DOCSLIB.ORG

Mixed-Race Identity Politics in Nella Larsen and Winnifred Eaton (Onoto

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Mixed-Race Identity Politics in Nella Larsen and Winnifred Eaton (Onoto MIXED-RACE IDENTITY POLITICS IN NELLA LARSEN AND WINNIFRED EATON (ONOTO WATANNA) A dissertation presented to the faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy Sachi Nakachi November 2001 2001 Sachi Nakachi All Rights Reserved. This dissertation entitled MIXED-RACE IDENTITY POLITICS IN NELLA LARSEN AND WINNIFRED EATON (ONOTO WATANNA) BY SACHI NAKACHI has been approved for the Department of English and the College of Arts and Sciences by David Dean McWilliams J. Richard Hamilton, Baker and Hostetler Professor of Humanities Leslie A. Flemming Dean, College of Arts and Sciences Nakachi, Sachi. Ph.D. November 2001. English Mixed-Race Identity Politics in Nella Larsen and Winnifred Eaton (Onoto Watanna) (216pp.) Director: David Dean McWilliams The dissertation examines how two women authors of mixed-race, Nella Larsen and Winnifred Eaton (Onoto Watanna), resisted American identity politics in their works. The ideological complexities of mixed-race identity, which is “in-between” races, are the focus of my argument. To discuss what Judith Butler calls “the performativity of identity” in the interracial context, “passing,” “masquerading” and “mimicking” are used as key strategies. I examine whether the space of hybridity, in which the incompatible notions of difference and sameness exist together, opens up the horizon of transformation of significations. In Chapter One, I discuss how Larsen used her “mulatto” heroines to criticize the essentialist notion of identity. I probe how crossing boundaries (passing, geographical crossing and transgressing sexual norms) functions in her novels. In Chapter Two, I examine the works of Winnifred Eaton, who passed as Japanese in her authorship. By crossing the “authentic” ethnic boundaries and placing herself in a fictional identity, Eaton challenged racism and sexism. The dynamics of Orientalism, race and gender in Eaton’s works are examined in this chapter. Postmodern feminist theories and postcolonial theories are used in tandem to support my argument, which tries to discuss how the system of racial oppression operates in multi-racial/multi-ethnic women’s literature. Approved: J. Richard Hamilton, Baker and Hostetler Professor of Humanities 6 To my father, Akira Nakachi, and to the memory of my mother, Mariko Nakachi 7 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This project has been completed with the help of numerous people. First, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Professor David Dean McWilliams, the chair of my dissertation committee. Without his commitment, quick feedback and encouragement, I would not have been able to finish writing my dissertation. His advice was very helpful in shaping my vague ideas into a dissertation, and his relentless criticism allowed me to examine my thesis and revise my writing over and over. I am thankful for his great mentorship and guidance, without which my pursuit of a doctoral degree would not have been possible. I am also grateful to my excellent committee members: Professor Joseph McLaughlin, Professor Crystal Anderson and Professor Adah Ward Randolph. Professor McLaughlin introduced me to the works of Winnifred Eaton in his wonderful class, “Victorientalism; or Turning Japanese,” in which we discussed nineteenth century Orientalism and Japonism. He guided me through the maze of postcolonial theories. Professor Randolph offered me a valuable point of view on race issues. Professor Anderson provided me with her “Americanist” perspective that helped me to look at the topic of “passing” through African-American and Asian-American cultural contexts. 8 I want to thank Professor Josephine Bloomfield, the graduate chair of the Department of English, and Professor Robert De Mott and Professor Susan Crowl, my exam committee members. Professor De Mott and Professor Crowl guided me in my studies of American literature. I am also grateful to Professor Janis Holm for offering me a graduate assistantship, which helped me financially as well as gave me a great opportunity to explore extensive internet library and research tools. I also want to thank Barbara Grueser, a secretary in the Department of English, for her assistance in completing many official procedures required in the Ph.D. program. The Women’s Studies Program in Ohio University helped me deepen my understanding of the literature of minority women. Especially, Melvina Young’s African-American women’s history class and Professor Katarzyna Marciniak’s postmodern feminist film/theory class gave me a solid foundation in African-American literature and postmodern feminist theories. I also have to thank Apollonia Steele in the library of the University of Calgary for Eaton’s unpublished manuscript. I am also grateful to Diana Birchall, a granddaughter and bibliographer of Winnifred Eaton, for the wonderful bibliography of Winnifred Eaton as well as her interest in my project. Her wonderful e-mail was very informative. My studies in the works of Eaton also let me start an academic correspondence with Professor Edward Marx at the University of Kyoto. Connecting with people who share the same interest through the internet was a great joy to me. 9 I also want to express my deep gratitude to Professor Jeffrey Tucker at the University of Rochester. He was encouraging and supportive throughout my years in the Ph.D. program. He introduced me to the works of Nella Larsen and gave many valuable comments on my chapter on Larsen. I thank him for his excellent mentorship and great friendship. My gratitude also goes to my friends. I am very grateful to Lisa Cunningham for her encouragement, care and advice. She