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A Specification-Oriented Semantics for the Refinement of Real-Time Systems
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector Theoretical Computer Science 131 (1994) 219-241 219 Elsevier A specification-oriented semantics for the refinement of real-time systems David Scholefield and Hussein Zedan Formal Systems Research Group, Department of ComputerScience, University of York, Heslington, York, UK He Jifeng Programming Research Group. Oxford University, Keble Road, Oxford, UK Communicated by I. Mitrani Received November 1992 Revised February 1993 Abslract Scholefield, D., H. Zedan and H. Jifeng, A specification-oriented semantics for the refinement of real-time systems, Theoretical Computer Science 131 (1994) 2199241. A refinement calculus for the development of real-time systems is presented. The calculus is based upon a wide-spectrum language called the temporal agent model (TAM), within which both functional and timing properties can be expressed in either abstract or concrete terms. A specifica- tion-oriented semantics for the language is given. Program development is considered as a refine- ment process, i.e. the calculation of a structured program from an unstructured specification. A calculus of decomposition is defined. An example program is developed. 1. Introduction The formal development of a computer system is traditionally separated into four tasks: the formulation of a specification, the formulation of a design, verification between specification and design, and the translation of the design into an implemen- tation. In real-time systems, verification must take into account both functional correctness and the timeliness of results - a consideration which adds further com- plexity to an already difficult task. Correspondence to: D. -
Toolkit Essex.Pdf
Internationalising the Curriculum Internationalising the Curriculum If we want to attract the best students, provide the best experience of living and learning, and give our students the best chance of competing in a global economy, we must continue to retain our international outlook. This starts with the curriculum. It is not enough to provide opportunities that only the most engaged and motivated students take advantage of – our international heritage should impact on the experience of all Essex students.” “This toolkit is a perfect starting point for discussions about how we can continue to embed internationally-relevant opportunities into both the formal curriculum and into extra-curricular activities. There should be something here that is interesting and achievable for any academic department and individual member of staff. Professor Anthony Forster, Vice-Chancellor, 2012 – present Internationalisation is important because it introduces our students to a plurality of ways of doing things. It challenges the idea that there’s only one right way to approach a problem. It’s about making visible the specificity of the places from which we start our inquiries. I think that’s a really crucial experience when you learn, so when you go out into the world you are sensitive to and values different ways of doing things. Once that mental shift is made, one has a completely different perspective and orientation towards life and towards the multiplicity of perspectives and possibilities of the globalised world in which we live. Professor Aletta Norval, Pro-Vice-Chancellor – Education The Toolkit is great. I think it should be compulsory reading. -
Removing Redundant Refusals: Minimal Complete Test Suites for Failure Trace Semantics
Removing Redundant Refusals: Minimal Complete Test Suites for Failure Trace Semantics Maciej Gazda Robert M. Hierons Department of Computer Science Department of Computer Science University of Sheffield, UK University of Sheffield, UK Abstract—We explore the problem of finding a minimal com- in which no action in X is enabled. Most work uses ioco [21] plete test suite for a refusal trace (or failure trace) semantics. or one of its variants; see [22] for an overview. In ioco, an Since complete test suites are typically infinite, we consider the observation is a trace that can contain instances of quiescence: setting with a bound ` on the length of refusal traces of interest. A test suite T is thus complete if it is failed by all processes that the situation in which the system under test (SUT) cannot contain a disallowed refusal trace of length at most `. produce output or change state without first receiving input. The proposed approach is based on generating a minimal com- The ioco test theory assumes that the SUT cannot refuse inputs plete set of forbidden refusal traces. Our solution utilises several (is input-enabled) and the environment cannot block outputs, interesting insights into refusal trace semantics. In particular, which is why quiescence is the only type of refusal. we identify a key class of refusals called fundamental refusals which essentially determine the refusal trace semantics, and the A refusal of a set X is observed through the tester offering associated fundamental equivalence relation. We then propose a the actions in X and subsequent deadlock (detected through small but not necessarily minimal test suite based on our theory, a timeout). -
A Comprehensive Survey of Trends in Oracles for Software Testing
