Non-Collider Projekte
KET Jahrestreffen Bad Honnef, 19.11.2016 Christoph Rembser (CERN)
This alk is mainly based on the “Physics beyond colliders kick-off workshop” (PBC) at CERN, September 2016, see https://indico.cern.ch/event/523655/
Non-Collider Projekte - KET Jahrestreffen, 19 November 2016 Christoph Rembser 1 New physics, experimentally
Precision Frontier*
Figure by Mikhail Shaposhnikov “New Physics below the Fermi Scale” at the Physics Beyond Colliders Kickoff workshop *added by CR 19.11.2016
Non-Collider Projekte - KET Jahrestreffen, 19 November 2016 Christoph Rembser 2 Active fundamental particle physics programme next to LHC
Approved Experiments, reviewed by the CERN SPS and PS Experiments Committee (SPSC), Status Nov. 2016 Experiment Description Comment Example: CERN AD2 (ATRAP) Precise laser or microwave spectroscopy of trapped antihydrogen AD3 (ASACUSA) Atomic Spectroscopy And Collisions Using Slow Antiprotons non-collider AD4 (ACE) Relative Biological Effectiveness of Antiproton Annihilation finished data taking AD5 (ALPHA) AD Antihydrogen spectroscopy experiments/ AD6 (AEGIS) Testing gravity with antimatter AD7 (GBAR) Testing gravity with antimatter AD8 (BASE) Comparisons of the fundamental properties of antiprotons and protons proposals, PS212 (DIRAC) Observation of mesonic atoms and tests of low energy QCD finished data taking PS PS215 (CLOUD) Influence of galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) on aerosols and clouds status Nov.2016 NA58 (COMPASS) Study of hadron structure and hadron spectroscopy NA61 (SHINE) Strong interactions, neutrinos and cosmic rays NA62 Measuring rare kaon decays NA63 SPS Electromagnetic Processes in strong Crystalline Fields NA64 Search for dark sectors in missing energy events UA9 (CRYSTAL) Crystal Channeling AWAKE Advanced Proton-Driven Plasma Wakefield Acceleration Experiment WA104 (NP01) Refurbishment of the ICARUS Detector ProtoDUNE-DP (NP02) Neutrino Prototype of a Double-Phase Liquid Argon TPC for DUNE ProtoDUNE-SP (NP04) Facility Prototype of a Single-Phase Liquid Argon TPC for DUNE Baby MIND (NP05) Prototype of a Magnetized Iron Neutrino Detector CAST non-accel. Search for Axions and Axion-like particles OSQAR Experiments Search for QED vacuum magnetic birefringence, Axions and photon Regeneration CNGS1 (OPERA) Neutrino oscillation experiment at LNGS finished data taking CNGS CNGS2 (ICARUS) Neutrino oscillation experiment at LNGS finished data taking
Proposed Experiments, LoI, EoI, Proposal, TDR to the SPSC, Status Nov. 2016
ALPHA-g (P) AD Testing gravity with antimatter IAXO (I) non-accel. Search for axions or axion-like particles (ALPs) originating in the Sun via the Primakoff conversion SHIP (P) SPS General purpose fixed target facility at the CERN SPS accelerator exploring the domain of hidden particles P349 PS Search for polarization effects in the antiproton production process ENUBET (EOI) SPS/PS New methods for precise measurements of flux in accelerator neutrino beams SHIP/NA61 (EOI) SPS μ-flux measurements for SHiP using NA61/SHINE
I245 (LOI) SPS Study of nu_tau production by measuring Ds ->tau: test of lepton universality in neutrino CC interactions EOI012 SPS Measurement of Short Living Baryon Magnetic Moment using bent crystals at SPS and LHC CR, Nov 2016 Scientific programmes of CERN non-collider experiments approved/reviewed by the SPSC up to LS2
Non-Collider Projekte - KET Jahrestreffen, 19 November 2016 Christoph Rembser 3 Neutrino masses - Fundamental
Current strongest mass limit for lightest neutrino: electron anti-neutrino < 2.2 eV, future goals: 200meV
Direct neutrino mass measurements: kinematic approach by measuring Beta decay of 3H or electron capture in 163HO; • Ho3H-based experiments: KATRIN, Project8, PTOLEMY; • 163Ho-based experiments ECHo, HOLMES, NuMECS; Some experiments need very sensitive temperature sensors, e.g. low temperature micro-calorimeters: → very small volume; → Working temperature below 100 mK, thus small specific heat and small thermal noise.
