Palimpsesto Y Carnavalización: El Orfeu Negro De Marcel Camus

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Palimpsesto Y Carnavalización: El Orfeu Negro De Marcel Camus Palimpsesto y carnavalización: El Orfeu negro de Marcel Camus Daniel ARRIETA DOMÍNGUEZ Universidad Complutense de Madrid [email protected] Recibido: 20 de noviembre de 2013 Aceptado: 28 de enero de 2014 RESUMEN La película Orfeu negro del director Marcel Camus actualiza el mito clásico de Orfeo y lo traslada al carnaval de Río de Janeiro de los años 50 del siglo XX. Salvando las distancias interartísticas entre los poemas narrativos de Virgilio y Ovidio, por un lado, y el filme, por el otro, utilizamos los fundamentos teóricos de Gérard Genette sobre la hipertextualidad para estudiar los procesos de transposición formal y temática que llevan a considerar Orfeu negro como una parodie de su hipotexto clásico. La trasformación diegética efectuada por la película genera una amplificación en forma de nuevos personajes, historias secundarias y detalles visuales de la ciudad de Río y de la cultura brasileña. La presencia temática del carnaval y su significación alegórica también se relacionará con la inversión del orden establecido y con una contraideología de mayor o menor eficacia, las cuales estudiaremos a partir del concepto de carnavalización de Mijail Bajtín. Palabras clave: Hipertexto. Hipotexto. Orfeo. Carnavalización. Parodie. ARRIETA DOMÍNGUEZ, D., «Palimpsesto y carnavalización: El Orfeu negro de Marcel Camus», Cuad. Fil. Clás. Estud. Lat. 34.1 (2014) 131-142. Palimpsest and carnivalization: Marcel Camus’ Orfeu negro ABSTRACT Film director Marcel Camus’ Orfeu negro actualizes Orpheus’ classical myth and transplants it into Rio de Janeiro’s carnival in the 1950’s. Working on the interartistic connections between Virgil’s and Ovid’s narrative poems, on the one side, and the film, on the other, we use Gérard Genette’s theoretical concepts about hypertextuality to study the processes of formal and thematic transposition that lead to consider Orfeu negro as its classical hypotext’s parodie. The diegetic transformation visible in the movie generates amplification in the form of new characters, secondary stories and visual details for the city of Rio that also depict Brazilian customs. Carnival’s presence as a theme and its allegorical meaning will also be studied in relation to an implicit challenge to the establishment and to a more or less effective counterideology, both of which will be analyze using Mijail Bakhtin’s concept of carnivalization. Keywords: Hypertext. Hypotext. Orpheus. Carnivalization. Parodie. ARRIETA DOMÍNGUEZ, D., «Palimpsest and carnivalization: Marcel Camus’ Orfeu negro», Cuad. Fil. Clás. Estud. Lat. 34.1 (2014) 131-142. Cuadernos de Filología Clásica. Estudios Latinos ISSN: 1131-9062 2014, 34, núm. 1 131-142 http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/rev_CFCL.2014.v34.n1.44892 Daniel Arrieta Domínguez Palimpsesto y carnavalización: El Orfeu negro de Marcel Camus SUMARIO: 1. Introducción. Dos Orfeos clásicos y uno brasileño. 2. Hipertexto brasileño del Orfeo clá- sico. 3. Carnaval de Río y carnavalización bajtiniana. 4. Conclusiones. 5. Referencias bibliográficas. 1. INTRODUCCIÓN. DOS ORFEOS CLÁSICOS Y UNO BRASILEÑO Entre las fuentes clásicas que recogen el mito de Orfeo, Virgilio y Ovidio son los autores que lo desarrollan de un modo más detallado. El autor de las Geórgicas pone en boca de Proteo, respondiendo a Aristeo, quien lo tiene preso, la historia de la muerte de Eurídice: «illa quidem, dum te fugeret per flumina praeceps, / immanem ante pedes hydrum moritura puella / seruantem ripas alta non uidit in herba» (VIRG. Georg.4.457-459)1. Orfeo, entonces, desciende al Tártaro y, a través de su canto, con- sigue de Prosérpina llevarse de vuelta a Eurídice a condición de no volver la mirada atrás hacia ella hasta no llegar a la región de la luz. Una locura le embarga y, sin acor- darse ni poder contenerse, vuelve a mirar a su esposa, que se desvanece para siempre. Tras siete meses de vagabundeo cantando su infortunio y rechazando el amor de otras mujeres, las despreciadas bacantes lo acaban despedazando, y la cabeza arrancada del cuerpo de Orfeo baja por el río Hebro llamando el nombre de Eurídice. En Ovidio, en el libro X de sus Metamorfosis, el dios del matrimonio Himeneo se marcha de la boda de Orfeo y la ninfa Eurídice indicando un mal presagio. Inme- diatamente después, una Eurídice recién casada es mordida por una serpiente en el talón, lo que causa su muerte instantánea. También en esta versión, Orfeo desciende al Hades, donde gracias a su canto-suasoria, Prosérpina consiente que aquel se lleve a su esposa de allí si no se vuelve a mirarla hasta salir de los valles del Averno. Sin embargo, hic, ne deficeret, metuens auidusque uiuendi flexit amans oculos: et protinus illa relapsa est bracchiaque intendens prendique et prendere certans nil nisi cedentes infelix adripit auras. Iamque iterum moriens non est de coniuge quicquam questa suo…2 (OV.Met.10.56 y ss.) Tras ello, Orfeo desdeña a las mujeres e inicia a los pueblos de Tracia en la ho- mosexualidad masculina. Las Ménades, sintiéndose insultadas, tras una lucha con el vate, lo asesinan y lo desmiembran. La cabeza y la lira de Orfeo sigue la corriente 1 «esta joven, mientras precipitadamente huía de ti por la orilla del río, no supo ver (la muerte la aguardaba) a sus pies, entre la hierba crecida, una monstruosa serpiente de agua, custodia de aquellas riberas». Las traducciones corresponden a la edición de Jaime Velázquez (1994). 