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The Future of Iran-China Relations: an Alliance Or Pure Cooperation?

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The Future of Iran-China Relations: an Alliance Or Pure Cooperation? СРАВНИТЕЛЬНАЯ ПОЛИТИКА И ГЕОПОЛИТИКА http://dx.doi.org/10.18611/2221-3279-2018-9-1-60-73 THE FUTURE OF IRAN-CHINA RELATIONS: AN ALLIANCE OR PURE COOPERATION? Ali Bagheri Dolatabadi Yasouj University, Yasouj, Iran Rouhollah Zarei Yasouj University, Yasouj, Iran Article history: Abstract: The future of the Iranian political relations with other countries especially China in the post-nuclear-agreement Received: era is of serious importance in the Iranian foreign policy in the 14 July 2017 Rouhani administration. Despite turbulences in the relations of the two countries in recent years, theirs have been stronger than Accepted:: the trade relations between Iran and western countries. For this 11 December 2017 reason, the shift from ordinary to strategic relations between Iran and China is attracting serious attention in the political circles About the authors: in Iran. The supporters argue for the present and future stance of Ali Bagheri Dolatabadi, China in the international society and its constructive role during Assistant Professor, Department of Political the western-imposed sanctions against Iran. The opponents refer Sciences, Yasouj University, Iran to the poorer Chinese technology as opposed to their Western rivals and to ambivalent and at time anti-Iranian stances Beijing e-mail: [email protected] adopted in the Iranian nuclear problem. The question this paper seeks to answer is whether there is a possibility of the promotion Rouhollah Zarei, Assistant Professor, of the relations of the two countries in future and the possible Department of English, Yasouj University, Iran obstacles in the way. e-mail: [email protected] Key words: Iran; China; energy; alliance; cooperation; United States; diplomacy Introduction goods have been affordable, their quality has been constantly criticized by Iranians. Both Iran and China are among nations that are this issue and China’s fairly positive record in dissatisfi ed with their position in the present the past, compared to Russia, England, France international system. Both countries are and the US, have raised the question of turning criticized severely by the United States for the Iran-China ordinary relations to a strategic violation of human rights in their respective level in the Iranian political circles. Some deem countries. They wish to change their present China a future world power and emphasize the situation since they believe they deserve a importance of a close relationship with that better place in the international community. country while some others demand a closer However, China leaders see the world as relationship with the EU in future. Nevertheless, an opportunity but the Iranian leaders as a both groups agree that China played a key threat. Some common outlooks have led to an role in Iran’s passage during the excruciating interdependence of trade cooperation of the two Western-imposed sanctions.1 Therefore, serious countries. China acquires a portion of its energy needs from Iran and the latter turned into the 1 Scott, W. Harold; Nader, Ali Reza, China greatest market in the Middle East for Chinese and Iran: Economic, Political, and Military goods during the sanction era. Although such Relations / Center for Middle East Public Policy, International Programs at Rand, 2012. P. 9. 60 СРАВНИТЕЛЬНАЯ ПОЛИТИКА . 2018 Т.9 № 1 СРАВНИТЕЛЬНАЯ ПОЛИТИКА И ГЕОПОЛИТИКА consideration of the future of the two countries and the idea to revive the historical road can makes sense. However, the question is this: add a new chapter to bilateral cooperation.”4 Can Iran-China relations be promoted to a Map 1 higher level in the Iran-P5+1 post-nuclear-deal One Belt, One Road program era? This study contends that despite ground for common cooperation between the two countries, there are numerous constraints for a promotion of the level of relations and hence it is highly improbable that such a change will take place. We will address this issue after an initial investigation of the historical background of the two countries’ relations as well as their economic, nuclear, and political mutual ties. Source: Wikipedia Commons In modern times, Iran and China, the two The historical background great empires in the past, gradually fell into of Iran-China relations decline since they could not adapt themselves The relations between the two countries with the time. In the nineteenth and early are centuries old. Iran and China enjoy the twentieth centuries they were victims of western heritage of human civilizations and the two imperialism and thus the relations between the ancient empires have had especial relations two countries ebbed away. When they started with each other since time immemorial. the process of the restoration of their power During the Achaemenid (c 550-331 B.C.) and and position, they developed their relations. Sassanid (A.D. 226-651) dynasties Iran had In the past three decades and in fact since close relations with China via Silk Road.2 The the start of the reform and opening up policy, relations in later centuries continued until the China’s power is increasing rapidly. During present time with ebbs and fl ows. Today, the this period, China became the world’s third idea of a “New Silk Road,” an intertwined set economic power and it plays a more important of economic integration initiatives seeking role on the international stage.5 Nowadays there to link East and Central Asia, has appeal in are fewer strategic decisions being made at an Iran and China – for very different reasons. international level without consultation with Under the program, announced by President China or disregarding the country’s stance on Xi Jinping in 2013, China aims to invest in the matter. China as a developing country that infrastructure projects including railways and has its own independent foreign policy has power grids in Central, West and Southern had common interests with other developing Asia, as well as Africa and Europe (See countries like Iran. Geographical and cultural Map 1). Ali Tayebnia, the Iranian Minister vicinity of the two countries and the long history of Economic Affairs and Finance, that who of their relations have made these common ties participated the ‘New Silk Road’ summit in more meaningful. Beijing on May 14-15 2017 described it as “a The relations of the two countries in cause for improving and strengthening the ties contemporary times were established in 1971. between the countries situated on this historical During these years China imported energy belt”.3 He called Iran and China “two strategic from Iran and the latter missile technology partners, whose bilateral ties are expanding from the former. The bilateral relations, which up until 1980s did not undergo any especial 2 Jun, Liu, and Lei WU. Key Issues in China-Iran 4 Iran Welcomes China’s New Silk Road Initiative // Relations // Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Tehran Times, 13 May 2017. Mode of access: Studies (in Asia), 2010, Vol. 4, No. 1, p. 41. http://www.tehrantimes.com/news/413378/Iran- 3 Economy Min. in China for ‘New Silk Road’ welcomes-China-s-new-Silk-Road-initiative Summit // Iran Daily,13 May 2017. Mode of 5 Shariatinia, Mohsen. China’s Middle Eastern access: http://www.iran-daily.com/News/192658. Policy / Center for Strategic Research, Iran’s html Expediency Council, 2009. P. 65. COMPARATIVE POLITICS, RUSSIA . 2018 Vol.9 No. 1 61 СРАВНИТЕЛЬНАЯ ПОЛИТИКА И ГЕОПОЛИТИКА development, entered a new era.6 war but show interest in economic relations since The Islamic Revolution in Iran coincided they need foreign currency. Mr. Prime Minister, with a radical development in China. The relations Zhao Ziyang,…came to my residence for the last between the two countries entered a new phase meeting and farewell…. At fi rst it was an offi cial upon this coincidence. The Islamic Revolution meeting but upon my request we had a private changed Iranian foreign policy and the “Neither- meeting. We talked about acquiring missiles and the-West,-Nor-the-East” slogan Iran walked in he gave his consent and accepted the urgency of a revolutionary path. This was happening while the delivery…. The Chinese insist on the secrecy China changed its major strategic policy from of the sales of weapons.”9 revolutionariness to development in the 3rd The very important point that Hashemi Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of Rafasanjani mentions in his reports of his visit the Communist Party of China in December 1978. to China is the question of strategic allegiance In other words, Iran and China swapped places in with the Chinese. He writes, “Backed by the the international politics. The conservative Iran, order Ayatollah Khomeini, I offered strategic a US ally, turned into a revolutionary stronghold allegiance with the Chinese which they and the revolutionary China that once aimed welcomed.”10 This is a clear indication that Iran at annihilating Western imperialism, adopted has given a special importance to its relations with rationalism in its foreign policy and entered China. The relations of the two countries which strategic allegiance with the US, the leader were mainly founded on military ties during of the Western capitalism. The coincidence of the Iran-Iraq war gradually was extended to these two events made the relations of Iran and economy, civil engineering, industry, agriculture China form basically around economic ties and and so on.11 Hashemi Rafsanjani kept on these ideology moved out of question.7 relations at a high level in the next decade when Soon after the revolution, Iran was he became the president of Iran by enjoying drawn into a war with Iraq and its relations China’s cooperation in the reconstruction of the with the two superpowers, especially the US, post-war Iran and the betterment of the shattered became strained. These superpowers and other economy.
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