1978] SELBYANA: FLORA OF RIO PALENQUE 51

B a

~ >om

10cm

Smm

ANTHURIUM LEUCOSTACHYUM ANTHURIUM PALLIDIFLORUM c o

I ~!

~ 3cm

ANTH RIUM PUNCTATUM ANTHURIUM RETUSUM

Plate 23 52 ARACEAE [VOL. 4

Anthurium punctatum N. E. Brown Plate 23-C Pendent, epiphytic. Stem with short internodes to 1 cm long. Petiole to 25 cm long; blade linear, to 70 X 10 cm, the base acutely tapered to the genicu­ lum, the apex tapered to a slender point; cataphylls to 8 cm long, disinte­ grating to brown fibers. Peduncle to 20 cm long; spathe green flushed with pink, to 10 X 1 cm; spadix to 20 cm long, pendent, yellow-green. Common, throughout mature forest. Western Ecuador.

Anthurium retusum Sodiro Plate 23-D Small, terrestrial or epiphytic vine, the stem internodes to 5 cm long. Petiole to 7 cm long, the blade elliptical, retuse at the base, broadest above the mid­ dle, tapered acutely at the apex, 20 X 6 cm. Peduncle 12 cm long; spathe to 2.5 X 6 mm, greenish-white; spadix 3 cm long, cream-colored. Fruit green. Uncommon, throughout mature forest. Western Ecuador.

Anthurium scandens (AubI.) Eng!. Plate 24-A Epiphytic, the internodes short, to 1 cm long, surrounded by net-like sheaths. Petiole 2.5 cm long; blade elliptic, tapered acutely at the base and apex, 10 X 3 cm. Peduncle 3 cm long; spathe 3 cm long, white; spadix 3 cm long, cream. Common, in tree tops. Very similar to A. trinerve, which may be the same species and merely a phase with longer petioles. Widespread, in tropical America. Common name: "Bejuco Real"

Anthurium subcoerulescem, Engl. Plate 24-B Scrambling vine with elongate internodes to 25 cm long. Petiole to 60 cm long; blade 3-lobed, the midlobe 30 X 15 cm, the side lobes 20 cm long, 15 cm wide. Peduncle 20 cm long; spathe 10 cm long, green; spadix 20 cm long, blue-green. Uncommon, in mature forest and along creeks. Western Ecuador.

Anthurium trinerve Miq. Plate 24-C Epiphytic, the stem with internodes to 1 cm long, surrounded by net-like sheaths. Petioles to 8 cm long; blade elliptic, acutely tapered at the base and apex, to 16 X 6 cm. Peduncle 7 cm long; spathe ovate, white; spadix 3 cm long, white. Uncommon, in tree tops in mature forest. Similar to A. scan­ dens, but the petiole much longer. Costa Rica to Brazil. ComIp.on name: "Elotillq"

Anthurium xanthostachyum Sodiro Plate 24-D Epiphytic, with a short stem. Petiole erect, to 60 cm long; blade ovate, to 40 X 25 cm, the veins not swollen on either side of the junction with the petiole, the basal lobes cordate, often overlapping. Peduncle to 50 cm long; spathe white, erect, concave, to 14 X 7 cm; spadix to 15 cm long, pink to red. Uncommon, in trees near river. Venezuela to Ecuador. 1978] SELBY ANA: FLORA OF RIO PALENQUE 53

A B

ANTHURIUM SCANDENS ANTHURIUM SUBCOERULESCENS

3cm

ANTHURIUM TRINERVE ANTHUR I UM XANTHOSTACHYUM

Plate 24 54 ARACEAE [VOL. 4

Caladiopsis atropurpurea Madison Plate 25-A Terrestrial, basal portion of the stem recumbent, the apical portion erect, the stem to 3 em thick, 50 em tall. Petiole to 40 em long, winged for 1/3- 5/6 of the length; blade sagittate, to 50 X 35 em, the basal lobes with acute apices, dark green above, red on the under surface. Peduncle 30-40 cm long, 1-2 mm thick; spathe yellow, 12 cm long. Uncommon, in mature forest. Western Ecuador.

Caladiopsis dodsonii Bunting Plate 275-B Erect terrestrial or climbing low on tree trunks.' Petiole clasping for the basal 1/3, to 50 cm long; blade conspicuously 3-lobed, hastate, green on both sides, glabrous; basal lobes cordate, ovate, attenuate at the apex, 19 X 8 cm; apical lobe ovate-elliptical, attenuate at the apex, 23 X 14 cm. Inflo­ rescence from leaf sheath, peduncle 30 cm long; spathe pale yellow-white, 13 cm long; spadix brilliant orange. Not known from Rio Palenque. Uncom­ mon, on hills across the river in mature forest. Western Ecuador.

*Caladium X ho:t:tulanum Birdsey Plate 25-B A cultivated orpamental around buildings, with highly colored leaves pro­ duced from an underground corm. Common name: "Corazon de Jesus"

Caladium riopalenquense Madison Plate 25-C Terrestrial, from an underground corm. Petiole to 40 cm long; blade green, to 40 X 25 cm, the base sagittate, the apex of the basal lobes blunt. Peduncle to 40 cm long; spathe white for the upper 2/3, green for the basal 1/3, erect; spadix green for the basal female portion, white for the apical male portion. Locally uncommon, along trail 2. Known only from Rio Palenque.

Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott. Plate 25-D Terrestrial, from an underground corm. Petiole to 50 cm long, clasping and grooved in the lower 2/3, the blade broadly ovate, sagittate at the base, pel­ tate, to 40 X 30 cm, blue-green on the upper surface, held somewhat laxly. Inflorescence to 40 cm tall, green, the base of the spathe surrounding the fe­ male portion to 8 cm long, the apical portion surrounding the male flowers to 7 cm long. Cultivated pantropic ally for the edible corm, escaped along the river banks in marshy places. Not cultivated for food at Rio Palenque.

Dieffenbachia maculata (Lodd.) G. Don Plate 26-A D. picta Schott Terrestrial, with erect trunk-like stem to 2 m tall, 8 em in diameter. Petiole to 40 em long, sheath extending to 2/3 of the way to the blade; blade to 50 X 28 em, dark green with numerous, irregular, small, green-white blotches, cordate at the base, acute at the apex. Peduncle to 20 cm long; base of the spathe surrounding female flowers 15 cm long, the apical portion surrounding the male flowers 12 cm long, green. Cultivated ornamental, es­ caped around buildings and abandoned homesites. Northern South America. 1978] SELBY ANA: FLORA OF RIO PALENQUE 55

B

CALADIOPSIS ATROPURPUREA L: CALADIUM X HORTULANUM

10cm

, i~ /,~ \ r" / I \ ~ ~\)~\

~II I ~I( U 3cm U U

CALADIUM RIOPALENQUENSE COLOCASIA ESCULENTA

Plate 25 56 ARACEAE [VOL. 4

Dieffenbachia seguine (Jacq.) Schott Plate 26-B Terrestrial, with erect, trunk-like stem to 1 m tall and 5 cm in diameter. Petiole to 30 cm, sheath extending to halfway to the blade along the upper surface; blade cordate at the base, acute at the apex. Peduncle 15 cm long; base of the spathe surrounding female flowers 10 cm long, the apical por­ tion surrounding the male flowers 10 cm long, green. Common, on mature forest floor. Widely distributed in tropical America.

Heteropsis integerrima (Vel.) Spell. f. Plate 26-C Large, much branched vine, hanging from tree trunks. Stem to 5 mm in diameter, the internodes 3 cm long. Petiole to 1 cm long; blade obovate, acute at the base, long-apiculate at the apex, 12 X 4 cm. Inflorescences ter­ minal on stems; peduncle 1-3 mm long; spathe 4 cm long, white, deciduous; spadix 3 cm long, 8 mm broad, white. Berries yellow, 1-1.5 cm in diameter, much deforming the spadix which grows to 6 cm long. Common, on tree trunksin mature forest. Western Ecuador.

Homalomena peltata Mast. Plate 26-D Large, terrestrial herb. Stem very short, stout, to 7 cm in diameter. Petioles spiny, to 1 m long, joined to the blade near the center; blade to 70 X 30 cm, ovate. Peduncle 20 cm long; spathe to 20 cm long, white for the upper 7 cm, green at the base; spadix 20 cm long. Frequent, on floor of mature forest. Western Colombia and Ecuador and Eastern Peru.