2 «temiendo que le faltaran las fuerzas y deseoso de verla, el enamorado volvió los ojos; y al punto ella cayó hacia atrás y, tendiendo los brazos y luchando por ser cogida y por coger, la desgraciada nada agarra a no ser el aire que se retira. Y ya, al morir por segunda vez, no emitió ninguna queja acerca de su esposo…». Las traducciones corresponden a la edición de Consuelo Álvarez y Rosa Mª Iglesias (2012). 132 Cuadernos de Filología Clásica. Estudios Latinos 2014, 34, núm. 1 131-142 Daniel Arrieta Domínguez Palimpsesto y carnavalización: El Orfeu negro de Marcel Camus del río Hebro, hasta que, tras la intervención de su padre el dios Apolo, su sombra se introduce bajo la tierra hasta llegar de nuevo al Hades y encontrarse con Eurídice. Las diferencias más salientes entre ambas versiones son el tono –mucho más trágico en Virgilio–, la ausencia del personaje de Aristeo como causa de la muerte de Eurídice en Ovidio, así como el reencuentro final con su esposa en el caso de este último. También Ovidio desarrolla mucho más el canto de Orfeo en el Hades, que, según Consuelo Álvarez y Rosa Mª Iglesias, «constituye una suasoria perfectamente estructurada, gracias a la cual el cantor, que aparentemente se somete a los poderes del mundo subterráneo, en realidad los controla» (Álvarez – Iglesias 2012, p.552). La presencia de Aristeo en Virgilio personaliza aún más el episodio y constituye, para Segal, el desprecio al lazo matrimonial que representan Eurídice y Orfeo, ele- vando el tono trágico de la historia: «Aristaeus’ aggression against Eurydice is an act of wanton, selfish, lustful violence. It is the attempted rape of a married woman, hardly a necessary act of creative purposiveness» (Segal 1989, p.76). La película Orfeu Negro (1959), del director Marcel Camus, inspirada en la obra teatral Orfeu da Conceição (1956), de Vinicius de Moraes, presenta una his- toria situada en la ciudad brasileña de Río de Janeiro en los días del carnaval. La joven Eurídice llega a Río desde el interior del país huyendo de un hombre que la busca para matarla. Se instala en casa de su prima Serafina, que vive en la misma favela que Orfeu3, conductor de tranvía, músico y bailarín principal del bloco4 carnavalesco de la favela Babilonia. Orfeu, a pesar de estar comprometido con la joven y bella Mira, corteja a Eurídice, se enamora de ella y la consigue. La noche del desfile del Carnaval, un hombre disfrazado de la Muerte vuelve a acosar a Eu- rídice y la persigue hasta una nave desierta, donde Orfeu, al llegar repentinamente y encender las luces, la electrocuta sin querer. Al recuperar la consciencia, Orfeu busca a Eurídice muerta por toda la ciudad hasta llegar a un terreiro de candomblé5, donde logra hablar con ella, pero al volverse, descubre que la voz proviene de una anciana en estado de trance. Finalmente, recupera el cuerpo sin vida de Eurídice del depósito de cadáveres pero es asesinado por su novia Mira, que le lanza una piedra a la cabeza y este se despeña junto con el cuerpo de Eurídice desde el morro de la favela. En cuanto a las diferencias entre la película de Camus y la obra teatral de Vinicius de Moraes, estas han sido estudiadas cuidadosamente por González Delgado (1999), quien explica que, a un nivel alegórico: Si la versión teatral se preocupaba por la triple relación Mujer-Muerte-Luna, sim- bolizada en el personaje de Eurídice, la versión cinematográfica se relaciona con un mito solar: es Orfeo músico quien hace salir al sol cada mañana con los sones de su guitarra. (González Delgado 1999, p.336) 3 Orfeo en portugués. 4 Comparsa de carnaval brasileño. 5 Templo donde se practica el culto sincrético afrobrasileño a los orixás o dioses yorubas. Cuadernos de Filología Clásica. Estudios Latinos 133 2014, 34, núm. 1 131-142 Daniel Arrieta Domínguez Palimpsesto y carnavalización: El Orfeu negro de Marcel Camus 2. HIPERTEXTO BRASILEÑO DEL ORFEO CLÁSICO Gerard Genette (1982, pp.11-12) define la hipertextualidad como «toute rela- tion unissant un texte B (que j’appellerai hypertexte) à un texte antérieur A (que l’appellerai, bien sûr, hypotexte) sur lequel il se greffe d’une manière qui n’est pas celle du commentaire». A pesar de considerar aquí dos textos –el de Virgilio y el de Ovidio– que funcionarían como hipotexto, el mito clásico de Orfeo que ha quedado configurado en el imaginario occidental es una combinación de ambos, por lo que po- dríamos hacer abstracción de ello y considerarlos conjuntamente como uno solo.
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