1 A Comprehensive Survey of Trends in Oracles for Software Testing Mark Harman, Phil McMinn, Muzammil Shahbaz and Shin Yoo Abstract—Testing involves examining the behaviour of a system in order to discover potential faults. Determining the desired correct behaviour for a given input is called the “oracle problem”. Oracle automation is important to remove a current bottleneck which inhibits greater overall test automation; without oracle automation, the human has to determine whether observed behaviour is correct. The literature on oracles has introduced techniques for oracle automation, including modelling, specifications, contract-driven development and metamorphic testing. When none of these is completely adequate, the final source of oracle information remains the human, who may be aware of informal specifications, expectations, norms and domain specific information that provide informal oracle guidance. All forms of oracle, even the humble human, involve challenges of reducing cost and increasing benefit. This paper provides a comprehensive survey of current approaches to the oracle problem and an analysis of trends in this important area of software testing research and practice. Index Terms—Test oracle; Automatic testing; Testing formalism. F 1 INTRODUCTION undecidable problem. For example, attempting to cover all branches [6], [10], [16], [64], [77], Much work on testing seeks to automate as [159], [177] in a system under test can never be much of the test process as practical and de- complete because branch reachability is known sirable, in order to make testing faster, cheaper to be undecidable in general [192]. and more reliable. In order to automate testing, The problem of generating test inputs to we need an oracle, a procedure that determines achieve coverage of test adequacy criterion what the correct behaviour of a system should has been the subject of research interest for be for all input stimuli with which we wish nearly four decades [48], [106] and has been to subject the system under test. -
Interval Temporal Logic
Interval Temporal Logic Antonio Cau and Ben Moszkowski 2021-04-09 HTML version of the ITL home page Abstract Interval Temporal Logic (ITL) is a flexible notation for both propositional and first-order reasoning about periods of time found in descriptions of hardware and software systems. Unlike most temporal logics, ITL can handle both sequential and parallel composition and offers powerful and extensible specification and proof techniques for reasoning about properties involving safety, liveness and pro- jected time [134]. Timing constraints are expressible and furthermore most imperative programming constructs can be viewed as formulas in a slightly modified version of ITL [125]. Tempura provides an executable framework for developing and experimenting with suitable ITL specifications. In addi- tion, ITL and its mature executable subset Tempura [157] have been extensively used to specify the properties of real-time systems where the primitive circuits can directly be represented by a set of simple temporal formulae. In addition, Tempura has been applied to hardware simulation and other areas where timing is important. 1 Contents 1 Finite Interval Temporal Logic3 1.1 Syntax............................................3 1.2 Semantics..........................................3 1.3 Derived Constructs......................................5 1.4 Propositional proof system..................................7 1.5 First order proof system...................................7 2 Finite and Infinite Interval Temporal Logic8 2.1 Syntax............................................8 -
Issue 2005 2 June 2005
, . Issue 2005-2 FACS June 2005 A FM E C A A C ~v1 L F (~ T ~J1 ETHODS C 1 BCS R S(:S(: M S Z A UM L I FM SI G E E E E E BCS The Newsletter of the Formal Aspects of 6 FACS Computing Science (FACS) Specialist Group ISSN 0950-1231 , " -40 , . FACS FACTS Iss ue 2005-2 June 2005 :~::;'::i(t::·::!:\,,: h\boJi EACS.FACTS .. '::':--'}U},;"";",::,:::: '}::::-::/:W::::::'" :,:':':t\i{\, '::;:=/';tt::-:· . , . EAG,sFACi,s[ I S$N:Q950~12311 U S ! h ~ Q~W~letter . of ·ihe BQ$ Specialist · (Sfoup 8h .·· FpribaIAsp~ Cts ·otCornputihg ·S§ience(FACS}; 'FACSFAGTS.• is· dfstributed in electronic form !ball FACS members. · .... A~from ';605 : FACS ?A hs ~ lii ' b~ ~clbl: g~~a foJ~\iinesayea 6 Mar c ti : • June; September and December. Submissions are always welcome .. p l g<!s~seetQe <3d¥~rt.. .or1 page2~fo r fU~herde! <! i ls of·yisil thenew§lg!ter .•.• areaOfthe FACS websile [ http: //www .bcs ~facs . org/newsletterr .. .. ............ .- ... -..... -,'- . Back issU~s . of FAGSFA GTS~re avai l ~ bl e t6 .downlda d frorTE The FACS FACTS Tea m . ..,., . Newsletted ::ditor . Paul B6ca [editor@fac;sfacts ci nfol Editori.al Team J61lathanBowerl,J udith Ca rlton, John Cooke; . Kevin Lano., Mike Siannett Colu rn nist~.i •. ' Din es Bj0rn er (The •~ ai l waY.oClm a i r1) ...•. Judith Carlton(Puzzles) " ....... ... Contribqtors .to t h.isJsSU€) ; Dines Bj0mer, Eerke Boiten, Jonathan . Bowen , Judith Ca ri ton, Roger Carsley, J o hn . D E! r ri 9~• . George E lef~er<;lki§ ; J ose ; Fiade i ro , Joh n F i tzg~ta l d, Carroll Morgan, Fiona Polack, F.X. -
Interval Temporal Logic