*Monstera deliciosa Liebm. Plate 27-A Large, terrestrial or climbing vine. Leaf blade broadly ovate with some holes and lacerations from near the midvein to the margin. Spathe white, cupped. Cultivated around buildings. Origin Mexico, now cultivated pantropically. Common name: "Chirrivaca"

Monstera dilacerata C. Koch Plate 27-B Large epiphytic vine. Juvenile phase a small vine with oblique, elliptical, entire leaves to 20 cm long, dark, glossy green, the internodes 15 to 40 cm long, 5 mm in diameter. From the apex of this phase (sometimes) a leaf­ less runner to 4 m long grows until a tree is reached. Leaves similar to the juvenile leaves but lighter green, changing to adult leaves as the stem grows upward into more light. Adult leaves stiffly erect with a petiole to 40 cm; blade obliquely quadrate, 70 cm long, dissected several times from the mid­ rib to the margin forming several broad leaflets. Peduncle 20 cm long; spathe cupped around spadix, white, to 15 cm long, deciduous; spadix to 15 cm long. Common, throughout mature forest. Central America to Peru. 1978] SELBY ANA: FLORA OF RIO PALENQUE 57

DIEFFENBACHIA MACULATA DIEFFENBACHIA SEGUINE c o

2cm

~'\\ ===--c~

~ 1cm 3~;_~

HETEROPSIS INTEGERRIMA HOMALOMENA PELTATA

Plate 26 58 ARACEAE [VOL. 4

Monstera dubia (HBK) Engl. & Krause Plate 27-C Large epiphytic vine. Juvenile phase with the stem and leaves closely ap­ pressed to a tree trunk, green with silver maculations. When light is reached, adult leaves are formed. Petiole to 30 cm long; blade dull green, elliptic in outline, 40 X 30 cm with infrequent lacerations near the margin. Peduncle 5-15 cm long; spathe recurved, flattened, pink outside, to 15 X 15 cm, deci­ duous; spadix to 10 cm long. Common, throughout mature forest. Costa Rica to Bolivia. Common name: "Camachillo"+

Monstera lechleriana Schott Plate 27-D Very large epiphytic vine. Juvenile phase with small leaves. Mature phase with a petiole to 1 m long; blade ovate, 1 m long with holes near the midrib only. Peduncle to 35 cm long; spathe white, cupped to 35 cm long, deci­ duous; spadix 15-22 cm long, growing to 20-30 cm at maturity of fruit. Un­ common, along rivers; not found in mature forest. Several large plants occur in trees on the river bank below the Science Center building and on the is­ land. Peru and Ecuador. Two plants have been found (see CD-6141, Plate 28-A) which appear to be natural hybrids between this species and M. dilacerata. In the hybrids holes occur at the midrib but large lacerations also extend to the margin. These also may be an undescribed species. Common name: "Camachillo"+

Monstera spruceana (Schott) Engl. Plate 28-B Large epiphytic vine. Juvenile phase very brief; juvenile leaves small, ap­ pressed to the tree trunk. Adult leaves produced within a meter from the ground, the stem 6 cm in diameter, internodes to 15 cm long. Petiole to 60 cm long; blade held laxly, obliquely rectangular, to 80 cm long, dissected several times from the midrib to the margin forming broad leaflets. Peduncle to 15 cm long; spathe wrapped around the spadix, white, to 15 cm long, de­ ciduous; spadix to 25 cm long. This is the most common Monstera on the property, often seen at low levels in mature forest, but rarely seen flowering. Coastal Ecuador and Amazonian Ecuador and Peru. Common name: "Camachillo"+

Philodendron acuminatissimum Engl. Plate 28-C P. quitense Engl. Epiphytic vine. Stem to 1.5 cm thick, the internodes to 8 cm long. Petiole to 70 cm long, with a geniculum at the base of the blade; blade 3-partite, the midlobe 70 cm long, 20 cm broad, the side lobes 35 X 15 cm, the base of the side lobes at the junction with the midlobe 8 cm broad. Peduncle 5 cm long; spathe 8 cm long, swollen basal half green, flared apical half cream. Infrequent, in forest. Western Ecuador. 1978] SELBY ANA: FLORA OF RIO PALENQUE 59

A

20cm

4cm MONSTERA DELICIOSA til- t10NSTERA DILACERATA c o

~ 4cm

~2cm 20cm

f10NSTERA DUBIA MONSTERA LECHLER lANA

Plate 27 60 ARACEAE [VOL. 4

Philodendron cruentospathum Madison Plate 28-D Juvenile plant caespitose, the petioles large, swollen, the blade triangular, red on the underside. Adult plant an elongate vine, the stem to 2 cm thick, the internodes 2-10 cm long. Petiole to 55 cm long, with erect wings for about half the length; blade sagittate, to 60 X 45 cm, green on the dorsal side, reddish on the underside. Inflorescences 1 or 2 produced at a node; peduncle to 7 cm long; spathe to 15 cm long, dirty red. Common, in mature forest. Known only from Rio Palenque. This species is vegetatively nearly indistinguishable from P. riparium in the mature stage. The larger, dirty red inflorescences, sparsely produced, distinguish them.

Philodendron devansayeanum Linden Plate 29-A Very large epiphytic vine. Stems to 8 cm in diameter, the internodes 3 to 4 cm long. Petiole to 1.5 m, winged for basal %; blade to 1 m, cordate. Pe­ duncle to 10 cm long; spathe white for upper half, light red for basal half, 15 cm long. Largest species on the Science Center property. Common, in mature forest. Eastern Peru and western Ecuador.

Philodendron inaequilaterum Liebm. Plate 29-B Epiphytic shrub 3 to 6 m from the ground, with numerous branches cas­ cading downward. Stems to 1 cm in diameter, occasionally whip-like without leaves developed at the nodes. Petiole winged to the base of the blade; blade obliquely elliptic, 5-10 X 15-23 cm. Inflorescence 1, at the apex of each branch, surrounded by the winged petiole of the last leaf. Spathe green-white outside, white inside the apical portion, not turned back away from the spa­ dix, 15 cm long. Infrequent, in mature forest. Mexico to Venezuela and Ecuador. Differs from P. karstenianum by the smaller leaves, single inflores­ cences subtended by a leaf base, and erect spathe.

Philodendron karstenianum Schott Plate 29-C Philodendron sylvaticum Engl. Epiphytic vine on tree trunks, forming dense branching masses. Stem to 2 cm thick, closely appressed to the tree trunk until a height of 3 to 5 m, then becoming pendent with clusters of distichously arranged leaves, then be­ coming elongate, outward hanging, leafless stems to 3 m long. First phase with short internodes, second phase with internodes to 15 cm long, third phase with internodes to 20 cm long. Petiole 12 cm long, narrowly winged to within 5-10 mm of the base of the blade; blade to 30 X 15 cm, slightly ob­ liquely elliptic, the base truncate to rounded, the apex acute, cuspidate. Pe­ duncle to 3 cm long; spathe to 20 cm long, very narrow, white, recurved at a 45° angle 4 cm from the apex; spadix to 15 cm long, very slender; female flowers red-orange. Common, in mature forest. Ecuador and Peru. 1978] SELBYANA: FLORA OF RIO PALENQUE 61

A B

20cm

MONSTERA LECHLERIANA X

MONSTERA DILACERATA MONSTERA SPRUCEANA c

5cm

PHILODENDRON ACUMINATISSIMUM PH I LODENDRON CRUENTOSPATHUM

Plate 28 62 ARACEAE [VOL. 4

Philodendron oligospennum Engl. Plate 29-D Epiphytic vine. Stems to 8 mm in diameter, the internodes to 5 cm long. Cataphylls persistent, becoming net-like. Petiole to 10 cm, wingless; blade long-rectangular, narrowing to a rounded base, acute at the apex, to 35 X 10 cm. Peduncle 2-4 cm long; spathe to 10 cm long, swollen at the base, flared in the apical half, green when mature. Infrequent, in mature forest. Western Ecuador.

Philodendron platypetiolatum Madison Plate 30-A Epiphytic vine. Stem to 2 cm in diameter, internodes to 20 cm long. Cata­ phylls deciduous. Petiole to 30 cm long, flattened, with erect, protuberant wings at the base, to 5 cm long; blade broadly cordate, 30 X 25 cm. Peduncle to 8-11 cm long; spathe to 15 cm long, slender, green. Uncommon, in forests around the Dodson house. Known only from Rio Palenque.

Philodendron pogonocaulis Madison Plate 30-B Juvenile plant a rambling vine. Petiole to 20 cm long, winged for most of the length; blade elliptic, slightly to strongly cordate at the base, 10-18 X 25-35 cm, dark green with a yellow splash down the midrib. Adult plant with stem to 2 cm in diameter, the internodes to 20 cm long. Petioles to 70 cm long, winged at the base, the bracts surrounding the node persistent, becoming net-like; blade sagittate at the base, 50-60 X 70-80 cm, dark green with a yellow splash down the midrib. Inflorescences 2-4 per node; spathe to 14 cm long, green white at the apex, green for the basal half. Very common, as an immature plant, rare as an adult, in mature forest. Known only from RIO Palenque.

