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Honors Projects Theatre Arts, School of
1969
The Educational Radio Media
James L. Tungate '69
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Recommended Citation Tungate '69, James L., "The Educational Radio Media" (1969). Honors Projects. 12. https://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/theatre_honproj/12
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ARCHIVES 3 36 192�b� The Edgcational Radio Media / James L. Tgngate II
Submitted for Honors Work In the Department of Speech Illinois Wesleyan University Bloomington, Illinois 1969
w.rttnoIn Wesleyan Unl'v. tTOrarI'o Eloomington, Ill. 61701 Accepted by the Department o� Speech of Illinois Wesleyan University in Yalfillment of the requirement for Departmental Honors
Date TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
LIST OF TA BLES. • • • • • • • •• • co • • . .. . • • • iv
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS • • co • • • • • .. • co • • co • • v
.. .. 1 INTRODUCTION. . " . . • • • . . .. • • . • • • · ..
Chapter 1 I. MEDIA FUNCTION ••••• •••••••••• 0 2
II. MEDIA FUNCTION FROM THE INSIDE . • • . .. • • • 20
III. EDUCATIONAL RADIO AND THE FCC ••• 0 •• co • • 25
IV. EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMMING • • • • • · . . .. . • • 31
. . V. THE OOLLEGE FM "INDUSTRY". co • · . ' • • • • 49
. . .. . VI. SIGN-OFF 10 • • .. .. • >0 • · .. . . · .. • 69
APPENDIX I ••• • • • • • • • co • • • · .. • 72
APPENDIX II ...... • • • • • • • • co •
...... 113 BIBLIOGRAPHY. • • • • ., . . \II . :USm' OF '&BLEB
Table
1. SAMPLE'; PROGBAM LOG•• •• •••• • • • ••••••••• • • • • • • 29
2� SAMPLE'; mCHNICAL LOG• •••••••• • •• •••••••••• • • 30,
3. WNTHf WEEDAY PROGR.AMJ[ING...... 46'
4. KPFK PROGRAM PROFlLE� ••• •• •• •••• •• • ••• •• • ••• 41 5. wan PROG�•• ••• ••••••••••••••••••• ••••-�
1T LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS elate Page
52 I. Gate s Transmitting Equipment . • • • • • • ••
v · ,
INTRODUCTION TO RADIO: VOICE$FROMPAST AND PRESENT
The undeniable affect of radio on the nation!s econo ....
my, social structure, att itudes and behavior, not to mention
mar keting , bl.1siness and industry, and the entertainment field
has been great. But the modern broadcaster has a rather u t un iq e problem�a problem of commanica ion . All of the
national effect s of radio have caused the broadcaster to
constamtly review and up..-date his knowledge in legal and
social areas of developaent, as well as technical advance ... a ment.... Since eh nge occurs so rapidly and so often in all
three, the communication problem becomes even mor e acu.te.
Broadcast texts of five years ago , for inst ance , only
predicted tbe exteasi". u.se of vide. tapiftg (VTR) in
television , and hinted of Ilsing tape cartridges in radio;
legal developments set forth by the FCC are equally
dramatic, as well as recent sociological changes sparked
by people like Marshall McLuhan,.,
i It seems that the indllstry (noncollmercial in c luded )
all too ofte·n ignores this third area of sociologyI!' The
questions of UWhy?" become overlooked for the "How?" 2
questions.. Whereas "Why?il is often only considered by
the commercial broadcaster aro und the tim. of license
renewal, it!s a q"•• tion taat the edtlcational broadcaster
SROQld, not ignore by virtu. of the adjective that classifies
his funetio"--"'t!ducational."
the noncommercial station really lunctions the sam.
as afty co_ereial station, with the excep-tiom of th.is
"Why?" questio_; it is a fraternal twin , tIIorm of CGml1lOft
circumstances, with the sa •• diversity Of "parents."
The remainder of this chapter will examine and trace
the radio heritage.*
In the 1860's James Clerk Maxwell, a Scotsman. pre"!!"
,dieted the existence of radio waves. Two decades later
Heinrich Hert2 in Germany delllOnstrated that rapid varia"'!!
tions of electric current can be projected into space in
the form of waves not unlike those of heat and light ..
In l89S Marceni tr ansmitted radio signals for a short
distance and , at the turn of th e centlilry, conducted sue ...
cessfal transatlantic tests. In 1907 Lee DeFer est patented
what is now known as the vac,,,,'. tube. The first practical
application of radio was for ship..,to-ship and ship""toMshore
telegraphic com.unications; this was first termed as use
of the "wireless.ft ADlerican use of the tera "'r adio" is
*General tIlaterial obtained from "'Broadcast Primer: Evolution of Broadcasting," Information Bulletin No. 2 ..B., published by the FCC in, 1946..;. addi.t..iona 1 FCC documents; and Robert Hillard, Radio �ioadcasting(New York: Hastings, 1967). 3
traced to about 1912 when the Navy, believing that "wire-
less" '*'_ too inc lusive, adopted t he word "radiotelegra.ph."
Tho149P the British still use the older term, "radio" continues
to be the American designation. The word tlbroadcastU
stems from early United. States naval reference to the
t'broadcast" of orders to the fleet.
The first voice broad.cast is subject to debatej
claims to that distinction range from uHello Rainey,"
. ••il! to have been sent by Stubblefield to a partner
in a demonstration near Murray, Kentuck� in 1892, to an
impromptu program from Brant RoCk, Massaeha�tt � by :. /1 ttessenden$.n 1906, which w� s picl Thw!i�.ire other early experimental aud io tranS1Gissions, h suc as DeForest putting the singer Caruso on the air in 1910 and transatlantic tests by the Navy st ation at . , Arlin9�ol'l' Virginia in 1915, but it was not until after ) . ir Wor 1d War I that r.gular br'oadcast ing began. The f st broadcasting station is likewise a mat •.ar of conflic ting claims. This is due largely to the f·aot that some pione�r AM b roadc a s t stations developed from experimental A operations. l though KDKA Pittsburgh did not receive a regdl ar br oadcast ing license until NQvember 7, 1921, it illrnished programs experimentalJ;y p1:'ior to tl'1at "'te. 4 Records of the Departllent of Commerce., which then super .... vised radio , indicate that the first station issued a regular broadcasting license was WBZ Springfield, Massa chuetts, on September IS, 1921. There was experimental network operation over tele phone lines as euly as 1922,. In ' that year WJZ now New York, andWNAC Boston, picked up a footba ll galle froll Chicago. Later,' that sa•• year WEAF and, WGY were con.ected with KDKA Pittsburgh, allld KYW Chicago, to carry talk s mad. at a dinner in New York. Presiden t Coo l idge's message to Congress was broadcast by six stations in 1923. In ltZ6 the National Broadcasting Collpany started the first regular network with 24 stations . Its first coas:t:��o�T9��t !'lookup, in 1927, br.ac:Jc::�st a football game;." ,Ill th� l�tter year, the Colu1llb!a aroadeasting 5ys ... tell w�� organized. The first rotlnd""the... world broadcast was made froll Schenect ady in 1930. The history of broadeasting is filled, of course, with various ,laws and regu1atiens; there was a Wireless Ship Act of 1910 which applied to use of radio by ship s, but the Radio Act of 1912 was the first domestic law for the control of radio in general. It made the then secre tary of commerce and labor responsible tor licensing rad.io 5 stations and. p o erators . Early broadcasting was experimental and" therefore, noncommercial. In 1919 broadcasters were enabled to operate as limited comaereial stations. 1ft 1922 the "wavelength" of 360 meters (abou.t 830 kilohertz ) was assigned fqr the transmission of ftimportant news items, entertainment, lectures, serllOns. and si1li1ar matter .ft i'F(!f:.) Reco_end,ations of the first National Radio Con... r f by ference in 1922 esulted in urther regulations the secretarry of co •• erce. A new type of AM broadcast sta. tion came into being, with minimum po wer of 500 watts and a Ilaximum of 1,000 watts. Two frequencies (7� and 833 kilohertz) were assigned for program transmission. But so rapid was the development of aural broadcasting, that upon recommendation of subsequent Nationa l Radio Conferences {1923 and 1924,-, the Department of COnmuerce al located SSO to 1500 kilohert� for standard bro.d,cast and. au.thorized. operating � ... up to 5,000 watts. Btilt, once again, th. increase in the nu.mber of stations caused so much interference that, in 1925, a, fOl.1rth National Radio Conference asked for a limitation on broadcast tille and. power. The secretary of COMmerce was unable to deal with the situation because of a court decision holding that the Rad.io Act of 1912 did not give him this authority. As a resQlt, many broadcasters jumped their frequencies and incr&-ased their power and 6 operating time at will, regardless of the effect upon other stations. There was bedlam on the air. In 1926 President Coolidge urged Congress to remedy matter s; the result was the Dil18Wtdte Radio Act of 1927. The Radio Act of 1927 created a five-member Federal Radio Commission with certain regulatory powers over radio, including the issuance of station licenses , the allocation of frequency bands to var ious services, assignment of specified frequencies to individual stations and control of station power. The sam. act also delegated to the seeretary of coa.erce authority to inspect radio stations, to examine and l icense radio operators and to assiCJn radio (:·.11 let ter s . Ml.lch of the early efforts of the Federal Radio eo_ission were r equired to straighten out tl\.\. f'tonfusion in the bl'oadeast baRd.. It was illpGssible to ede for the 732 broadcast statioRs as then operating. N ..'rules and regulations caused aboat 1.50 of the. to surrender their licenses. At the request of presi".t Reosevelt, . the seere .... tary of COlllllerce in 1933 appointed an interdepartllefttal cOllm ittee to study the overall interstate and, i'l'ternational electrical communications situation. The committee re ported t.hat Uthe c01lUl1unications service, as far as eo n ... . gr essional action is invo lved';; should be regulated by a 7 single bodyo" Accor di ngly , it recommended the establish- ment of a new agency which would. r egul ate all interstate and foreign communication by wire and radio, including tele�raph, telephone and broadeasting. The resultant Communieations Aet of 193.4 breated the pr esent Feder al Com munieations Commission for this regulation . The Federal eommunications Commission, an independent federal agency composed of seven commi ssioner s appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, began oper a t ion on July 11, 1934. One of the FCC's major activities is the general regulation of broadcasting, visual as well as aural; this takes the form of two phases .• The first phase deals with the allocation of Si'� trum space to the different t.ypes of broadeaat services in accordance with cOlUlission polieies and rules to carr y dut the intent of international agreements, tbe Communications Act and other domestic laws affecting broadcasting. The second phase aore directly concerns individual stations. It ambraces consideration of applica tio ns to build and operate ; the assignment of specific fr e ... quencies, power , operating tiae and call letter s ; the periodic in spection of eql'1ipaent an4tJl:e engineering aspects of oper ation ; passing upon r a e s as ... t . ns f r and. 8 signments of facilities; also changes in existing author izations; modifying constructiGn permits and re�ewiftg l icenses ; reviewing the general service of each particular station to determine whether it has been operating in the p ublic interest; licensing operator s of transmitters, and otherwise discharging domestic rfJgulatory re.ponsibili ties. Broad.cast stations ar e licensed to serve the pablic interest, convenience and necessity. Because radio channels are limited and are a par t af the public domain, it is iJllportant that they be entrusted to licensees who have a h igh sense of p ublic respGnsibility.. The normal broadcast license period is three years. The Co�u.nications Act sets up certain basic re", qtsirements wh ich must be met by broa4cast applicants. In general, app licants must be legally, technically and financially qualified, and show that their pr oposed oper ation will be in the public iRter •• t. The broadcast license privilege is lim ited by law to citizens of the , United States . Penalties for broadcast station viol21- tions, depending upon the degree of serio�sness, range from reprimands, fines lip to $10,000, and. short ...term (probationar y) lieenses, to denials of license renewals or revocation of licenses. Cease and desist orders can 9 also be issued. In 1965 the commission provided for p ublic inspec..;, tion of certain records of broadcast stations in the com munities they serve, mainly duplicate copies of their records in the public: files at the eommission's Washing .... ton offices. Under the Communications Act, it is the responsi bility of each broad.cast station licensee to arrange his program structure so that his operation will be in the, public in terest. The cOJlmlission does not prescr ibe any percentages of time which should be used for parti .... cular subjects, such as news, eotlcation, religion, music, public affairs, etc. That is something which can vary with the locality and, accordingly, is at the dis .... cretion o:f the individtlal station licensee. However, the commission does periodically review the overall perfor'lIance ' lt of a station. �ngineeringly and otherwise-usually when it applies for renewal of its license, to determine whether it has lived up to its obligations and promises it made in obtaining permission to use the public air ... waves. In 1960 the commission issued a report and statement of policy in connection with its programming inquiry. As to the obligations ex a station licensee, it said : 10 "In the fulfillment of his obligation the broad.... caster should. consid.er the tastes, needs and desires of the public he is licensed to serve in developing his programming and should exercise conscientious ef� forts not only to ascertai� them, but also to carry then out as well as he reasonably can. He should. X reasonably attempt to meet all such needs and interests on an eElu itable basis. Particular areas o.f inter est limd. types appropriate in service may, of cour se , differ frO.Dl community to commtUlit y, and from time to time. However, the commission does expect its broadcast licensees to take the necessary steps to inform l themselves of the rea needs and interest of the areas they serve .and to provide prograiftming which in fact const itutes a diligent effort, in good faith, provid.e fer those need.s and te. int.rests. ... "The "ajor elements usu�liYIl��essar y to meet the public �nterest, needs and des-ires of the communi ty in whicll the station is located as d eveloped by in c ize s the dustry, and r e ogn d by the commis �on, have included: (1) opportunity for local se1f ....expression, (2) the development and use of local talent, . (3) p�b... lie affaiJ:$ progr al11s, (4) pro�llZ'am�;for children, {51 r�ligious programs, (6)�dttca'tiona1 pr09ramSIJ (7) edtt()ri�lization by 1icensees,(8) political bre.dc�sts, (9) agric"ltux-�l- programs, (10) news PJ:C;>9i'a1'l1s,·(11) weather and'.arket reports, (12) sports s , i m n (14) progr �lR (13) serv ce to i or ity 9roups, en.;;, �er�ain1'l1etlt programming_ "Tbe elements set out above. �: e ne ither a11 ....e.JIl .... bf.acil1 nQ:r const nt o· We emphasiz� that h y do not � a . . t e serve and have never been intende.d as a rigid mold or fixed f�rmula for statiC?,n C;;peration. The ascer ... tainmentof,the needed elements of the bro adcast mattetto bt'! provided by a part ieillar licensee for·· the audience he is obligated to serVf� X'emains primarily the function of the licensee. Hi.s honest and prudent judgements will be accorded great weight by the COm mission . · Indeed, any other'c6urSe would tend to sub sti tl1tCiftI1e judgement of the Commission -Lor that of the lfeens��." (FCc,1 IIF?; 1/ ti Ic?ep()i�'( !i:J6r.?) The COmmunications Act declares that broadcasting is not acOmmon oarrier operation ; consequently a broadcast 11 station is not required to sell or give time to all who seek to go on the air. Because programming is primarily the responsibility of broadc ast station licensees, the commission does not ordinarily monitor or pass upon individual programs, or require the filing of scripts. However, broadcast stations are r�qu.ired to keep a pro gram log and a technieal 109. and. a reco:cd of all requ.ests for pelitical broadcast time. The commis$ion does not ma int ain surveillance of the day ....by ...day internal manage ... ment of broadcast stations, or regulate their time cha:cges, p:cofits, ar tists' salar ies or ellp�ee relations. It licenses only the stations and their transmitter operators, not announcers, disk jockeys or other persontlel. I. MEDIA FUNCTION Harold Lasswell, a political scientist who has done much research in mass communications, has noted three functions of communicative (broadcast) me dia: (1) surveil lance of the envi ronment, (2) co rrelatio n of the parts of society in responding to the environment, and (3) transmission of the social heritage from one generation l to the next. Using these three catagor ies and adding a fourth (entertainment), Charles R. Wright has formed a soc;i.ologist's view of the modern mass communicator. Surveillance refers to the colle.ction and distribution of information concerning events in tJ'1e environment, both outside and within a.ny par .. ticular society. To some extent it corresponds to what is popl1larly conceived as the handling of !!!!!.. Acts of correlation , here, include interpretation of information about the environment and presc ription for conduct in reaction to these events. In part, this activity is popularly identified as editorial or propa9anda. Tr ansnti!ts ion of cult ure focuses on the communicatiq of information, values, and social norms from one· gqfteration to anothe r or from mem be rs of a . .group. to. newcomers. Commonly it is identi ... l H. D. Lasswell, "The St ruct u re and F unction of Com munication in Society," in L. Bryson (ed.), The Communica tion of Ideas (New Yorio Harper and Brother, 1948) as ci.ted in Charles R. Wright, Mass Communication ( New York: Random House, 1959), p. 18. 