Interval Temporal Logic Antonio Cau, Ben Moszkowski and Hussein Zedan Software Technology Research Laboratory December 6, 2007 HTML version of the ITL home page ITL-course: A not so short introduction to ITL Abstract Interval Temporal Logic (ITL) is a flexible notation for both propositional and first-order reasoning about periods of time found in descriptions of hardware and software systems. Unlike most temporal logics, ITL can handle both sequential and parallel composition and offers powerful and extensible specification and proof techniques for reasoning about properties involving safety, liveness and projected time[15]. Timing constraints are expressible and furthermore most imperative pro- gramming constructs can be viewed as formulas in a slightly modified version of ITL [25]. Tempura provides an executable framework for developing and experimenting with suitable ITL specifications. In addition, ITL and its mature executable subset Tempura [9] have been extensively used to specify the properties of real-time systems where the primitive circuits can directly be represented by a set of simple tempo- ral formulae. In addition, various researchers have applied Tempura to hardware simulation and other areas where timing is important. 1 Syntax The key notion of ITL is an interval. An interval σ is considered to be a (in)finite sequence of states σ0; σ1 :::, where a state σi is a mapping from the set of variables Var to the set of values V al. The length jσj of an interval σ0 : : : σn is equal to n (one less than the number of states in the interval (this has always been a convention in ITL), i.e., a one state interval has length 0). -
Professor Martin Henson
Professor Martin Henson PROFILE Senior academic manager and consultant, specializing in Higher Education strategy, management, accreditation, audit, curriculum design and development, and international collaborations. In demand as a keynote speaker, consultant and capacity builder on the international scene. A professor of Computer Science, with over 100 publications, attracting over US$1 million in research funding over the last three years. Currently leading on International Strategy at the University of Essex - a top ten university in the UK and THE “Top 20 under 50” in the world. OVERVIEW Professor Henson is Dean for International Affairs and a Professor of Computer Science at the University of Essex - as such he has responsibility, working with others, to develop and implement the University's International Strategy. The strategy aims to further internationalize the university, developing beneficial, reciprocal relationships in education and research, with students, academic and professional colleagues, faculties, schools, departments, and academic institutions across the world. The emphasis is on opportunities leading to mutual benefits and new understanding. Martin is constantly engaged in discussing new international academic collaborations in research and teaching. He also has considerable experience in curriculum design in Higher Education, both within and outside the UK, and in external examining and accreditation in Higher and Further Education. He has worked as a consultant for several Ministries of Higher Education and universities, internationally, undertaking academic reviews, institutional analysis, developing accreditation standards, and leading strategic planning exercises. His academic work concerns the area of Formal Methods for software engineering, in particular the design and use of logics of specification and program development. -
Community Engagement
Community Engagement Annual Report 2016-2017 2 2 2 COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT ANNUAL REPORT 2016 - 2017 PREPARED FOR COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT OFFICE APPLIED SCIENCE UNIVERSITY Copyright © 2017 by Applied Science University All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the publisher. NOVEMBER 2017 3 4 CONTENTS UNIVERSITY VISION, MISSION, OBJECTIVES AND VALUES VISION The vision of Applied Science University is to be one of the leading private universities supporting practical learning and scientific research in Bahrain and the Gulf. MISSION ASU is committed to offering an education that is accessible to academically competent students of Bahrain, the Gulf and beyond, and to deliver academic programmes of quality that graduate students equipped with knowledge and skills relevant locally and regionally. ASU is further dedicated to the promotion of a culture of learning and scientific research for its students, staff and faculty regionally and globally to engage meaningfully with the community at large. OBJECTIVES · To acknowledge social responsibility and to serve the local and regional community. · To enhance a superior scientific research standard in all fields of knowledge. · To offer new specializations to meet the market demands. · To maintain abreast of scientific development and to provide all the means of academic success. VALUES · Integrity: ASU’s community values honesty, fairness and academic integrity as fundamental to its vision and mission. It recognizes, affirms and upholds this value in a responsible and committed manner. · Collaboration and Team Spirit: ASU’s community recognizes collaboration and team spirit to be at the heart of the institutional culture and to promote these values in a dedicated manner. -