E.G. HOLMES: Transition Edge Sensors HOLMES 4✕16 linear sub-array
Technology interesting Absorber for other detectors! Sensor ΔE≈1eV and τ≈1μs Non-Collider Projekte - KET Jahrestreffen, 19 November 2016 Christoph Rembser 4 Dark Matter searches • Wide field of searches, many experiments, among for direct and indirect detection: Annual modulation with NAI Scintillators (ANAIS), Argon Dark Matter experiment (ArDM), Axion Dark Matter Experiment (ADMX), Chicagoland Observatory for Underground Particle Physics (COUPP), CDEX (China Dark matter Experiment), PANDA-X (Particle AND Astroparticle with Xenon), and TEXONO (Taiwan EXperiment On NeutrinO) Experiments, CoGeNT, Cryogenic Dark Matter Search (CDMS/SuperCDMS), Cryogenic Rare Event Search with Superconducting Thermometers (CRESST), DAMA/LIBRA, Dark Matter WIMP Search in Noble Liquids (DARWIN), Dark Matter Search Experiment with Liquid Argon Pulse Shape Discrimination (DEAP), DarkSide, Experiment for Direct Detection of WIMP Dark Matter (EDELWEISS), European Underground Rare Event Calorimeter Array (EURECA), Finding U(1)s of a Novel Kind (FUNK), Korea Invisible Mass Search (KIMS), Large Hadron Collider (LHC), LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ), Project In Canada to Search for Supersymmetric Objects (PICASSO), Superheated Instrument for Massive Particle Experiments (SIMPLE), XENON 100, XMASS, Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS), Any Light Particle Search (ALPS I and ALPS II), Astronomy with a Neutrino Telescope and Abyss environmental RESearch (ANTARES), BAIKAL Neutrino Telescope, The Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA), Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope-Large Area Telescope (FGST-LAT), General Antiparticle Spectrometer (GAPS), Heavy Photon Search (HPS), High Energy Stereoscopic System (HESS), IceCube Neutrino Observatory, The Isotope Matter Antimatter Experiment (IMAX), The Major Atmospheric Gamma-ray Imaging Cherenkov Telescopes (MAGIC), Payload for Antimatter Matter Exploration and Light-nuclei Astrophysics (PAMELA), Super-Kamiokande (SK), Very Energetic Radiation Imaging Telescope Array System (VERITAS).
interactions.org Dark Matter Hub, …very nice overview at see http://www.interactions.org/cms/?pid=1034004
Non-Collider Projekte - KET Jahrestreffen, 19 November 2016 Christoph Rembser 5 Facilities at the CERN PS: the Antiproton Decelerator AD
AD: low-energy antiprotons (5.3MeV/c, 3 107 per cycle) for studies of antimatter. Upgrade: additional ELENA (Extra Low ENergy Antiproton) ring providing 100 keV antiprotons. Experiments: ~100 times more particles per unit time.
AD Experiments: ATRAP (spectroscopy and p_bar magnetic moment), ALPHA (spectroscopy), ASACUSA (spectroscopy, atomic and nuclear collision cross sections), BASE (p_bar magnetic moment), AeGIS, GBAR and (t.b.appr.) ALPHA-g (antimatter gravity experiments)
Non-Collider Projekte - KET Jahrestreffen, 19 November 2016 Christoph Rembser 6 @AD: the BASE experiment Precise comparisons of the fundamental properties of pbar and p by measuring the cyclotron and Larmor frequencies of single trapped (anti)protons (optionally H-). Goal until 2018 : measurement of magnetic moment of the (anti)proton with precision of δg/g 10−9 (~factor1000 w.r.t. ATRAP measurement, Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 130801 – March 2013); ➡ Letter of Intent to SPS and PS Experiments Committee (SPSC) June 2012, Technical Design Report to SPSC January 2013; ➡ Recommended by SPSC and approved by the CERN Research Board: June 2013 Example on how fast things can move forward! ➡ Operation and first results: 2014.
N.B.: currently BASE is still running with pbars caught in November 2015.
C. Smorra et al., A reservoir trap for antiprotons, Int. Journ. Mass. Spec. 389, 10 (2015). Non-Collider Projekte - KET Jahrestreffen, 19 November 2016 Christoph Rembser 7 @AD: BASE (2)
All measured antiproton-to-H- cyclotron frequency ratios as a function of time. 6,521 ratios were measured in 35days.
single H- ion single antiproton
• FIRST measurement with the new apparatus: high precision comparison of the antiproton-to-proton charge-to mass ratio by comparing cyclotron frequencies of antiproton an hydrogen ions in a Penning trap, Nature. 2015;524:196–199; • 69ppt comparison of the proton/antiproton Q/M ratio ➡ succeeding Gabrielse, G. et al. “Precisionmass spectroscopy of the antiproton and proton using simultaneously trapped particles. Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 3198–3201 (1999); ➡ currently most precise test of CPT invariance with baryons. Non-Collider Projekte - KET Jahrestreffen, 19 November 2016 Christoph Rembser 8 Precise measurement of electric dipole moment
EDM describes the positive and negative charge distribution inside a particle. Aligns along the spin axis of the particle, and violates both Parity and Time Reversal. • EDM measurement requires trapping the particle/atom for a long time, e.g. in storage rings; • EDM of neutron is measured - direct measurement of charged ion EDM not yet been performed; Idea presented at PBC: Pure Electrostatic Storage Ring for proton EDM -29 • 10 e cm sensitivity would correspond to 100 TeV for new physics energy scale, pure electrostatic ring applicable to proton only.