13 fied as educational activity. Finally, entertainment refers to communicative acts primarily intended for amusement irr e�ective of any instrumental effects they ma, bave.2 These points, in effect, outline a four poin t (':i�rea of responsibility for the broadcaster....."whether he be in- vo1ved in commercial or noncomaercia1 activit1.s. As dis- ., ... cussed in the section referring to the attitude of the FCC toward th! public interests of broadcasting, sta- tion management must reflect an awareness of these>four areas in order .to maintain a favorable position with the audience and the Commission. There is justific"tion for c.ne�rn here, considering the conservative estimate th.t the avera9� 'a Consider what it means to society, and to its ifldividua1members, to have available a constant f low of data on even t s occurring within the society and intl1� iarger world. At>'i'tHe lieve1 of the total society, two positive consequenc.es of surveillance 2ir�f'�"jfirst,' that it often previeJes warnings ab�l.rt: imminent dangers and thr eats in the world_about, sa� ;:il.mpending danger from'hlirr;ca #es or from intIi�arY attack. Forewarned'�. 'tne "jjopu1at ion can m ll ze'�h(! avert destruct'!�rt�.'.�econd, a flow of ()� ; ; data" ab6t1t' the environment'ls:inst:tumenta1 to such �vert�iy ac't ivities of the scH:�i!t §4 as the stock mar ria�i9ationt air tr�ffic�' k�t';, j' and �- " "�, '-� 1"'� • "R. Wr ight, Mass Oomnturtieation. (New Y.ork: 2�}\aI'];es I Random';�Nouse,<;,t�S9), p. 16. :i.'�>/' 3 . Robert E. Summers and Harrisort B. Summers, Broad cast'in2 and the Public (Belmont, Ca1.: Wadsworth, 1966), p.2. 4 Wright, 10c. cit . , p. 18. 14 The warning function of a noncommercial station does not vary from that of a commercial operation. The state of Illinois, for example, has created its own voluntary State Emergency Action Notification System in cooperation with the Ill inois Association of Broadcaster s . Most stations located. in Illinois not only participate in this system, but also par ticipate (as required by law) in the National Emergency Action Notification System. often ca lled the Emergency Sroadcast System . ESS replaces the antiquated OONELRAD system and like-wise must be activated by direct order of the President of the United States. As far as the instrumental function or broadcaster s, it is one or convenience (and commercial desirabi lity ) rathe r than nece sity Further of this is pr ovided s . discussi':lon.... in more detail in the section concerning FCC regulations . The function of surveillance can be enhanced by , i the service of utility performed and the pre tige enjoyed c;; 'i: s by those individuals who keep themselves inrormed.. Al- though news, for instance, is available to all on a mass level , not everyone bother s to keep abreast of all news developments ; those wh o do confrom to the societal norm that being inrormed is important are tArforded an enh ancing 1 5 5 measur e of pr estige within their living group . l1Two sociologists , Paul Lazarsfield and Robert Merton, suggest two other functions of mass communi cations , which seem to be especially applicable to 6 mass communicated news. These are status conferral and the enforcement of social norms (ethicizing). Status conferral means that news reports about a member of any society enhances his prestige. By focu.sing the power of. the mass med.ia upon him society confers upon him a high pllblic status. Hence the premium placed upon publicity and public relations in modern society. Mass communications hav� an ethicizing fu.nction when it strengthens .social control over the individual members of the mass society by bringing deviant behavior into public view . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Surveillance through mass communication can prove dysfunctional as well as functional for so ciety and its members . Fir st , uncensored news about the world potentially threa tens the str'uctur e of any society. For example, informa tion about conditions and ideol09ies in other societies might lead to invidious comparisons with conditions at home , and hence to pressure toward change .. Second , uniFterpreted warnings about danger in the environ ment sometimes lead to panic by t he mass audience . Thu.s , in the frequently cited Orson Welles br oadcast of an "Invasion from Mars,H the belief that the radio stor y was actually a news report contributed to the panic reaction of many listeners.7 5 bi p. 19. -I d. t 9�ober t K. Merton, Social il).eorr".and Social Structure, Rev,�sEil'�.�dition (Glencoe, Ill.: Xhe',Fft ee Press, 1957) as cited in Charles R .. Wright, Mass Communication (New York: Random House , 1959) , p. 19. 7H• Cantril, H. Gaudet, and H. Herzog, Invasion from Mars (Princeton : Pr!nceton University Press, 1940) as cited in Charles R. Wright, Mass Communications (New York: Random House , 1959) , p. 20. 16 While the first point concerning the threat to soci- eta1 structure may not be a direct concer,,:of the typical American. broadcaster, th4!!'�6nd point in regard to panic certainly is. A rec�nt exa.ple of this occurred in the summer of 1968 at WMRO-AM-FM A urora , Illinois. On one particular day, atmospheric conditions had been sl.lch�s to cause the Environmental Sciences S�rvice Agency (E�SA)8 t�iss.u.e a tornado watch for the area. Ina short I:·' " Aurora �!.e, the watch had been updated to a tornado warning; while fh�r�, had been other tornado watches previously t�'t sum IJlGtt, this was the first ahion calling for a fuii tornado o�.II '-- Since the station was already bein.Q flooded with calls about. the torn�do watch,. the station aanager de cide�not to panic the remaining audIence by" anl'louncing • i. . •. 9 the warning l.mmed1ately. But when a second, and more 1.,.-. the nn n severe warnlhg was issued by ESSA, a O\1 cer on duty a�ti".atedthe.emergency-disast�r prq�equres. outlined by' the s'tation management .....which was,posted, as directedby the law, in .. !Da,in control studi�. Unfortunately, the �n- " ftlESsA};bitter known as the 'We�ther bureau, issues a f'totnad.owa�cht'when the pO)ibili ty of a tornado exists arid when fias"'been a "tOrf1AdtF'warTiing" a torttaClo , sighted moVing toward the area. 'i"l �PP''''� :, 9tbis couid not have;:''B�'�in acoUtplished "immediately" since it takes sever a1 lft.in\.ltesto' creat� the cireui ts neces sary to simulC::.llst. In this pa�tietiUi?Acase, theeomputer operated FM station mtil'St be placed te,mporary control. " on: t8anu�l" (t:: --:: ' .' 7) ': ' ( "'-';:c 17 no uncer had been "on the board" for five hour s when this came across, and was panicked himself at the prospect of his wife and children being 'n the path of the s t or m. His announcing of the situation reflected his panic; the sta� tion switchboard became overloaded and unus able • �...... Fortunately, another announcer was in the studio s at the time and was able to relieve the annol1ncer and try to calm a very att entive but alarmed alildience . Only the most lush and comforting music was played and the an ... �\lD'cerI s voice was fed thro"gh a low-pass filter in order to give a more calm and relaxed atmesphere. Ai. though a tornado did strike a portion of subQrban Aurora, there wa. no loss of life, the local Civil Defense Direc .. tor, Colonel Buckingham, attribtlted tbis directly to the actions of the announcer who soothed the area residents of pan.i,.c",d!� �9t end with an Or.�on W,�,lJes production.;; One of the .any effects of televi.�9n on radio has been to shift radio from an ent er11/ the top item on radio , showering us with fountains of auditory space or lebensraum.lO Wright outlines furtb�:z:; the responsibilities of the modernib:t0adcast jou.rnalist: "The chief function of interpretation and pres.crip tion is to prevent such l1nd'9'siJ;'able cOl'lsequ.ences of t�e mass cODlnu.anication of news as wer,e noted in the preCe8irlg section. The sele¢tiof}, evak.ation, and interpretation of news-f.o�using on what is most iID- . portah.t in the envirOftment-tend. to prevellt (')ver.. stimulation and over-mobilization of the population. MO$tpeople are tully aware of the economy to them, :in time and effort t of editor i al activity ...... Modern jour nalists have modified the early twentieth century emphasis on objective x:eporting of 'facts.' Miny'3011tnalists now extend the:'d'irinition of thei� occupiti�fi�i role to includetbe r�sponsibility to E!."'8Tuat�.an:dinterpret events· ...... as by placinQ .. . �.ib WitHin the larger his1!ori.ca1'''and social cont.E!xt, Midt •• iliating the varioalS ··s6�eeicfrQ•• ,ieh the tf.ct.- !' •••er ged. ' "Uke starYeillance, the activities of news in tCltrpretatio'A preseriptionior behavior, .'whenper and ; fO�lIed .s mass eOUltal'lieations, can also be djisf�n... of tiollal • on the level the total socie . ty , �.�tb. activit ies ean operate to impede social ehange" and '�hance co,l'lferJli.';behavior insofar as'*'1it.public ,llflture ot' co_t.tfti-eation limits itsu;sefttlMis ior social· · •.r. iti�i'Hl. ' . 'the't;�J.. t��iJl4.Ll;aa�.mterp� eta t ion cr, it ic:al:of.· t·h e exist,in9J..socia.l ,c,order:a.s. rfladilJZ ,. .. "is.ible",tdutR e.... ct .. .••t ' a;)_• .tc.. �lIIlica'i_3.i�'tt.vity, it ean.be stlbjected to whataver -Pl:cewen.tive sanctions existwithin the soci4!ty.. The sanctions lUted. hot be connected witho!!!eial aenso!'.))!p tr governmental agencies., They may be econolli,c or tlTH';)fficial, as in the ease ofa consumer.,.bo.yeott a9rlu.ta spo!l�or of a television program criticizing the status' q.tlo . ...1l l°Marsh;lllMcLu.han, Unclerstandin9 Med.ia: The Extensions of Man (New York: NcGraw.Hill, 1964) , p. 298. ll Wright, loe �c it .. , p. 20. I 19 Wright's point here is quite valid for the non .. commercial station a! well. KPFK (FM) Los Angeles is $ueh a station, owned � operated by the Pacifica Foundation, a non-profit institute which also owns and operates KPFA (FM) Berkeley and WBA I (FM) New York City. All three lire listener supported by contributions; in the �ase of KPFK (FM) Los Angeles, the ttdonation" is $24 a 2 year . 1 ' To illustrate Wright's idea of prever4tive sanctions, consider the example of KPFK an estimated fifty '18(;.'.,"9'-" per cent of its '''incomet1 in 1968 when it became involved in BlaC?k Panther terrorism activitmes ill the Lo� Angeles area" Vet, in 1961 it., sponsorship showed an increase when it becs.e involved in a program to help feed the 13 "hippies·t in Hftaight_Ashbury. As stated previously, i�1;"erpretation and prescription can become a significant factor for ev.n the noncommercial, ed,ucational broadcaster, just as the entire overall view of the sociological impli .. cations 0:1 his craft must be seen with respect. ,1!eWn�rship and financial information provided by the Pacifica Foundation (Pacifica Radio for Southern California), Box 38902, Los Angeles, California 90038. 13 1.os Angeles Free Press, September 23, 1968, p. 9. XI. MQliA FUNCTION FROM THE tNSIDE Now ''ltAt till. role o:f media (including eommer c ia l and noncommer cial radio ) has been viewed by the 'tout- a siders," th t ::l.s , the sociologists, it is time for the br oadcaster s themselves to contr ibute. NOllcommercial br oadca ster s seem to have as many re'8 sons for broad- ca st ing as there ar e communities s er ved by their stat'ons. However , on ly a v er y :few of the mor e interesting wi ll be pr esented. here . The NAEB Journal lis t s seven common con.cepts that seem to reflect the educationa l br oadcaster 's attitude tow�rd the funct ion of h i s station : ( 1 ) to reflect the aims of the college or spon sor ing foundation . (2) to pr ovide a train ing ground for st ad en t s . (3) to offer pr ogr ams of entertainment and informat ion of good tas te and high qua lity, (4) to seek deve lopment of taste for good music and progr amming , (5) to be concer ned with public rel ations, (6) to serve the surr ou.nding community, and (7) to pr ovid e pr ogramming that cannot be received 14 on oth er types 0 f s t·at�ons . 14 0av id Esh e 1man , "Abo ut Co l le�� FM Stations ." NAEB Journal, Sep tember ...Oc tober , 19{)S� 21 Th is last area of broadcast fU:nct ion is probably used less than any other , but when it is , the resul ts are rather unusua l. One of the previously ment ioned stations, KPFK (FM) Los Angeles, sees its role in the community as part of the f� counter .. culture countdown": "Culture is communication . Society as an or ganism is not simply the to tal of its compoflents but rather a terr ibly complex , interr elated mes.a.ge , a meaningful pattern of information , "t�e pattern of soc iety as a wh ole" that T. S. Eliot , Ma,tthew Arnold and other s have defined as culture. As such, society can onl y be understood by the communications tha t take place within it , for they are, in a large sense , what makes it identifiable. "The communications tl1at we use define and mold the world we think we see and , by ex tension , the be havior that we find acceptable. We react and act different ly when we define the victims of a U" S. bombing attack on a Vietnamese village as "communists" 0+ .two.en and _childr en . II Thus t.he control of com ... m_�ations- systems_ those that have determinate iDrpC)rtance- is central to contrGl of society . nTh-e most powerful communications media in any society are its most technolo9ically advanced , and itl every society on recor d they have been controlled by those on top . Royal patronage and licensing power once assured. the British crown control over the burgeoning power of the printing press . Today in the United St ates , reliance on advertising revenues ass�res corporate America control over television and radio broaaca stin9 . It is no accident that broad cast ing depends on ad.vertising, because advertising is tile key economic stimulant on which our society depends . "And every commercial broadcaster knows that as well as he knows his; na-me . 'The primary stimulant is advertising ,' Rober t Sarnoff has said , 'and among all forms of advertising television has u.nique capabilities that power the Amer'ican economy. For television is .. ' - more than an adv�rti.in9 tool; like advertising , it 22 cr eates demand; but with sight , sound , color , and demonstration, it goes fu r ther and functions as a direct selling force.' . Exact1y- i t pr ojects a way of life that is consumpt ive , alienated , ulcerous and totalitarian . The message of an evening of tele ",i sian is clear : the world is ..-A ... lU.