The counter revolution of 1861 and the cause of conflict

By: Haneen Amer Lincoln’s Election

● 1860; Lincoln elected as first republican president ● Southern states immediately began to secede from union ● Lincoln strongly supported in North and Midwest ● Won majority of electoral votes but only 40% overall vote ● Stated that he didn’t plan to interfere with existing in the US ● Supported Corwin Amendment Southern Succession ❏ South convinced that Lincoln would abolish slavery ● The South was rural, agricultural society - needed people to work fields on farms and plantations - used slaves as labor since seventeenth century; considered them essential to economy economy ● North more industrialized - Didn’t have as much farmland - Relied on immigrant-based factory labor ❏ Seven states seceded from Union before Lincoln’s inauguration, and four others later joined them as well

First states to secede:

1. South Carolina 2. Mississippi 3. Florida 4. Alabama 5. Georgia 6. Louissianna 7. Texas

Southern Succession

Formed Confederacy in 1861

Reasons for succession:

● To preserve and keep slavery ● Establish Southern autonomy (wanted to govern itself) from the U.S. federal government ● Ensure sovereignty of individual Southern states before a central government 1. Southern Succession

Drafted provisional constitution (took four days) that:

● strengthened position of individual states in respect to federal government ● Guaranteed protection of slavery and interstate slave trade (no foreign slave trade)

States that seceded later:

1. Virginia 2. Arkansas 3. North Carolina 4. Tennessee Holding on to the border states

❏ The border states were slave states that did not join confederacy ❏ These states aided Union via the advantage in troops, factories, and money ● These states were: 1. Delaware 2. 3. 4. Missouri

“I hope to have God on my side, but I must have Kentucky.” -

Importance of Maryland

● Important to Union because it stood between Virginia (Confederate state) and Union capital at Washington D.C. ● Washington's telegraph and rail links to north and west went through state ● Loss of Maryland force federal government to abandon Washington - (humiliating) - Which could potentially lead to Europe recognizing and possibly favoring Confederacy Importance of Kentucky

● Heavily populated ● Had rich mineral resources ● Major grain and livestock producing state ● Stood between the states of the Old Northwest and Confederate Tennessee Importance of Kentucky

● provided main line of defense for: 1. 2. Indiana 3. ● Controlled access to major river systems; 1. Tennessee 2. Cumberland - pointed south toward the heart of the Confederacy Importance of Missouri

❏ Major agricultural state - Produced large amounts of grains and livestock ❏ Contained city of St. Louis - Important commercial center - Most populated city in state ❏ Protected Union’s western flank John Brown ● Born in Connecticut in 1800 ● Radical abolitionist ● Believed that slavery was “evil and must be opposed at every opportunity" ● Very Religious - attempted to train for the ministry - Memorized bible ● worked on ● tried to integrate the Congregational Church he attended ● Said that he was willing “to die to end slavery” ● In 1851 he urged blacks to kill any official who tried to enforce Fugitive Slave Act Harper’s Ferry

1859; West-VIrginia

● John Brown led 21 men in seizure of the federal armory at Harper’s Ferry ● Wanted to inspire slaves to rebel ● Intended to create military force of abolitionists and free slaves to free more slaves - That would then create a slave uprising that will lead to end of slavery Why this specific location?

● The Ferry located between Shenandoah and Potomac Rivers, close to

Appalachian foothills where he planned to establish his stronghold

● If raid was successful, Brown could move southward along mountains to

attract more slaves to join his cause Meeting of Shenandoah and Potomac rivers What came of the raid of Harper’s Ferry?

John Brown and his followers were captured by federal troops (led by Robert E. Lee)

Brown was later hanged with a runaway slave for his actions

However:

● Raid symbolized gap between the values of the North and the South ● Brown’s execution further fueled motivation of abolitionists ● Raid served as catalyst for civil war because emphasized growing disputes between north and South Uncle Tom’s Cabin

● Inspired Brown ● Novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe ● Published in serialized form in 1851–52 and in book form in 1852 ● Talked about dire straights of slaves ● Swayed much of the population to side against slavery ● Considered to have contributed to Civil War Harriet Beecher Stowe

● American abolitionist and author ● 1811-1896 ● Daughter of congregationalist minister; raised in very religious, educational environment ● Went to school in Hartford and later taught there ● Lived in Cincinnati where she was exposed to a slaveholding community and learned about life in South - Ultimately inspired her story

● President of the Confederacy [1861] ● November 1845; elected to House of Representatives ● Resigned to fight in Mexican American war ● 1847 elected to senate

Fort Sumter

● Island located in Charleston Harbor, South Carolina

● Originally a masonry fort

● Constructed in 1829 as a coastal garrison ● most famous for being the site of first shots of the Civil War (1861-65). U.S.