made the difficult times in the process of this project bearable. I also thank Ching-Fang Chiang for editing, food, and technological help, Monica Pombo for sharing her knowledge on postcolonial theories, Professor David Bell and Theresa Bell for their encouragement, and Shoko Igarashi for her great friendship. Michiko Fujii, John Hankiewicks and Sunanda Ray also sent me continuous encouragement through e-mail. I also had encouragement and support from Japan. Especially, I thank Saeko Fukino for her unchanged friendship since our college days. I want to thank Professor Naoko Fuwa Thornton at Japan Women’s University and Professor Misako Koike at Keio University. They strongly encouraged me to study in the United States. Professor Aiko Tokusué, my mentor in my college days, gave me very encouraging and affectionate letters. My aunts, Chieko Nakachi and Kazuko Fujii, and my dentist, Mr. Tetsuo Ohashi, were also very supportive throughout my years in Ohio. 10 A special note of thanks goes to Reverend Jan Griesinger. Without her encouragement and friendship, I could not have completed the Ph.D. program. She was always willing to share my pain and suffering and the joy I experienced in the process of this project. She also provided me with a strong feminist perspective, which surely provided a strong influence on my writing. She made much time available for editing my manuscript despite her tight schedule. I also thank Mary Morgan for editing and suggestions. My final thanks go to my father, Akira Nakachi, and my sister, Aya Nakachi. During my first year in Ohio, I lost my mother. I could not stay with my family members when they needed me most. Still my father and sister encouraged me to pursue my study in the United States. Although my mother did not live to see my achievement, she believed that I could complete my doctoral studies in the United States. I am deeply indebted to the love of my parents, who supported my long graduate school days with their faith in my possibility. 11 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT........................................................................................................ 4 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................. 7 INTRODUCTION RACE AND GENDER IN BETWEEN SPACE ........................................... 13 I. BORN BETWEEN RACES: LARSEN AND EATON................................... 14 II. PASSING NOVELS AND THE ETHIC OF RACE..................................... 25 III. ORIENTALISM, GENDERED RACE AND RACE MAKE-UP ................ 33 IV. DRESSING RACE AND STYLIZING THE BODY ................................... 40 V. PASSING AND MASQUERADING ............................................................ 44 CHAPTER ONE CROSSING, PERFORMATIVITY AND TRANSGRESSION: NELLA LARSEN’S RESISTANCE TO IDENTITY POLITICS ............... 50 I. GEOGRAPHICAL CROSSING AND THE SPACE OF HYBRIDITY IN QUICKSAND ......................................................................................... 60 II. THE PERFORMATIVITY OF IDENTITY: MASK, MASQUERADE AND SELF-FASHIONING IN PASSING.................................................. 82 12 III. TRIANGULAR LOVE AND THE TRANSGRESSION OF SEXUAL NORMS....................................................................................................... 98 CHAPTER TWO WINNIFRED EATON’S JAPANESE IDENTITY AND “HYBRID” ROMANCES ............................................................................. 117 I. PLAGIARISM OR MIMICRY? MISS NUMÈ OF JAPAN VERSUS MISS CHERRY-BLOSSOM OF TOKYO.................................................. 125 II. PASSING AUTHORSHIP AND AUTOBIOGRAPHY: ME AND “LEAVES FROM THE MENTAL PORTFOLIO OF AN EURASIAN”.................................................................................. 153 CONCLUSION IDENTIFICATION AND HYBRIDITY...................................................... 188 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Hypersexuality in Neurological Disorders
    HYPERSEXUALITY IN NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS NATALIE AHMAD MAHMOUD TAYIM A thesis submitted to the Institute of Neurology in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) University College London January 2019 Declaration of originality I, Natalie Ahmad Mahmoud Tayim, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. _________________________________ Natalie Ahmad Mahmoud Tayim ii Abstract The issue of hypersexuality in neurological disorders is grossly underreported. More research has been done into sexual dysfunction (outside of hypersexuality) in neurological disorders such as erectile dysfunction and hyposexuality (loss of libido). Furthermore, in Parkinson’s disease research, most mention of hypersexuality has been in conjunction with other impulse control disorders and has therefore not been examined in depth on its own. Although in recent years hypersexuality has become more recognized as an issue in research, there is still very limited information regarding its manifestations, impact, and correlates. It is therefore important to explore this area in detail in order to broaden understanding associated with this sensitive issue. Perhaps in doing so, barriers will be broken and the issue will become more easily discussed and, eventually, more systematically assessed and better managed. This thesis aims to serve as an exploratory paper examining prevalence, clinical phenomenology, impact, and potential feasible psychological interventions for hypersexuality in patients with neurological disorders and their carers. The thesis is divided into three main studies: 1. Study I: systematic review assessing prevalence, clinical phenomenology, successful treatment modalities, implicated factors contributing to the development, and assessment tools for hypersexuality in specific neurological disorders.