$ , there.. i� nothing one can do about i t, .t.r llst The Man wi th The Gun,. keep your nose clean , .and bu.y , buy , buy tne in sulation that will keep you on an even social keel. "Even totalitarian societies __ ve social for ces co un ter to the mainstreall, hoWeV€J:', and a corresponding cuItue cou.nter to dominant . Th er e seems be ' the to a counter-culture developing in the Un ited St ates today, :repr esen ted (in part perhaps) by the. . hippi:es , 'tl;l. o.Ck:8p�out s, the student act ivists , lIli litant blacks , I�di ans, ch icanos, and other Ilnamalgamated, reca lcitrant social deviants. Th ey hardly repr esent a cohesive block, their differ ences are bitterly enunciated, but they know wh at they are against . Th eir future as a wor kable coalition , as a count er force , depends ()n the ex istence of a cOlilntEllr ... communications system, for as Kar l Kau.tsky long ago pointed out , "spontaneous movements lead to the domination of bourgeois id eologyJ read middle-Class va lues if you pr efer different jargon� 'for the simp le rea son that bourgeois ideo logy is far older in or igin •••mor e fUlly developed and because it po ssesses immeasurably mor e oppor tunities for becoming widespread.' "The prolifer ation of the under ground. pr ess seems a step in .that direction , although I Otll9ht to candidly admit that its domination by hippies dist/i\Sbs me . Establishment magazines like For tune and- Bu siness Week have point ed out with glee the money that hippies ar e aaking selling beads , black lights , psychedelic par apherna lia , and acid rock confirming my stilspicion that if you scratch a hippie you can find an entr eplneur . KPFK ....wh ich has the . advantage of bein9 noncommercial and the disadvilntage of depending on middle class int ellectuals for its cor e support.,..., is another kind of instance . "' It seells to �e essential to have a br oadcast ing channel availab:}" for counter-culture, and we are gr.adua lly t'r·yintr �'*-0 Silt.U\... l,at 8" its -g-rowth , bu t there arEll physical limita1;io.ns in broadcast ing . We are licensed by the must confor m to certain 90ve�""�'" '1 �t and 23 minima l government standards ; that , in turn , requires relatively large amount s of money, and the money we have l earned froM bitter exper ience mu st COme fr om middle c la s s pr ofessionals . No radio · station .can advoca te the br eakirlg of a law ,. for in st anc e , and, for -ebat reason alone KPFK can never. be an over t movemen t in stat ion . The move1lent , an¥ ev.en.t" tends to . contr ibute it s pr eciou>s rtsources to action pr oject s, own hou se (1'b.ELNational Gu8rdi,an, for one ) b� s it s or�ans ,has . shown an interest 8,4, ill.i �:�lfJa:i±.ect,.S·"l'\d!; e$ rlot ,!t. in propa9�n c n s i t rit, wi. h hum an fr eed � along the wa y, o s e t � � .. · Al1d. of';er a lQ I1 spe aker to the a p1atfor.m for . 9 :9��tt()�� , radiqals , ."Arull, an out let for :;t:r.nseendenta1 el,11tu re. It d�es n()t :have to revo 11lt ionize it s audience? 0rt1y neutr alize them in the inevit ab le strl1gg 1es tc) . .. .. • ". • ...... ',,, �...... "'.... 40'. ,.t'In our essentia l fune �i6'n s we must not compromise . I be1ieve that KPFK' s essel1t�al . funct ion is enunciated b� the Fir st Amendment . We must riQ t allow our selves to be distracted , threatened , or weened in any way from fr eed.6til of speech . Because consciousness i8 'go impor t ant , wh enev er tensions wi thin the Un ited States reach cr isis propertions, ct()� � ciousness will be controllf!d � KPFK must then ' stand ther e like an ind,igested ,lump in the throa1; 'O( 'the body politic . By d.oing S<1J'dt will make the F:i:r st Amendment into a ' 24 rad10al tool (rather ,.re-act1vate ·1t as the rad1cal tool that 1ts frame rs 1ntended 1 t to be ), and DrK' s aud1ence of 11beral , mid.dle class 1ntellectuals w1l1 be un1ted w1th the oounter-cu1ture d.ev1ants and revolu t10nar1es on the quest10n of KPPK' s surv1V$1 . 'fhat would be a goed th1ng for all of us ;"15 further d1 scusslou, Qf the funct10nal role of breadcasters 11'1 the commlUl1ty w11l be oove red. under the chapter dea11ng w1th fOO de c1s10ns and regulat10:ns � functions Qf reflecting a un1versity' s ph110sophy and prov1d1ng a tra1n1ng ground for students seem to re ce1ve vary1ng amounts of attent10n 1n eduoati onal broadcasting. WE'l'lf Wheaton , for example , reflects the :Bapt1st background of Wheaton 0011ege':.; WILL Urbana 1s strong 11'l pub110 affa1rs . �e" idea of train1ng students seems to be found mo st1y 11'1 the high school broadca st1ng s1tuat1on . the three? concepts of programm1ng are common to commerc1al broadcasters as well . Both attempt ·to offer h1gh quality enterta1nment and 1nformation an4 both seek a develepm.ent of apprec1at1olt fer good musiC , although the def1n1t10n of "goo4 muslc" may vary. Of course , all stat10ns should be 1ntere sted in pub11c re1at101'1S . As stated by the P(lC,all stat10ns must "serve the surround1ng eommun1ty ," although the extent of th1s "serv1 ce" 1s a1so amatter of defin1tlon. lS0hr1s Koch, "UFK & the Oounter-Ou1ture Countdown ," KPFKt t!J Programming Prof!1e (i'e'bruary 1969) , pp. 4-S. III. EDUCATIONAL RAD IO AND THE FCC The allocation by the FCC of FM fr eque,neies for by educational use was not a lways in effect . Act ua lly , 1925 ther e wer e 171 edueationa l groClps ho ld.ing !t! stat ion li,censes.• 16 However t ••• to compet it ion fr om commercial, . 'st';a t )�ons , BlOst of these were no longer broadcasting by the time the FCC was ereated; of the approx imately 40 e�.c ation.al sta tions left on the AM band" only 10 are , '. . . 17 noncommet caa 1. When regular FM broadcas t ing w8 s author ized t,o st art in 1941 , five channE!ils. between 42 and 43 megacyc les were ' allocated . tor noneo.mer c',. 1 educ ational U8�.,. In 1945 , •• part of an ex tens ive revision of fr eq.. ency allOcations , 'th. commission reser ved 20 FM eha�ne1 s be tween 88 and 92 ;::�'!I a- . _gacyeles for noneoaer eial ed.ucational stations . Th is . "," ',-,:'!".':','- .'_ educational por t ion of the PM band is contiguo us to that containing the eOllmer cial FM stations ; FM receiver s are capable of tuning in both noncommercial and commercial FM stations within range . The number of these noncemmer cia l �.6t1... S�' � .It?=, Broadc!st Pr i•• r· : ',Evo lut ion of Broadcastin2 , In/oi.ation BUllet in No . 2 ...Bt 1966 . 26 edu.caticma l FM s tat ion s has grown slowly but steadily. In 1948 the comDlission ,.uthor ized low power (10 wa t t ) u a a oper ation on e c t on l F)1, i�"annels. With such low d i ',"i:,',.;: -" power eqllip.ent easily ins t alled and operated, schoo ls may beg in broadcasting to a liaited ar ea of from two to five -miles in radilSs 'for an outlay of a tew thotl ... sand dollars. Higher power eqtlipment may be added when desir ed . In 1951 , as a futher aid, the C;f)llllission iiulthor ized reJllOte control operation of low power FM ed uoational stat ion s . 1S The FCC i. �tiolllar l" helpf.l in cases iJllve,l ving an educational in$t itlltion app1"ing for a FM broa.tcast �{,��.,\ "?' license , especially if the f'r eqllenoy is to be used non ... commel'cda lly .Wber ea s a fee of $75 is char ged for li... oensin�f any other Altl or FM gr oup , there is no charge involved for nOI\Mprofit inst itut ions (the $1.50 fee for TV l icensing in also wa ived for such grotlps). The $30 fee for changing call letters or tr ansfer of owner ship is al so eli�;�ilat.d ' tor oper ator s classified as non-prot'it . i 'or a 10 wa tt st at on , only a second class oper a ... tor '5 l1,cense is required, as oppo sed to a req,dred elaS$. l icense for eo ••erci a1 . engineer ing wor k .. 1ft il l inois , the ftecessary examination tor a second class "ticket '" is adlDinistered every w:sday IIOr ning in the �. - 1 Feder .•1S "ilding offices of the FCC in Chicago . 27 The appl ication form involved for noncommercial licensing (for the station itself ) reqQests information such·" as· aame and addtfts of applicant , place of br oadcast and ty�e of e-q.t:'.ipllent . Foal' copies �f ' this ar,e filed with the FCC , along with a .state.ent of program ser vice , broad... •�st ing en9ineer in9 da ta and some informa t ion abollt the tower and tower site. When the appl icat ieJ'l for.a radio ' faei1ity "i�\"':�ranted , the eOllJDission issues a for ma l con- :, , \' '1 ., ..:;,, ::' ", ' ' struet ion p�r lllit ; a fl' eqlleney is assigned and the Dlanu... faetllre! ,preesets the transllitter 's w,avelength (a,. AM applicallt 11l�st seareh hia.elf for a suitable fr eqtileney , fr ee 11'.0. inter ter enee re.tl' ic �ions ). After the trans"'; aitter. is ins talled and tested . the fo raal license for �' ," .' oper ation is ls.sued ; if ava ilable , spec ial ca ll letters ,- ;- . . thr , can be r.newe4 e9ular lY aft er thal . �� ' ���rs," and, � . -, ; <�, ;,. ", ," : 'l :. } ' Pllbl i� to��ie}' �& .t be .ade of �ri� " in f �ritioh to iile 1)'>.,1'-'- ' ':- ::F' ".- ;: or rE;r.4it�.····'·ac·15t'o�<;teast license • .'; �:�: 'f}) ,� :::�;I ':;f� i;.>! �(0/;!,' ; ;: !�"-;; ,/':- ' ;� <� '" . I reco:r ds reqllir ed are :.r elatively simp le to . . "�'!ft.i:: '?>!\;::;;_� ' ··,,;-:4 . ',1 1" Th e., consist of app l��a�;()n , owner sh ip reports, and Pr og:r aa , Oper ating -�-':" 'c:;;,' :L}",(,?,II and M&rl'!it�riaJi�e " Logs. In the Frogr am Log it is necessar y 'c' ,.�� :'f , .;;\. i,:� . : i.f d.set' l tion of each progr am is ••ae j' .. tot.t' ..�r with a br � 28 br oadcast . In the Oper ating Log , it is requir ed. to ent er the tiMe the station begins to supply power to the antenna and. the tille it stop s , togeth.er with any interruption of the carr ier wa ve , transmitter signa l and its duration . Also , three tr ansmitter read.ings BUi st be recor ded every half bou.r . In the Ma intenance Log the licensed see�nd class oper ator mak •• not a t ions of operating fr equency checks and allY adja.tmeJrts a.-d, repa ir s made to the tr ansmitt ing eq"ipaent. LaW requir es the station to � keep these three logs tor at l.ast t.o years, and make them ava ilable to any author ized repr eseftt ative of the · Federal eo_anieations Co•• iss ion . TABLE 1 SAMPLE PROGRAM 100 ·· P�ily Progr am Log_WSR5 (FM)/Bloomift9ton , Illino is 61701 /' 88 •. ae9aher tz A 1 � " Da te______� Program s � Type � "'" Da y PS"",Pablic Service LC;;Live . collllercial '" Ii'< RSf!O!IRecorded Sustalnfng SP.St ation Promotion � ... Pa ge RC... Rec orded ,·Commercia 1 Mo.Music NtiNews � LS..Li ve Su.staining. S-Sp&rts R�Religious '"' {\) "" \0 � "'" � ... � � - �� "" � 8 ... � TA BLE 2 SHEET NO., ___ WSRS __ _ DA TE� OPERATIONS LOG ______� �------ OPERATOR w F:� O-PImATOR SICIJI SIGN o �------�----�------��------�------'------�------���-+------4------� -' "'.------��--��-.--���_+------_+------_i�----_+�------i_------_+------�------� IV 0 EDUCA TIONAL PROORAMMING A state.. nt of progr am ser vice intent ions mu st be filed with the FCC at the time of initial appl icat ic:;.m for a broadcast lie..... er."It,.{ng a program scheduie reflectil'lf(r ,the needs of the commun it y is not an ea sy task for the management of a eOllmere ia l station ; cr eating an educationa l progr amming schedule reflecting th� PQb'lic interest and the needs of a eORlIlun ity ser ved by a noncom... mereial broadca st er is a r eal challenge . ,On the following page� ., a�. e t1'1e progr am schedules fr, om two radically dlf... fer img t)oru:;:PJ:lllIle+,cial FM statio� � ap.c:l the scbedQle of a carr ier current " st a t ion .• fl Al t ho ugh the diver sity is str iking , it is essent ia l to remember that each of these was des igned for a spec ific community with spec ific needs and interests. The first to be considered is that of WNt'H... FM, a station owned. and oper ated by the New Tr ier To wnship ' Board' of Education . Studio locat i6rt s ar e in Nor thfield , e II.. Illinois (New ' Tr i r West High School.) and Winnetka, 32 lino is (New Trier Ea st High School ). The tr ansmitter and tower assembly are located at the Winnet ka site; the two stadio s ite. ar e linked by telephone relays,. WNTH04FM emp lo ys a Gates Model BFE ..·IOC ten wa tt tr ansmitter (with an effect ive r adiated power of thir ty... thr ee wa tts) and a Gate s FM-22 dOUble ring FM antenRa . The tr ansmitter eall be coftvel'te d to stereo malt ipl exing oper ation with the addition of some low cost equ.ipaeftt . the station is oper a ted by high school stud, ents dur ing the a cad�mic year , inc luding vacations falling with in that per iod ; pr o9l'aDlllling is det ermined by the station mana WNTH pr esented here is one that I d, esi WNTH-FM beg ins its broadcast da, lfbnday through Fr iday at l:oo PM with a "".gr am called t'Mid... da y.u Th is 2 1/2 hour segment is aimed toward housewives of the wealthy Nor th Shor e area and incl udes regular features on inter ior decor ating , child care, social activit ies and theatre inf'ormation , spaced with f«)R (midd1e ...o f. the .... road ) mus ic tending lIlOr e toward Percy Fa ith and Ro ber t Goulet . With the except ion of' pr e ....re cor ded. music 33 the disc jockey wor k and antul)llnc ing is done by the st udent s. th is ', student par ticipation is listed among the object ives of WNT'H ar e to" provide ma ter ial ef .x eellence to all of New tri�r TO Ship t to furnish a stimulating , educational '" � . 'r--' exp_:r ience to th.e par t icipating st udent , and to a ssi st the e�ueational pragr ams of New Trier and the 1'own ship Elementar y Sehools.H Mid,.day pr ogr ama:tn9 1Yu;J..fllls the fir st two object ives . - The 3:30 to 4:00 per iod can be s tr ipped as "pub .. lic affair s" progr amming , although the progr am titles .t i, vary' ft om day to day as not ed, on the schedt\!e (see " •• - j " " " • TABLe 3) . This wa s done be cause of the need for be ing able to use ta��d pr ogr ams when schoo l is dismissed ; using t aped pr ogr amming eliminates the need for an announcer and the background no ise that would result from an open mike p icking up the usual after ...ac hool eonfusion . Th is also permit s an easy shift in station per sonnel. "What Must ' Be Done" is produced in Milwa ukee ' and concer ns ghetto problems (distr ibut ed by WHA Madison , Wisconsin ); 'tSwe .... den To day" is produced by the gover nment owned Swedish radio sys t em , as is "Swedi sh Spectrwn." The for mer dea ls with curr ent events wh ile the la tter is concerned 34 with wor ld per spective s. These show a particular audience adaptation for the New Tr ier To wnsh ip , wh ich • contains many families of ScancUmavian background .. "Institute on Man and Scieftce" is pr ovided by Ch icago ... based Ar gonne .National Labor atory, and. "Spotlight II" is a pre-r ecorded , student pr od,tlced commentar y on current events. The 4:00 o'clock per iod is reser ved for classical music ; on Monday, Wednesday and " Friday the music is dr awn froll the ex tensive recor d library of the station . On Tuesday and Thur sday, "Ernest Bloch : The Man and Hi s Music" is presented on tape from the National Educational Radio Network (NERN ) '. The music of the late Swiss� Amer ican composer is pr esented with commentary by his wife ; due to the predominantly "Hebr aic feeling" of his mater ial (e.g. , the Hebr ew rhapsody Schelomo , 1916) , this progr am is another ex ample of pr ogr amming for the community ar ea served. Monday threugh Fr iday, WNTH�FM pr esents a half ho ur of news at 5:00. Th is is pr obably one of the mor e challenging segments for such a station to under take for several reasons : (1) with so lar ge a staff of announ ... cer s (over 100), one individual has little expos� e or exper ience for such work, and thus even a shor t five minute 35 newscast usually comes off rather "r ough"; (2) wire services rarely provide enough ma terial for so lengthy a time of current nat ional/international news ; and. (3) the pr imar y listening audience (fellow high schoo l stu"", dents) is no t par ticular ly interested in hear ing thir ty minutes of news , no t to mention the 1inlite d number of parents willing to have dinner accompanied by a running commentary on the wor ld situat ion . The fir st po int requires a rotation system of announcer s in order to give an equal oppor tunity for all the student s to par ticipate as much as possible. The pr ob lems with . wir e ser vice cover age (in vo l ume ) requires the students to actively "track down " news items of the commun ity and school. Both ItSpotlight 1" and "Insight " are news com ... , mentary shows pr oduced by New Tr ier West and New Trier Ea st student s, ;-espective1y. The for ma t is mor e or less a round table discussion of current event s (mainly na - , - \. : tiona l/international) and th"ir effect. upon the student s or young peop le in gen.ral. Controver sial issues ar e . . • 'i' _, cer tainly not avo ided ; students often discuss the "news ... maker s" with a remar kable "fr iend ...of ...the -family" attitude , due ma in ly to the fact that many of their parents ar e nat ionally known po litical, soc j.al and economic figures. 