Philodendron riparium Engl. Plate 30-C Adult plant with stem to 2 cm in diameter, the internodes to 20 cm long. Petioles to 50 cm long, winged at the base; blade sagittate at the base, 70 X 45 cm, green on both sides. Inflorescences 5 to 12 produced at a node; pe­ duncle to 7 em long, green; spathe to 8 cm long, slender, yellow-green; styles elongate. Infrequent, in mature forest. Western Ecuador. Vegetatively very similar to P. cruentospathum in the mature stage. The much smaller, yellow-green, abundantly-produced inflorescences distinguish them.

Philodendron scandens C. Koch & H. Sello Plate 30-D Epiphytic vine, elongate. Stem to 1.5 em thick, the internodes to 30 em long. Petiole to 20 em long, winged for % the length; blade cordate, to 30 em long, gray-green or red. Peduncle to 8 em long; spathe greenish-red outside, red inside, to 25 cm long, the inflorescences produced only on pendent stems. Common, in mature forest. The red-leafed form is rare in trees along the river. Widespread in tropical America. 1978] SELBY ANA: FLORA OF RIO PALENQUE 63

B

, . ,, ' %,'\ -'

\ .

~ 10cm

3cm ~ Scm

PHI LODENDRON DEVANSAYEANUM PHILODENDRON INAEQUILATERUM o

'----' 1cm

PHILODENDRON KARSTENIANUM PHILODENDRON OLIGOSPERMUM

Plate 29 64 ARACEAE [VOL. 4

Philodendron senatocarpium Madison Plate 31-A Large epiphytic vine. Stems to 2 cm thick, the internodes to 10 cm long. Petiole 30-60 cm long, winged nearly to the base of the blade, the wings erect; blade to 80 cm, obliquely rectangular, narrowing toward the obtuse base, acute at the apex. Peduncle 8-15 cm long; spathe to 16 cm long; fruit swollen at the base, 6 cm thick, slender and elongated at the apex, 10 cm long, the upper portion of the spathe persistent, to 8 cm long, orange when ripe. Common, on tree trunks in mature forest. Western Ecuador.

Philodendron sulcatum Krause Plate 31-B Large epiphytic vine. Stems growing up tree trunks to 3 m, branching and cascading out and downward, the internodes to 15 cm long, the stems not forming leafless whips. Petiole to 10 cm long, broadly winged for the entire length, the wings spreading; blade to 25 X 10 cm, rounded at the base, a­ cute at the apex. Inflorescences 3 to 8, clustered tightly at the apex of a stem; peduncle to 3 cm long; spathe to 12 cm long, white. Infrequent, in mature forest. Western Ecuador.

Philodendron ventricosum Madison Plate 31-C Epiphytic vine. Stem to 1.5 cm thick, the internodes to 12 cm long, ap­ pressed to tree trunks. Petiole to 60 cm long, stiffly erect, slender, terete; blade perpendicular to ground, sagittate at the base, 25-35 X 40-60 cm, the basal lobes large. Inflorescences 2-3 per node; peduncle to 8 cm long; spathe to 11 cm long, white toward the apex, green for the basal portion. Frequent, in mature forest. Known only from RIO Palenque.

Philodendron verrucosum Mathieu Plate 31-D Large epiphytic vine. Stem to 3 cm thick, the internodes to 15 cm long. Pe­ tiole to 90 cm long, covered with thick hairs; blade cordate, to 90 X 60 cm, the undersides red. Spathe green, to 30 cm long, covered with thick hairs on the outside. Infrequent, in mature forest. Costa Rica to Ecuador.

Philodendron sp. (5405, 5699) Plate 32-A Epiphytic vine. Stems to 1 cm in diameter, the internodes 5 cm long. Petiole to 30 cm long, with a sheath about 3/4 the length of the petiole; blade el­ liptical, 25 X 15 cm, narrowed to an acute angle at both ends, dark glossy green. Peduncle to 5 cm; spathe greenish-white, 12 cm long. Distinguished from P. karstenianum by the acute base of the leaf blade, shorter length of the petiole wings, and the dark glossy green upper surface of the leaves. Rare, in mature forest. 1978] SELBY ANA: FLORA OF 65 ~______- RIOPALENQUE

POGONOC A U LIS

______RIPARIUM~~ ______~~tJ~P)HHILODENDRON ______~S:C~A~N~D~E~N~S ______Plate 30 'Z 66 BROMELIACEAE [VOL. 4

B

PHILODENDRON SENATOCARPIUM PHILODENDRON SULCATUM c o

PHILODENDRON VENTRICOSUM ~ PHILODENDRON VERRUCOSUM

Plate 31 1978] SELBY ANA: FLORA OF RIO PALENQUE 67

A B

50cm

4cm

PHILODENDRON SP. Z RHODOSPATHA LATIFOLIA

4cm RHO DOS PAT HAS P. SPATHIPHYLLUM GRANDI FOLIUM

Plate 32 68 ARACEAE [VOL. 4

Rhodospatba latifolia Poepp. Plate 32-B Large epiphytic vine. Stems branching, ascending a tree to about 3 m, then becoming pendent. Leaves distichous toward the apex of the stem, to 60 X 30 cm; petiole channeled, 50 cm long; blade subquadrate, 50 cm long. Inflorescence from the axil of a channeled petiole; spathe white, cupped, to 18 cm long, deciduous; spadix to 15 cm long, not divided into separate male and female portions. Uncommon, in mature forest. A large specimen grows in a tree along the entrance road near the junction with trail 1. Ecuador, Peru and Brazil.

Rhodospatha sp. (6685) Plate 32-C Plant terrestrial (rarely epiphytic with the stem appressed to a tree trunk). Stem erect, trunk-like, to 1 m tall, 7 cm in diameter. Petiole to 40 cm long, the sheath extending on each side to the base of the blade; blade acutely tapering at the base and apex, to 45 X 20 cm, green with a bright yellow mid­ rib. Spathe white, cupped, to 30 cm long, deciduous; spadix to 20 cm long. Rare along trail 3 A in mature forest.

Spathiphyllum grandifolium Engl. Plate 32-D Terrestrial, to 1.5 m tall, from a very short rhizome. Petiole erect, winged in the lower half, 75 cm long; blade elliptic, 70 X 40 cm, obliquely obtuse at the base, acute at the apex. Peduncle to 1 m long, spathe to 30 X 20 cm, acutely angled at the base and apex; spadix 10 cm long, 1 cm thick, joined to the midvein of the spathe 6 cm above its base, 3 cm thick when ripe. Rare, on the forest floor near streams. Western Colombia and Ecuador.

Stenospermation longipetiolatum· Engl. Plate 33-A Creeping, epiphytic. Internodes to 5 cm long. Petiole pendent, 12 cm long, sheath extending from the stem to within 2 cm of geniculum, the geniculum to 1.5 cm long; blade 20 X 10 cm, elliptic, the apex acute. Peduncle to 20 cm long, surrounded by the leaf sheath in the lower half; spathe white, 10 X 6 cm, concave, deciduous; spadix white, 7 cm long. Uncommon, in tree tops of mature forest. Western Ecuador. 1978] SELBY ANA: FLORA OF RIO PALENQUE 69

A B

!

\ \ I 3cm )

'------' 20cm -:z STENOSPERMATON LONGIPETIOLATUM S V N G 0 N I U M RET leu LA TUM

SVNGONIUM VELLOZIANUM XANTHOSOMA DAGUENSE

Plate 33 70 ARACEAE [VOL. 4

Syngonium reticulatum Engl. Plate 33-B Large epiphytic vine. Stem to 7 cm thick, the internodes to 10 cm long. Pet­ iole to 70 cm long, winged for 3/4 of its length; blade broadly hastate, to 70 X 40 cm, the basal lobes 20 cm long, 15 cm wide. Peduncle 15 cm long; spathe greenish-white, the apex creamy white, abscising from the basal half; male spadix white, 6 cm long. Common, large philodendron-like plant on trees in forest. Much resembes Philodendron devansayeanum but the pet­ ioles have much longer wings. Western Ecuador.

Syngonium vellozianum Schott Plate 33-C Epiphytic vine. Stem to 4 cm thick, the internodes to 5 cm long. Petiole to 40 cm long, winged in the basal 1/3; blade divided into 5 to 9 leaflets, the midlobe 30 X 15 cm, elliptic, the side lobes divided into 2 to 4 similar leaflets. Peduncle 10 cm long; spathe 7 cm long, swollen, green, the basal portion 4 cm long, yellow when mature, the apical portion open, white, 7 cm long, abscising from the basal portion. Infrequent, on tree trunks in the forest. Northern South America.

