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CENTRUM BADAŃ KOSMICZNYCH POLSKA AKADEMIA NAUK SPACE RESEARCH CENTRE, Polish Academy of Sciences ANNUAL REPORT 2018 WARSAW CENTRUM BADAŃ KOSMICZNYCH Polskiej Akademii Nauk SPACE RESEARCH CENTRE Polish Academy of Sciences Bartycka 18A, 00-716 Warsaw, Poland Phone: (48-22) 49 66 200 Fax: (48-22) 840 31 31 e-mail: [email protected] Achievements: 2018 - the year of diversity The year 2018 shows activity of Centrum Badań Kosmicznych PAN in a variety of fields and topics. Close coupling of scientific research and technical constructions and close collaboration between scientific and engineering teams resulted in realizing several remarkable projects (enterprises). At present CBK PAN is an institute that comprehensively approaches the research and exploration of space and the Earth's environment by leading a broad spectrum of basic and applied research, creating and manufacturing new methods, techniques and innovative technologies. It is a trustful partner in European and worldwide space research. BepiColombo Europe's first mission to Mercury was set off on 20 October, 2018 on a journey to the smallest and least explored terrestrial planet in our Solar System. It is a joint mission between ESA and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency , executed under ESA leadership. When it arrives at Mercury in late 2025, it will gather data during its 1 year nominal mission, with a possible 1-year extension. The mission comprises two spacecraft: the Mercury Planetary Orbiter (MPO) and the Mercury Magneto- spheric Orbiter (MMO). Centrum Badań Kosmicznych PAN is involved in the MPO-MERTIS expe- riment. The MERTIS (MErcury Radiometer and Thermal Infrared Spectrometer) experiment is led by the German Space Institute at Berlin. MERTIS is dedicated to mineralogical mappings, and measure- ments of surface temperatures and thermal inertia in the spectral range 7–14 µm. CBK PAN is responsible for the Pointing Unit of this instruments. Centrum Badań Kosmicznych PAN has been involved in Chinese missions Longjiang-1 and Longjiang-2 within the project „Discovering the Sky at Longest Wavelength-Pathfinder”. China's Chang'e-4 lander and rover performed the first ever soft-landing on the far side of the Moon. Two microsatellites Longjiang-1 and Longjiang-2 launched along with a required communications relay satellite has quietly been allowing radio operators to download images from the spacecraft taken along its elliptical lunar orbit. The integrated system of electronics and antennae developed in CBK PAN made the radio measurements obtained from the instruments on board of microsatellites possible. Unfortunately, the contact with Longjiang-1 has been lost but Longjiang-2 is still in operation and offers a unique opportunity to study exceptional environment not polluted by radio frequencies interference of civilization origin. Centrum Badań Kosmicznych PAN is participating in a NASA space mission Interstellar Mapping and Acceleration Probe (IMAP), scheduled for launch in 2024. The selection of the winning proposal submitted in response to the Announcement of Opportunity was announced in Washington DC on June 1, 2018 - CBK PAN is a part of the winning team. This mission will be a more advanced continuation of Interstellar Boundary Explorer Mission IBEX, where the Polish Group was the most active team in investigation and analysis of experimental data. The objective of the IMAP mission is to investigate the interaction of the solar wind with the Sun's galactic environment and cosmic ray acceleration processes. Realization of the scientific program will result in a better understanding of the three-dimensional structure of solar wind and its evolution during the cycle of solar activity, and in a pioneering study of the temperature of solar wind electrons near the Sun. It is a great opportunity to develop one more technical specialization in the close collaboration between engineering and scientific teams. The IMAP program will be one of the most important topics of research during the coming decade in CBK PAN. The Laser Ranging Station in Astrogeodynamic Observatory has recorded a breakthrough in 2018 detecting 1857 tracks of 43 satellites and 10 debris. Expert competences developed in CBK PAN related to processing and analyzing of the SST data were recognized at the end of 2018: the Borowiec Laser Ranging Service Station became a full member of the Polish part of the Consortium Space Sur- veillance and Tracking (SST). 3 The wide expertise and involvement in conducting theoretical and experimental space research has been acknowledged by inviting CBK PAN to join the Association of European Space Research Establi- shments (ESRE). ESRE is a non-profit organization of several European space organizations: Italian Aerospace Research Centre (CIRA), the German Aerospace Center (DLR), the National Institute of Aerospace Technology (INTA), Netherlands Aerospace Centre (NRL), the French Aerospace Lab (ONERA). ESRE has been established to intensify the co-operation between European countries, integrate space research with other scientific subjects, as well as elevate competitiveness of European space sector present on the global market, and harmonize the strategy of European science and research by Euro- pean Commission and European space agency. Participation in this prestigious organization makes it possible to contribute directly to the development of European space policy. CBK PAN attaches great importance to application of current scientific achievements in space and nearest Earth's environment. Belgium, Cyprus, Finland, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Poland