36 Ther e have been several cases of n at ional leader s visiting the station to Bee someone 's son or da ught er and eventua lly staying to appe6r on one of these pr ogr ams. It was be ... cause of this t}1pe of oppor tunity that laever al of the station p.r sonnel a t WNTH- FM have been placed on the pa" lro ll of one of Ch icago 's c l ear channel AM stations in or der to provide "inside tips.tt l ffGer man Press leview,ttlsse Wor ld, Report ," and ttEtlt opean Review" ar e also NERN t apes issued weekly on current event s by the Ger man Government , the British Br oad.casting Corpor ation , and. a New Yor k pr ess service , respect ively. uClo se ...tilp'" is a debate of some Cl.lrr ent news problem by member s of the schoo l deba te teams . The 6:00 '·.sic for DiningU is har dly progr attuned with the &lsual lush str ings and soft chor tils normally ;j associ�:ted witl'1 �inher backgr 9uncl .. music . The st1i&dent '. progr ammer s felt mu sic that high school student s pr e ... ferr ed eat ing to wa s hard.ly lush or soft ; therefore, close to rock and the "top for ty sound " are often heard at this t ime . Once again , the idea of actually Sitting down and din ing to this sor t of music is not par ticular ly app.et :$,zing to loc a l parent s. The 'pi:((6�:tam slides .,asily '�n'1il911 into the "Solid 37 Rock" segment at 7:00 on Fr iday s , although the transit ion to the language lab ser ies Monday through Th ur. sday is rather abr upt . The fault bere in programming is an ObM vious one , blll� comlllOft enough in .(hlca tiona1 situations " wher e a bridge between enter tainment and seho1astic mater ial is difficu lt . Th e language tapes ar e related to the higb school Fr ench and. Sp anish co ur ses and ar e r equir ed 1:or all s tuden ts taking those individual classes . Ther e ar e a1.0 some adults who evident ly like - to br �.h.u.p on their 1an9u8ge skill s by tuning in as wel l. ·Ther e is actually only one new lesson in eaeh iangt1age per week ; the second t ime allotted is a reM br oad.cast of the ear l ier Show. Many edUcational broad ... caster s f •• l this pr inc ip le of rebr oadcast is impor . tant.. Wher eas a co_ercial broadcastel' aust constantly m present new ma ter ial in order to a i:n ta in an audience . (and ttl"•• ell produc ts or ser vices ) , it is often fe lt that the educational broad.easter must reach as many people as possible with the mo st fteciucation t' tr,ftslDitteci . it seems to ae that there ar e enough cr eative ways of pr esenting any given mater ial that th is repetition is unnecessar y. In or der to for JD a br i6g8 between the langu.age I, \, mater !'a l and the .:o.pjetely different 7;30 programming , 38 a newscast is st:heduled for 7:2 5" This is one of the .j., be tter meth&ds for lending a e er t a in allOunt of cont inuit y to p+c;I� a"1�d.h9 ,.it:9o "t callsint abrupt shift s for the l isten er . i Jle�scast acts mor e: ot less as ·'neutral used device is a two minute nstatioR Dreaku epnsisting of one �'6() '.�f,)n;fJ PSA , one: 45 seconCli pr omotion and, a IS seeolld station ident iticat ion . Obviously, both methods can becoJlle overwor ked . ·'Mus ic 220" is actually a co llege cr ed it cour se provided by t�e radio ser vice and Mtasic Department of Nor thern Illil'Kl)is Univer sity in De Ka lb , Il1il'1o is . Although the pr ogr am is informative and educa tional in it self , the l istener is targed to bll" the t ex t an� pay the sma ll fee to rece ive credit trom N1U. The final examina t ion , administered by a New Tr ier teac�er , is the only wr it t en assignmem: .,.ql1ir ed.. The additiona l Mond,aY ' ough Tbw:sday pr ogralllling in the 7:30 to 8:30 . "\' slot is pr ovided by NERN . Th e 8:30 to 9, :00 segment is prodllced by New Tr ier stlldents using the WNTH:-FM recor d library. These progr ams �sually have two announcer s, a student producer , and a combinat ion engineer-dir ector ; oft en the shows ar e pr e ... recor ded in one of two production studios available. 39 Despite a few po ssibilities for controver sy on the discl1ssion shows produced by the students, this schedule is t yp ical ox the conservative educational progr amming pO l�cy. D'14! to the nature of the progr am runs (once a week ) ox the NERN tapes , str ipping or acro ss the bo ard p.r(�gramaing is impossible without repeating the same program five times a week at the same time each daY l somehow the lack of stripping becomes less of a sin in this light . The second noncommer cia l educa tiona l station to be ·considered is KPFK"",FM Los Angeles. KPFKI!!!FM is owned and oper ated by the . Pacifica Fo u.nda tion . a non�profit insti"" tlltion oWl'ling two other Ronco.mercial stations (WBA I New Yor k and KPFA Berkeley ). The studios are lo ca ted at 3129 Cahuenga Blvd., Nor th Hollywood , Ca lifornia ; the tr ansmit ter is located on Mount Wi lson , broadcasting in stereo multiplex with an efxective radiated power ox 110,000 wa tts . Programming is determined by a station manager and both the Los Angeles Board of Director s and the Nationa l Board of Director s of the Pacifica FOlilndation. While WNTH ..... FM Winnetka has a staff number ing slight ly under 100 , KPFK (FM) Los Angeles lists 118 staff person!'!! nel in its Febr uary 1969 "Programming Profi le," of which 40 only 18 are paid.19 Wh ile the oper ating budget o-L WNTH...,FM Winnetk,a is provided by the New Tr ier Township Board of Edllcation and , the higlil ,schoo l student body , KPFK is a listener , ':', ., sponsored oper'ation lIlaintained s�iely by public donation . The , Wirmetka station pr ohibits smoking , dr inking and eating within the studios , whi le the Los Angeles station prohi- bits none of these , in addition to allowing nud1."ty .,.• 20 The broadcast schedule of KPFK pr ovides a view of one of the least conventiona l progralUling patterns in \lse by ' Amer ican broadcasters. The old axiom of stripping is ai�cl i9ft&.e.d in several places ; 'probably the gr eatest - ' ') , "1 s foQftd in not .', ' how tbe .:�l. is pr ogr aBllMd" bgt rather in what is ' pro�lIlIed• The ,6 ;,00 ,to 10 :00 segment , "Good Mor ning Musictt (wi.th �' Merkelson , GRe of the few pa id staff member s) iftclud.e. a 'tNew Leftff ne"s analysis by Wi l"", , 21 1.1a$ WiRier at 7 :000 The progra. g�;frde published by the station for ' its stlbscriber ....financia l c.ntr ibu.tor s� 1969), 19KPFK 'S Progx; aaming Profile (Febr uar y p. 2 . 20Avan-t·rGarde (ISSQe No . '�S : 1'ioveJili)er Avant"" ' .' 196.8 )." , Garcle Media , Ince, New York. 21ltf7Kts PrOgr a_ini Prof ile (Febr uar y 1969 ), P. i . 41 descr ibe s the continuity as "Lew Mer kelson and Varda Ull ... man , who joins Lew about 8-just at the time he 's coming apar t, play music , maybe requests, talk a little and, 22 mar ch around the b� eak.fast table . ,, ''''The Morning Reading " appear ing on the schedule at 10 :00 is a program o.f or al interpr�tation. For the , 1 week star t ing Febr uary 3, 1969 , the reading ser ies was This Wa s a Man, ' the biography o.f Sh akespear e, presented by Lee Wh iting and J�hn Monteverde . The fo llowing week r (Feb,t'tlar y lle18), The Fox by D. H. Lawr ence was ead by Edwina Iredale. The Kr4Uiltzer Sonata by To lstoy and Poem to the Wind tr ans l ated and read by Jo Jordan comlli'!' 23 pleted tlile Febr"ary selections .' "Gather . Round the Stake" takes the place o.f "The Mor ning Reading'· on Sandays and uses var ied .for ma ts in explor ing contemporar y religions. The show o.f Febr uary 9, a discussion panel o.f local clergy, raised the fo llowing qu.estions : UWhat 's re a l in r el ig io us services? Is the Church credible? What o.f the rebels in the Church?,,24 22' .' 1'b' , 1" d. " p . 7 0 _ 23 2l • Ibid. '.· , pft:&I .67 .... 42 Th is particular progr am centered around local church officials and types of religious music ; the pr ogr am the fo l lowing Sunday was of the "talk show" format ,·encour aging telephone par ticipation of the aud ience in expr essiRg 2S religious views . "The Fr ee Lunch" is produced by Jill Schary (un ... paid staff) and Chr istopher Koch (be 's pa id ) and is .usually whatever they happen to feel like do ing tbat day. Miss Schary is the yo ung lady who often announces the 26 progr am and inter views guests without her clQthes. Mater ial ranges from discussing the "philosophy of Fr iedr ich &rnst Daniel Schleiermacher ,t" to Chr is and Jill shar ing their favor ite recipes for cooking-out such as tlSeared Roebuck and Eggs en Brochette" ; the treat for Febr uary 12 was a special reading of "selections from 27 Strom Th umond in honor of Abr aham Lincoln's birthday.t, This assortment is fo flowed by "Childr en 's Progr amming ,·t var ious stories and fair y tales taken frenl commercial recordings. Ther e Dlay be a distinct weakness in fo llowing 2S Ibid., p. 20 26 Avant ...Gar d,e , loc . cit .• . 27 KPFK's Programming Proiile , loc o cit., p. 13. UThe Fr ee Lunchu with fairy tales ; this is another prob.... · lem of pr oviding a comfor table br idge between diver se pr ogr amming • The rema ining programs on the schedule are somewhat similar to .-The Fr ee Lunch'f (und.erground mllsic and com.. 28 mentary on the New Left Revolution ), with the exception of the classical progr ams no ted ; informat ion on "The Savage Br east" pr ogram wa s unava ilable. John Carpenter is a somewhat convent ional disc jockey type in conduct ing his show , except he p lays under ground 1Il1ls ic in stead of "top for ty.·' The progr am guide also states that the station stays on the air un til Mr.C arpenter becomes tired or bor ed (which is always at lea st after 3:00 in the morning ), except on Sllndays wh en the sign-off time is 2:00 . Wher eas WNTK-.FM Winnetka s igns -off with the "Star Spangled Banner ," informat ion is no t avail.,able concerning KPFK's procedure for le aving the air. As is evident in contr a sting these two stations , the role of pr ogr amming is interpr eted by the station management , relative to the needs of the commun ity being served . An obvious problem develops in defining the term "educationaltt to encompass such a wide var iation 7. 28�. , p . in programming as r epr esented by these two stations . In the more traditional sense , WNTH Winnetka symbolizes a typical low power educational operation , and yet pr efer s to be labeled as a "noncommercial FM station" as oppo sed 29 to the label of .'educational" br oadcaster . KPFK , how... ever , bills itself as a "non-profit , noncommer cia l 30 educationa l sta tion . " Somewhue on middle ground on the continuum is WSUR Eau Glaire, Wiscons in . WSUR is actually a non ... station station ...... i t do es not ftbr oadcast" in the techni- cal sense of that term; WSUR pr ogr amm ing is carr ied via ftcarrier currenttt to the Wisconsin State Univer sity 3l buildings . WSUR starts the br oadc a st morning at 7:00 in playing the "Top .30 Sur vey" un til 9:00 ; the station then ceases operation until 6:00 in the evening , when "WSUR Easy Listeningf' is programmed until 8 :00. Th e 8 :00 to 11:00 se9ment is a request ...ty pe program of popular music ; 11 :00 to 1 :00 is reser ved for underground. music . The Sat urdllY " broadcastingff consist s of requests from 12 :00 noon to 5:00; t10 1diesf1 ar e played from 6 :00 to 11 :00 Sunday evenings, fo l lowed by under ground music from 11 :00 to 2 :00. .. 29 A11an Seigard , WNTH.... FM Ch ief A�nouncer 1969 . 3 0KPFK , lo�.... . C1·t ., p . 1 . i 31 .... Electr ial so und impulses ar e "i�pressed" on 120 vo 4S Unllke the statlons prevlously dlscus sed" WStJR E8.11 Claire doe s not broadca st on a wave length and ls t,herefore not sub ject to FC.C restrlctl ons . The refore , the stllll.'fJ\:1,on 1s run as a commercial enterprlse ; tlme .. costs range ;trem $2.0@ for a one minute spot . ( glven once 11'1 J a onei year perlod) to 124.00 for a full hour� � Multlple tlme ,' sales «,)ne cllent runnlng spots over a period of several weeks or months wlthln a one year period) provlde proportlonately lower rates per spot , dependlng on the amo�t of tlme purchased. Since the equlpme nt and ma�nltenanee eos'Vs a� pald ·by Wlseonsln State Wnl versl ty, the revenue:;' from commerclal sale s teward record goes .. library development and the rental fee of a teletype news service ; me mbershlp ln the Intercolleglate Broad castlng System is also malntalned through tlme sales , although ne DIS programs are airea.. W8 tm, having flled a noncommercial broadcast llcense reque·s � wl the the FCC 11'1 early 1969 , expe cts an educatl onal channel allecatlon for 1969-1970 , thus ellmlnating the sale of tlme . '1'his chapter us pre sented the . management and -programming pollcles of three dlfferlng statl ons , wlth the lr lndlvldual commun lty sltuatlons . All three show an attempt to serve the lr re spectlve audlence , as demonstrated by the programming profiles that follow. '!wan:, LDcal Rate Card N>G. 2, effectlve February 1, 1965:� WNta;"FM Radio 88 .1 ,.. New Trier Township High Schools, Winnetka and Northfield, Illinois �� PROGRAM PROFILE Time Monday Tuesday Wednesday 1:0� MID...,DA Y MID.DAY MID ...DAY MII),...DAY SWEDEN TODAY INSTITUTE ON SWED ISH SPECTRUM SPOTLIGHT II MAN AND SCIENCE ERN EST ERNEST gWCH : 4:00 CLASS ICAL BLOCH: CLASSICAL · � CLASSICAL MAN AND · MUS IC MAN ANIJ MUS-IC 5:00 wNTH NEWS \fiT M NEWS WNTH NEWS WNTH NEWS WNTH NEWS 5:30 SPOTLIGHT I INSIGHT 1M REPORT ''' . ' ''' --' - - , 5:45 GERMAN PRESS . INSIGHT SBC · WORLD . CLOSE.. UP EUROPEAN REVIEW REPORT REVIEW 6:00 7:00 SOLID ROCK 7:25 WNTH NEWS --WNTH NEWS WiTH NEWS WNTH NliWS WNTH NEWS 7:.30 ..LIBR'ARY OF us FOREIGN MUSIC 220 MUS IC 220 c SOLID ROCK OON GRRSS . POLICY .· OOMIC ARTS OF US F6iIIGN LATIN AMERICAN SOLID ROCK LIBRARY .. c.:oN GRESS Po.LICY _. PERSPECTIVES . .-- TRAD ITIONAL OONTEMPORARY 8:30 K)D.BRN JA ZZ ROARING-· 20' s · .. . - SOUL FOLK FOLK 9:00 WNTH NEWS .. WNTH NEWS WNTH NEWS WNTH · NEWS WNTH ·NEWS 15 9: SIGN OFF SIGN .OFF SIGN OFF- SIGN OFF .3 WNTTABLEH �EKDAY PROGRAfi4MING (FM) ... Pac.lfiea Founaa>t:ieft' KPFK Radio 90 �7 • .J7j 9 CabU"ga Blyd., :Not� ·HQillYWOo. , California, . ,.', ' ' . ' .' -"- • PROGRAM i"'ROFlLE ·, .. . Time �nday Tuesday Wednesday 6:00 G R I N M U S I 8:00 .0 0 D M 0 N G: C with LEW MERKELSON AND VARDA JABBER KR ISHNAMURTI \\t)CKY .1.V :Vt:l 10 -30 GATHER 'ROUND ll:()() MUSIC THE STAKE NOON MUSIC, PUBLIC AFrA IRS , DRA MA 12 :30 AND P BL C 1:00 U , I OPERA �:OO 'lAE FREE LUNCH and ".: 00 AFFAIRS' PUBLIC AFl1Jt'lRS PROGRAMMING-.--�!"'----...- - - ...... - - - ...... 3:30 -.. --CHI LDREN 's ------· ...... - -- - ... � G 0 IN' H 0 N- E: MtJSIC--- !II > - - .. --- .. ----�-..-- - - - . RON .5:30 DHAN IFU 6:00- NEWS AND VIEWS 6:30 1/2+ Second. . SA TYAGRAHA ��--�------�------�----���------���������... . . _·... ··_··" __ MUSIC THE ""IiOrfARJ!) I �__ ___+ 7:00 '" . .-;;B;;,; RO..;.;;·. ;,.;WN...... ' .. . . . __ ' -.....IoIIiIiWiIoI-- �����...... -� ...... 4' b" Y' AGEi ---·-7....,.... . :-f'"'·c , �.. , ...... 8 ' CH RO, N'ICLE . t7--,···:mlt.·.)r··m·, ::cr. . :00." ...... • . . . •..·cc . •...... ','[lmliAS ...... T'. . . '' , . .L�RD ''' ' : MtJSICAL - -". '. - ... - - ... -- - - - .. 9:00 W:'A R SUMM .A;RY... - -""..; -- -....-� -- - -.....��- ... BRQw,N, ...... ' . . " CHA IR 9:1.5 CHRON ICLE .. CARLOS JEFF ' PA UL . HAGBN �BERLE MILLER JEREMIAH/ 10 : 30 CHRON ICLE NIGHT PEOPLE JEFF HURVITZ ·MI1.cER BROTHERS , 11:00 .,FRANK e .: DA1<1::1f:!.l� L.A' R&k& ' , GREENWOOD " NUEVA . . .. , , I> . . :.;...... -- �idnight ------�JOHN CA.R.P�-,TER------.. --- J!IIIIi' .------'!I't------_ -- "- �" ." - - ... _ .... 12 fOO --- , WSUR ( €fIrrift r eurren1: ) Wi'Seonftff" 'S't. .., Urti"f'H'1I·i·t �Ea·II'-:U.J:a Thursday iday Satuday Time Monday Tuesday Wednesday Fr 7:09 am TOP 30 SURVEY to 9:00 12 Nl)() noon REQUESTS te 5:00 pm . . .. ,.-:.�- :.--. �·�-·4"�:�;�� 6:00 '.' EASY -e " ....."