Xanthosoma daguense Engl. Plate 33-D Terrestrial with erect stem to 3 cm thick, 1 m tall. Petiole to 20 cm long, winged in the basal 1/3; blade broadly sagittate, to 40 X 25 cm, the basal lobes 15 cm long, 10 cm broad. Venation obviously reticulate. Peduncle 7 cm long; spathe 15 cm long, the swollen basal portion 6 cm long, green, the apical portion thin, open, white, not deciduous; spadix 12 cm long, the male portion 8 cm long, orange. Common, on mature forest floor. Western Colom­ bia and Ecuador.

Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott Plate 34-A Enormous terrestrial plant with the trunk to 20 cm thick and 3 m tall. Pet­ iole 1.5 m long; blade broadly sagittate, to 1.5 X 1 m. Peduncle 25 cm long; spathe 25 cm long, the swollen basal portion 8 cm long, green outside, maroon inside, the apical portion open, white, 15 X 15 cm; male portion of the spadix 15 cm long, 2 cm thick, orange. Very common, in forest, second growth, and cultivated areas. Leaves used as umbrellas. Widespread in tropi­ cal America. Common name: "Camacho"+ 1978] SELBY ANA: FLORA OF RIO PALENQUE 71

BROMELIACEAE

Short-stemmed, herbaceous epiphytes (sometimes terrestrial). Leaves basal and rosette-like, spirally alternate. Inflorescence terminal, bracts often color­ ful. Flowers 3-parted; sepals green; petals white, blue or yellow, free or con­ nate at the base. Fruit a capsule or a berry, seeds with or without plumes. Common, in the tops of trees in the primary forest and along the river. The pineapple is cultivated around buildings. Some species are very common while others have been found only on one or two occasions. Many of the species are tank-epiphytes, storing water in a cup formed by the tightly ap­ pressed leaf-bases. Key to the species. 1. Inflorescence submerged in the cup formed by the leaf bases ...... Nidularium deleonii 1. Inflorescence obviously protruding from the cup. 2. Fruit composed of united carpels, (pineapple) .... . Ananas comosus 2. Fruit not composed of united carpels. 3. Leaf margins armed with spines. 4. Leaves obviously of two types, the basal leaves much divided and spiny, the apical leaves long and narrow ...... Pitcairnia heterophylla 4. Leaves of one type, the basal leaves similar to the apical leaves but smaller. 5. Inflorescence unbranched, produced from plants without obvious leaf-cups ...... Pitcairnia sceptigera 5. Inflorescence branched, often very short, produced from plants with obvious leaf cups. 6. Leaves banded with silver and green; inflorescence branched palmately; cultivated .... Aechmea zebrina 6. Leaves spotted or plain red or green, not banded; inflorescence a panicle; native. 7. Flowers pink. 8. Inflorescence densely branched; teeth on the leaf small ...... Aechmea mexicana 8. Inflorescence sparsely branched; teeth on the leaf conspicuous ...... Aechmea pyramidalis 7. Flowers yellow ...... Aechmea angustifolia 3. Leaf margins smooth. 10. Inflorescence unbranched. 11. Floral bracts not distichously flattened. 12. Floral bracts green ...... Catopsis sessiliflora 12. Floral bracts colored. 13. Floral bracts red for the lower half, white for the upper half ...... Guzmania monostachya 13. Floral bracts pink throughout ...... Guzmania melinonis 11. Floral bracts distichously flattened. 14. Floral bracts overlapping to fonn a spatula-like blade to 5 cm wide; flowers pale purple ...... Tillandsia anceps 72 BROMELIACEAE [VOL. 4

14. Floral bracts separated, not forming a spatula-like blade; flowers white. 15. Flowers to 5 cm broad; cultivated ...... Tillandsia dodsoniana 15. Flowers less than 3 cm broad; native. 16. Floral bracts narrow and awl-like; inflorescence to 60 cm long; leaves narrow, stiff, tapering to a slender point...... Tillandsia narthecioides 16. Floral bracts broad; inflorescence to 30 cm long; leaves broad, lax, acute at the apex ...... Tillandsia monadelpha 10. Inflorescence branched. 17. Floral bracts distichously flattened. 18. Leaves quill-like; flowers yellow ...... Tillandsia disticha 18. Leaves flattened; flowers white ...... Tillandsia dyeriana 17. Floral bracts not distichously flattened. 19. Inflorescence glabrous. 20. Floral bracts to 4 cm long; petals to 6 cm long ...... Vriesia ringens 20. Floral bracts to 2 cm long; petals to 1 cm long ...... 21. Inflorescence erect, petals green .. Guzmania rhonhofiana 21. Inflorescence lax, petals white...... Catopsis sessiliflora 19. Inflorescence pubescent ...... Guzmania hitchcockiana

Aechmea angustifolia P. & E. Plate 34-B Leaves with sharp spines on the margins, long and slender, usually dark green. Inflorescence densely branched, the branches 8 cm long; peduncle to 50 cm long; flowers yellow subtended by 3 to 4, pink to red, triangular bracts 5 cm long, 2.5 cm wide at the base, serrulate on the margins. Com­ mon, in trees along the river and occasionally in middle story trees in the forest. Central America to Brazil and Bolivia. Common name: "Piiiuelo"+

Aechmea magdalenae Andre ex Baker Plate 275-C see Addendum for description.

Aechmea mexicana Baker Plate 34-C Plants very large. Leaves to 1 m long, to 15 cm broad at the mid-point, armed with tiny spines on the margins, tapering abruptly at the apex, forming a large tank at the base, bright red when growing in the sun. Inflorescence densely branched, to 1 m long, with short branches to 4 cm long; petals bright pink, to 1 cm long. Uncommon, in trees along the river and in the tops of tall forest trees. Mexico to Ecuador. Common name: "Piiiuelo"+

Aechmea pyramidalis Benth. Plate 34-D Plants large. Leaves to 80 em long, to 10 em broad at the mid-point, armed with widely-spaced, well-developed spines on the margins, acute at the apex, forming a tank at the base. Inflorescence sparsely branched, to 1 m long, the branches to 25 cm long, with a pink subtending bract, to 8 cm long, 2 cm wide; petals dull pink, to 1 cm long. Rare, in trees along the river. Colom­ bia and Ecuador. 1978] SELBY ANA.. FLORA OF RIO PALENQUE 73

A B

3cm

LJ 10cm

XANTHOS OMA SAGITTIFOLIUM ANGUSTIFOLIA ",,-_A_CO" " ~C~

I _"

1cm

1cm

5mm AECHMEA MEXICANA ____~~_~AE~C~H~M~E_A ______P Y RAM I D_ A~LI:...:S ____ ~ _

Plate 34 74 BROMELIACEAE [VOL. 4

* Aechmea zebrina L. B. SIl!. Plate 35-A Plant large, the rhizome with elongate internodes. Leaves with spines on the margins, the outer surface banded with silver on dark green. Inflorescence palmately branched, to 40 cm long, the bracts at the bases of the branches triangular, to 10 X 5 em, orange-red; the bracts on the branches distichous, green; flowers yellow. Cultivated in trees around buildings. Origin near Lago Agrio, Provo of Napo, northeastern Ecuador. Also in Colombia, Peru and Brazil.

*Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. Plate 35-B Plant large, terrestrial. Leaves long and narrow, armed with spines on the mar­ gins. Peduncle to 50 cm tall; inflorescence capitate, with green bracts to 10 cm long at the apex; flowers blue; fruit fleshy. Cultivated terrestrial plants, now pantropical, native to Guayana region. Common name: "Pifia"+

Catopsis sessiliflora (R. & P.) Mez Plate 35-C Plant small, epiphytic. Leaves without spines, to 20 cm long, forming a cup at the base, broad, obtuse at the apex. Inflorescence to 30 cm long, branched, lax; flowers white, very short-lived; fruits green, surrounded by a bract. Un­ common, in tops of trees in mature forest. Widely distributed in tropical America.

Guzmania hitchcockiana L. B. Sm. Plate 35-D Plant large, epiphytic. Leaves broad, the margins without spines, to 90 cm long, forming large tank at the base, acute at the apex. Inflorescence to 1 m long, branched, the branches to 40 cm long, covered with a scurfy, green pubescence; flowers green, to 2 cm long; floral bracts to 1 cm long. Com­ mon, in understory trees in deep shade. Western Ecuador. Common name: "Pifiuelo"+

Guzmania melinonis Regel Plate 36-A Epiphytic. Leaves tapering to a point, dark red, the margins without spines, 30 cm long, forming a cup at the base. Inflorescence to 45 cm long, sur­ rounded with broad, appressed, pink bracts; flowers white. Uncommon, in the tops of tall trees. French Guiana to Bolivia.