and the United Kingdom appointed Belgium to create European group PECASUS on November the 7th 2018 to prepare information on current space weather conditions, and forecast for International Civil Aviation Organization ICAO. It has decided to elect global and regional organizations for information on space weather. The PECASUS Group has been qualified as global supplier. Work of start-ups of preparatory services is in course. In our promotional and educational activities (such as doctoral studies), we aim to demonstrate the significance of space research and its results to the society. Education of postgraduate students is one of the main tasks of the GeoPlanet school in the area related to environmental analysis of Earth and space. Apart from the CBK PAN, six other institutes of Polish Academy of Sciences participate in this enter- prise, namely: Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Centre, Center of Theoretical Physics, Geophysical Institute, Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization, Institute of Geological Sciences and Insti- tute of Oceanology. An important aspect of CBK work is continuous expert and personal support to a number of uni- versities in Poland, as well as to emerging private companies starting their operations in space. (I. Stanisławska) 4 SPACE PROJECTS ARIEL (Atmospheric Remote-sensing Infrared Exoplanet Large-survey) This project concerns measurements of the spectral chara- • the opto-mechanical part of the FGS; cteristics of the atmosphere of planets orbiting stars of type • its warm front end electronics; F, G, K and M. These planets have temperatures in the • its control electronics; range of 250–1,000 K, and masses that range from a few • mechanical structures for the above items; and to 100 Earth masses. The Polish team is involved in techni- • mechanical, engineering and optical ground cal and scientific aspects. On the technical side, we are res- support equipment for the above items. ponsible for the so-called Fine Guidance System (FGS). Engineering, Qualification, Flight and Spare On the research side, we are simulating the measurements models of the FGS will be developed. Laboratory and interpretation of the data that is collected. performance models are at an early stage of deve- The FGS measures the spectral characteristics of lopment. The FGS operates at a temperature of distant planets at high resolution, with high- 50–55 K with detectors and so-called 'cold' front precision positioning. The optical axis jitter is end electronics; the other electronic devices will designed to be of the order of a single milli-arc operate at a temperature of 250–300 K. second. This instrument determines the highest In 2018, the ARIEL mission was selected by the possible measurement precision, and can hold the European Space Agency and phase B1 of the mis- position for a few minutes while measurements sion stared on 1 May. The CBK PAN has been able are taken. It continuously sends data to a satellite to accelerate its work schedule to meet the needs system to ensure the correct measurement direc- of this phase. Furthermore, the CBK PAN has tion. The system also takes parallel photometric contributed to the consortium in other ways, nota- measurements of selected objects. The team is bly by providing an update to the FGS design to responsible for the following items, and for provi- enable a new, four-channel approach, and new ele- ding any equipment needed to adjust and com- ctronics to be used. mission the device: (M. Rataj) ASIM ISS / ASIM / MXGS Gamma-ray Sensor designed by the University of Bergen The aim of the Atmosphere-Space Interactions Monitor and the University of Valencia in cooperation with the (ASIM) onboard the International Space Station is to Centrum Badań Kosmicznych PAN. The CBK PAN is study high-altitude optical emissions from the stratosphere responsible for the design and manufacture of the Power and mesosphere related to thunderstorms. One of the two Supply Unit and its autonomous
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  • Naše Osončje 1

    Naše Osončje 1

    NAŠE OSONČJE 1. Nekaj o sončevem sistemu: Sončev sistem je edini del vesolja, ki ga lahko raziskujemo z vesoljskimi plovili. Sestavlja ga ena zvezda (Sonce) in devet planetov. Zelo očitno je sončni sistem razdeljen na dva dela; najprej pridejo notranji planeti, ki jih imenujemo tudi kamniti planeti, nato pa zunanji planeti, imenovani tudi kot plinasti planeti. Med njimi je velik presledek, po katerem se giblje asteroidni pas. Notranje planete sončevega sistema sestavljajo štirje planeti, ki sem jih opisal spodaj na bolj ali manj natančno. Ti planeti so Merkur, Venera, Zemlja in Mars. Od vseh teh štirih planetov imata svoje satelite samo Zemlja (Luna) in Mars (Deimos in Fobos). Merkur Venera Zemlja Mars Oddaljenost od Sonca (milijoni km) (srednja) 57,9 108,2 149,6 227,9 Obhodni čas (dni) 87,97 224,7 365,3 687 Vrtilni čas (ekvatorialni) 58,646 d 234,16 d 23h 56m 4s 24h 37m 23s Naklon osi (stopinje) 2 178 23,4 24 Ubežna hitrost (km/s) 4,25 10,36 11,18 5,03 Gravitacijski pospešek (Zemlja=1) 0,38 0,90 1 0,38 Površinska temperatura podnevi (°C) +427 +480 +22 -23 Premer na ekvatorju (km) 4878 12104 12756 6794 Masa (Zemlja=1) 0,055 0,815 1 0,11 2. Opis planetov: 1. MerkUR Že stare kulture so poznale pet nebesnih teles - planetov, za katere je značilno, da se po nebu premikajo. Med nje sodi tudi Merkur. Prvi naj bi ga že pred 3000 leti opazovali Sumerci. Stari Grki so mu nadeli ime po hitronogem selu bogov - Merkurju. Johannes Hevelius (1611 - 1681) je kot prvi opazil Merkurjeve mene.