� ,... I-?to:.....;: 8:;.;;.::.00.;;;.;:: - LISTENING:: ' I- .....;;.. ------8:00 ------REQUESTS�- ··· ------to '_ • . � ... _t.�-. -=� 11 :()O . .. . �,...... _ ...... 11 :00 pm UNDERGROUND to 1:00 .m TABLE 5 WSUR PROGRAMMING V. THE COLLEGE': . PM "INDUS'l'lm":� Wi th G'Ver 300 ed\\ eat1oll8.l sta.tl ons broadcast1ng 1n 1969 , noncomme rcial radi o has become? a me dlum-slzed bus1ness. .ls w1ll ' be di scus sed later ln thl s chapter , mln1mum cost for the mest ba slc of broadca st equlpment runs about .5,000; th1 s flgure does not lnelude the oosts for stud1Q space , re oerds , tapes, telepho:ae 11nes, wlre servlce , switching equipment or sound prooflng . The , technlcal aspeots of all this must be supe rvl sed bY' a lloensed facultY' or staff member; the activi tles of the statlon must be managed .effeetlvely ln the publ ic lnterest, and the proper records maintained. The �station must also program , whlch . usuallY' means joinlng one of the educatlonal :metworks . ',", �hls ohapter wlll pre sent survey results', and comments showing the general trends of relatively small enz.ellment college s and unlversltles ln managing four speclflc areas of ope rat,l on l techn1cal , adml:ml strat lon, programmlng and flnancing . Thl s NAEB JJo uraal survey 50 covered 50 institutions with enrol lments rang ing from slightly under 1,000 to 5,000 students. p icked at r andom :from Broadcasting Yearbook . Technical "What is the power o:f your FM station? UTwenty-thr ee (46 per cent ) o:f the stations contacted have 10 wa tts. The other s vary gr eatly, but in general these stations have power and effective radiated power o:f small to medium stations . f1Do you have a campus limited transmitter? "Nineteen (38 per cent). stated that they have a carrier -current campus transmitter , and fo ur (8 per cent ) have wir ed.wir e1ess transmission eql:lipment . One institution , Goshen College , indicated that it fee<1" sucb transmitter s with FM rec�iver s so that 1i�I1�ents .can obt ain the FM service. on their AM sets in the d(')]: m� tor ies . • • • "Hpw many studios do yo u. oper ate from? Ho w Blanlo' coptrol rooms do you operate -from? tt l'�ean!nver s to this question tanged from five i!l 1:udios with two control rooms to one studio and one c()Ptt-Ol froom . Nine (18 per cent ) have one studio with one contro l room, and another nine (18 per cent ) have · thr ee studios aftd one dorittol :toom. The largest cate9(:):fY . wa � twenty-one (42/ p�r CE!l?t ) stations wh ich hav� . two .. studios and one cOl\trol room . The other el�'Vert .. (�2 per cent ) s tatio�s ';hav� '. the rema ining cQmbinations of up to five s t udios and two control rooms �u33 One fr equently employed, 16 : is . 3$David '��helman , "About �lie94! FM Stations , tl NAEB 'jol:lrrial, Sep.tember ..october , 1965. Repr int s available :from Ga tes Radio Company (Quincy , Illino is 62301 ). 51 the Ga tes Radio Co mpany's model BFE- IOC (see "PLATE In). Using the Gates FM-22 ornni-directional antenna_double ring .....*he line-of-sight reception field is approximately 6 miles maximum under nor ma l conditions . Coverage is less with usage of the Ga te� FM-Il .....the sing le ring antenna , Both cam easily be MOunted on a 2 inch diameter pipe , Listed be low are the products necessary to place a so und source on the air, and their approx imate costs, Note that the necessar y "'extras" such as cable and plugs, often over looked in establishment estimates , ar e based upon having the antenna within 100 feet of the transmit- ter location , Tr ansmi t ter : 34 FM) Gates Model BFE�lOC (10 wa tt $1 ,700 ,00 lOO per cent spar e tubes (.TK-39l ) 42 ,00 Spare oven and cr ystal (NE.. 'll ) 80 ,00 �able plug Type N (10804-3 6) 2,00 TOTAL $1 , 824 ,00 c 35 Antenna �uipment : Ga tes FM- 22 (double ring ) $ 400 ,00 100 feet coaxial cable (Type RG.. 8A/U ) 16,00 UHF cable plug (PL259A ) 1,15 TOTAL $ 417 .15 Deduct $250 for Qse of FM..ll (single ring ) antenna , 34 Broadca st and Communications Equipment (Quincy , Illinois : Gates Radio Company , 1968), p, SO, 3 5Ibid • GA TES S2 foduct nformDtion ulletin 10 AN D 50 WATT FM BROADCAST TRANSMITTERS Ino\'ing the front grill or the rear full length slip-on door. 'rhis complete 10 watt FM transmitter is used by many lIchools, eolleges, univensitiell and overseas broadcallters in c�onjunction with the Gates FM-ll single ring or the FM-22 double ring FM antenna. As part of this FM broadcast package, the Gatea Studioette 01' Yard audio console is recom· 'Tlenrled. This complete educational broadcasting system is :modern and equal only to the best, yet will fit into the con ilO l'vative budget, MOO.;[. BFE·50C: For 88 to 108 Mc. FM ,service, the BFE·50C is similar in desigTI to the BFE-IOC transmitter but dclive rs Ii times as much power or 50 watts. A 50 watt powe r amplifi er is added to the 10 watt section to provide the highcr I)()Wercd output. The amplifier consists of two M·6146 tubes and a 600 volt powe,' supply. Identical in ap pearance to the standani BFE-IOC transmitter, the cabinet easily houses the 50 watt amplifier and power supply, MODEL HFJ{·50C: This compact 50 watt transmitter is pl'Obably the world's most widely used FM relay transmitter. Mod.r IfE_JOe hn WaH fM T,o ...... "' •• Designed to I'elay bJ-oadc3st pl'ograms from studio to trans mitter or between spe(;ial pJ'Ogl'am origi nating points, the PUITE I Model RFR·5OC operates on any one specific frequency (a8 oJ'Jel'ed ) within the 40 Me::. to 220 Me::. band. When opcrllting THkE}o� i\1() DELS AVAIl.A.U:LE below 80 Mc " the maximum swing is ± 40 Ke::. or less. Above 80 Gates has con sistently offered the most complete line of low Me. u,e fl-equency swing is ::!: 75 Ke. The 50 watt ampli "C powered wide band FM broadcast tl'ansmittcl-S in the in fier consists of two l-adio rl quency stages powered by a t- 600 ' dustry. Especially designed for educational F?tl bt'Oadcasting buil in \ olt poweJ' supply. The l'ange of this r t ansmitte r and for STL (studio-transmitte)" link) service, three populu)' it gl'eatly incl'eased by use of a directional antenna. The models featuring dirl!(:t Cl"ysta! controlled cascade modulation COl'nel' l'Cflectol' antenna when used at boili t!'Rnsmitting and are available. Included are the 10 watt BFE-IOC and 50 walt J-eeeivirig ends, will l'Csult in seveml hundl'ed watts of effec 100 BFE-5OC versions for the standa1'(i J<'.M bJ'oadcast band of 88 tive powe!'. A ,'clay link up to nearly miles is possible, to 108 Me., ami th"c IiO watt Model BFR-50C which opcJ-ates depending on the antenna height of both tmnsmitter and ,'e in the 40 to 220 Me. FM band. The BFR-50C is specifically ceivct' as wcII as tel'l'ain, designed for high fidelity program )'clay and STL service and is unusually popular with h'"Qndcast(!rs abt"olld. The same , so low distorti on, wide frequency response and reliabilit>' charact.eristic of Gates higher powered F�I models, will be found in these three lowe" powercd equipments, Meteri ng consists of an audio level meter to indicatc pl'Oper modulation level and jndh'idua.l mcters lor RF outp ut, plate current and plate \'oltage, The t.ransmitters are 100% com plete without external accessories other than antenna and audio equipment. MOPEL BfE.IOC: The BFE-IOC ten watt FM tI-ansmitter is FCC type appro\'C(\ for educational FM broadcasting and is equally excellent for STL service or in any applications where 10 wallS FM output is required, Mona\u-al, stereo phonic, lIingle or dual channel mul tiplexing equipment is op tional for use with the BFE-IOC transmitter. A compact i!ell-contained unit designed sl>ccifically for desk or external mounting, thi� 10 watt model incorporates the M-6095 exciter featuring direct crystal controlle Construction and design is plea sing to the eye and con venie nt fronl �iew (cove ...... oy.d) of Mod,1 8fE-JOe, ,.n wall FM "'anlmitter, to se rvice, Immediate "full view" access is available by l'e- Model. Bfl.SOC and Bfll-50e are essentially identical in appearance, Left, FM-I I single ring ommi-directional antenna with power gain of 0.8 db. Front view (cover removed) of BFE-50C fifty watt FM transmitter. Right, two bay FM-22 ommi-directional antenna with gain of 1.3 db. These are · broad band, easy to install antennas. SPECI FICATIONS POWER OUTPUT: RF OUTPUT: BFE-10C, 10 watts; BFE-50C, 50 watts; BFR-50C, 50 ohms (Type N connector) . 50 watts. OSCILLATOR: fREQUENCY RANGE: Direct crystal controlled. Models BFE-10C and BFE-50C, 88-108 Mc., as ordered. Model BFR-50C, 40 to 220 Mc., as ordered. NOISE: STABILITY: 65 db. below 100% modulation (FM). 0.001 % or better. TEMPERATURE: MODULATION: - 20° to + 50° C. Direct crystal cont.rolled cascade modulation. TUBES: RESPONSE: BFE-l0C: (6) 6AU6, (3) 6J6, (3) 6201, (3) 7025, (2) Within 1 db. of standard 75 microsecond pre-emphasis OA2, and (1 each) 12AX7, 6A05, curve or flat ± 1 db., 50-15,000 cycles. Note: Will sup GZ34/5AR4, 6080, 6360. ply with 75 microsecond pre-emphasis curve unless BFE-50C: Same as above, with (2) 6146 and (1) ordered for flat curve. 5R4GYA tube added. FREQUENCY SWING: BFR-50C : Same as BFE-10C with (1) 5894, (1) ± 100 Kc. : (± 75 Kc. = 100% modulation in FM 6AQ5, and (1) 5R4GYA tube added. broadcasting) . Model BFR-50C. Models below 80 Mc. ALTITUDE: have maximum swing of ± 40 Kc. or less, as desired. Above 80 Mc. may be ± 75 Kc. or less, as desired. 7500 feet. DISTORTION: FINISH: 1 % or less 30-15,000 cycles. % % 100-10,000 cycles. Medium gloss gray with trim in brushed aluminum RF HARMONICS: and black. Suppression meets or exceeds all FCC requirements. SIZE: INPUT: 26¥2" high, 28" wide, 14" deep. 10 dbm. 2 db. at 600 ohms impedance. + ± WEIGHT (Packed): POWER: BFE-l0C (domestic) 100 1bs. ; (export) 205 Ibs. ; 15 cu. ft. 117 volts, 50/60 cycles. BFE-l0C, 120 watts ; BFE-50C, BFE-50C (domestic ) 125 Ibs. ; (export.) 230 Ibs. ; 16 cu. ft. 230 watts; BFR-50C, 230 watts. BFR-50C (domestic) 125 Ibs. ; (export) 230 Ibs. ; 16 cu. ft. ORDERI NG INFORMATION BFE-l0C, 10 Watt FM Transmitter, 88-1 08 Me, with BFR-SOC, so Watt Relay Transmitter for 40-220 Me, with tubes, tubes and crystal . . ... M-5S94B crystal and oven ...... M-SS99B Spare 100% tube kit for BFE-l0C ...... TK- 319 Spare 100% tube kit for BFR-SOC ...... TK-31 0 Manufacturer's recommended minimum tube kit for BFE-l0C ... ..TK-488 Manufacturer's recommended minimum tube kit for BFR-SOC ...... TK-4SB BFE-SOC, SO Watt FM Transmitter, 88-1 08 Me, with FM-l l Single Ring Educational (88-108 Mc) FM Antenna ...... M-576S tubes and crystal ...... M-SS9SB FM-22 Double Ring Educational (88-108 Me) FM Antenna ...... M-S766 Spare 100% tube kit for BFE-SOC ...... TK-489 State carrier frequency when ordering all models and antennas and fre Manufacturer's recommended minimum tube kit for BFE-SOC ...... TK-490 quency swing desired when ordering Model BFR-SOC transmitter. GATES RADIO COMPANY · QUINCY, ILLINOIS · 62301 • U.S.A. CR-SM-S66 A subsidiary of Harrls-Intcrtype COfpofation ADV. 171-A 53 I The studio equipment necessar y for broadcast .' ,.;: is , naturally , dependent upon the progr amming , the number of contro l rooms and. studios , and the amount of money available . Keeping in mind this last consid- er ation , the fol lowing is an equ ipment list for a one studio , one control room station oper ation . Note that this list encompasses only "technical" equipment, and d.o es not inc lude the co sts for actually cr eating the necessary studio space ; this equipment wo uld be adequate for a one studio , one eentrol room operation . 36 St Odito.:rEquipment: Gates "StudioetteU conso le (M�538IA) $1,350000 Spare tube kit .(990 ... 0444 ) 22.50 2 Ga tes turntables complete with cabine t 1,353.90 2 Ga tes 8ft monitor speaker s- 17 .90 2 Electro-Voice transformer s (TR�15) 9.60 2 Speaker wa ll cabinet s 12." Ga tes cardioid microphone (Type G... 300 ) 53 .50 Ga tes dynamic microphone (Type GotlOO ) 33 .00 Boom stand 42.00 �loor stand 17.70 Desk stand 3.60 2 Cannon XLR-3-35 wa ll recept acles 15.70 3 Cannon XLR ...3 ....12C microphone plugs 5.04 3 Cannon XLR... 3 ...1I C connector s 6.45 18.00 100 feet No . 20 microphone cable TrillDl headphones ( Type 107 ) 6.90 Phone plug (No. 511 ) for Type 107 .80 ,500 feet shielded -a udio wire 30.00 TOTAL $2, 997.99 The ff StudioetteU con.so le or board is extreme ly flex... . . 36 116, 154, 155 , 157, 169. �. , pp . 54 ible in providing 13 inputs into four mixing channels. multiple circuit combinations can be created with use of the 14 tab keys . Four microphones may be key selected into two pr eamplifier s; three turntables • two tape re- corder s, three remote lines and · network ar e also ac ... commodated. Dual m�ting relays handle speaker and warning light fl.lnctions ; a 4ft illuminated, VU meter is flush 37 BlOllnted . The equipment listed is repr esentative of var ious types available now. Even the lowest power FM station must be capable of flexible oper ation despite the possible fluctuations of financial and programming restrictions. The lllicrophones listed , fGr instance , provide this necessary diver sity; the G.lOO is 'omnidir ectional for gene:ral use , whereas the G..... 300 is a cardioid microphone providing discrimination against undesired background sound . Creative progr amming carl often become restricted without such versatility in technica l equipment . Administration ftWhC) ,__ the owner of the station? uAs requir ed by FCC regulations', all of the insti... tutions had SGme control over the tlowner ship" of the station . However , there wa s some deviation as to the 55 method and ex tent of administration .fcontrol.· ffThree replies (6 per cent ) indicated that the station wa s owned in the name of the tr ustees and the president ; fOIn" {8 per cent ) indicated the tr ustees only ; two {4 per c.en.t ) indica:ted the student body ;- three replus- (..6__ per cent ) stated ,t hat the owner was a co llege broadcasting c.ompany or associ"" ation ; one state teacher s college station wa s owned by the state itself. The remainder of the replies ' iluiicated that the radio station was owned and in the name of the college or univer sity (74 per cent ). "Do yo u have a faculty sponsor ? 'ff()nly three (,6 per cent ) replies said they did not have a faclllty advisor or sponsor , wi th the other for ty.... seven (.94 per cent ) indicating that the station did have a faclllty sponsor . However , this is wher e the statistic'a l simll.r ity ended . 'tWhat is his relationship to the school? "Th� fa¢ulty advisor 's :rel�tionship to the s¢hoQl "ai- ied gr eatly; howe�er' tiareJa tr ends were i:�"ealed.", Eight {16 per ce�� ) .. sc:�c,ols had as t: �eir " adviior a 'dir ector o:t' brolaeasting ' (or of radio an� -1V) who might alsp bave teaching respon'!"" " sibillties ' in radio or TV cOuses . ' Faculty advisor s in twe�ve {24 per cent ) scheo}s held teaching po sitions . in v� ious school depar tmen�s no,�< :1.., the speech or radio-TV depar tments", Sixt�en (�2; per cent ) of �pe schoo!�: had speech or rijdfoftY''iprofessor s. �'To wh at ex tent is he co�ected with br oadcasting? "Gr eat variety was indieateq: in ' the advisor 's' conn- ectioft' with broadcasting as, "'e 1i . six {12 per eent ) schools said- he had Dfl):co.,_c:tion at all; ano�heJ;' six., {12 per c ...t. ) i.ClJ4���.4' an • advise and eonsent • arrangement , while s.t.ill another six (12 per c:ent ) indicated mor e direct supervision of ' operations and po licy guidance , but RG t to the ex ... tent' of >direct control. In eight (. 