Guzmania monostachya Rusby ex Mez Plate 36-B Epiphytic. Leaves tapering to a point, the margins without spines, 30 cm long, forming a cup at the base. Inflorescence to 45 cm long, surrounded with broad, appressed bracts which are bright red for lower half, white striped with 2 or 3 green marks on the upper half; flowers white; capsules to 5 cm long. Common, in tall trees. Widespread in tropical America. 1978] SELBY ANA: FLORA OF RIO PALENQUE 75

A B

5mm

~ 20cm

AECHMEA ZEBRINA AN AN AS COMOSUS c o '------' 1cm

GUZMANIA HITCHCOCKIANA

Plate 35 76 BROMELIACEAE [VOL. i

Guzmania rhonhofiana Harms Plate 36-C Epiphytic. Leaves broad, green, the margins without spines, to 35 cm long, 7 cm wide at the midpoint, tapering acutely at the apex, forming a large cup at the base. Inflorescence sparsely branched, green or red, glabrous; floral bracts to 1 cm long; petals green, to 1 cm long. Common, in trees along the river. Western Ecuador and Colombia. Common name: "Pmuelo"+

Nidularium deleonii L. B. Sm. Plate 36-D Epiphytic. Leaves broad and flat for upper three-fourths, the margins armed with stiff spines, to 70 cm long, obtuse at the apex, red, the base formed into a large cup. Inflorescence very short, hidden in the cup; fruits yellow; seeds without a plume, imbedded in soft pulp. Rare, in trees on steep hill­ sides. Western Colombia and Ecuador.

Pitcairnia heterophylla (Lindl.) Beer Plate 37-A Epiphytic. Leaves of two kinds, the basal leaves to 8 cm long, much divided with the divisions produced into sharp spines, the internal leaves swollen at the base, elongate and narrow, to 70 X 1.5 cm, deciduous before flowering, the spines on the margins not obvious. Inflorescence short, barely surpassing the basal, spiny leaves; flowers pink; petals to 5 cm long; flowers in August. Rare, in trees along the river. Mexico to Peru. Common name: "Broma"

Pitcairnia sceptigera Mez. Plate 37-B Epiphytic or terrestrial. Leaves narrow, erect, to 1.20 m long, green, the margins armed with stiff, curved spines. Inflorescence to 1.20 m long, stiffly erect, unbranched; flowers yellow. Locally infrequent, on cliff faces along the river. Western Ecuador.

Tillandsia anceps Lodd. Plate 37-C Epiphytic. Leaves without marginal spines, tapering to a slender point, green, striped with red at the base, to 30 cm long, the base forming a cup. In­ florescence to 40 cm long, erect, the apical half with overlapping, green, distichous bracts forming a broad, flat, paddle-shaped structure; flowers pale purple, to 2.5 cm broad, emerging from between the apical bracts. Rare, in tall trees in mature forest. Central America, Trinidad and northern South America.

Tillandsia disticha HBK Plate 37-D Epiphytic. Leaves quill-like for the apical two-thirds, green, to 30 cm long, without marginal spines, the base inflated, not forming an obvious cup. Inflorescence to 35 cm long, branched, the branches clothed with narrow distichous bracts; flowers yellow. Rare, in Crescentia trees near the river. Common, in the region of Quevedo in old cacao trees. Western Ecuador and Peru. 1978] SELBY ANA: FL ORA OF RIO PALENQUE 77

A B

1cm

C Ii' 0 II 5rnm" Jj ~ r I I 1cm ~J ~~

5mm

1 \ ' RHONHOFIANA __1_0c __ m ___ , GU Z MAN,~~~'~10:cm~' I A ~~JU~ __ ~~:!~N;'I~D~U~L~A~R~I~U~M_D~E~L~E~O~N~I~Plate 36 78 BROMELIACEAE [VOL. 4

8

~--'~

f~=-~~:=::=-=\-- -~-,-----,-----~--\ ~ c.r-,--,;--,.:=' ,:~... :~ /\1.:.1 \. I 1cm \~ I i l j il I: A/ 1111 (1/,1, Ii I \ I'i I :11 ! ,'0 I '

20cm

PI TCA I RN I A HETEROPHYLLA Z PITCAIRNIASCEPTIGERA

Plate 37 1978] SELBY ANA: FLORA OF RIO PALENQUE 79

A B

.. '''l.-, .. ~.' .,"_ A . .. ":

~ 5cm

3cm

~ 3mm

TILLANDSIA DODSON lANA TILLANDSIA DYER lANA c o

, --'' l ) m 0~ :' ,,'" , , " ~ " , 3mm " , ",'" \: I UJ" I

3cm ~ 3cm

TILLANDSIA t10NADELPHA TILLANDSIA NARTHECIOIDES

Plate 38 80 BROMELIACEAE [VOL. 4

*Tillandsia dodsoniana L. B. Sm. Plate 38-A Epiphytic. Leaves tapering to a slender point, without marginal spines, green to 40 cm long, the base forming a cup. Inflorescence to 60 cm long, lax, unbranched, the apex with overlapping, distichous bracts, green; flowers white, to 5 cm broad. Cultivated, originally from km 15 east of Santo Domingo. Western Ecuador.

Tillandsia dyeriana Andre Plate 38-B Epiphytic. Leaves broad, obtuse at the apex, light green, spotted irregularly with red, without marginal spines, to 25 cm long, the base forming a cup. Inflorescence to 40 cm long, branched with distichous, overlapping bracts, green, spotted with red; flowers white to 2 cm broad. Common, in tree tops. Western Ecuador.

Tillandsia monadelpha (E. Morr.) Baker Plate 38-C Epiphytic. Leaves to 1 cm broad, acute at the apex, light green with a pink flush, margins without spines, to 30 em long, the base forming a cup. Inflo­ rescence unbranched, to 30 cm long, floral bracts to 2 X 1.5 cm; flowers white, very small. Rare, in tree tops in mature forest. Central America, Trini­ dad and northern South America.

Tillandsia narthecioides Presl Plate 38-D Epiphytic. Leaves narrowing to a slender point, without marginal spines, dark green, to 30 cm long, the base forming a cup. Inflorescence to 45 cm long, erect, unbranched, clothed with distichous bracts toward the apical half; flowers white, to 2 cm broad. Common, in tree tops and III trees over­ hanging the river. Western Ecuador.

Vriesia ringens (Griseb.) Harms Plate 39-A Epiphytic. Leaves light green mottled with dark green, to 1 m long and 10 cm broad, apiculate at the apex, without marginal spines, the base forming a large tank. Inflorescence to 1 m long, green, branched, clothed with large green bracts to 5 cm long; flowers greenish white; petals to 6 em long. Un­ common, in tree tops. The largest bromeliad at the Science Center. Costa Rica to Ecuador and the Caribbean islands. Common name: "Pifiuelo"+ 1978] SELBY ANA: FLORA OF RIO PALENQUE 81

A B

~ 10cm

VRIESIA RINGENS LIMNOCHARIS FLAVA c o

'----' '---' 10cm ~ 20cm 2cm

CANNA X GENERALIS CANNA OTTONIS

Plate 39 82 BUTOMACEAE/CANNACEAE [VOL. 4

BUTOMACEAE

Aquatic or semiaquatic herbs. Leaves in a basal rosette from a mass of fleshy, fibrous roots, simple, petiolate, strongly parallel-veined. Inflorescence simple, umbellate; sepals 3; petals 3; stamens numerous; carpels numerous. Limnocharis flava (L.) Buch. Plate 39-B Aquatic here. Leaves basal; blades ovate, shorter than the elongate petioles. Inflorescence umbellate, the flowers large, yellow. Uncommon, immigrant from upstream and rarely establishing among cobble stones of the river bed during the dry season. Mexico and the Antilles to Brazil. Illustration of the inflorescence adapted from "Das Pflanzenreich".

CANNACEAE

Large banana-like herbs from a tuberous rhizome. Petiole sheathing the stem, no ligule. Flowers showy, bisexual, irregular, each surrounded by a conspic­ uous bract; sepals 3, green; petals 3, similar, joined at the base; stamens 6, 3 petaloid and sterile, 2 of the inner sterile whorl joined, the remaining sta­ men petaloid and fertile; ovary inferior, 3-loculed. Fruit a capsule. Key to the species. 1. Flowers yellow; petals to 2 cm wide ...... Canna ottonis 1. Flowers red or yellow spotted with red; petals 5 em wide ...... Canna X generalis

*Canna Xgeneralis Bailey Plate 39-C Coarse herb to 2.5 m tall. Flowers red or yellow spotted with red, very showy. Commonly cultivated throughout the region and escaped at 019- homesites and along the river bank.