    [Show full text]
  • Songs by Artist
    Reil Entertainment Songs by Artist Karaoke by Artist Title Title &, Caitlin Will 12 Gauge Address In The Stars Dunkie Butt 10 Cc 12 Stones Donna We Are One Dreadlock Holiday 19 Somethin' Im Mandy Fly Me Mark Wills I'm Not In Love 1910 Fruitgum Co Rubber Bullets 1, 2, 3 Redlight Things We Do For Love Simon Says Wall Street Shuffle 1910 Fruitgum Co. 10 Years 1,2,3 Redlight Through The Iris Simon Says Wasteland 1975 10, 000 Maniacs Chocolate These Are The Days City 10,000 Maniacs Love Me Because Of The Night Sex... Because The Night Sex.... More Than This Sound These Are The Days The Sound Trouble Me UGH! 10,000 Maniacs Wvocal 1975, The Because The Night Chocolate 100 Proof Aged In Soul Sex Somebody's Been Sleeping The City 10Cc 1Barenaked Ladies Dreadlock Holiday Be My Yoko Ono I'm Not In Love Brian Wilson (2000 Version) We Do For Love Call And Answer 11) Enid OS Get In Line (Duet Version) 112 Get In Line (Solo Version) Come See Me It's All Been Done Cupid Jane Dance With Me Never Is Enough It's Over Now Old Apartment, The Only You One Week Peaches & Cream Shoe Box Peaches And Cream Straw Hat U Already Know What A Good Boy Song List Generator® Printed 11/21/2017 Page 1 of 486 Licensed to Greg Reil Reil Entertainment Songs by Artist Karaoke by Artist Title Title 1Barenaked Ladies 20 Fingers When I Fall Short Dick Man 1Beatles, The 2AM Club Come Together Not Your Boyfriend Day Tripper 2Pac Good Day Sunshine California Love (Original Version) Help! 3 Degrees I Saw Her Standing There When Will I See You Again Love Me Do Woman In Love Nowhere Man 3 Dog Night P.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Passing in American Culture
    Rollins College Rollins Scholarship Online English Honors in the Major Theses Spring 2016 Passing in American Culture Joy E. Sandon Rollins College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.rollins.edu/honors-in-the-major-english Part of the Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Studies Commons, and the Race, Ethnicity and Post- Colonial Studies Commons Recommended Citation Sandon, Joy E., "Passing in American Culture" (2016). English. 1. https://scholarship.rollins.edu/honors-in-the-major-english/1 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Honors in the Major Theses at Rollins Scholarship Online. It has been accepted for inclusion in English by an authorized administrator of Rollins Scholarship Online. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Passing in American Culture: Biracial, Queer, and Disabled Bodies Joy Sandon Submitted to faculty of the Rollins College English Department in partial fulfillment of the requirement for honors in the English major in the Hamilton Holt School Rollins College May 2016 To mom and dad, Thanks for always believing in me even when I was crying at 3am because I thought I couldn’t do it. Without you, I truly couldn’t have. Table of Contents Introduction 1 Chapter One 14 Chapter Two 35 Chapter Three 55 Conclusion 76 Bibliography 80 Sandon 1 Introduction When we think of passing, race is usually the first thing that comes to mind. Whether it’s James Weldon Johnson’s The Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man, Mark Twain’s Pudd’nhead Wilson, or general thoughts of the Harlem Renaissance, The Civil Rights Era, and contemporary struggles that people of color face, race is typically at the center of perceptions of passing.