16 per cent ) the advisor " wa s the 'manager ' (or ,quivalent) of the station. Another type o� reply' came from eleven' {22" per cent ) schools iwhiefi :indicated that' 56 the extent wh ich the advisor was connected with br oadcasting was that he wa s the instr Qctor of radio -.nd TV , which might be a very dir ect or rather indir ect relationship. UIs there a .regl;llating body other than the statiob staff? ffTwenty""six (52 p.lt caa:tl stat ions have no regl;llating body .....tP'C'- tban the station staff . The reaaiaing 'stations have maay t,ypes of reglliating bodies . such as the col le.ge. admiJlistration , co llege trustees, ' speciaL.ac,t ivities eo_ittee, of-..the uni ... ver sity,' the speech department and dean of the co llege , and advisor y boarGs with a faculty lIember from the depar tment of speech , depar tment of physics and the PQblic relations director . Fou (.8 per cent ) of the replies indicated that there wa s some type of committee , cOQncil , or board to regQlate br oadl!Ol casting , pr pbably made QP of ,students and faculty, and sometimes inc luding co llege administration member s. "To what ex tent is it (the regulating body) connected with broadcasting? " 'tThere wa s little correlation found allOng the dut ies of these regulating bodies. , In a few in ... stanoes " the body was responsible in some manner for h riilg, and fir ing of ma ager s and staff mem ... �' � bers. All of them had some conttol over po licy ' . and finances . "Who determines station po licy? , .' i . tfplis var ied f1"oll single �nd v�duals to com.. mi��ee� or :c�ards or tlile IIn�v�"s� t¥" administratio1'l . In eight (16 perr:._") instances , the station manager , ,ei'ther .a,. £a.ctUty manager or a • senior t stu... dent , determined policy. Faculty advisor s and stu dent staff member s wer e responsible for po licy in six (12 per cent ) of t,he replies . The remaining . replies var ied gr eatly. It is interesting to note , however , that in the smaller pr ivate and church ... af ... S7 filiated co lleges mor e administr at ion approva l is required for policy and other decisions of impor tance . "What is the organizational str uc ture of yo ur station? ·'Replies to this question ranged from the ver y br ief and lleaningless to the ver y detailed and- ip... formative . I expected to find some correlati(;U'� betw .. l'l positions , and whether fi1:ted by faCilIty or S" �lLts" and..:tAe size , .f tha. in&-U��tion , but did hDt f,ind_thiJLJ:o_be__ U\1e . ' Only -in two eo lIeges alllOng the larger , sehoe ls -wer e par t-time pr ofessionalS or ful l ...ti llle professiona lS employed . These wer e for pO sitions of engineer ing , director , and secretary• • fIn for ty... fi ve (90 per cent ) replies the fac",l ty advisor headed the operations , either as sta,t ion manager or dir ector ,or as an advlsC)r y per son . In one in stanc" three faculty lIember s fil led the positions, of director of ,broadcasting , station manager , and chief engineer . Howev�r , the answer s 't() th�s question do no t correiate with the stat is ties no with replies to the question regarding . � �'l\ e eXtent that the sponsor ls·. C:on�ected with , br ()adc_.sti.ng .....un less this positi oD of 'head of oper ation,t wa s quite remote ttom actual oper ations . , '"ltight ,( 16 per cent ) repl ies indicated th,a t a studeat held. the :po sit ion of station or general lIlanager . ',' r�:Xn ��ar ly every case student s held such po sit ions as' pr()gram dir ector , technical1 director , head an... ' nouncer , spec ial programs director ' tr affic manager , tape and mu�ic librar ian , spor t s and, news director , pr oduct ion manager , publicity , and secr etar ial work. The line of command wa s str uctured so that students wer e responsible to student depar tment heads , a!lel they in turn responsible: to the student or faculty manager . If the- station manager wa s a stu.derit , htl then wa s responsible to the faculty 38 advi�or or �ard .ff tiAr e there requirement s for filling these po siti ons1 "Wherever p,fofessionals wer e emp loyed they were 38nShelm.r;:. ...�n , 1 o.e c], °t • 58 hir ed by the schoo l on the basis or their exper ience and tr a ining . FacQ.lty member s of cour se held the positions by vir tu.e of the.ir tr aining , exper ience , and instr u.ct ional caatiea. 'twenty.five (SO per cent ) replies ind ic ate�,. that stuelent s Wer e reqaired to have training an4 ,exper iefce or to be in tra ining at · ttae time ill.f' dio and tV . cour ses . The other stat.�ons requ;JfJd only wil lingness to learn and Wor k. Three �'v"sitl.s inelicated that a. credit. Po.ittt'( avera'C)•• qlla l to. a 'C� aver age w� s • pr er eqaisite. In larger schools, wh ich JUi'.- many vo llll'lteer s, systeDls of senior ity wer e i1llplemented , and ma jor st.fie.,.t posi�i on s wer e filled. by apP¥classmen only . ttFaClll ty posi.t icms were, 0:£ course, alw�ys paid po siti ons.•. . . Fac 'ill t.y. ...sponsor.L 98Jl.8%'ally. �. 9ra"ted �."biaw,�;•• 1 4d l'...... ti_ s�"k•• '"._"}""'S,t to :' ..." thir.4 .or o.·e ...hal f. of their .tetal.. teac hiftg load for their broadcasting respons ibilities . However , one u.niver sity out of the fifty indicated that both facul-t y •• aber s and stu.de.. it s'�ked on a volu.nteer ba sis. f'Stu.dent rewar ds var ied fr oll 'educational ex per �en.::e' ..�one to year ly , semester , monthly , or hou.r ly p�fllents. Stu.dents p�r tieipat ing through <;lCl�st' .oIl 1n struction received c�ass cr edit and '. points .' .. Hour ly salar ies l"t\l1Qed from $.75 to $1.2.5, and . one co llege advised &\ raise willh each l'ear () t fit)Cper ience . Weekly , a �ar ies var ied. trom $25 to �$7S ; tor such jobs as . pr04uctloa JDanager , tr I;lftic manager , mu sic libr ar ian alBd engineer . Semester, or yearly honor ariWll�.er . allowed in ,� .- ' J - :' '�- " ', .- _ , ;-"_ ",' - ';" � s.,veraa1 instances for stade� t P9sit.+ons ot manager , pr ogr am director , and ehief ehg 1rleer , ranging in amount . fro. to $lSO semester ,: and to $50 a " . $200 $!OO Y.ai:ly� t'Only" twenty (40 per cent ) of the stations pa id st�dent hEHp and of these , fo urteen' (78 per cent of total) 'paid only the two or thr ee toP po sitions of manager , program d1r ector , land ehie::t · engineer .tt39 59 With the �ceptions of a sales depar tment and a corpor ate Board of Dir ector s, noncommer cial adminis... tr ative positions ar e ident ical to those fo und in commer c i a 1 broa d cast1• ng.4 0 The official titles for these jobs ma y differ from station to station , but the actual func tion s rema in the same . The super vising facu1 ty advisor or f·spec ial committee" act as a Board of Director s in having final authority over station po licy and responsibility to the FCC for operating "in the pUblic in terest , convenience or necesssity." A general manager is hired (or selected) to interpr et and activate the policies set for th . He must use' as his goals the objectives for broadcast listed for the FCC on the initial lieen.e application . Th e manager appo ints a number of a ssistants in t1executive·t po sit ions to super vise programming , news , sports, announc ing and continuity . If there is any cho ice in the matter of engineer ing , the general manager also has the responsibility of se lecting the uChief En gineer" ; with the except ion of some larger univer s ity stations , the number of qualified oper ators (FCC licensed ) is rather l imited . 40KTIS ..AM ... FM Minneapo 1 is ; ' I(NWS'eiAM"!'FM Wa ter 100 , Iowa ; KFNW... AM ... FM Fargo , N. D.; and KNWC Sio � Falls, S. D. pr esent a no table ex cept ion , being owne(f Progr amming UHow many hour s is your . stat ion on the air? 1tA1l fi:fty stat ions replied that they br oadcast on at least a Monday-through-.Friday schedule . The range was from three to twelve hour s daily with an aver age of 6.31 hour s per day . ''Only thirty"",six (72 per cent ) statiOfts broad cast regular ly on SatUrdays , .but of these , the aver age br oadcast time each Saturday was 7.62 hour s in a range from two to eighteen hours. Several other stat ions repor ted that Saturday br oadcasts. depended upon home spor ts or special event s. "There wa s another drop for Sunday broadcasting , with only thirty-two (64 per cent ) stations on the air regular ly. The range of time on the air Sundays for these stations was fr om one to twelve hours, wi th the aver age time of 7.70 hour s • flAr e you a member of the (IS5) "",-..- Inter collegiate Broadcasting System? "Thir teen static:>ns repor ted yes (26 per cent ). Thir ty-seven repor ted no (74 per cent ). "Are you a member of the (NAEB ) ...... National Association of Educational Broadcaster s? ttThirty stations reported ' yes ..( 60 per cent ). Twenty stations reported no (40 per cent ). Program �t:hi!du.1�s;· ·:!"hen submitted , ' 'te hatw; : 'to substantiate answer s to this question o "Do 'you subscr ibe to any other progr am source? Nineteen (36 per cent ) indicated that they did subsc:!:' ibe. to other progr am sources, some of which ar e: Fr ench Br oadcasting Corpor ation Canadian Br oadcasting Corpor ation (CBC ) Radio Nethe:!:'la nd South Afr ican Radio Ser vice Br oadcasting Feder ation of Amer ica Radio Sweden Brit ish Broadca sting Corpor ation (SBC) Var ious record subscr ipt ion sour ces Local radio stations in their respective ar eas 61 "What is yo ur programming pol icy? "Only four stations (8 per cent ) returned copies of progr amming policy, but these and other statements reveal cer tain concepts in gener al po licies : to re flect the aims of the college (especially noted in chur ch ...a.f tiliated. co l leges); to provide a tr aining ground for student s; to serve · the surrounding com;oo munitYf to offer programs oi enter tainlllent and in formation of good taste and high quality; to seek to develop taste for good music and progr amming ; to be co.,cerned with public relations; to pr ovide pr ogramming that cannot be received on other types of stat ions .. "The br eakdown of later questions in this category will reflect fur ther trends in po licy in specific ar eas of programming . Th er e was, of course, no way to evaluate whether and with wh at effective .. ness stations wer e meeting their pol icies .,,4l ,l'he table . on the fo l lowing page represents the results of the sur vey in calculating the number of hour s used each week in air ing var ious progr am types. ,"}fer e the co lumns represent type of programming , the range of all fifty participating station s in hour s per week , the average of all fifty stations in ' aBlounts of hour s per week , the number of stations pr ogr amming this type of progr am , the range of :�lOount of this type aired each week', and the aver age for those stations carrying the part icular type of pr ogr ammi,.ng . . "Five schools specifically mentioned that they br oadcast spor ts events in season , not included in the statistics. Other s mentioned that their amount ,of 'sports was dependent upoh home football or basket ball games and other specia l event s.,,42 . Table ,7 . shows the ' cat�gor.y listings for music pro- gr amming ; the Columns should. be interpreted as in Table 6. 41 Eshelman , loc . cit . TA BLE 6 PROGRAM TYPES BROADCAST , RANGE AVERAGE NUMBER OF THEIR THEIR TYPE OF PROGRAMMING OF ALL OF ALL STATIONS RANGE AVERAGE 7 33 1/4�7 Campus News 0 ... .89 1 ..33 0 7 1.35 27 1/4,..,7 Outside News ... 2.46 20 4 .30 34 20 Instr &lct iona 1 0 .. 2 ... 6.20 (J\ (Educational and other ) (\) 19 1/4",,5 Sports 0 ... 5 .85 2.21 Music 10"",98 26.42 37 10�98 35.00 1 Drama 0 ....5 .55 18 1/2... 5 • .50 TABLE ·7 MUSIC PROGRAMMING ; TYPE OF MUSIC RANGE AVERAGE . NUMBER . OF THEIR THEIR OF ALL OF ALL STATIONS RANGE AVERAGE Popular 0 ...30 7.48 31 1/2 ... 30 11.83 Folk Music 0 ...1 5 .93 33 1/2... 15 1.39 2 Jazz 0 ... 10 1.51 30 1/2",,10 .46 0 ...33 3.36 25 1/2 ...33 6.60 ()\ Mood w Rock 'nt Roll 0 ... 15 1.16 8 1 ...15 7.12 Light Classical 0- 14 3.89 32 1 ... 15 5 .• 96 Heavy Classical 0 ...40 10 .36 41 2 ....40 12.39 Religious 0 ...9 .75 15 1/2 .... 9 2.46 Religious Classical 0 ...2 .18 5 1;"2 1.80 Other 0... 4 .26 7 1e4 1.85 64 Eshe lman makes the following comments concer ning the results of his survey presented on the previous page : ttWhile it is true that each station would interpr et the ,questionaire types different ly , I be'lieve that there wa s probably enough var iety to de lineate the gener al concept , and that ther e wa s probably enough consistency that the statistical aver ages are fair ly representative of the several stations inc luded in this repor t. My be lief is based on notations on the returned forms in ad... dition to analysis of the program guides or schedules " This comment also applies to the former question regarding program types. 'fNo te that rock 'nt roll music is aired on only eight (16 per cent ) of the stations. All the other � ;ndicated that they very definitely did not, broadcast such music . < "Three stations indicated t at they considered '' � Chr istmas music, as religious music, and this , due to its seasona l quality , was not included in the pr eceding tabuiations. HOf the seven stations that broadcast tother ' types of music" these notations wer e made : two included show 1i\ilsic , two included broadway music , and four stations included opera, which other stations probably included in their reports under other categories. t'Though no general eorr,ela1iions could be de ... termiD-e.d as to how mach more church1!!'lOaffiliated co J.,leges broadcas,t 'religion t specifically, the fo llowing correlatioa cou.ld be no ted. Non�church ... affi liated institutions br oadcast mor e hours on Sunday and programmed all types of broadcasts, whereas church-affiliated institutions broadcast fewer hour s and mor e religious programming , such as chur ch services , chapel talks , and religious music. ' "Do you have a regular broadca st schedule? "Twenty-seven (54per cent )of the replies in ... 65 eluded a copy of their broadcast schedule or pro ... gr am guide . Only one station specifically indi ... cated that it had no schedule . The sChedules ranged from simple , mimeogr aphed sheets to a lOO ...page yearly guide (from the Univer sity of Alaska ). Of the twenty-seven forwarded to us , 6 4 PU':J4�nt were mimeographed or duplicated and 54 per " ¢Am t were printed . Some had attract1ve. covers and ar t wor k.. Schedules ranged from weekly prpgrams to those cover ing a who le year ; 70AfIJr cent were seasoaal. 0% semester guides , and l;stc!d specia l events and sports events to be 'broadeast . Most of the weekly", monthly, or even biO\tmonthly guides ex tensively listed specific . mllsical compositions and the datessof their broadcast. ttAs mentioned ear lier , I asked stations to include copies of both a progr am guide and . programming po licy if they wer e available. TwentYl!'lnine ( 56 per cent ) stations did provide ei,.ther one or bo tll ot' the 'documents. Twenty... se ven (54per cent ) il1cll1ded bopies of program guides or schedl1les and it wa s implied that policy cOl1ld be determined from a study of the guide. FQur ( 8 per cent ) stations. sent more detailed information as fo llows . ttKUOP of the University of the Pacific in Sto9kton " California , included J,'Ilimeographed state... l1lents "of it!S philosophy and objectives in broad ... �4 � t:i;t)9 •• ,· '. 'ttW�BF 'o� Clemson Co llege in Clemson , So uth Caro... l.i.na , . repl�!d with copies of its constitl1tion and laws , ba �ic po licy, and. a progr-am gumde • by"", . . ttWETN of Wheaton College in WIleaton , Illinois , retuned a pr ogr am schedule and a copy of its public rela tions and broadcastin9 policies� tfK WA R. of War tbug College in Waver ly. , Iowa , ,ttached a list of trl1les, regl1lations , do ts and don'ts, suggestions ,' instr uctions , etc.' wh ich could be reviewed as programming po licy. "Do yo u syndicate any programs? "Five (10 per cent ) institutions reported that they syndicate some pr ograms , such as 'programs of special ,1'lterest to local commercial stations ,' 'College... Fa culty Interview ' series , tpolitical Com... 66 mentary :frem BOnn, ' 'Washington Reports te the Peeple ,' 'Mount ain Meditatiens' (a fr ee , 30 minute period 'Of devetional talks and music , nen""sec... tarl"an ), tSounds 'Of 20th Century,' and one five ... minute pregram of ce l lege news for the local statiens . Syndication is obvious ly not a tr end in inter collegiate broadcasting .'143 The "pieneer" educational stations were cellege owned � operations . In particular those statiens affiliated with the state universities 'Of Wi scensin , Iowa , Minneseta , Illinois, Ohio and Ok lahoma , as we ll as WNYC , the mlinicipa llYNOwned and oper ated station in New Yerk City, competed :fr equently and success:f'ully with the netwerks in winning awards fer superior 44 educationa l pregramming . Wi th the development of FM radio after Wor ld War II and the FCC allocation 'Of the 88�92 megahertz band for educational use , the or ientatien of noncommer cial programming shifted. The shift fr om live drama and o�estras wa s similar te changes taking place in the commercial realm. As the previously presented statistics apparently indicate , the educationa l programmer is air ing little more than his commer cial counterpart. The high number of hour s used for entertainment seems to indicate the aver age co llege... 