Canna ottonis (Bouche) Kranzl. Plate 39-D Coarse herb to 3 m tall, perhaps slightly taller. Flowers yellow, the segments much narrower than in C. X generalis, the petals to 2 cm wide. Occurs local­ ly along the river bank in low areas. Possibly escaped. Mexico and the Antilles to Brazil. Illustration of the inflorescence adapted from "Das Pfanzenreich" . 1978] SELBY ANA: FLORA OF RIO PALENQUE 83

A

~ 4cm

ANEILEMA UMBROSUM c o

'------' 2cm COMMELI NA DI FFUSA DICHORISANDRA ANGUSTIFOLIA

Plate 40 84 COMMELIN ACEAE [VOL. 4

COMMELINACEAE

Succulent perennial or annual herbs, often with swollen nodes. Leaves alter­ nate, entire, with a membranaceous sheath at the base. Inflorescence some­ times subtended by a boat-shaped spathe; flowers pink, white, or blue; sepals 3, usually green; petals 3, free; stamens 3 or 6; ovary superior.

Key to the species: 1. Inflorescence from the base of the plant at ground level ...... Geogenanthus rhizanthus 1. Inflorescence terminal or lateral near the apex of the stem. 2. Plants vine-like, climbing on shrubs or trees, large (to 4 m); ventral sepal white with a blue stripe down the center ...... Dichorisandra angustifolia 2. Plants shrub-like, erect or subprostrate herbs. 3. Plants shrub-like, erect. 4. Flowers blue; inflorescence terminal, without obvious sub- tending bracts ...... Dichorisandra hexandra 4. Flowers white or purple; inflorescence lateral, consisting of a pair of sessile cymes, each subtended by a spathe-like bract ...... Campelia zanonia 3. Plants subprostrate (at least the vegetative stems). 5. Inflorescence terminal, without enlarged sub tending bracts. 6. Inflorescence open, conspicuously pedunculate; petals white or pink; leaves to 8 cm long. 7. Leaf blade merging with the top of the sheath; sheath less than 0.8 cm long; capsules trivalved. 8. Petals pink; leaf sheath glabrous except for a fringe of trichomes and a vertical line of tri­ chomes opposite the leaf; pedicels less than 3 mm long ...... Tripogandra serrulata 8. Petals white; leaf sheath villous throughout with long (ca. 3 mm) trichomes; pedicels to 10 mm long ...... Gibasis geniculata 7. Leaf blade petiolate above the sheath; sheath 1-1.5 cm long; capsules bivalved ..... Aneilema umbrosum 6. Inflorescence dense, much branched from the base; petals blue; leaves to 25 cm long ...... Floscopa robusta 5. Inflorescence leaf-opposed, enveloped by an enlarged spathe- like bract ...... Commelina diffusa

Aneilema umbrosum (Vahl) Kunth subsp. ovato-oblongum (P. Beauv.) J.K. Morton Plate 40-A Subprostrate herbs. Leaves narrowly elliptic, to 8 X 2.5 cm, narrowed to a petiole above the sheath. Inflorescence terminal, loose, without an obvious sheathing bract; flowers with a small greenish-white petal and 2 larger white petals; stamens bright yellow. Fruit green. Common, in open areas and along river banks. Panama to Brazil and Bolivia, also in Africa. 1978] SELBY ANA: FLORA OF RIO PALENQUE 85

A B

1cm

DICHORISANDRA HEXANDRA FLOSCOPA ROBUSTA c o

L-J 1mm

~ 3cm

'------' 2cm

GEOGENANTHUS RHIZANTHUS '2: ,GIBASIS GENICULATA fltF

Plate 41 86 COMMELIN ACEAE [VOL. 4

Campelia zanonia (L.) HBK Plate 40-B Shrub-like herb to 1 m tall, with clustered shoots. Stems to 1 cm in dia­ meter. Leaves elliptic, to 25 X 7 cm. Inflorescence lateral, produced several cm below the apex of the stem; peduncle to 20 cm long; few-flowered, sub­ tended by a spathe-like bract to 4 cm long; petals white. Fruits dark purple. Common, in the understory of mature forest and in second growth. Mexico and the West Indies to Brazil and Bolivia.

Commelina diffusa Burm. f. ~ Plate 40-C Prostrate herb to 30 cm tall. Stems to 4 mm thick. Leaves elliptic, to 6 X 2 cm. Inflorescence leaf-opposed; peduncle to 2 cm long; subtended by a spathe-like bract to 2 cm long. Petals blue. Locally common, in second growth and along the roadsides. Pantropical weed.

Dichorisandra angustifolia Linden & Rodig. Plate 40-D Vine to 4 m long. Stems to 6 mm in diameter, abundantly branched with an inflorescence at the apex of each branch. Leaves elliptic to 15 X 6 cm. In­ florescence loosely arranged, dorsal sepal bright dark blue, the ventral sepals white with a blue stripe down the center; petals white. Uncommon, in under­ story shrubs. This vining form ranges north at least to Panama. The deter­ mination is tentative since the type specimen is inadequate, but D. angusti­ folia was described from Western Ecuador. See discussion on page XXVIII.

Dichorisandra hexandra (AubI.) StandI. Plate 41-A Erect, shrub-like plant. Stems to 1.5 cm in diameter, usually branched once to appear dichotomous; branches to 1 m long. Leaves elliptic-ovate, to 20 cm long. Inflorescence terminal at the point of stem branching, to 10 cm long, dense; sepals and petals light blue; stamens white. Fruits green. Infrequent, in mature forest undergrowth. Widespread from Mexico to Brazil and Argen­ tina.

Floscopa robusta (Seub.) C. B. Clarke Plate 41-B Subprostrate herbs to 50 cm tall, with erect flowering stems. Stems to 8 mm thick. Leaves elliptic, broadly petiolate, to 25 X 7 cm. Inflorescence termi­ nal, dense, hirsute; petals blue; stamens white. Uncommon, on the forest floor in mature forest. Nicaragua to northern Brazil and Peru.

Geogenanthus rhizanthus (Ule) Bruckn. Plate 41-C Erect herbs to 70 cm tall. Stems pubescent, to 8 cm thick, the lower portion with sheaths. Leaves pubescent, forming a whorl at the apex of the stem, broadly elliptic, to 25 X 12 cm. Inflorescence produced from the base of the stem and often emerging from underground, to 4 cm long; petals 3, blue, ciliate along the edges, to 2.5 cm long. Common, in the understory of ma­ ture forest. Trans-Andean in distribution. 1978] SELBYANA', FLORA OF RIO PALENQUE 87

A

TRIPOGANDRA CAYAPENSIS c i i

PYCNANTHA

Plate 42 88 COMMELINACEAE/CYCLANTHACEAE [VOL. 4

Gibasis geniculata (Jacq.) Rohw. Plate 41-D Subprostrate herb. Leaves ovate, to 4.5 X 2 cm, sheath villose. Inflorescence terminal, the pedieels to 10 mm long, the peduncle 1-2 em long; petals white. Common, in open disturbed areas. Mexico and the West Indies to Brazil and Argentina. Tripogandra serrulata (Vahl) Handlos Plate 42-A Subprostrate herb to 40 cm tall. Inflorescence terminal, without subtending spathe-like bracts; peduncle to 3 cm long; pedicels 1-3 mm long; petals bright pink. Locally common in second growth and along river banks. Mexico and the West Indies, to Surinam and Peru. The sepals of the Rio Palenque plant are only 3 mm long as in closely related T. multiflora (Sw.) RaI., but· the longer anthers, ovary and peduncles with two lines of trichomes indicate this species.