talks by Themis at PBC Bowcock workshop and ➣ Mei Bai
Non-Collider Projekte - KET Jahrestreffen, 19 November 2016 Christoph Rembser 9 Mu3E Experiment at PSI • Search for lepton flavour violating decay (A.Blondel et al., arXiv:1301.6113) ➡ BR(μ+ → e+ e+ e- ) < 10-12 (SINDRUM 1986)
➡ BR(μ+ → e+ e+ e- ) < 10-15 (phase I, PiE5 beamline)
➡ BR(μ+ → e+ e+ e- ) < 10-16 (phase II, High Intensity Muon beamline)
➣ see http://www.physi.uni-heidelberg.de/Forschung/he/mu3e/
Main technological Challenges: • Large area (1m2) monolithic pixel detectors with X/X0 = 0.1% per tracking layer; Status/Plans: • Novel helium gas cooling concept; • Technical Design Report end of 2016; • Thin scintillating fibre detector with ≤ 1mm • Detector construction will start in 2017; thickness; • Delivery of solenoid magnet mid 2018; • Timing resolution 100-500 ps; • Commissioning of two inner HV-MAPS pixel layers • Filter farm reconstructing and processing 108-109 in 2018; tracks per second. • First physics data (Phase I) in 2019. Non-Collider Projekte - KET Jahrestreffen, 19 November 2016 Christoph Rembser 10 + + _ Rare decays: NA62 measures BR(K →� ��)
Kaons are special: the theoretical predictions are precise …and the experimental window of opportunity is largely unexplored
SPS primary p: 400 GeV/c Unsepared beam: LAV:'' INFN • 75 GeV/c Large'Angle'Photon'Veto' SAV' • 750 MHz Small'Angle''Veto' • π/K/p (~6% K+) CHOD' CHANTI Charged' Hodoscope' Target' Beam line: • CEDAR: K ID CEDAR' π • Gigatracker: beam particle ID K • CHANTI: Charged particle veto
Gigatracker'(GTK)' Detector region: Measure'Kaon:' LKr' MUV' pion tracks: straws •Time' • •Angles' Straw' RICH' • particle ID: LKr, RICH •Momentum ' Decay'Region'65m' Tracker' • muon rejection: MUV • photon rejection: LKr, LAV, SAV Total'Length'270m' • K+ rate: 11 MHz Data taking in progress and foreseen until LS2 (end of 2018)
Non-Collider Projekte - KET Jahrestreffen, 19 November 2016 Christoph Rembser 11 _ NA62 physics besides K+→�+��
NA62 collaboration: ~230 authors incl. ~20 students
Spadaro at PBC workshop ➣ talk by Tommaso Slide from
Non-Collider Projekte - KET Jahrestreffen, 19 November 2016 Christoph Rembser 12 Perspectives; an example from NA62
Search for visible decays of dark photons A’
90%-CL exclusion plot with assumption of 2*1018 protons on target @400GeV for the search for displaced, leptonic decays dark photons to ee and μμ, including trigger/acceptance/selection efficiency and zero-background assumption. Even higher sensitivity when including including direct QCD production of A’ and when including A’ production in the dump (only Spadaro at PBC workshop target considered here) ➣ talk by Tommaso
Non-Collider Projekte - KET Jahrestreffen, 19 November 2016 Christoph Rembser 13 @SPS: NA64 Search for dark sector physics in missing-energy events with an active beam dump experiment; ➡ Test run in 2015 to validate detector; ➡ 2016: direct search for massive dark photons (A') which decay predominantly invisibly into lighter dark matter particles.
level of A’ production <10-12 - 10-9/e-
Signature: • in: 100 GeV e- track;
at PBC workshop • out: < 50 GeV e-m shower in ECAL; • no energy in the Veto and HCAL. ➣ talk by Sergei Gninenko Non-Collider Projekte - KET Jahrestreffen, 19 November 2016 Christoph Rembser 14 NA64 - interesting prospects! • Experiment and background tested, one week of beam test, June 2016, results at https://arxiv.org/abs/1604.08432 ➡ SPS H4 secondary electrons: ~ 3 -4 * 106 per SPS spill; ➡ zero background.
➡ O(month) of running to be sensitive to significant part of allowed phase space for dark photons. NA64 exp. Will be interesting to see results from NA64 physics run: 4 weeks October/November
Non-Collider Projekte - KET Jahrestreffen, 19 November 2016 Christoph Rembser 15 Proposal in SPSC review: SHiP • General purpose beam dump facility with 400 GeV protons from the SPS, to explore the domain of hidden particles with masses below O(10) GeV. Also ideal for �� physics (DS→� ��); • BSM theories with a new energy scale; • R-parity violating SUSY, s-goldstinos (that have escaped detection); • Models with a dark sector (vector-, Higgs-, neutrino- and axion-portals); • BSM theories with no new physics between Fermi and Planck scales (nMSM); • Explains all experimental shortcomings of the SM at once by adding 3 heavy neutral leptons; Neutrino physics; • see http://ship.web.cern.ch/ship/ • �� cross section measurement; • First observation of anti-��.