43 Ibid • 44Giraud Chester , Garnet R. Garrison , and Bd.gar Wi llis , :te le.vision and Radio (New York : Appleton ...Ce ntury"",Crofts , 1963 ), p. 202. 67 affiliated station has become a "follower " of commer cial trends rather than a "leader " in educating through use of the media . One of the more outstanding reasons for this if' the view that an educationa l statioD is an "education" for those students par ticipating in �nacjement t pr ogr amming or engineer ing . In a sense , )' then , the ·_dig is educational, not 'the me ssage. These co11ege... affi 1iated stations have excellent op ... por twd.ties :tor · broadcasting the 'orchestral and choral pr esentations of their music department s, as we ll as original compositions , theatre drama , radio dr ama t and ' chor al readings. Producing pro�� �JIls $.<:h as these wi ll giv�; th. st"den� uniqlile cha l lenl,es in the areas of ancl management , engineering , in addtti' Qll ;to providing . ,;'-t- :' ., ,,- -- . Financial . . " ttSevent�en stations (43 R�J: C:�Il:t ) repor ted that th,y J:ecei�ed their :funds eJl:�i;�iy' .and directly ;f1'�" �he , C:Q � lege budget . Thl'��. «() .per cen�) �nsti1:�1:ion� indicated that �heir '. b,udge t wa s in ... c1uded in .the speech depar tDient budget . Ten . (20, per cent ) repor ted tha t all 'their fl1ftds wer e received from the Student Senate or Council on campus . The remaining stations have varying combina tions o:f co llege bud�etea income and student bOdy allocations , but these gener ally depended l1l()re heavily on the col lege budget . Sever al institutions (state col1eges or state l1ftiversities) 68 reO:C1ved hal.f their funds .from the student fund �rid<_l.f directly from the st.te itself. ·'Other supp lemental so urces o.f income listed were gi.fts from alumni and fr iends , rental of records and equi:pment ( as for record hops ), and feeding FM music syst•• fa to stores. f'Oo ,..U have an,: annual- operating budget? "A ll .bu't two universities indicated that they had an annual budget , but enly twenty.... two (44 per c.ent ) elaborated on expenditures . ·'Amounts of the budge.ts var ied all the way from $.5.50 to $35,000. Here not·.ble correlations may be seen with the sizEt- of the institution , with two except ions . State institutions tended to have much larger budgets than even the larger schools in the survey. Also , ea,stiU'n ' ivy""league ' eu: 'prestige t schools alsO �ellClled to have larger . bud�ts, especially as severa � of t"'.e have �lmi ted stlldent bodieS in C().�aris,n • . ' �t GeneX'�,l ly , budgets for" schoo1s wttb about _ 1,OO() .l'lJ..�tllent ranged froll les5, thaa $1 ,000 to i#cluding student fta lar:teti if applicable. �4 _0�, . S,v,!�al . re�rts advised sta'r ��n9 wi th at least $1.006. T�O se trying to operate on this or less had found it near ly impossible t() provide even a minima s r vice . The IlOrm . wa s between and � , ' . . . $3 ,000 • ...... •.'. ' . dOO- �r ·· tear . . . '' . . . $4 , ., •. UIt w�$ .1 indicated that f'a eulty_ salary, studio h.t:1sin9 ·or :rent�l , and elec:'tl'i�Cll. power were pro .... vid.Cil .:t'or .in the general co llege b,,�at. and not inc 111ded it. the s tation 4)pei'a �it'i;ibudget-. When ' spe�ifi.c.a+lY mentioned,-_.ihe. t.lephgne bill wa s Conili4�� ,d i. par t of the Qper �tlJ)g .:b)lldget • . f� �l�llll.nts were made i� b�dget� for the fo l- . 1l-A'win9;expe�se. : . s.t u4C1tnt sa �aries ; new eqllipmen1: ; main'telianee'i and repairs; reo(,�as �n4 tapes ; publicity, pr iiittinC)c, 4'l,1d of..fice supplies; ' po stage ; contracts arid SUbscr iption dues. . If stud.ent help wa s paid , th!s wa s a.,t&a lly the largest sing le; item of expense. Other!:l!u(>·� 'cords and tapes wer e ordinarily the . bi9.ge�t " �j).nse, and maint�.al\ee ' and equipment tne s.cond lar§,st . Except iOJis f to . this trend wer e sta ... 69 tions which subscr ibed to programming sources . Station advisor s also warned of many small hid .... den expenses that add up to a big piece of the oper at ing budge t , .,45 Th e legal sources of revenue for a noncommercial station are dependent upon the guidelines established by the FCC , En tire progr ams may actually be "sponsor ede, by a commer cial concern if the proper wording is used , A tag similar to the fo llowing could be used once , at the conclusion of the programming : "Production assistance and consider ation for this broadcast wa s provided by , ft A lawyer , prefer ably a broadcast attorney , should be sought for the acceptable phrasing in accordance with the most recent . FCC rulings , Stations affiliated with tax-exempt or nonMprofit institut ions are also capable of using this status to receive donations of equipment , tapes , and records . The feeding of FM music systems ( ttMuzak" ) is usua lly unprofitable for a low power station due to the limited range and expense of multi- plexing (SCA) equipment . 45Eshe lman , loc , cit , VI . SIGNING...oFF Since TV , radio has become a per sonal medium- it 46 has turned to the individual needs of its audience, In meeting listener desires , the commercial broadcaster has developed new progr amming techniques, most no tably the ·' ta1k show" for ma t with guests of var io us professional backgrounds , and the radio news documentary, These trends indicate a change toward the educational commer cial station , But what has happened to · the educational noncom ... mercia1 station? Despite an estimated broadcast coverage of more than half of the Amer ican people, the actual audience of these stations is very small in compar ison 47 w1• th the potent1a• 1 audO .1e nce. Cer tainly the educationa l broadcaster .has been limited by inadequate budgets and the resultant shor tage of technical equipment , He has also been restr icted tn' often clinging to a ph ilosophy emphasizing noncommer cial radio as a tr aining ground for technicians rather than an educational exper ience for his audience, Oftentimes he does not even know his 46 McLuh an , loc, cit " p. 306 , 47 Cheste r , Garrison , and Willis, loc . cit " PP . 203 ...4 . 71 audience , or wor se , he do es no t fully compr ehend his function in the community. He may even forget that "educationa1U does not mean "dull." It is time for the educational FlI4 Uindustry·· to rel"'examine its history and formulate a realistic view of its role as a modern medium; to formulate programming combining audience appeal and educational value ; and to - . seek new forms of financial stability. It is time for the educational br oadcaster to take his cue fr om Pa tr ic:k Henr y : " • • • we ar e no t weak if we make a proper use of those means which the God of nature hath placed in our power ." APPENDIX I The £o llowing is a glo ssary o£ terms and phr ases common to the broadcaster 's langu.age . It must be noted that this list is incomplete , having been designed to cover speci£ic ar eas mentioned within the text . OF TERMS GLOSSARYt J j AclOSS THE BOA1l�J>�.tr a. er type fifl F.,ram schcedu.led, ev.ry' cI@,� ; als. kllown as str ipping. AD LIB.t.llc �withou.t script. AIR C�(l(.JIlf,).. ,i, t.r (and "slIa 11y �.cpera,' a progr am as 1;i>r Oa.c1c:,a.t ; an *'air che,ck tape" is .a"ally sent wi th an. .. �p:P,l�,c�tion · ,- for , " sta tiot)',.( ' e.l. qy"en t. j , , ,- ." AUDITi()N��... stJ a,: per... , recorcl t� {i;lFt" am for station .tjl:lta bi 1i ty ; also t a $wi t�id. "'9 ,positi on . OR .at con ... , �Jl".l, � t;ls for eo_.niea� i�, ��<\aonitor s wi thin , wi thOQt air.. , broadc the '. tin, :'on ". .�at3,;/. on� •• ' B. G ...bi��g,oiincJJ ••• al1, a ..__ do r ."sic backgroand. BOA RD���� 'i���*,.er.ing coft• • le Wl!�\ �' �.''' and sOllnd illl sou.nda '. '�'!.l,.tI �� (.J thr.llgh wld: ch are fed , to tbe tr all.� t1:er .- �,f);' , Q� ' gc)�ng ! , ,+:;,./'�: ,' \?',,,<: ; BREAKe".eglaent "of tl •• between piii�r.JDfJ all BRlOOE8!1hor t •• .sed. •• gaellts of a s;ic till to · c,nn.�t:. ,: prog!:�JD. CX>�per f�r .e<1 ,witho"t pr eparat:i..Q f'.)r pt"ereading. i OONTROL �M8"; ti.ft of station,;[;·�"�;�:l.QiD9 the BOARD and reI_ted :tr aas.tttiftg ,qa:l.:p.. nt . CUE.t.lt. ,1""i,l ol a .tart.... 81cj1\a:1... ter •• sic or announcing ; JIlOre lIJIlOnly tI• • ,f)f placing "., ; " to ".cr iQ. · the techni... . a t,•• (i ar. 01\ r.Gflf.. 'gr... . i· so that the' racer d starts wI tho.t, cl��d air ,aad ·.ith 9ut dragging.., 73 74 CUSHION.extr a pr ogram ma ter ial QSed in the event the re9u.la� programming r __ abort ; a lso known as ":fill.11 CUT_stop a program or por tion of a progJ:am ; o:ften Synol1J111,OW5 wi th "ki ll.t1 CROSS FADE. lower ing One so od level while incr ea sing another sOllhd level; IIsually applied to :fading out o.e record while fading in another ,. This is gener ally con.ieler ed ratber tlnprofessional. DEAD MIKEwa .ierophone aet tuned on. ET.e lectrical transcription ; a recording on a plastic disc. 0 FADE IN.. t\# .. �" ". POT trom to .. " $$�!4j pr ogr am level. FADE i.vel oQTti. tufting POT fro. pr09r a. to O. ' ' \ :-,,", -, -� ,. ' '. ,,; ""., - >�'� - , . ::- :- - ,;- . ' - ' ,: FCc.Fe"Z; t1 f:C1JPuDieat:l•• ·*h. govern.enta,!,')' ) Co_if' .�" .n); . . ... y Amer ie n bl'oa:dcasting ; 'a-gency aad re._lat beai'd of , a �Il'�'$; "'!�'lud. the ri9ht l�ti�'Jl�' . aDd allocate 1?l."o�"��'� ,chaDnel. . the L (AM8F��V@�,r.,. wav. ) in . . . �.1uest. ' . . . ,0-, p!�l:l.� - , ") : . FEED8send �o,ril.. iftg froll rellOt•. . fa�iJiti.s to stat:i9p " , , . ,:�, , � to statictll oit 'll-oi statioR to statIon"., . - : '!fo.',":'/' '. ' : h.\1.,:' '.i�k �. . r�- ,;::,-..:1'" FILTER."l.e�j.llc eagineering cley.ic�' ''� ieh bas the effect .:t·'c'�i*'" IIl,h& aut-r l' ;' ·: .tt: prograllldn, ; can Cr'.a�' t�' .ft.ct ot a lIft•• ua tly t,!�pho��. . ,or an deep vo ice anno.nciag.. " fer "I {, ;.,- J.r GAIN���:l'i.'.i\ iri1;.n.i ty control14 . t)Y p!T'. ID8.tat��*"tt���\lllcati.D "dl���J\ '�\�\:J�"; call8lette:r:s . a' Rd city'of: br oadcast (staaio ' location ) aust be iirtC:hlftCea. :every baIt bout,." LIVBIjIPAiti t.:ha'� 4ir.ctly taped ; eft the �i:t ; or reccl»I:'de .... . ,,. ' . ' .- ., . ' . 1101: �-':\' .- 75 N. A If B., ...Nati ona l Association of Br oa(kasters; a po litically influ.ent ial group of commercial per sonne l and executives who function as a self.. re gulatory body of the industry. N .. A. E. S."Nationa l Association of Educat iona l Broadcasters ; the non"",co.. er cial co unterpar t ai the N. A. B. NERN-National Utlcatiemal Radio Network ; a tape networ k headquar ter ed at '-the Univer sity of Illino is. ON MIKEwpeJ: formed directly in fr ont of a ..lcr oph" ..e; nor ma l microphone technique . OFF MIKEMper for lled ltWay from a mierophone to deftOte distance . ON THE NOSlt.. exa ctly on time . PLAYBACK... tbe playing o! a previously recor ded ma terial. POT-control for vo lume leve l (GAIN) of any pr ogr amming sov ce. PSA-public ••rv ice anno unce.ent ; a type of SPOT Mad,e in the public interest withotlt char ge. REM)t'Ewprog.r all materia.1 or iginatin9 frOIl a sour ce qUlt s ide . th_ physical .tractar_ of a station; . accoaplished by telephOne lirae( s) or sJ!aor twave _bile tr ansmitter (s)o RIDE GAIN-r eftadjusting tbe progr alUling level to maintain a eoR 5istent GAIN . SEGUE (pronounce4 t·se9<"iW.yt' )_swi tebing from one pr ogr am souce to another withou,t pause ; also knoWl'l as "r unn ing a tight BOARD ." SPOT"any announcement , comm.rclal or PSA . ,STRETCS-slow down rate. lengthen pr ogr amming ; necessar y if pr ogr am ma ter ial is go ing too fast or wi ll end. bef().l' . planned time limit . It is more desir able to . STREtQia than to CUSHION . STRIKE-r eJlOve and. stor e et\uipment . 76 STINGER""music or sG l1nd used to accent a conclusion ; usually used to end a spot . STRIPPING ... . ee ACROSS THE BOARD . SUSTA INER ...pregr amaing a ir ed reg.1ar ly without sponsor ship ; all '·stripped " progr ams on a non-eommer cial station are SUSTAINERS. TA Gsmusie or almo une ...t at eOl!lc l\lsion of a progr am; TAGS ar e ' a1so added by the announcer to previously recorded SPOTS. TALK BACK-see second seet ion ol AtmITION . 'l'P... re cord a p:r egr alll or SPOT on audio t ape •. UNDER... music or so und of lower level th.an central action or a"bounc ing., VO... voi ce ,Qver music or 50 l1nd background. VU... vo 1ume un its; a marking 'system used on the meter(s) loca ted on a BOARD to ma intain consistent sound levels. APPENDIX II Th e following section consists of listings of all educational noncommer cial FM stations within the jurisdiction of the Feder al Communications Commission . In cases where the noncommercial licensee also owns and oper ates an AM facility , the noncommer cial AM station has also been included . DIRECTORY OF EDUCATIONAL FM STATIONS Infor mation has been corrected to Oc tober 15 , 1967 . Li st ings ar e made as fo l lows : call letters, ini t ia l oper at ion date, megah er t z po sit ion , wattage, tower foo t age , address , telephone number , own er . Stations are listed by st a te and toWn (direct-dial ar ea code appe ar s aft er town name) . Alabama TUSCALOOSA ( 205 ) Tuscaloosa Count y WUOA-FM 1949 (tempor a-r ily ·o£';£' the air ): 91 .? mc ; 15 kw . Ant 120 ft . Box X, Univer sity of Alabama (35486). 348-6210 . Boar d of Tr ustees of th e Un iver si t y of Alabama . Alaska COLLEGE KUACJ F.M ) Sept . 20 , 1962 : 104 .9 mc ; 2.7 kw . Ant minus 125 ft . Dept.. of Sp eech & Radio , Un iver sity of Alaska ( 99701 ) . 479-7255 . Univer s i t y of Alaska . Networ k : NER Ch ar les Nor thr ip , mgr ; Sue Pittman , prog d ir ; . Richard Dowl ing , ch ief engr. Ar izona PHOEN IX (602 ) Maricopa County KFCA (FM) 1951 : 91 . 5 me; 10 w. 1202 W. Thomas Rd . Phoenix College (85013 ). 264-2492. Special programs : C&W 2 hr s weekly . Char les Buzzard, gen D)gr ; Rober t Crandel , prog dir ; Tom Chamber s, chief engr . Ar kansas JONESOORO (501 ) Cr aighead County KASU (FM) 1956 : 91.9 mc ; 3.5 kw . Ant 185 ft . Box 4B, State College , Arkansas (73467). WE 5- 5972 . Arkansas State University. Char les Rasberry, dir bcstg & gen mgr ; Darrel Cunningham, opns mgr ; Gene Boucher , chief engr . Ca lifornia ANGWIN (707 ) Napa County KANG (FM) May 20, 1961 : 88 .l mc ; lO w. Pacific Un ion College (94508 ). WO 5-24 2 1 , ext . 261 . Pacific Union College Association for Ed ucationa 1 Broadcas1;d.ng . E. H. Wa llace , pres; Elmore Murphy , gen mgr ; Jerre Iver son , prom mgr ; Wa-lt Bolinger , engr . ARCATA (707 ) Humbo ldt County KHSC-FM June 1, 1960 : 90 .5 mc ; 10 w. Division of Cr eative Arts, Humbo ldt State College . VA 2-1771 . Humbo ldt State College . 79 California BERKELEY (415) Alameda County KALX ( FM) July 1967 : 90 .7 mc 10 w. Chancellor' s Office , U. Of California (94720 ). TH 5-6000 . The Re gents of the U. of C al if . CLAREMONT (714)Los Angeles County KSPC (FM) February 1956 : 88 .7 mc ; 3 kw. Ant minus 255 ft. Sumne r Hall . NA6-8 511 , ext 3060 . Pomona College . LA.C� (213) Lo s Angeles County (FM) B,:UNF 88 .9 mc ; 10 w. La Canada Unified S chool Di stri ct . LOlA LINDA (714) San Bernardino County KEMR (FM) Sept . 8 , 1961 : 88.3 mc 10 w. Loma Linda U. Church (92354). 796-0258 . Le. ma Li nda Educational Bcstg Corp . Spec progs: Fr. t hr ; Sp i, both wkly . Edwin Collins , D.D.S. , pres; Ellis Rogers. , stn mgr , Jame s Mershon , chief engr . LONG BEACH (213) Los Ange le s County KLON (FM) Jan . 2, 1950 : 88 .1 mc; 1.2 kw. Ant 425 ft. 1305 E. Pac if1c Coast Hwy . (90806 ). 599-2421. Long Beach United S chool District. Dr. Frank George , pres; Love ll Johnson , mgr . LOS ALTOS (41.5) Santa Clara County KFJC (FM}Dec. 4, 1959 : 89 .7 mc ; 10 w. 12 345 El Monte Ave . Footh111 College . (94022) 948-8590 ., Foothill Col lege Di str1c t . stuart Roe , mgr . LOS ANGEL.ES (213) Los Angeles County KUSC (FM) 1946 : 91 .5 mc ; 2.9 _1w. An t 150 f t . U. of Southern Calif . (90007). RI6-2168 . U. of Southern Calif . Kenneth Harwood , gen mgr ; Allen Klaus, prog dir; Stephen Berry , chief engr. (FM) KXLU March 3, 1 957 : 89.1 mc ; 710 w. Ant 12 ft. Stereo. 7 10 1 w. 80 th Street ( 90045 ). sp6-0400 . Loyola U. of Los Angele s. Rep : Vance Very Rev. Charle s Casassa , 3.J. , pres; Richard Kallenberger, gen mgr ; V. Talbot , engr . NORTHRIDGE (213) Los Ange le s County KEDO-FM November, 1963: 88 .5mc ; 320 w. Ant minus 23 5 ft. 18111 Nordhorff St. (91324) . 