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Advancing Group Threat Theory

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Advancing Group Threat Theory Advancing Group Threat Theory Contributions of panel-, experimental- and multilevel analyses Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades (Dr. rer. soc.) des Fachbereichs Gesellschaftswissenschaften der Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen vorgelegt von Elmar Schlüter aus Paderborn 2007 Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Peter Schmidt, Justus-Liebig Universität Giessen 2 Acknowledgements This dissertation is the result of the last three years which I spent as a fellow of the DFG-Research Training School Group-Focused Enmity at the Philipps- University of Marburg and the University of Bielefeld. At this point I would like to take the opportunity to thank all the people who supported me and my research during this period. First of all, I would like to thank my supervisor Peter Schmidt and Ulrich Wagner for their professional and personal advice in writing this dissertation. Furthermore, I would like to thank all my colleagues and staff members of the Group-Focused Enmity Research Training School for the good cooperation, in particular Johannes Ullrich and Oliver Christ for sharing theoretical and methodological inspiration, hotel rooms and drinks which made our – various – lecture tours worthwhile. I would also like to thank Reiner Becker not only for technical support, Eldad Davidov, Sabine Manke for sharing the burden associated with the ‘D-word’ and help, Olaf Sosath and Martin Klehr a.k.a the Computer Squad for saving my data and myself more than once, and Antje Kluge and Zoe Felder for excellent ‘catering’ and reminding me, sometimes literally, to keep on running. Special thanks go to Marcel Coenders and Peer Scheepers who were my hosts during my research stay at the ICS Radboud University Nijmegen, to Tom Pettigrew for his expertise on various occasions as well as to Andreas Zick for a very valuable contribution during the last phase of this dissertation. I also thank my family in Bad Lippspringe, Wernau and Luxemburg for supporting me to keep pushing forward. Likewise, I am sure that various telecommunication companies and airlines around the world are grateful for ongoing intercontinental communication and interpersonal contact between me and my dearest wife Judith during the last one and a half years. Judith, your patience, solidarity and love not only enabled me to complete this work, but also made sure that I keep on looking beyond matters of research. Marburg, April 2007 Elmar Schlüter 3 Contents Contents ......................................................................................................................4 Tables...................................................................................................................6 Figures .................................................................................................................6 Diagram ...............................................................................................................6 Chapter 1 Introduction.................................................................................................7 Introduction ...................................................................................................................8 Scientific Aims ..................................................................................................13 Research questions.............................................................................................13 Structure of this study........................................................................................18 Research designs, data and methods of data analysis........................................22 Chapter 2 Disentangling the causal relations of group threat and outgroup derogation: cross-national evidence from German and Russian panel surveys.................................................................................................29 (Co-authored by Peter Schmidt and Ulrich Wagner) Introduction........................................................................................................30 Group Threat Theory .........................................................................................31 Examining Group Threat Theory in Germany...................................................36 Data and Measures.............................................................................................37 Results................................................................................................................42 Examining Group Threat Theory in Russia.......................................................48 Data and Measures.............................................................................................49 Results................................................................................................................52 Discussion..........................................................................................................55 References..........................................................................................................57 Tables Appendix................................................................................................62 Chapter 3 Merging on Mayday: Subgroup and superordinate identification as joint moderators of threat effects in the context of the European Union's expansion......................................................................................63 (Co-authored by Johannes Ullrich and Oliver Christ) Introduction........................................................................................................64 Theoretical Models of Sub- and Superordinate Group Identifications..............65 Superordinate and Subgroup Identification in the Context of the European Union .................................................................................................................69 Study 1 ...............................................................................................................71 Results................................................................................................................75 Discussion..........................................................................................................77 Study 2 ...............................................................................................................79 General Discussion ............................................................................................88 Footnotes............................................................................................................94 References..........................................................................................................95 Tables.................................................................................................................99 4 Chapter 4 The role of group size of immigrants for explaining anti- immigrant attitudes and discriminatory intentions: An empirical comparison of group threat- and intergroup contact theory in the Netherlands................................................................................................................102 Introduction......................................................................................................103 Two Conceptualisations of Outgroup Size for Explaining Anti-Outgroup Attitudes...........................................................................................................106 Hypotheses.......................................................................................................112 Data and Measures...........................................................................................113 Method.............................................................................................................116 Results..............................................................................................................117 Discussion........................................................................................................123 References........................................................................................................128 Chapter 5 The dynamics of authoritarianism and anomia: applying autoregressive cross-lagged and latent growth models to a three-wave panel study .................................................................................................................133 (Co-authored by Eldad Davidov and Peter Schmidt) Introduction......................................................................................................134 Theoretical background ...................................................................................135 Methods ...........................................................................................................137 Research Questions..........................................................................................143 Data and Indicators ..........................................................................................145 Results..............................................................................................................147 Discussion........................................................................................................155 References........................................................................................................159 Chapter 6 Summary and Discussion.......................................................................163 Summary..........................................................................................................163
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