➣ and M. Calvianitalks by A. Golutvin in PBC workshop
Long vacuum vessel, ~5m diameter, ~50m length; ~10m long magnetic spectrometer plus low material tracking chambers
Non-Collider Projekte - KET Jahrestreffen, 19 November 2016 Christoph Rembser 16 Non-accelerator experiments Two world-class experiments on CERN site searching for axions and axion-like particles. Experiments benefit from CERN expertise on cryogeny, magnets, detector technology: • CAST (A Solar Axion Search Using a Decommissioned LHC Test Magnet) • OSQAR (Optical Search for QED vacuum magnetic birefringence, Axions and photon Regeneration) Best limit for axion-photon coupling Example: CAST solar axion search
CAST: ~45 collaborators CAST in 2016: search for solar Chameleons using a novel incl. 3 PhD students force sensor with thin membrane inside a resonant Fabry-Perot cavity (KWISP)
Non-Collider Projekte - KET Jahrestreffen, 19 November 2016 Christoph Rembser 17 CAST - a chance for new detectors
photon
2 X-ray photons of a 55Fe source
Cosmic ray track
E.g. InGrid Detectors ● Micromegas built on top of a CMOS ASIC bump bond pads of the ASIC are used as charge collection pads; ● built and operated by Uni Bonn; ● excellent low background/low noise detector for detecting single photons!
Non-Collider Projekte - KET Jahrestreffen, 19 November 2016 Christoph Rembser 18 Next step: IAXO?
IAXO – Conceptual design Axion/ALP parameter space
• Large toroidal 8-coil magnet L = ~20 m; Currently TDR in progress • 8 bores: 600 mm diameter each; • demonstration coil magnet; • prototype x-ray optics; • 8 x-ray telescopes + 8 detection systems; • prototype low background detector setup is testing • Rotating platform with services. different technologies for detector; • Studies to refine IAXO physics case and additional physics potential; Consolidate and structure collaboration. Non-Collider Projekte - KET Jahrestreffen, 19 November 2016 Christoph Rembser 19 @SPS: NA61 NA61 data set of NA61 measures the production of strong interaction programme hadrons in different types of collisions
• Strong interactions programme: Nucleus-nucleus (heavy-ion) collisions to investigate properties of the transition line between quark-gluon plasma and hadron gas (deconfinement);
Note: becausesome special of special available fragmented beam! • Neutrinos and cosmic ray programme: Hadron-nucleus interactions to determine neutrino beam properties and to model cosmic ray showers NA61/Shine Data taking since 2007 150 authors incl. ~25 students HI interaction seen by the NA61 detector Non-Collider Projekte - KET Jahrestreffen, 19 November 2016 Christoph Rembser 20 Hadron production data for neutrino experiments Example:
see:
and
http://inspirehep.net/record/1431983?ln=en
http://inspirehep.net/record/1121706?ln=en
long target → rates at various positions along the length:
,
Non-Collider Projekte - KET Jahrestreffen, 19 November 2016 Christoph Rembser 21 A word on accelerator R&D: AWAKE Advanced Proton Driven Plasma Wakefield Acceleration experiment in former CNGS tunnel Goal: proof-of-principle of the approach to accelerate electron beam to TeV energy regime in a single plasma section
e- spectrometer Laser RF gun Plasma cell e- 10m p Proton beam dump Proton SPS SMI Acceleration Laser diagnostics protons dump plasma& gas& proton&bunch& electron&bunch& laser&pulse&
• 16 June 2016 first proton beam extraction from SPS to AWAKE
Beam TV screen image of the proton beam Non-Collider Projekte - KET Jahrestreffen, 19 November 2016 Christoph Rembser 22 Accelerator R&D: opportunities for physics experiments?
AWAKE Collaboration: ~90 authors ~15 master/PhD students
AWAKE experiment looking upstream • Until LS2: demonstrate modulation of a proton bunch and generation of strong fields in a plasma driven by a proton bunch; • Plans beyond LS2: ➞ Demonstrate acceleration of electrons while preserving electron beam quality; ➞ Demonstrate scalability of the AWAKE concept (develop solutions for sustaining gradients of significant distances, keep stable acceleration, design scalable length plasma sources and study pre-bunching of the proton beam. • After LS3: First application of SPS proton beam driven plasma wakefield accelerator ➞50-100GeV/c electrons, used for fixed target experiments or for low-luminosity version of LHeC. ➣ talk by Matthew Wing in PBC
Non-Collider Projekte - KET Jahrestreffen, 19 November 2016 Christoph Rembser 23 New: Extension of CERN North Area for neutrino detector R&D
The neutrino platform at CERN is currently constructed to develop and prototype the next generation of neutrino Liquid Argon (LAr) detectors
~60m per beam line [30m high-energy + 30m VLE] Cryostat for Cryostat for single phase LAr TPC double phase LAr TPC prototype prototype (ProtoDUNE-SP) H2-VLE ext (ProtoDUNE-DP)
reconstruction H4-VLE ext is (still) automatic track N.B.: Challenge for LArTPCs
beams available 2018
H2 extension: 1(0.5)÷12 GeV tertiary beam, H4 extension: 1(0.2)÷7(10)GeV tertiary beam Beam characteristics: Secondary beam of 80Gev (π/p, or e) produces the tertiary low-energy beams on a secondary target VLE beams: mixed hadrons (π±, μ±, K±, p), ~pure electron (e±) beams Non-Collider Projekte - KET Jahrestreffen, 19 November 2016 Christoph Rembser 24 Conclusions • The current non-collider experiments are an excellent and very active part in the landscape of front-line physics. Detectors and computing! • They are vital for the exploration and understanding of ✦ novel phenomena ✦ and investigating rare processes ✦ using high statistics and stunning precision. • The experiments investigate fundamental questions using a complementary approach to e.g. the LHC • and carry out important measurements for future projects. • It is worth to follow study group “Physics beyond Colliders” - workshops/discussions in the next years to give recommendations to next update to the European Strategy for Particle Physics in 2019 / 2020. • In Non-Collider projects, innovative technologies and methods are often applied for the first time! Make use of this! • The experiments provide excellent ground for educating future experimental particle physicists!