    [Show full text]
  • Pablo Neruda - Poems
    Classic Poetry Series Pablo Neruda - poems - Publication Date: 2011 Publisher: Poemhunter.com - The World's Poetry Archive Pablo Neruda(12 July 1904 – 23 September 1973) Pablo Neruda was the pen name and, later, legal name of the Chilean poet and politician Neftalí Ricardo Reyes Basoalto. He chose his pen name after Czech poet Jan Neruda. Neruda wrote in a variety of styles such as erotically charged love poems as in his collection Twenty Poems of Love and a Song of Despair, surrealist poems, historical epics, and overtly political manifestos. In 1971 Neruda won the Nobel Prize for Literature. Colombian novelist Gabriel García Márquez once called him "the greatest poet of the 20th century in any language." Neruda always wrote in green ink as it was his personal color of hope. On July 15, 1945, at Pacaembu Stadium in São Paulo, Brazil, he read to 100,000 people in honor of Communist revolutionary leader Luís Carlos Prestes. During his lifetime, Neruda occupied many diplomatic positions and served a stint as a senator for the Chilean Communist Party. When Conservative Chilean President González Videla outlawed communism in Chile in 1948, a warrant was issued for Neruda's arrest. Friends hid him for months in a house basement in the Chilean port of Valparaíso. Later, Neruda escaped into exile through a mountain pass near Maihue Lake into Argentina. Years later, Neruda was a close collaborator to socialist President Salvador Allende. When Neruda returned to Chile after his Nobel Prize acceptance speech, Allende invited him to read at the Estadio Nacional before 70,000 people.
    [Show full text]
  • The Rhetoric of Education in African American Autobiography and Fiction
    University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Masters Theses Graduate School 8-2006 Dismantling the Master’s Schoolhouse: The Rhetoric of Education in African American Autobiography and Fiction Miya G. Abbot University of Tennessee - Knoxville Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes Part of the English Language and Literature Commons Recommended Citation Abbot, Miya G., "Dismantling the Master’s Schoolhouse: The Rhetoric of Education in African American Autobiography and Fiction. " Master's Thesis, University of Tennessee, 2006. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/1487 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Miya G. Abbot entitled "Dismantling the Master’s Schoolhouse: The Rhetoric of Education in African American Autobiography and Fiction." I have examined the final electronic copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of , with a major in English. Miriam Thaggert, Major Professor We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance: Mary Jo Reiff, Janet Atwill Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Miya G.
    [Show full text]
  • Whole Document
    Copyright By Christin Essin Yannacci 2006 The Dissertation Committee for Christin Essin Yannacci certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: Landscapes of American Modernity: A Cultural History of Theatrical Design, 1912-1951 Committee: _______________________________ Charlotte Canning, Supervisor _______________________________ Jill Dolan _______________________________ Stacy Wolf _______________________________ Linda Henderson _______________________________ Arnold Aronson Landscapes of American Modernity: A Cultural History of Theatrical Design, 1912-1951 by Christin Essin Yannacci, B.A.; M.A. Dissertation Presented to the faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin December, 2006 Acknowledgements There are many individuals to whom I am grateful for navigating me through the processes of this dissertation, from the start of my graduate course work to the various stages of research, writing, and editing. First, I would like to acknowledge the support of my committee members. I appreciate Dr. Arnold Aronson’s advice on conference papers exploring my early research; his theoretically engaged scholarship on scenography also provided inspiration for this project. Dr. Linda Henderson took an early interest in my research, helping me uncover the interdisciplinary connections between theatre and art history. Dr. Jill Dolan and Dr. Stacy Wolf provided exceptional mentorship throughout my course work, stimulating my interest in the theoretical and historical complexities of performance scholarship; I have also appreciated their insights and generous feedback on beginning research drafts. Finally, I have been most fortunate to work with my supervisor Dr. Charlotte Canning. From seminar papers to the final drafts of this project, her patience, humor, honesty, and overall excellence as an editor has pushed me to explore the cultural implications of my research and produce better scholarship.