CYCLANTHACEAE

Palm-like perennial herbs or climbers, often epiphytic. Leaves spirally or distichously arranged, with long petioles, palmately divided, two-lobed, or rarely entire, sheathing at the base. Inflorescence subtended by two or more spathes. Flowers densely arranged on a spadix. Key to the species. 1. Leaves entire ...... Ludovia integrifolia 1. Leaves divided. 2. Leaf blade palmately divided; petiole to 2 m long; terrestrial ...... Carludovica palmata 2. Leaf blade divided into 2 segments; petiole to 90 cm long; terrestrial or epiphytic. 3. Leaves distichously arranged; blade thick; veins not obvious ...... Sphaeradenia killipii 3. Leaves spirally arranged; blade thin; veins obvious. 4. Leaf segments with a prominent midrib; flowers in whorls; always terrestrial ...... Cyclanthus bipartitus 4. Leaf segments without a midrib (some species with a promi­ nent marginal rib); flowers in spirals; usually climbing or epi­ phytic. 5. Stems long and liana-like, hanging loosely from trees; immature leaves undivided ...... Evodianthus funifer 5. Stems stout or appressed to tree trunks. 6. Leaf segments each terminating in many toothed apices ...... Asplundia aff. pycnantha 6. Leaf segments each terminating in a single point. 7. Leaf segments without a marginal rib. 8. Leaves to 1 m long; plant erect; terrestrial...... Asplundia vagans 8. Leaves to 35 cm long; plant lax; epiphytic or terrestrial ...... Asplundia sp. (6792) 7. Leaf segments with a pronounced marginal rib. 1978] SELBY ANA: FLORA OF RlO PALENQUE 89

B

1mm 2mm 05mm 2mm ASPLUNDIA VAGANS 'Z CARLUDOVICA PALMATA c o

5cm

4mm

2mm ~ 2mm

(YCLANTHUS BIPARTITUS EVODIANTHUS FUNIFER

Plate 43 90 CYCLANTHACEAE [VOL. 4

9. Leaf segments widely divergent; marginal rib naked for lower half of the outer margin ...... Asplundia peruviana 9. Leaf segments relatively parallel; marginal rib winged on both sides. 10. Styles connate ... .Asplundia quinindensis 10. Styles free ...... Asplundia cayapensis Asplundia cayapensis Harl. Plate 43-A Epiphytic or terrestrial vine. Stem to 4 cm thick. Leaves spirally arranged, bifid, the apices acute, each segment with a well-developed lateral rib, the segments relatively parallel. Spadix to 10 cm long; flowers spirally arranged; styles free to the base. Common, in mature forest. Western Ecuador. Common name: "Totora"+ Asplundia quinindensis Harl. Plate 275-D Plant vegetatively indistinguishable from A. cayapensis. Styles of flowers connate to almost half their length. Common, in mature forest. Western Ecuador. Common name: "Totora"+ Asplundia peruviana Harl. Plate 42-B Epiphytic vine. Stem to 3 cm thick. Leaves spirally arranged, bifid, the a­ pices acute, the segments broad, widely divergent, each with a well-devel­ oped lateral rib. Spadix to 9 cm long; flowers spirally arranged, sweetly fra­ grant. Infrequent, on tree trunks in mature forest. Colombia to Peru. Common name: "Totora"+ Asplundia aff. pycnantha Harl. Plate 42-D Large epiphytic vine. Stem to 8 cm in diameter. Leaves spirally arranged, bifid, each segment with up to 10 teeth at the apex. Spadix to 15 cm long; flowers spirally arranged. Uncommon, on trunks of trees in mature forest. Western Colombia and Ecuador. Asplundia vagans Harl. Plate 42-C Terrestrial. Stem to 3 cm thick. Leaves spirally arranged, bifid, the apices acute, the segments without a lateral rib, relatively parallel. Spadix to 7 cm long; flowers spirally arranged. Infrequent, on embankments along the creeks. Guatemala to Peru. Asplundia sp.(6792) Plate 276-A Lax epiphytic or terrestrial plant with comparatively slender stems. Leaves spirally arranged, blade bifid, the apices acute, divided to 3/4 of length of blade, the segments without a lateral rib. Spadix to 4 cm long, hair-like glands few; flowers spirally arranged. Rare, along entrance road at Smith Overlook. Carludovica palmata R. & P. Plate 43-B Large terrestrial plant with a short, thick stem. Leaves with erect petioles to 2 m long; blade palmately divided. Inflorescence erect, flowers arranged in spiral form. Common, in disturbed forest and second growth. Widespread in tropical America. 1978] SELBY ANA: FLORA OF RIO PALENQUE 91

10cm

~ 1mm

1mm O.5mm r.13 SPHAERADENIA KILLIPII CYPERUS DIFFUSUS c D

~ C Y PER U S DIS TAN S 1 mm ':2:" CYPERUS HERMAPHRODITUS

Plate 44 92 CYCLANTHACEAE/CYPER{\CEAE [VOL. 4

Cyclanthus bipartitus Poit. Plate 43-C Terrestrial plant with a short, thick stem. Leaves with erect petioles to 90 cm long; blade deeply bisected into 2 segments, to 70 X 15 cm, each segment with a prominent midrib. Inflorescence erect; flowers arranged in whorls. Common, on the floor of mature forest. Guatemala and the West Indies to Brazil. Common name: "Hoja de Lapa"

Evodianthus funifer (Poit.) Lindm. Plate 43-D Elongate, branching vine. Stems to several meters long. Juvenile leaves un­ divided, mature leaves bifid toward the apex, the segments separated for less than one-fourth the length of the leaf blade, without a lateral rib. Inflores­ cences produced in the axils of mature leaves; spadix to 3 cm long. Common, in mature forest. Costa Rica to Amazonian Brazil and Peru. Common name: "Jarre"+

Ludovia integrifolia (Woodson) Harl. Plate 276-B Elongate vine. Stem to 2 cm in diameter, the internodes to 25 cm long. Leaves entire, fleshy, slightly lobed several times toward the apical one­ third. Rare, in tree tops in mature forest along trail 6. Panama to western Ecuador.

Sphaeradenia killipii (StandI.) Harl. Plate 44-A Epiphytic. Stems about 3 cm in diameter. Petiole 30-60 cm long; leaves distichous, thick, lustrous, veins not obvious, erect, bifid, 55-90 X 6-8 cm. river. Colombia to Ecuador.

CYPERACEAE Perennial, grass-like plants, stems often 3-angled, solid. Leaves in basal tufts, the blade grass-like with a closed, sheathing base. Inflorescence usually sub­ tended by foliaceous bracts in whorls of 3. Flowers minute, subtended by bracts, arranged in spikelets. Key to the species. 1. Stems leafless; inflorescence spicate, unbranched, terminating the stems, not subtended by leaf-like bracts. 2. Stems less than 0.5 mm thick. 3. Achenes (fruits) pitted ...... Eleocharis retroflexa 3. Achenes (fruits) smooth-surfaced ...... Eleocharis minima 2. Stems 3-5 mm thick ...... Eleocharis elegans 1978] SELBY ANA: FLORA OF RIO PALENQUE 93

A

\

~ O.5mm 4cm O.5mm

~ 1mm CVPERUS LUZULAE CVPERUS ODORATUS MEF o

'---' 3cm

O.5mm O.5mm

CVPERUS SPHACELATUS CVPERUS SURINAMENSIS

Plate 45 94 CYPERACEAE [VOL. 4

1. Stems with leaves or leaf-like bracts; inflorescence branched, or sub­ tended by whorled, conspicuous, leaf-like bracts. 4. Flowers imperfect; fertile spikelets 1-flowered; bracts scattered along the inflorescence, not in a whorl ...... Scleria pterota 4. Flowers perfect; spikelets several-to many-flowered; bracts more or less whorled. 5. Inflorescence sessile. 6. Inflorescence subtended by white bracts, composed of. 4-5 discrete ovoid spikes ...... Rhynchospora radicans 6. Inflorescence subtended by green bracts, composed of several confluent globose heads ...... Kyllingia pumila 5. Inflorescence pedunculate. 7. Spikelets minute (1 mm long), subglobose ...... Fimbristylis annua 7. Ultimate spikelets more than 2 mm long, flattened or ovoid. 8. Inflorescence bracts inconspicuous and very narrow, ca. 1 mm wide or less; spikelets ovoid ...... Fimbristylis dichotoma 8. Inflorescence bracts conspicuous and more than 2 mm wide; spikelets flattened. 9. Spikelets clustered into globose heads. 10. Inflorescence simple; heads longer than wide; peduncles about 5 mm long .. Cyperus luzulae 10. Inflorescence compound; heads as wide as long; peduncles to 1-2 cm long ...... Cyperus surinamensis 9. Spikelets not clustered into globose heads. 11. Spikelets umbellately arranged ...... Cyperus diffusus 11. Spikelets racemosely arranged. 12. Spikelets relatively short (0.3-1.3 cm long), sessile. 13. Spikelets to 0.5 cm long, ca. 0.2 mm wide. 14. Spikelets 0.2-0.3 cm long ...... Cyperus hermaphroditus 14. Spikelets ca. 0.5 mm long ...... Cyperus distans 13. Spikelets about 1 cm long, ca. 0.5 mm wide ...... Cyperus odoratus 12. Spikelets elongate (1.5-3 cm long), ap­ parently pedunculate from the caducous lower florets ...... Cyperus sphacelatus

Cyperus diffusus Vahl Plate 44-B Plant to 70 cm tall. Spikelets 1-1.5 cm long, narrow, umbellately arranged. Common, along roadsides and forest openings. Mexico to Argentina. 1978] SELBY ANA: FLORA OF RIO PALENQUE 95

A 8

L--... O.5mm

O.5mm

O.5mm

ELEOCHARIS ELEGANS ELEOCHARIS MINIMA c D

O.5mm

~ 1mm

O.5mm

1cm "------' O.5mm ELEOCHARIS RETROFLEXA FII1BRISTYLIS DICHOTOMA

Plate 46 96 CYPERACEAE [VOL. 4

Cyperus distans L. Plate 44-C Herb to 70 cm tall. Spikelets short, about 0.5 cm long, widely separated. Common, along roadsides and in disturbed areas. Pantropical weed.