Non-Collider Projekte - KET Jahrestreffen, 19 November 2016 Christoph Rembser 25 Backup & additional slides
Non-Collider Projekte - KET Jahrestreffen, 19 November 2016 Christoph Rembser 26 Test beam facilities in the world
Test beams* in the world, status September 2016
Laboratory Number of beam lines Particles Energy range Diagnostics etc. Availability Information, contacts & comments
Example: PS and SPS test Threshold Cherencov, scintillators, CERN / PS 2 e, h, µ (sec.) 0.5 - 10 GeV/c MWPCs, delay wire chambers, (CH) scintillators, magnet, movable platform 9 months per year, contact beam time request and scheduling: continous except winter shutdown [email protected] Duty cycle depends on http://sps-schedule.web.cern.ch/sps-schedule/ beams in the East and p (prim.) 400 GeV/c delay wire chambers, PS / SPS / LHC operation contact beam lines: e, h, µ (sec.) 10 - <400 GeV/c filament scanners, mode and is typical [email protected] CERN / SPS 4 e, h (tert.) 10 - 200 GeV/c XEMC calorimeters, * PS ~1-3% http://sba.web.cern.ch/sba/ (CH) Pb ions (prim) Threshold & CEDAR, * SPS: 20-40% provide world- other ion species 20 - 400 GeV/c hodoscopes, North Areas (out of fragmented proton equivalent magnet, movable platform primary Pb ions) (z=1)
25-750 MeV/c wide unique opportunities DAFNE BTF e+/e- both Rep Rate 50Hz calorimeter, silicon pixel, depending on DAFNE schedule, contact: [email protected], [email protected] Frascati, 1 primaries and 1-40 ns remote trolley, gas system, HV, trigger from 25 to 35 weeks/year info at: http://www.lnf.infn.it/acceleratori/btf (IT) secondaries 1 to 1010p/pulse http://www.lnf.infn.it/acceleratori/padme
to develop novel DESY e+, e- (sec.) 1 - 6 GeV/c Trigger systems 10 months per year, contact: [email protected] (D) 3 e- (prim., 6.3 GeV/c and beam telescopes, Duty cycle ~ 50% http:// testbeam.desy.de planned for 201X) magnet (~1T)
technologies, to test and photons (tagged) 0.7-1.2 GeV/c ELPH (Sendai) 2 e+, e- (conv.) 0.1-1.0 GeV/c 2 months/year contact: Toshimi Suda ([email protected]) (JP) beam rate < 500kHz info: http://hayabusa1.lns.tohoku.ac.jp/en/users/?id=a5 calibrate particle detectors (typical rate: 2kHz) p (prim.) 120 GeV/c Cherencov, TOF, contact: [email protected] FERMILAB/FTBF 2 e, h, µ (sec.) 1-66 GeV/c pb-glass calorimeters, 24 hrs/day http://ftbf.fnal.gov/ (US) h (tert.) 200-500 MeV MWPC, Si Tracker, 6% duty cycle contact: Mandy Rominsky ([email protected]) Beamtime slots in the North Area see website for more Erik Ramberg ([email protected])
120 IHEP Bejing e (prim.) 1.1 - 2.5 GeV/c MWPC, TOF Availability: 3 mouths per year, (CN) 2 e (sec.) 100 - 300 MeV/c Cherencov, duty cycle depends on BEPCII contact: Hu Tao ([email protected]) p, π (sec.) 0.4 - 1.2 GeV/c CAMAC system, platform operation mode
100 98 IHEP Protvino p (prim), 70 GeV/c Cherenkov, two months per year (RU) 5 p, K, π, µ, e (sec.) 1-45 GeV/c TOF, MWPC duty cycle (U-70 machine): contact: Alexandre Zaitsev ([email protected]) 90 C-12 (prim) 6-300 GeV/c 15-30%
82 80 no dedicated lines for test beams 77 KEK / JPARC contact: Masaharu Ieiri ([email protected]) (JP) http://j-parc.jp/researcher/Hadron/en/index.html 68 67 Fuji beam line in KEKB main ring unavailable 62 KEK / Tsukuba until Super KEKB will resume operation 60 58 58 (JP) http://www.kek.jp/ja/Facility/IPNS/K11BeamLine/ 56 51 48 47 50-450 MeV/c, rate <109 sec-1 44 45 PSI / 20nsec structure beam time allocated by programme committee 40 41 40 40 41 38 38 piE1, piM1, etc. 2-4 π+-, µ+-, e+-, p continuous beam 6-8 months per year (twice per year) 36 36 37 33 33 33 (CH) at very high rate contact: Davide Reggiani ([email protected]) 29 26 24 24 25 23 23 PSI / PIF 5 - 230 MeV/c 11 months per year, contact: Wojtek Hajdas ([email protected]) 20 20 19 19 20 19 19 9 -1 17 18 18 (CH) 1 p max. current 2 - 5 nA, rate <10 sec , mostly during weekends 16 15 16 8 -2 -1 13 typ. flux 10 cm sec for wide beam, 12 11 12 10 9 9 9 9 9 energy, beam spot and flux selectable by user 78 7 4 4 5 5 0 SLAC 1 e (prim.) 2.5 - 15 GeV/c 9 months per year, contact: Carsten Hast ([email protected]) 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 (US) e (sec.) 1 - 14 GeV/c 50% duty cycle https://slacportal.slac.stanford.edu/sites/ard_public/tfd/ SPS test beamssps lhc other increasing,total SPRING-8, photons (tagged) 1.5 - 3.0 GeV/c contact: Takashi Nakano ([email protected]) Compton Facility 1 e+, e- (conv.) 0.4 - 3.0 GeV/c >60 days per year http://www.spring8.or.jp/en/ PS test beams ~constant 35-50 (JP) *Beam lines with beams of energies higher than 100 MeV/c CR, Aug 2016
Non-Collider Projekte - KET Jahrestreffen, 19 November 2016 Christoph Rembser 27 Energy frontier: LHC roadmap according to MTP 2016-2020*
Long Shutdown (LS)