Formal Specification of Scientific Applications Using Interval
5 Formal Specification of Scientific Applications Using Interval Temporal Logic BOJANA KOTESKA and ANASTAS MISHEV, University SS. Cyril and Methodius, Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering, Skopje LJUPCO PEJOV, University SS. Cyril and Methodius, Faculty of Natural Science and Mathematics, Skopje Scientific applications simulate any natural phenomena in different scientific domains. Moreover, the problems they solve are usually represented by mathematical models. Taking that in advance, these problems can be described by using specific formal notation and mathematical formulas. Scientific applications are usually created by the scientists without using any software development engineering practices. Our main goal is to include formal methods in the testing process of scientific applications. In this paper, we adapt Interval Temporal Logic (ITL) as a flexible notation for describing software applications. We use Tempura framework and Ana Tempura tool for specifying the properties of the scientific software system. The correctness of the code is verified by comparing the results from the program output and functions written in Tempura. This process is especially important when some code changes or optimizations are made. To verify this concept we made a formal description of the code for calculating bound states of the Morse oscillator well. Categories and Subject Descriptors: D.2.4 [Software Engineering]: Software/Program Verification —Validation, Formal Meth- ods; G.4 [Mathematics of Computing]: Mathematical Software—Certification and testing, Documentation, Verification General Terms: Verification Additional Key Words and Phrases: Scientific application, Formal Specification, Interval Temporal Logic, Ana Tempura, Morse Oscillator 1. INTRODUCTION Scientific applications are widely used nowadays in different scientific domains. Numerical simulations performed by scientific applications can solve problems in many research fields such as: computational chemistry, physics, engineering, mathematics, mechanics, informatics, bioinformatics, etc. -
Challenges, Performances and Tendencies in Organisation Management
Challenges, Performances and Tendencies in Organisation Management 9494_9789814656016_tp.indd 1 30/11/15 1:30 pm This page intentionally left blank Challenges, Performances and Tendencies in Organisation Management Editors Ovidiu Nicolescu The Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania Lester Lloyd-Reason Anglia Ruskin University, UK World Scientific Romanian Scientific Management Society 9494_9789814656016_tp.indd 2 30/11/15 1:30 pm Published by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. 5 Toh Tuck Link, Singapore 596224 USA office: 27 Warren Street, Suite 401-402, Hackensack, NJ 07601 UK office: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Challenges, performances and tendencies in organisation management / edited by Ovidiu Nicolescu (The Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania) & Lester Lloyd-Reason (Anglia Ruskin University, UK). pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-9814656016 (alk. paper) 1. Management. 2. International business enterprises--Management. I. Nicolescu, Ovidiu. II. Lloyd-Reason, Lester. HD31.C424 2015 658--dc23 2015009071 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Copyright © 2016 by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permission from the publisher. For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. In this case permission to photocopy is not required from the publisher. -
Deals, Deals and More Deals
NEWS ANALYSIS: p.10 FEATURE: p.26 A danger too far? A complex market Insuring passengers on civil light aircraft Health insurance for travelling students WEEKLY NEWS.TV UPDATES Every Wednesday at 12pm UK time www.itij.tv ESSENTIAL READING FOR TRAVEL & HEALTH INSURANCE PROFESSIONALS FEBRUARY 2018 • ISSUE 205 Deals, deals and more deals Canada condones cannabis With Canada expected to fully legalise the recreational use of marijuana by the end of summer 2018, Milan Korcok looks at what insurers need to bear in mind So far, Uruguay has been the only country in the world to completely free up pot use, but now the Great White North is already turning green, with thousands of acres opening up for cultivation almost weekly, Canadian cannabis stocks making overnight millionaires of day traders, and American backpackers switching their vacation itineraries from Peru to the wide-open Prairies. Marijuana has been available for limited medical use in Canada since 2001, but it was in 2015 that newly minted Prime Minister Justin Trudeau pledged not only to decriminalise marijuana, but to make it widely available to adult consumers for everyday, recreational use, Most people in the travel insurance Mary Carmen González, partner with Spanish law the line as private clinics – in Spain at least – are albeit through a regulated system – controlling its industry are aware of agreements fi rm Ramallo & Pallast, said to ITIJ: “Who wins from obliged to provide emergency care if a patient’s life production, distribution, sale and possession. between hotels, tour operators and even these agreements? The private clinics, which receive is in danger.