotar 1942 - - IC-371249 9. Selection - 69 1942 2.5 R IC- 371199 10. Suyog 1945 -- IC- 371236 11. Jayadhar 1950 4 R IC- 371152 12. Suyodhar 1963 3 R IC-371235 13. Raichur-51 1968 3 R IC-371179 14. DB-3-12 1979 4 R IC - 371098 15. DDhC-11 2009 4 R IC-371213 Hybrids (4) Varieties Year of Yield Duration Ginning MHL Spinning Adaptability / hybrid release (q/ha) (Days) (%) (mm) counts DH – 7 1985 15 R 190 22 37 30 Gujarat hA G. Cot. 1988 15 R 190 34 28 40 Gujarat hA DH – 9 State, M.P DDH - 2 1992 12 R 180 34 22 20 South hA Zone Pha - 46 1996 12R 190 30 26 30 MAU hA hA = herbaceum x arboreum KARNATAKA Varieties / Year of Yield Duration Ginning MHL Spinning Adaptability hybrid release (q/ha) (Days) (%) (mm) counts Jayawant 1928 6 R 230 28 21 26 Raichur and Gulbarga Western 1 1930 3 R 190 29 21 24 Karnataka Selection 1942 2.5 R 230 30 20 20 South & 69 Central K K Jayadhar 1950 4 R 180 30 23 30 Karnataka Suyodhar 1963 3 R 180 28 22 35 Karnataka Raichur- 51 1968 3 R 200 34 21 26 Karnataka DB – 3 - 12 1979 4 R 170 33 22 30 North East Karnataka Level of heterosis for seed cotton yield Hybrids Maximum level of heterosis (%) over MP BP SP G. hirsutum x G. hirsutum 301.1 268.9 138.4 G. hirsutum x G. barbadense 222.7 72.4 54.4 G. barbadense x G. barbadense 127.7 110.9 - G. arboreum x G. arboreum 224.0 134.1 73.7 G. arboreum x G. herbaceum 222.6 208.6 124.2 G. herbaceum x G. herbaceum 63.0 43.0 - G. herbaceum improvement for fibre quality Inter specific desi hybrids G. herbaceum x G. arboreum Varieties of G. herbaceum In Gujarat, G. Cot. 21 and G. Cot. 23 were released to retrieve this situation as they often possess yield potential of 700 - 800 kg / ha lint under rainfed conditions as against state average of 392 kg / ha and 567 kg / ha of G. herbaceum and hybrids, respectively. In Karnataka, Jayadhar and Renuka (DB-3-12) was released for dry land area and 2 lakh hectare area under cultivation. Need envisaged to identify G. herbaceum genotypes for dry land area under rainfed condition of central cotton growing area and Vidharbha region of Maharashtra. Why G. herbaceum ? Advantages Genotypes of G. herbaceum are suitable for rainfed areas Immune to CLCV and BB and resistant to sucking pests and comparatively tolerant to bollworm complex Tolerance to salinity / drought / water stress / wind and heat Suitable for Denim culture that requires coarse, strong and clean stretchable fibres Needs low cost of cultivation Enormous bio-diversity for unexploited area which is vulnerable to day to day climate change • Weak traits like undesirable plant frame, Long duration, Smaller boll size, Stage specificity of water stress, Quality attributes like trash. No well established seed production system. Species is under vanishing stage and neglected G. herbaceum is has been neglected and cultivated only 1 % of total cotton growing area despite having wider scope for development but the best species for harsh weather conditions. Cotton likely to be pushed out, unless extra-early varieties are developed that can fit in these cropping systems, and thus increase cotton production and sustain productivity. Extra-early varieties (110 - 120 days) escape end-of- season drought and heat stresses in addition to fitting the crops in available short windows of these cropping systems. Water deficits (drought) and low soil fertility (poor plant nutrition) are considered to be major abiotic stress limitations for production Why G. herbaceum was not adapted ? • Adaptive performance of G . herbaceum was not studied in depth for central zone especially in rainfed cotton growing area of Maharashtra • Large assemblage of germplasm was not extensively evaluated • But scenario changed in 2013, 99% of India’s cotton area is under American Bt cotton and hardly 1% of area are under Desi cotton Change in species composition At the time of independence, these Asiatic cottons were grown to the extent of 97 per cent of the total cotton growing area in India (65% under G. arboreum and 32% under G. herbaceum) Species % of total cotton area 1947 1990 2000 2007 2015 G. arboreum 80 30 16 10 4 G. herbaceum 17 10 8 4 <1 G. hirsutum 3 50 72 85 95 G. barbadense - 10 4 1 <1 Bt hybrids threatened by high incidence of pests and use of pesticides Bt hybrids break the resistance of pink boll worm and they are highly susceptible to sucking pest. High incidence of insect pests -resulting into huge economic loss and stagnation in yield. Muslin was once the pride of West Bengal with demand for these high count fabrics coming from all corners of the world. Sadly, this industry was crushed by British policy during the Raj. Unbelievable but true, an amazing fact is that, even now Andhra Khadi work women spin 100 counts yarn with Gossypium arboreum coarse fiber of 15 mm length, which would otherwise yield only 12s counts yarn in machine spinning Breeding to improve performance of Gossypium herbaceum for adaptation to climate change in Central India PI : Dr.
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