*outline LHC schedule out to 2035 presented by Frederick Bordry to the SPC and FC June 2015
Non-Collider Projekte - KET Jahrestreffen, 19 November 2016 Christoph Rembser 28 Experimental facility at the CERN Booster: ISOLDE
• ISOLDE (Isotope Separator On Line DEvice): radioactive ion beams (>1000 isotopes, more than 70 chemical elements) for experiments in nuclear and atomic physics, solid-state physics, materials and life sciences, 30-60 keV and MeV/u ion beam see http://isolde.web.cern.ch/ ; eV energy spread and small emiPance Possibility to bunch beam (µs bunches) Many fixed and travelling setups HRS • REX-ISOLDE: post- target and separator accelerated nuclei covering REX-trap GPS mass range from He to U for RILIS target and separator reaction studies and Coulomb ISCOOL excitation with energies up to HIE-ISOLDE linac REX linac VITO 1.4 GeV protons 3 MeV/u; NICOLE TAS XT01 XT02 GLM GHM HIE-ISOLDE: post- MINIBALL LA2 LA1 • IDS CRIS accelerating radioactive ion ISOLTRAP COLLAPS Travelling setups
beams with up to 10 MeV/u. HIE-ISOLDE running last year. 2016: Starting physics in September since. and accelerates radioactive beam at 5MeV/u Non-Collider Projekte - KET Jahrestreffen, 19 November 2016 Christoph Rembser 29 Search for new physics at ISOLDE
• An example: are there supersymmetric (SUSY) particles?
Indirect search: measuring electromagnetic dipole moment of an atom. Expect strong contributions if there is SUSY: 225Ra EDM to the 10−27 e . cm level -25 -26 Current experimental limits e.g. |dTl| < 9x10 e·cm or |dn| < 3x10 e·cm
➣ talk by Klaus Blaum at PBC workshop Non-Collider Projekte - KET Jahrestreffen, 19 November 2016 Christoph Rembser 30 Perspectives; an example from NA62
Search for visible decays of heavy neutral leptons
90%-CL exclusion plot with assumption of 2*1018 protons on target @400GeV for the search for displaced, leptonic decays HNL to πe and πμ, including trigger/acceptance/selection efficiency and zero- background assumption. Even higher sensitivity when including search for other decay channels (semileptonic, hadronic modes). Spadaro at PBC workshop ➣ talk by Tommaso
Non-Collider Projekte - KET Jahrestreffen, 19 November 2016 Christoph Rembser 31 The European Strategy for Particle Physics - Update 2013
... f. Rapid progress in neutrino oscillation physics, with significant European involvement, has established a strong scientific case for a long-baseline neutrino programme exploring CP violation and the mass hierarchy in the neutrino sector. CERN should develop a neutrino programme to pave the way for a substantial European role in future long-baseline experiments. Europe should explore the possibility of major participation in leading long-baseline neutrino projects in the US and Japan. ... h. Experiments studying quark flavour physics, investigating dipole moments, searching for charged-lepton flavour violation and performing other precision measurements at lower energies, such as those with neutrons, muons and antiprotons, may give access to higher energy scales than direct particle production or put fundamental symmetries to the test. They can be based in national laboratories, with a moderate cost and smaller collaborations. Experiments in Europe with unique reach should be supported, as well as participation in experiments in other regions of the world. … (j) A range of important non-accelerator experiments take place at the overlap of particle and astroparticle physics, such as searches for proton decay, neutrinoless double beta decay and dark matter, and the study of high-energy cosmic-rays. These experiments address fundamental questions beyond the Standard Model of particle physics. The exchange of information between CERN and ApPEC has progressed since 2006. In the coming years, CERN should seek a closer collaboration with ApPEC on detector R&D with a view to maintaining the community’s capability for unique projects in this field. … k. A variety of research lines at the boundary between particle and nuclear physics require dedicated experiments. The CERN Laboratory should maintain its capability to perform unique experiments. CERN should continue to work with NuPECC on topics of mutual interest. Non-Collider Projekte - KET Jahrestreffen, 19 November 2016 Christoph Rembser 32 The "Physics Beyond Colliders” Study Group
Context: preparations for the next update to the European Strategy for Particle Physics in 2019 / 2020. Extract from the mandate: CERN Management wishes to launch an exploratory study aimed at exploiting the full scientific potential of its accelerator complex and other scientific infrastructure through projects complementary to the LHC and HL-LHC and to possible future colliders. These projects would target fundamental physics questions that are similar in spirit to those addressed by high-energy colliders, but that require different types of beams and experiments. This study should provide input for the future of CERN’s scientific diversity programme, which today consists of several facilities and experiments at the Booster, PS and SPS, over the period until ~2040. … ➞ “Physics Beyond Colliders” kick-off workshop: https://indico.cern.ch/event/523655/