Cyperus hermaphroditus (Jacq.) StandI. Plate 44-D Herb to 30 cm tall. Spikelets very narrow, about 2-3 mm long, about 0.2 mm wide, distinctly separated along an elongate raceme. Infrequent, in disturbed areas, more common, especially on gravel bars, in the river bed. Mexico to Argentina. Common name: "Zacate Jacintillo"

Cyperus luzulae (L.) Retz. Plate 45-A Herb to 40 cm tall. Spikelets clustered into glomerulate, short-pedunculate heads. Common, in disturbed areas and along the trails in mature forest. West Indies to Paraguay. Common name: "Zacate Estrella" Cyperus odoratus L. Plate 45-B Herb to 30 cm tall. Spikelets elongate, ca. 1 cm long, very narrow, ca. 0.5 mm wide, rather widely separated along an elongate raceme. Infrequent, in disturbed areas. Pantropical weed, also in warm temperate regions. Cyperus sphacelatus Rottb. Plate 45-C Herb to 40 cm tall. Spikelets very long and narrow, with lower florets shed early, arranged along a short raceme. Infrequent, on rocky river beaches. African and New World tropics. Cyperus surinamensis Rottb. Plate 45-D Herb to 70 cm tall. Spikelets capitately clustered into pedunculate heads. Common, along roadsides and gravel bars in the river. Southern United States to Argentina. Eleocharis elegans (HBK) R. & S. Plate 46-A Unbranched rhizomatous herb, the leafless, segmented stems 3-5 mm thick, to 70 cm tall, terminated by 5-15 mm long, catkin-like spikes. Common, in wet places mostly along the river. Widespread in tropical America. Eleocharis minima Kunth Plate 46-B Herb ca. 15 cm tall, the wiry leafless stems less than 0.5 mm thick, ter­ minated by short ovoid spikes ca. 3 mm long, the achenes with smooth sur­ faces. Indistinguishable from E. retroflexa without a dissecting microscope. This species forms dense mats along the creeks downriver from Rio Palenque. Probably some of the uncollected waif populations at the edge of the river on the Science Center are also this species. Texas and Alabama to Argentina. Eleocharis retroflexa (Poir.) Urb. Plate 46-C Herb ca. 15 cm tall, the wiry leafless stems less than 0.5 mm thick, termi­ nated by short ovoid spikes ca. 3 mm long, the achenes with pitted surfaces. Locally common, and forming extensive dense mats along the creeks. Ex­ treme southern United States through West Indies and Belize to Brazil. 1978] SELBY ANA: FLORA OF RIO PALENQUE 97

A B

(\ ~ 2cm . .".

...:. ..•...... •...... ~ ".' .~ .. :-: \)....•...... •

O.5mm FIMBRISTVLIS MILIACEA O.5mm KVLLINGIA PUMILA c o

'------' 1mm

L-..J 3cm

RVNCHOSPORA RADICANS O.5mm SCLERIA PTE ROTA

Plate 47 98 CYPERACEAE/DIOSCOREACEAE [VOL. 4

Fimbristylis dichotoma (L.) Vahl. Plate 46-D Small herb to 20 cm tall. Inflorescence compound, subtended by narrow inconspicuous leaf-like bracts to 3.5 cm long, each inflorescence composed of several clusters of discrete 5 mm long ovoid spikelets, the clusters of spikelets on peduncles of very different lengths. Infrequent, on gravel bars in the river bed. Southeastern United States coastal plain to Argentina. Fimbristylis miliacea (L.) Vahl Plate 47-A Herb forming large tussocks. Inflorescence compound, composed of minute (1 mm diameter) globose heads. Common, among rocks of gravel bars in the river bed. Pantropic weed. Kyllingia pumila Michx. Plate 47-B Herb to 40 cm tall. Inflorescence capitate, sessile, of several, confluent, globose heads. Common, among cobblestones of gravel bars in the river bed. Eastern North America, most of South America, and Africa. Rynchospora radicans (Cham. & Schlect.) Pfeiffer Plate 47-C Herb to 40 cm tall. Inflorescence of several, sessile, ovoid spikelets, sub­ tended by a whorl of white, leaf-like bracts. Common, in open places and a­ long sides of trails. Found throughout tropical America. Scleria pterota Presl Plate 47-D Plant to 90 cm tall. Leaves with cutting edges. Inflorescence elongate, nar­ row, the several lateral brachlets each subtended by an inconspicuous bract, a basal whorl of bracts lacking. Fruits hard, black, spherical. Common, weed in disturbed areas. Ffund throughout tropical America. Common name: "Cortado a"+

I

I DIOSCOREACEAE

I Dioecious twining vines. ~eaves alternate, simple, usually entire, usually cor­ date, palmately veined. Flqwers regular, unisexual, greenish, the perianth of 6 similar segments; stamensl6 or 3; ovary 3-celled, 2 ovules per cell; styles 3. Fruit a loculicidally dehisclent, 3-valved capsule. . Key to the species. I 1. Leaves 3-lobed; stem ~.nged' ...... Dioscorea trifida 1. Leaves entire and cord te; stem not winged. 2. Leaves with 9-11 ain veins; the cordate lobes broadly rounded, the sinus ca. 1 cm wid and 2 cm deep ...... Dioscorea meridensis 2. Leaves with 7 mafn veins, the cordate lobes angulate, the sinus ca. 4 cm wide and 2 cr deep ...... Dioscorea polygonoides 1978] SELBYANA: FLORA OF RIO PALENQUE 99

A B

2cm

DIOSCOREA MERIDENS IS Z DIOSCOREA POLYGONOIDES c

DIOSCOREA TRIFIDA ':2:' ARUNDINELLA BERTERONIANA

Plate 48 100 DIOSCOREACEAE/GRAMINEAE [VOL. 4

Dioscorea meridensis Kunth Plate 48-A Dioecious vine. Leaves broadly ovate, acuminate, deeply cordate, the basal lobes broadly rounded, palmately 9-11 veined from the base. Inflorescence spicate, the flowers sessile. Uncommon, at forest edge. Venezuela to Ecuador. Common name: "Betilla"+ Dioscorea polygonoides H. & B. ex Willd. Plate 48-B Dioecious vine. Leaves ovate, acuminate, deeply cordate, the basal lobes somewhat angulate, palmately 7-veined from the base, the underside bright red when young. Infrequent, in mature forest. At RIo Palen que known only from sterile juvenile plants which appear to match D. polygonoides, other­ wise known from Mexico and the West Indies to Brazil. Common name: "Betilla"+ Dioscorea trifid a L. Plate 48-C Dioecious vine. Stem winged, leaves 3- to 5-lobed; broadly ovate in general outline, the basal lobes obliquely cordate-hastate, palmately 7-veined from base. Infrequent, at the forest edge. Guatemala and the West Indies to Peru and Brazil.

GRAMINEAE Annual or perennial herbs (woody in Bamboos), often with rhizomes. Stems usually hollow, terete, the nodes often swollen. Leaves solitary at nodes, sheathing the stem. Inflorescence composed of spikelets, each spikelet com­ posed of florets with sub tending bracts; stamens usually 3; ovary superior, unilocular. Key to the species. 1. Stems more than 2 cm thick; cultivated crops or woody bamboos. 2. Woody bamboos; native; leaves less than 3 cm wide. 3. Canes very large (to 25 m tall and 15 cm in diameter), the branches armed with spines; internodes hollow. Bambusa guadua 3. Canes medium-large (to 8 m tall and 5 cm in diameter), the branches unarmed; internodes solid...... Chusquea sp. 2. Non-woody cane-like cultivated plants; leaves more than 4 cm wide. 4. Corn; monoecious, the staminate inflorescence terminal, without long silky hairs, the pistillate inflorescence axillary; fruit an ear of com ...... Zea mays 4. Sugar cane; inflorescence and florets bisexual, the inflorescence terminal, with many long silky hairs below spikelets; fruiting spikelets disarticulating individually .... Saccharum officinarum 1. Herbaceous grasses, sometimes subwoody and scandent. 5. Leaves broadly lanceolate, more than 2 cm wide and 10 cm long, or linear and 1 mm wide; spikelets 1- to many-flowered; articulation above the glumes. 6. Lemma with a very long twisted awn; leaves 6-8 cm wide ...... Streptochaeta sodiroana 6. Lemma awnless or with a straight or bent awn; leaves less than 4 cm wide.