    [Show full text]
  • Historical Origins of the One-Drop Racial Rule in the United States
    Historical Origins of the One-Drop Racial Rule in the United States Winthrop D. Jordan1 Edited by Paul Spickard2 Editor’s Note Winthrop Jordan was one of the most honored US historians of the second half of the twentieth century. His subjects were race, gender, sex, slavery, and religion, and he wrote almost exclusively about the early centuries of American history. One of his first published articles, “American Chiaroscuro: The Status and Definition of Mulattoes in the British Colonies” (1962), may be considered an intellectual forerunner of multiracial studies, as it described the high degree of social and sexual mixing that occurred in the early centuries between Africans and Europeans in what later became the United States, and hinted at the subtle racial positionings of mixed people in those years.3 Jordan’s first book, White over Black: American Attitudes Toward the Negro, 1550–1812, was published in 1968 at the height of the Civil Rights Movement era. The product of years of painstaking archival research, attentive to the nuances of the thousands of documents that are its sources, and written in sparkling prose, White over Black showed as no previous book had done the subtle psycho-social origins of the American racial caste system.4 It won the National Book Award, the Ralph Waldo Emerson Prize, the Bancroft Prize, the Parkman Prize, and other honors. It has never been out of print since, and it remains a staple of the graduate school curriculum for American historians and scholars of ethnic studies. In 2005, the eminent public intellectual Gerald Early, at the request of the African American magazine American Legacy, listed what he believed to be the ten most influential books on African American history.
    [Show full text]
  • Nella Larsen
    Nella Larsen Helga Crane couldn’t, she told herself and others, live in America. In spite of its glam- Quick Facts our, existence in America, even in Harlem, was for Negroes too cramped, too uncertain, * 1891-1964 too cruel; something not to be endured for * African- a lifetime if one could escape; something American short demanding a courage greater than was in story writer and “her. No. She couldn’t stay. Nor, she saw now, novelist could she remain away. Leaving, she would * Influential have to come back. member of the — Quicksand Harlem Renaissance Biography The details of Nella Larsen’s life, which she herself obscured in bio- graphical statements, have been painstakingly reconstructed” by her biographer, Thadious M. Davis. She was born in Chicago in 1891 to a Danish mother, Mary Hanson Walker, and an African-American father, Peter Walker. Her parents separated shortly after her birth and her mother married the white Peter Larson, from whom Nella took her surname. (Davis speculates that Walker and Larson might, in fact, be the same person -- a possibility that does much to explain the secrecy with which she guarded her history. ) Larsen grew up in Chicago and attended the public schools there before Peter Larson enrolled her in Fisk University’s Normal School in 1907, an event that marked her permanent alienation from her birth family. This page was researched and submitted by: Laurie Dickinson on 8/8/96. 1 © 2009 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved. The University of Minnesota is an equal opportunity educator and employer.
    [Show full text]
  • The Talk of the Town Continues…
    The Talk of the Town continues… “Kay Thompson was a human dynamo. My brothers and I were constantly swept up by her brilliance. Sam Irvin has captured all of this in his incredible book. I know you will thoroughly enjoy reading it.” – DON WILLIAMS, OF KAY THOMPSON & THE WILLIAMS BROTHERS “It’s an amazing book! Sam Irvin has captured Ms. T. to a T. I just re-read it and liked it even better the second time around.” – DICK WILLIAMS, OF KAY THOMPSON & THE WILLIAMS BROTHERS “To me, Kay was the Statue of Liberty. I couldn’t imagine how a book could do her justice but, by golly, Sam Irvin has done it. You won’t be able to put it down.” – BEA WAIN, OF KAY THOMPSON’S RHYTHM SINGERS “Kay was the hottest thing that ever hit the town and one of the most captivating women I’ve ever met in my life. There’ll never be another one like her, that’s for sure. A thorough examination of her astounding life was long overdue and I can’t imagine a better portrait than the one Sam Irvin has written. Heaven.” – JULIE WILSON “This fabulous Kay Thompson book totally captured her marvelous enthusiasm and talent and I’m delighted to be a part of it. I adore the cover with enchanting Eloise and the great picture of Kay in all her intense spirit!” – PATRICE MUNSEL “Thank you, Sam, for bringing Kay so richly and awesomely ‘back to life.’ Adventuring with Kay through your exciting book is like time-traveling through an incredible century of showbiz.” – EVELYN RUDIE, STAR OF PLAYHOUSE 90: ELOISE “At Metro… she scared the shit out of me! At Paramount… while shooting Funny Face… I got to know and love her.