Past meetings on experiments not directly related to the LHC programme that could be carried out at CERN: • SPSC Villars Meeting on a Future Fixed Target Programme at CERN, Sept 2004, see http://indico.cern.ch/event/418875/ • New Opportunities in the Physics Landscape at CERN, May 2009, see http://indico.cern.ch/event/51128/
Non-Collider Projekte - KET Jahrestreffen, 19 November 2016 Christoph Rembser 33 Irradiation & test beam facilities • At the PS/East Area: ➡ IRRAD: primary proton irradiation, beam parameters: proton beam momentum 24GeV, max. 5*1011 protons per spill, up to1018 protons per year, see https://irradiation.web.cern.ch/irradiation/ ; ➡ CHARM (Cern High energy AcceleRator Mixed field facility): downstream of IRRAD, proton beam on target creates any radiation environments found in the accelerator chain, see http://charm.web.cern.ch/CHARM/ ; • At the SPS: ➡ HiRadMat (High-Radiation to Materials): high-intensity pulsed beams to test material samples as well as accelerator component assemblies can be tested, see https://espace.cern.ch/hiradmat-sps/Wiki%20Pages/Home.aspx ; 137 ➡ GIF++ (Gamma Irradiation Facility): located in the North Area. Combines 15 TBq Cs source with a high-energy particle beam from the SPS H4 beam line to allow detector tests in high multiplicity environment and detector ageing tests, see https://gif-irrad.web.cern.ch/gif-irrad/ ; ➡ CERF (CERN-EU high-energy Reference Field): located in the North Area providing a neutron field for characterisaion of dosimetry at commercial flight altitudes and in space, see https://cerf-dev.web.cern.ch/ .
Non-Collider Projekte - KET Jahrestreffen, 19 November 2016 Christoph Rembser 34 NA61: Study of properties of onset of deconfinement
Example: For Pb+Pb, sharp peak (“horn”) in energy dependent K+/�+ ratio due to onset of deconfinment expected (APPB 30, 2705 (1999)): Measurement of energy dependence of the K+/�+ ratios at mid-rapidity for p+p interactions and central Pb+Pb/Au+Au collisions. Hadrons Mixed
AGS SPS RHIC
collision energy see CERN-SPSC-2014-031 Non-Collider Projekte - KET Jahrestreffen, 19 November 2016 Christoph Rembser 35 @SPS: COMPASS
Study of hadron structure and hadron spectroscopy with high intensity muon and hadron beams.
Data taking started summer 2002, since 2010 measurements to study the structure of hadrons in Deep Virtual Compton Scattering (DVCS), Hard Exclusive Meson Production, semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering, Polarized Drell-Yan and Primakoff reactions. Two-stage spectrometer Main spectrometer upgrades during• large last angular2 years: acceptance 1. Superconducting magnet polarised •target; broad kinematical range MuonWall 2. New system of MicroMega tracking• ~250000detectors channels with pixelized central parts; • > 1000 TB/year SM2 5. New high granularity shashlyk-type calorimeter E/HCAL ECal0 read out by micro-pixel avalanche E/HCAL photodiodes 6. Recoil proton detector upgraded with new incl. 50 m internal scintillating barrel; SM1 MuonWall 7. RICH1 detector upgrade with novel photon detectors: Micro- Megas + thick GEM hybrid - curr. 240 members, Target RICH ~60PhD and ~15 1/4 of detector replaced; Master students 8. New Sci-FI based Vertex Beam 2-stage spectrometer: detector for first ever polarized RPD Drell-Yan data set (successfully “LAS”: 35 mrad < θ < 180 mrad collected in 2015). [COMPASS, P. Abbon et al., NIM A 577, 455 (2007)] “SAS”: 18 mrad < θ < 35 mrad ~350 tracking planes
Non-Collider Projekte - KET Jahrestreffen, 19 November 2016 Christoph Rembser 36 Example COMPASS hadron spectroscopy What is the hierarchy or spectrum of particles that quarks and gluons can form? raw%data% a2er%PWA% πf2% πf0%
Flat%wave%
(ππ)S π%
ρ(770)π# Art taken from Urs Wehrli: “Kunst aufgeräumt” Idea: Stephan Paul
longitudinal excitation) longitudinal partial wave analysis of measured spectrum, “energy”state compound of 3 examples of major waves used for fit (quantum number composed of radial/ of composed number (quantum radial excitation
Discovery of the (was a1(1420) axial-vector meson not predicted by Lattice QCD calc.) see Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 082001