● Owning this fort meant controlling approaches to South Carolina's biggest seaport ● Confederates states wanted control over forts within their borders

- Tried to take over Fort Sumter. . .

● Abraham Lincoln refused to give up Fort Sumter because it then

represented national union and because it controlled South

Carolina’s port

- Fort short on supplies, and without provisions it would have to

surrender to confederacy Lincoln’s dilemma

-Losing the fort to confederacy would demoralize North-

❏ If Lincoln ordered Navy to attack, the Union would gain back control of fort

However:

❏ North would be held responsible for starting the war ➔ Give remaining slave states reason to join confederacy and aid in fighting the North Lincoln’s solution

● Lincoln decided that he could send an unarmed ship carrying only

supplies

- If supplies made it to fort, would sustain garrison

- If ship attacked, then the South would take responsibility for starting

war Reasoning in the South ❏ Upper South contained: - Industrial centers in Missouri, Tennessee, Maryland, and Virginia - Agriculture and large population in Kentucky and North Carolina ❏ Confederacy would become weak without Upper South ➔ To remain independent, Confederacy needed war to force neutral states to join ❏ Confederate government ordered commander of Confederate forces at Charleston, to capture Sumter before the arrival of supplies ❏ General Beauregard did not want peaceful resolution- so he attacked Confederates bombard Fort Sumter Primary Source Telegram April 18 Explained what happened at Fort Sumter and that the Union surrendered Sent by Robert Anderson Very important document basically explaining how the started Formally written to warn and inform Not really biased because he’s trying to explain what happened, not interested in convincing or showing only one side. However, information may be a little inaccurate, or not as things happened exactly Bibliography

"Confederate States of America." Gale Student Resources in Context, Gale, 2016. Student Resources in Context, link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/TJAVPS424897615/SUIC?u=albu23958&xid=65e8cfc8. Accessed 16 Sept. 2017.

"Harpers Ferry Raid." Gale Encyclopedia of U.S. Economic History, edited by Thomas Carson and Mary Bonk, Gale, 1999. Student Resources in Context, link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/EJ1667500291/SUIC?u=albu23958&xid=5b191cf1. Accessed 16 Sept. 2017.

O'Brien, Steven G. "Jefferson Davis." American History, ABC-CLIO, 2017, americanhistory.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/246635. Accessed 11 Sept. 2017.

"John Brown." UXL Biographies, UXL, 2011. Student Resources in Context, link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/EJ2108100323/SUIC?u=albu23958&xid=c69a68e1. Accessed 16 Sept. 2017.

"Fort Sumter." Gale Encyclopedia of U.S. History: War, Gale, 2009. Student Resources in Context, link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/EJ3048500073/SUIC?u=albu23958&xid=2b5b3f61. Accessed 16 Sept. 2017.

● American Civil War: division of the United States during the Civil War. Image. Britannica LaunchPacks, Encyclopædia Britannica, 12 Aug. 2017. media1.britannica.com/eb-media/36/64936-050-96610C29.gif. Accessed 16 Sep. 2017. Bibliography http://www.ducksters.com/history/civil_war/border_states.php https://quod.lib.umich.edu/j/jala/2629860.0013.104/--abraham-lincoln-and-the-border-states?rgn=main;view=fulltext

American Civil War: major battles of the American Civil War. Image. Britannica LaunchPacks, Encyclopædia Britannica, 12 Aug. 2017. media1.britannica.com/eb-media/55/89955-050-4AD9AA35.gif. Accessed 16 Sep.

2017.https://americanhistory.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/253412?terms=the+southern+states+secede+from+union&sType=quick https://americanhistory.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/253307?terms=Lincoln%27s+election&sType=quick http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/fort-sumter-telegram-180957132/

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