    [Show full text]
  • Printer Friendly Version
    RAY COLCORD COMPOSER SELECTED FILMOGRAPHY THE KING'S GUARD – Jonathan Tydor, Director-Shoreline Entertainment Starring Eric Roberts, Ron Perlman and Lesley-Anne Down HEARTWOOD – Lanny Cotler, Director – Porchlight Entertainment/ Lions Gate Releasing Starring Jason Robards and Hilary Swank THE PAPER BRIGADE – Blair Treu, Director -Leucadia Films / Walt Disney Company Starring Kyle Howard, Robert Englund and Bibi Osterwald WISH UPON A STAR – Blair Treu, Director - Leucadia Films / The Walt Disney Company Starring Katherine Heigl and Danielle Harris AMITYVILLE DOLLHOUSE – Steve White, Director -Spectacor Films/ Promark/ Republic Pictures Starring Robin Thomas and Allen Cutler THE SLEEPING CAR – Douglas Curtis - Vidmark Entertainment Starring David Naughton and Kevin McCarthy SONGS ALL DOGS GO TO HEAVEN II (animated film) – Larry Leker and Paul Sabella, Directors -MGM Featuring the voices of Bebe Neuwirth and Charlie Sheen BABES IN TOYLAND (animated film) – Paul Sabella, Director - MGM Featuring the voices of Lacey Chabert, James Belushi and Christopher Plummer EARTH GIRLS ARE EASY (songs) – Julien Temple, Director-Warner Bros. Starring Geena Davis, Jeff Goldblum, Julie Brown and Jim Carrey ("Big & Stupid", "Homecoming Queen's Got A Gun") ADDITIONAL MUSIC LARA CROFT TOMB RAIDER II - Jan de Bont, Director - Paramount Pictures / Mutual Film Company THE GENERAL'S DAUGHTER – Simon West, Director - Paramount Starring John Travolta, Madeleine Stowe, James Cromwell, James Woods and Clarence Williams III DUMB & DUMBER - Peter Farrelly, Director-
    [Show full text]
  • The Alawite Dilemma in Homs Survival, Solidarity and the Making of a Community
    STUDY The Alawite Dilemma in Homs Survival, Solidarity and the Making of a Community AZIZ NAKKASH March 2013 n There are many ways of understanding Alawite identity in Syria. Geography and regionalism are critical to an individual’s experience of being Alawite. n The notion of an »Alawite community« identified as such by its own members has increased with the crisis which started in March 2011, and the growth of this self- identification has been the result of or in reaction to the conflict. n Using its security apparatus, the regime has implicated the Alawites of Homs in the conflict through aggressive militarization of the community. n The Alawite community from the Homs area does not perceive itself as being well- connected to the regime, but rather fears for its survival. AZIZ NAKKASH | THE ALAWITE DILEMMA IN HOMS Contents 1. Introduction ...........................................................1 2. Army, Paramilitary Forces, and the Alawite Community in Homs ...............3 2.1 Ambitions and Economic Motivations ......................................3 2.2 Vulnerability and Defending the Regime for the Sake of Survival ..................3 2.3 The Alawite Dilemma ..................................................6 2.4 Regime Militias .......................................................8 2.5 From Popular Committees to Paramilitaries ..................................9 2.6 Shabiha Organization ..................................................9 2.7 Shabiha Talk ........................................................10 2.8 The
    [Show full text]
  • Women of the Ku Klux Klan Kelli R
    Marshall University Marshall Digital Scholar Theses, Dissertations and Capstones 1-1-2007 Knights in White Satin: Women of the Ku Klux Klan Kelli R. Kerbawy Follow this and additional works at: http://mds.marshall.edu/etd Part of the Cultural History Commons, History of Gender Commons, Social History Commons, United States History Commons, and the Women's History Commons Recommended Citation Kerbawy, Kelli R., "Knights in White Satin: Women of the Ku Klux Klan" (2007). Theses, Dissertations and Capstones. Paper 687. This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Marshall Digital Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses, Dissertations and Capstones by an authorized administrator of Marshall Digital Scholar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Knights in White Satin: Women of the Ku Klux Klan Thesis submitted to The Graduate College of Marshall University In partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Master of Arts History By Kelli R. Kerbawy Committee Members: Dr. Robert Sawrey, Chair Dr. Montserrat Miller Dr. Kellie Bean Marshall University Huntington, WV April 18, 2007 ABSTRACT: Knights in White Stain: Women of the Ku Klux Klan Kelli R. Kerbawy The Ku Klux Klan is often thought of as a male-dominated organization; however there is evidence that women contributed to Klan efforts and participated in their own group, Women of the KKK. This study analyzes women’s involvement within the KKK during the 1920s. Women’s participation in early progressive movements, including temperance and suffrage, served as a catalyst for women’s involvement with the KKK.
    [Show full text]