Non-Collider Projekte - KET Jahrestreffen, 19 November 2016 Christoph Rembser 37 Example COMPASS hadron structure ● Internal dynamics of the objects as protons is not understood, i.e. if it comes to spin (contribution of gluons and orbital angular momentum) Contributions to the spin of the proton • naive QPM: only valence quarks ∆qv • QCD: sea quarks and gluons ∆qs, ∆G • orbital angular momentum Lq, L g Spin of proton = 1/2, with ∆∑= ∆u + ∆d + ∆s:
1/2 = 1/2·∆∑ + 1·∆G +
Non-Collider Projekte - KET Jahrestreffen, 19 November 2016 Christoph Rembser 38 @SPS(and LHC): UA9 crystal channeling
Bent crystals allow deflecting particles by coherent interaction: ➡ large angle deflection also at high energy, θc √(2U0/E) #10 µrad@270 GeV ➡ θc = $ reduced interaction probability (e.g. diffractive events); % 2µrad@7 TeV
➡ reduced impedance (less secondary collimators,…) € θch αbending BUT ➡ small angular acceptance, ➡ concentration of the losses on a single absorber. Very successful MDs during 2015/2016: ➡ Channeling observed for the first time at the LHC with protons and ions at 450 GeV; ➡ Channeling observed with protons at 6.5 TeV, see Physics Letters B758(2016)129–133;
The dependence of the beam losses observed with the BLM downstream of crystal (curve 1) for the LHC coasting beam of 6500GeV/c protons. Curves 2 and 3 are simulations,
loss reduction about ~24 ➣see talks tomorrow by Stefano Redaelli and Walter Scandale
Non-Collider Projekte - KET Jahrestreffen, 19 November 2016 Christoph Rembser 39 A glimpse of NA62 data
The squared missing mass, reconstructed under The particle identification of the the hypothesis that the charged combined track is a pion, vs. tracking and RICH spectrometers track momentum for decays of particles tagged to be kaons
Non-Collider Projekte - KET Jahrestreffen, 19 November 2016 Christoph Rembser 40 @AD: ASACUSA & ALPHA ATRAP, ALPHA, and ASACUSA use essentially similar methods but ATRAP and ALPHA: anti-hydrogen at rest; ASACUSA: beam of anti-hydrogen for hyperfine transition studies in low magnetic fields. Examples: ALPHA apparatus • ALPHA: very first spectroscopy of an anti-matter atom demonstrating the observation of resonant quantum transitions in anti- hydrogen by manipulating the internal spin state, Nature 483, Number of ‘appearance mode’ annihilation events, 439 (2012). microwave power is first applied at time t = 0.
• ASACUSA: two-photon laser spectroscopy of antiprotonic helium and precise measurement of antiproton-to-electron mass ratio, Nature 475, 484–488 (2011). Agreement within a fractional precision of <1.3 p.p.b. with the p-to-e values measured in previous experiments.
Non-Collider Projekte - KET Jahrestreffen, 19 November 2016 Christoph Rembser 41 The CERN accelerator complex
Non-Collider Projekte - KET Jahrestreffen, 19 November 2016 Christoph Rembser 42 The SPS and PS experiments Committee (SPSC)
• The SPSC reviews and makes recommendations on Proposals submitted to it, for Fixed Target Experiments at CERN. At the request of the CERN management, the SPSC may also review and make recommendations for other Proposals and Experiments; • The SPSC recommendations are sent to the Research Board (RB), which takes the decisions; • Current Chair of the SPSC is Claude Vallee; more details on the SPSC and its members see http://committees.web.cern.ch/committees/spsc/welcome.html ➡ SPSC is excellent starting point to establish contacts at CERN, especially as representatives from the accelerators, the experimental areas, theory and IT as well as the PS/SPS physics coordinator are committee members. • other scientific committees at CERN, see http://committees.web.cern.ch/Committees/ : ➡ INTC - ISOLDE and Neutron Time-of-Flight Experiments Committee; ➡ LHCC - LHC Experiments Committee; ➡ REC - Recognised Experiments Committee; ➡ Approval of Experiments at CERN: Research Board.
Non-Collider Projekte - KET Jahrestreffen, 19 November 2016 Christoph Rembser 43 Particle Physics Landscape Understanding of the “known”: High energy frontier hadronic matter Non-accelerator deconfinement, hadron structure, dark matter, double beta decay, non-perturbative QCD astroparticles
Intensity/precision frontier: R&D for accelerators low energy heavy flavours, rare decays, antiprotons, isotopes and detectors Intensity frontier: Neutrinos Multidisciplinary masses and mass hierarchy climate, medicine
This talk: mainly based on the “Physics beyond colliders kick-off workshop” PBC at CERN, September 2016, see https://indico.cern.ch/event/523655/
(Past meetings on experiments not directly related to the LHC programme that could be carried out at CERN: ➞ SPSC Villars Meeting on a Future Fixed Target Programme at CERN, Sept 2004, see http://indico.cern.ch/event/418875/ ; ➞ New Opportunities in the Physics Landscape at CERN, May 2009, see http://indico.cern.ch/event/51128/ .)
CERNs Physics Programme 1 November 2016 Christoph Rembser 44