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Sociology of Gender Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research Handbook of the Sociology of Gender Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research Series Editor: Howard B. Kaplan, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas HANDBOOK OF COMMUNITY MOVEMENTS AND LOCAL ORGANIZATIONS Edited by Ram A. Cnaan and Carl Milofsky HANDBOOK OF DISASTER RESEARCH Edited by Havidan Rodriguez, Enrico L. Quarantelli, and Russell Dynes HANDBOOK OF DRUG ABUSE PREVENTION Theory, Science and Prevention Edited by Zili Sloboda and William J. Bukoski HANDBOOK OF THE LIFE COURSE Edited by Jeylan T. Mortimer and Michael J. Shanahan HANDBOOK OF POPULATION Edited by Dudley L. Poston and Michael Micklin HANDBOOK OF RELIGION AND SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS Edited by Helen Rose Ebaugh HANDBOOK OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY Edited by John Delamater HANDBOOK OF SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY Edited by Jonathan H. Turner HANDBOOK OF THE SOCIOLOGY OF EDUCATION Edited by Maureen T. Hallinan HANDBOOK OF THE SOCIOLOGY OF EMOTIONS Edited by Jan E. Stets and Jonathan H. Turner HANDBOOK OF THE SOCIOLOGY OF GENDER Edited by Janet Saltzman Chafetz HANDBOOK OF THE SOCIOLOGY OF MENTAL HEALTH Edited by Carol S. Aneshensel and Jo C. Phelan HANDBOOK OF THE SOCIOLOGY OF THE MILITARY Edited by Giuseppe Caforio Handbook of the Sociology of Gender Janet Saltzman Chafetz University of IHouston IHouston, Texas ^ Springer Janet Saltzman Chafetz University of Houston Department of Sociology 495 Philip G. Hoffman Hall Houston, TX 77204-3012 USA [email protected] Library of Congress Control Number: 2006923822 ISBN-10: 0-387-32460-7 ISBN-13: 978-0387-32460-9 © 2006 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 1 0013, USA), except for brief excerpts in con­ nection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of infor­ mation storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. Printed in the United States of America. (IBT) 987654321 springer.com Contributors Joan Acker, Department of Sociology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, 97403- 1291 Denise D. Bielby, Department of Sociology, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, 93106 Janet Saltzman Chafetz, Department of Sociology, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, 77204-3474 Becca Cragin, Institute for Women's Studies, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322 Cynthia Cranford, Department of Sociology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90089 Mikaela J. Dufur, Department of Sociology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210 Dana Dunn, Office of the Provost, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76019 Cynthia Fuchs Epstein, Department of Sociology, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, 10025 Elizabeth M. Esterchild, Department of Sociology, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, 76203 Mary Frank Fox, School of History, Technology, and Society, Georgia Institute of Tech­ nology, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332-0345 Denise C. Herz, Department of Criminal Justice, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska, 68182 Shirley A. Hill, Department of Sociology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, 66045 Pierrette Hondagneu-Sotelo, Department of Sociology, University of Southern Califor­ nia, Los Angeles, California, 90089 Joan Ruber, Department of Sociology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210 Mary R. Jackman, Department of Sociology, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, 95616 Carrie James, Department of Sociology, New York University, New York, New York, 10003 Trivina Kang, Department of Sociology, New York University, New York, New York, 10003 vi Contributors Erin L. Kelly, Department of Sociology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, 08544 Diane Kobrynowicz, Department of Psychology, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, New Jersey, 08628 Jennie Jacobs Kronenfeld, School of Health Administration and Policy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, 85287-4506 Helena Znaniecka Lopata, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Loyola Univer­ sity Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60626 Adair T. Lummis, Center for Social and Religious Research, Hartford Seminary, Hart­ ford, Connecticut, 06105 Sara S. McLanahan, Office of Population Research, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, 08544 Irene Padavic, Department of Sociology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, 32306-2011 Cynthia Fabrizio Pelak, Department of Sociology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210 Caroline Hodges Persell, Department of Sociology, New York University, New York, New York, 10003 Jean L. Pyle, Department of Regional Economic and Social Development, University of Massachusetts at Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, 01854 Barbara F. Reskin, Department of Sociology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massa­ chusetts, 02138 Cecilia L. Ridgeway, Department of Sociology, Stanford University, Stanford, Califor­ nia, 94305 Mady Wechsler Segal, Department of Sociology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20742 Beth Anne Shelton, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, University of Texas at ArHngton, Arlington, Texas, 76019 Wendy Simonds, Department of Sociology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30303 Sally S. Simpson, Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of Mary­ land, College Park, Maryland, 20742 Sheryl Skaggs, Department of Sociology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695 Lynn Smith-Lovin, Department of Sociology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721 Karrie Snyder, Department of Sociology, New York University, New York, New York, 10003 Joey Sprague, Department of Sociology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, 66049 Jean Stockard, Department of Sociology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, 97403- 1291 Verta Taylor, Department of Sociology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210 Nancy Whittier, Department of Sociology, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts, 01063 Mary K. Zimmerman, Department of Health Policy and Management, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, 66045 Preface During the past three decades, feminist scholars have successfully demonstrated the ubiq­ uity and omnirelevance of gender as a sociocultural construction in virtually all human collectivities, past and present. Intrapsychic, interactional, and collective social processes are gendered, as are micro, meso, and macro social structures. Gender shapes, and is shaped, in all arenas of social life, from the most mundane practices of everyday life to those of the most powerful corporate actors. Contemporary understandings of gender emanate from a large community of primarily feminist scholars that spans the gamut of learned disciplines and also includes non-academic activist thinkers. However, while in­ corporating some cross-disciplinary material, this volume focuses specifically on socio­ logical theories and research concerning gender, which are discussed across the full array of social processes, structures, and institutions. As editor, I have explicitly tried to shape the contributions to this volume along several lines that reflect my long-standing views about sociology in general, and gender sociology in particular. First, I asked authors to include cross-national and historical material as much as possible. This request reflects my belief that understanding and evaluating the here-and-now and working realistically for a better future can only be accomplished from a comparative perspective. Too often, American sociology has been both tempero- and ethnocentric. Second, I have asked authors to be sensitive to within-gender differences along class, racial/ethnic, sexual preference, and age cohort lines. This request reflects the growing sensitivity of feminist scholars to the white, middle- class, and heterosexist biases implicit in much of our past work, which has effectively glossed over differences among women (especially) and consigned many categories of women to invisibility. Third, I have intentionally omitted a chapter on men and mascu­ linity and asked authors to take seriously the fact that there are two genders that require examination and comparison. Too often, works in gender sociology are about women only or, less frequently, men only. Just as one cannot understand the experiences, con­ straints, and consciousness of an ethnic or racial minority without understanding its rela­ tionship to the dominant group, one cannot understand those of women apart from their relationship to men, culturally defined masculinity and male-dominated institutions. In­ deed, one cannot adequately understand dominant groups without simultaneously exam­ ining their relationships to subordinate groups. Happily, the chapter authors have taken viii Preface my various suggestions seriously, to the extent that available research and space in this volume permit. Because gender permeates all aspects of sociocultural life, the breadth of our field is enormous. This is reflected in the large number of chapters (27) in this book, including discussions of virtually every social institution (the economy, the family, the polity, the legal, military
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