349- 1 200 , ext 557 . San Fernando State College. Denni s Broderic k, gen mgr . PASADENA (21J� Los Angeles County KPCS (FM ) Sept. , 1957 : 89.3 mc ; 970 w. Ant . minus 540 ft. 1570 E. C olorado (91106) . SY5 -6961 . Pasadena City Junior College District. Paul Smith , gen mgr ; John Gregory , stn mgr ; A. K. Johnson , chief engr. 80 California REDLANDS (714) San Bernadino County KUOR (FM) May , 1966: 89 .1 mc ; 700 w. minus 500 ft. Univ. of Redlands . (92373) . 792-8570 , Antex t 283. U of Red lands. Spec progs : Fr 1 hr ; Ger 1 hr ; Sp 1 hr ; all weekly . George Armacost , pres; Bob Treadway , gen mgr ; Ken Moody , ooml mgr ; Allison Jones , prog dir; Jame s R. Rosa , ohief engr. RIVERSIDE (714) Riverside County KUCR-FM October , 1966: 88 .1"mc; 10 w. Chancellor's Offioe , University of California. (92502). 684-2210. Re ge nts of Univ. of Calif. Net: Intercollegiate Bcstg. , Robert Clevenger, gen mgr ; V. Coleman , prog dire BERNARDINO SAN (714 ) San Bernadino County KVCR (FM) 1953: 91 .9 mc ; 4.85 kw. Ant minus 280 ft. 701 S. Mt. Vernon Ave . (92403) . TU 5-0231 , Ext . 249 . San Bernardino Valley College . Net: NER. Spec progs: Sp 1 hr . weekly . " J. W. McDaniel, pres; Edward Rothhaar , gen mgr ; Fred Burgess, prog dir; Jame s Curtiss , chief engr . RVeR-TV affil. SAN DIEGO (714) San Diego Countl' KEBS (PM) Sept. 12, 1960 ; 89.5 mc ; 780 w. Ant 110 ft. San Diego State College . (92115) . 286-6050 . TWX 714- 583-8100 . state of Cal if., San Diego state College . Net: NERN . Kenneth Jones , Jr ., prof in chg bc stg; John Witherspoon , gen mgr; Joseph Johnson, dir; John C. Merino , chief engr . KSDS (FM) September, 1952 : 88.3 mc ; 830 w. Ant 170 ft. 1425 Russ Blvd . (92101). 234-1062. San Diego Unified School .Di strict. Charles Parker, gen mgr & chief engr . SAN FRANCISCO (415) San FranCisco County KALW (FM) 1940 : 91 .7 mc ; 3.3 kw. Ant 70 ft. 21st & Harrison Streets (94110 ). MI8-1326. San Franciscd) United School District. K. M. Nielson, gen mgr . KCMA (FM) April 1964: 90 .3 mc ; 10 w. 801 Silver Ave . (941 34) . 586-6 88 . Simpson Bible College . Russel' Marshall , gen mgr ; Robert Rhoads , chief engr . KXKX (FM) 88.5 mc ; 110 kw. Ant 1270 ft. 286 Divlsadero (94117). 863-7200 . San Francisco The ological Seminary . Net: NEB. Charles A. Black , gen mgr ; Wayne Loerke , engr. 81 California o n y . SAN JOSE (408) Santa Clara C u t KSJS (FM) Peb., 1963: 90 .7 mc ; 85 w. Ant minus 170 ft . San Jose State College (95114) . 294-6414, ext . 2550 . s ta te of California--San J se State College . Net: NAEB o Clarence Flick, faculty advisor. SAN o o y MATEO (415) San Mate C unt KCSM (FM) Oc tober, 1964 : 90 .9 mc ; 350 w. Ant 330 ft. 1700 Hillsdale Rd . (94402 ). 341-5685. San Mateo Junior College District. Dr . Julio Bortolazzo, pres; Dr . Jacob Wiens, g m gen mgr ; Douglas Mont o ery , prog dir; Joe Morgan , chief engr. SANTA MONICA (213) Los Angeles County KCRW (FM ) January 1, 1 946 : 89.9 mc ; 1.4 kw. t Ant minus 300 ft. 1723 Fourth S reet (90401) • EX 3- 2785. Santa Monica Un ified Schools . (acq 3-6-48) . Dr . Alfred A. Artuso, pres; Earl Didle , gen mgr ; Hillis Brown , chief engr. STANFORD (415) San Mateo County KZSU (PM) Oot. 10 , 1964 : 90.1 mc; 10 W; Memorial Hall (94305) 321-2300, ext. 4000 . Leland Stanford Junior U. Michael Heathman , gen mgr ; Bill Lundell , engr . STOCKTON (209) San Joaquin C ounty KOmp (PM) 1947 : 91.3 mo ; 30 kw. Ant 215 ft. 360 1 Pacific Avenue (95204) . 466-4841 , eKt 259 . U of the Paoifio. *S'l'EREO* Dr . Robert Burns , pres; Wade Springborn , dir ·of bcstg ; Bod Rigg , chief engr . Colorado COLORADO SPRINGS (301) EIPaso County KRCC (FM) 1951 : 91 .3 me ; 280 w. Ant milllus 770 ft. Colorado College {80903). 473-2233. Colorado College . Spec progs: Fr 3 hrs ; Ger 3 hrs ; Sp 3 hrs , All Weekly . Woodson Tyree, gen mgr ; John Shearer, engr. KSHS (PM) Feb . 15, 1957 : 90 .5 mc ; 610 w. Ant 1760 ft. 301 N. Nevada. (80902) ME5-1466. School District #11, El Paso County , Colo. FORT COLnII$ (303) Larimer County , KCSU-FM sept . 20 1964: 90 .9 mc ; 800 w. Ant minus 110 ft. Student Center, Colorado state U. (80521). 484-3525. State Board of Agriculture . Robert Cowan , gen mgr . 82 Col orado GREELEY (303) Weld County KCBL (FM) December 1966 : 91.3 mc ; 10 w. Col orado state College (80631). 351-3333. Associated Stude nts of CSC . Frank Jami son, gen mgr ; C. M. Hall , prog dir; Estel Haning, chief engr. Conne cticut BRIDGEPORT (203) Fairfield County WPKN (PM) Oc t . 1963: 88.1 mc ; 10 w. 200 University Ave . (06602 ). 334-2682. U. of Bridge port . Net : IBS Richard Florman , gen mgr ;Charle s King , engr. FA IRFIELD (203) Fa irfield County · WSHU (FM) sept. 1954 : 91 .1 me ; 600 w. Ant 620 ft. 5229 Park Ave . 374-6191 . Sacred Heart U.- HARTFORD (203) Hartford County WRTC-FM February 1958 : 89.3 mc ; 350 w. Ant 63 ft. Box 1368 , Tr inity College . (06106) . 527-0447 . Trinity C. Spec prog : Fr 1 hr ; Ger 1 hr, both wkly . William Eliot , stn mgr ; Sam E�sall , chief engr . MIDDLETOWN (203) Middle sex County WESU (FM) February 1961: 88 .1 mc ; 10 w. Box 269 , Wes leyan Stat ion. (06457) . DI 6-4000. We sleyan U. Robert s. Tarleton , gen mgr ; Charle s Zitt , prog dir; Douglas Smi th , chief engr . STORRS (203) Tolland County . WHOS (FM ) 1956: 90.5 mc ; 10 w . Hillside Rd . GA9-4726. BOlllrd of Trustees , U. of Conn. Net: ABC. Rep: College Ra dio Corp. Barry Kircher, gen mgr ; Al Miner, chief engr . None . District of Columbia WASHINGTON (202) WAMU-FM Oc t. 1961 : 88 .5 mc ; 13.5 kw. Ant 420 ft. American UniverSity (20016) . 966-6506. Ame r,ican U. Ji.et: NER , EERN . Spec progs: Fr 3/4 hr ; Ger t hr ; Ital t hr; Rus s ian t hr ; Greek 1 hr, all weekly . Dr . D. M. Williams , dir of bcstg ; Dr. R. Penn , gen mgr ; Alexander Hendrickson , chief engr . WETA (PM) January , 1968 : 90 .9 me ; 75 kw. 2600 Fourth st. N.W. 387-1300 TWX 710-822-9510 . Greater Wa shington Educati onal TV As sn. , Inc . *STEREO* Ne t: NER : EBR . Spec progs : Fr i hr ; Ge:t' i hr ; Ital t hr ; Sp i hr , all weekly . William McCarter, VP & gen mgr ; George Geesey , prog dir ; Charles Prohaska , dir of engrg . 83 District of Columbia WASHINGTON Con� inued : WGTB -FM: November 7. 1960 : 90 .1 mc ; 771 w. Ant 2:).ift.·. Ge orgetown Universty . (20007). FE7-3300 , Ext . 275. The Pre sident and Director of Ge orgetown U. Florida MIAMI (305) Dad.e C oun ty WTHS (FM) February , 1949 : 91.3 mo ; 8.4 kw . Ant 400 ft. 1410 N. E. Second Ave . FR7-4311 . Dade C ounty Sohools . George Dooley . gen mgr ; Arthur Hafer, engr . TALLAHASS.EE (904) Le on County WFSU�FM May , 1954: 91.5 mc ; 3 kw. Ant 205 ft. Musio Building , Florida State U. 599-2395. Fla . Sate U. Edward Herp , dir of bestg ; Th.mas Brask, engr . TAMPA (813) Hillsborough County kw. Ant WUSF (FM ) September1 1963 ; 89 .7 me ; 21.17 820 ft. 4202 Fowler Ave . 98ts-41 31 , ext 341 . U. of S. Fla . Net: NAEB , NEBN . Spe c progs : Fr hr; J t Sp t hr ; apanese t hr ; Negro t hr; C&W t hr , all weekly . WINTER PARK (305) Orange County WPRK (PM) Dee. 8, 1952 : 91.5 me ; 330 w. Ant 90 f t . Rollins College (32791). MI7-1393. Rollins College . Georgia ATLAN� (404) Ful ton County WABE (FM) Septeme er, 1948 : 90 .1 me ; 4.6 kw. Ant 320 ft. 740 Bismarck Rd ., N.E. (30.)24). 873-1}471. Board. of Educa tion of the City of Atlanta . Hawaii HONOLULU , Honolulu County !(vOK (FM ) 88.1 me ; 10 w. The Kamehameha. Schools . Idaho MOSCOW (208) La tah County KUID (FM) September 1, 1963 : 91.7 mc ; 1.2 kw. Ant 1000+ ft. Radio-TV C enter , University of Idaho . TU3-0110. University of Idaho . Gordon Law , gen mgr ; J . Walter Johnson , engr. NAMPA (208 ) Canyon C ounty KCHR-Not on Air , targe t date unknown : 91.5 mo . Northwe st Nazarene College . POCATELLO (208) Bannock C ounty KBGL (FM) May 12, 1962: 88 .7 mo ; 10 w. Dept of Radio-TV" , Idaho State U. 236-3661 , Ext 3661. Idaho State U. Herbert Everitt, dire 84 Illinois CARBONDALE (618) Jackson County WSIU (FM) Se ptember 15, 1958 : 91 .9 me ; 37 n. Ant 290 ft. Southern Illinois U. (62901). 453-4343. TWX 618-549-3121. Southern Illinois U. Net: Natl Educ Radio Dr. D. W. Morris , pres; Buren Robbins , gen mgr . CHICAGO (312) Cook County WBEZ (FM) 1942 : 91 .5 mc ; 16 kw; Ant 550 ft. 228 La- Salle St. (60601). DE2-7800 , ext . 251 . Board of Education , City of' Chicago. Elizabeth Marshall , dir of radio-tv . DE KALa, (815) De Kalb County WNIC (FM) April, 19,54 : 89 .7; 2.5 kw. Ant 260 ft. Northern Illinois U. (60115) . 7531323. Rep: NAEB Dr. Rhoten A. Smith, pres; Walter Utz , Jr . , sup ; Dr . Clair Tettener, dir eomm ser; Fred Pyle , prog dir; Walter Kaszynski , ohief engr . ELGIN (312) Kane County WEPS (FM) 1959 : 90.0 mo ; 364 w. Ant 24 ft. 4 S. Gif ford (60120) . SRl' -6800. Board of' Education, Union School District 46 . Net: Natl Eduo Radio. ELMHURSI], (312) Du Page County WRSE-FM Dec., 1962: 88 .7 mc ; 10 w. 190 Prospect Ave . (60126). BR9-4100 . Elmhurst College . Donald Low & Charles Sohmidt, advisors . EVANSTON (312 ) Oook County WNUR (FM) May 10, 1950 : 89.3 mc ; 1.04 kw. Ant 45 ft. Speech Bldg . (60201). 492-7101 . Northwester!J U. Robert W. Thomas , faculty advisor ; Rosald Kramer, gen mgr ; Gary DePalma , chief engr . FLOSSMOOR (312) Cook County WHFH (FM) september, 1965 : 88.5 mo ; 10 w. 999 Kedzie Ate . , 518;;'1114-0 . CommUnity High Sohool District No. 233. Jerold Garber, mgr . GALESBURG (30 9) Knox County WVKC (FM) April , 1962 : 90 .5 mc ; 10 w. Knox College . 343-1121, ext. 347 . Knox College . Dr. Wayne Green, fao advi sor; Alan Birkner, engr. GREENVILLE (618 ) Bond County WGRN (FM) sept. 26 , 1966: 89.3 mc ; 10 w. ,3 15 E. College . 664-1840 , ext. 211. Greenville College Eduoational Bcstg Foundation, Inc. Glenn Riohardson , pres; Ja.."" ck Clark , engr. 85 .11ino1s ( continued ) LA GRANGE (312) Cook County WLTL ( FM) Nov . 20 1967 : 88.3 mo ; 10 w. Ant 50 ft. 100 S. Brainard. r60525). 354-4220 . Lyons Township H. S. Spec progs: Fr 1 hr ; Ger 1 8r; C&W 48 hrs , all weekly . Jame s Fisher, faculty dir; D. D. Reber, princ ipal ; Terry Marsal , gen mgr ; Wayne Terrell , engr . MACOD (309) McDonough County WWKS (PM) May 23, 1956 : 91 . 3 me ; 17 kw. Ant 280 ft. 899";'2473. We stern Illinois U. E. C. Haddook , dire NORMAL (309) McLean Coun�y WGLT (FMI Feb . 4, 1966: 91 .7 me ; 10 w. Illinois state U. (61761). 438-2176 . Illinois State U. G. Ben Paxton , Jr. , faculty sponsor ; David Claeys , chief engr. PARK FOREST (312) Cook County WRHS (n) 3ianUarJ ,"" 21l , 1960 : 88 .5 me ; 10 w. Sauk Trail & nl -8889 . High We stwood {6a466} . Rich Township School . Dale Zahn , pres , gen mgr , prom mgr ; Erie Jay Toll , prog dir ; Steve Vance , engr . PA RK RIDGE (312 ) Cook County WMTH ( FM ) September 20 , 1960 : 88 . 5 me ; 10 w. Dempster & Potter Rds . (60068) . 825-4484 . Board of Education, Maine Township. . Cynthia Schaulis, gen mgr & prog dir; Theron Wh itfield , chief engr . ROCK ISLAND (309) Rock Island County WVIK (FM) Feb. , 1963: 90 .9 mc ; 10 w. Augustana College . (61201). 788-9511. Augustana College . Clarence Meyer, dir; Wa yne Kempe , ge n mgr ; Lane Morgan , chief engr . . URBANA ( 217 ) Champaign County WILL April , 1 922 : 580 ko . kw-Daytime , Directional (AM:)1 ; .5 U. Pat. tern . 228 Gregory Hall ( 6 801 ) 333-0850 . Of Illinois. David D. Henry , pre s; Frank Schooley, gen mgr ; John Regnell , prog dir; Rob Beldon , chief engr . WILL-FK September 1, 1941: 90 .9 mo ; 300 kw. Ant 500 ft . Duplicates WILL-AM 100%. *STEBEO* Construotion Permit. WILL-TV Affil . WHEATON (312) DuPage County WETN ( FM ) Feb. , 1962: 88.1 mo ; 10 w. 682-,074. Wheaton College . ( 60187 ) Trustees of Wheaton College . 86 Illinois ( cont inued) - WINNETKA (312 ) Cook County WNTH ( FM ) 88.1 mc ; 10 w. Ant 105 ft. 38.5 Winnetka Ave . (60093). HI 6-7000 . Board of Education. Spec progs : Pr 1 hr weekly. Thomas stewart , stn mgr ; David DeFord , engr . Ind1ana BLOOMINGTON (812) Monroe County WFIU (PM) Sept. , 1950 : 103.7 mc ; 75 D. Ant 245 ft. 3 37-3818 . Trus tees of Indiana Unive rsity. Net : NER ' Donley Fedderson , ge n mgr ; L. J. Rolfe , engr . CARMEL ( 317 ) Ham ilton County WHJE (FM) : 91 . 3 mc ; 10 w. Carmel-Clay Sohools CBAWFOEDSVILLE ( 317) Montgomery County WNDY ( FM ) Aug. , 1953: 106.3 me ; 1 kw. Ant 58 ft . 301 We st Waba sh AYe . (47933 ) 362-6664 . Wabash College Radio. ( acquired 10-22-64) . W1lliam Degitz , pres; Lee Grogg , exeo , dir; Jeff Moon , prog dir; Donald Reed, engr . EVANSVILLE (812) Vanderburgh County WEVC ( FM) June , 1964: 101.7 me ; 3 kw. Ant 140 ft. 1800 Lincoln Ave . (47714) . 476-1 341 , ext. 80 . Evan sville College . Robert Harmon , gen mgr ; Ed Yarbrough , engr . WPSR (PM) September , 1957: 90 .7 mc ; 4.5 kw. Ant 100 ft. 726 Wedeking Ave . (4771 1 ) . 425-1801. Evan sville Van derburgh School Corp. FRANKLIN 'J17 ) Johnson County WF CI ( FM ) Oot. , 1960 : 89.3 me ; 10 w. Franklin College . RE 6-6181. Franklin Colle ge of Indiana . GARY (219) Lake County WGVE (PM) January , 1954: 88.7 me ; 295 w. Ant 83 �t . 415 W. 45th Ave . 887-5251 . Sohool City of Gary . Lawrence Ventura , gen mgr . GOSHEN (219) Elkhart County WOO S ( FM) Oc t ., 1958: 91 . 1 me ; 390 w. Ant 65 ft . Goshen College (46526). 5,33-3161. Goshen College Broadca sting Corporation. Paul Minninger, pres; J. F. Swartzendruber, sec-tre s & chief engr ; Roy Umble , prog dir e GREENCASTLE ( 317) Putnam County WGRE (FM ) April , 1949 : 91 .5 me ; 115 w. Ant 160 ft. OL )-9721 , ext 276 . DePauw University. Ne t: Interc ollegiate Broadcasting Sys tem Spec progs : Fr 21 hrs ; Ger 2* hrs ; Ital 21 hra ; Sp 2t hrs ; Ru ssian 2* hrs , all we ekly . 87 Ind1a� ( cont1nuue d ) HARTFORD CITY (317) Blackford County WHC I (FM) December, 1954 : 9 1 . 9 mc ; 10 w. 701 North High St. 348 -20 10 . School C1ty of Hartford Clty. HUNTINGTON (21 9) Huntlngton County WVSH (FM) �. 1, 1950 : 91.9 mc ; 10 w. John & Gil- ford streets . 356-7818. Hunt ington County Commun ity School. NetL NEB Richard DeFore , dir; Ted Rogers , engr. INDIANAPOLIS (:317) Marion County WAJC (FM) Sept . 3, 1949 : 104.5 mc ; 36 D. Ant 360 ft. 46th & Sunse t . WA 3-3451 . Butler University. Alexander Jones , gen mgr ; John Krom , engr . WBGD (PM) Sept. , 1965 : 90 .9 mc ; 10 w. 1200 N. Girls School. Road . Me tropolltan School District . Robert Berry , gen mgr . WIAN' ( FM) Oct. , 1954: 90 .1 mc ; 10 ltw. Ant 36 ft. 3401 N Meridan st . 923-2534. Board. of School Commi ssioners of' Ind.iarapol18 . M1s.s;Nancy Hendricks , supvr , radio-tv ; John Krom, chief engr. WICR (PM) Aug ., 1962 : 88.7 mc ; 10 w. 4001 Otte rba1n Avenue . (46227). 787-6301 . Indiana Central U. Neil Butcher, gen mgr ; Larry Hill , engr . MUNC IE (317) Delaware -County WEST (FM) Sept . , 1960 : 90 .7 mc ; 10 w. ladio & TV Center , Ball state U. (47 306 ) 285-1833. Ball . State u. Net: NAEB Dr. William Tomlinson , dir & gen mgr ; Michael K. Rogers , asst to dir ; George Howard, ohief engineer. WWHI (PM) 1950 : 91 .5 mc ; 10 w. 2000 S. Frankl in st • . 288-6626. Wilson Jr. High School Jame s F. Bailey , gen mgr. NEW ALBANY (812) Floyd County ViNAS ( PM) 1949: 88 .1 me ; 800 w. Ant minus 32 ft. 1020 Vincenne s st. 944-22 1 6 , ext . 29. New Albany Floyd County Consolldated School Corp. Net : NER . Spec progs : Fr 1 hr ; Ger t hr ; Sp 1 hr , all we ekly . N TRE DAME (219) St. Joseph County .. . WSND-PM SepQE:t. , 1962 : 88 .9 me ; 10 w. Box 532 . (46556) . 284-7425. The U. of N6I�re Dame . Net, NER . -- Richard. Rl1ey , stn mgr ; David Morri son , engr . 88 In dJ:.arl!. ( continued) RICHMOND (317) Wayne County WECI ( FM ) September , 1964: 91., mc ; 10 w. Box 630 Earlham Colle ge (47374) . 9626161, ext. 268. Earlham Co11eg8 . Net : DR. Spee progs : Negro 3 hra weekly . Landrum Bolling , pr�s ; Robert Sherwood , engr. SOUTH BEND ( 219) st. Joseph County n WE�L (FM) 1958 : 91.9 mO l 390 •• A t 43 ft . 620 W. Wash ington Ave .' 288-4787 . SOllth Bend Community S,chool � .. Howa rd Uhrig , gen mgr & engr . TERBE HAUTE (812) Vigo C ounty WISU (FM) September, 1964 : 89.7 .me ; 1 1.5 kw. Ant 360 ft . Crawford 6311. Indiana state U. Board of Trustees . Net], NAEB . Joe Duncan , faculty a.dvi sor . VALPARA ISO (219) Porter C ounty WVUR ( FM ) Se pt . 25, 1967: 8 9.5 mc ; 10 w. Box 246 . (4638 3) . Valparai so U. Assn. , Inc . WABASH (219) Waba sh County WSKS ( PM ) March , 1953: 91 .3 mo ; 10 w. Waba sh High School. 563-3705. City of Waba sh . Jame s Oliver, gen mgr , prog dir, engr . WEST LAFAYSmTE , Tippe canoe County WBAA-AM April 4, 1922: 920 kc ; .5 kw daytime (unre stri c te d pat tern ) , 1 kw night with directional patte rn. Purdue University (47907). 92-238.5. Purdue U. Dr . Frederick Hovde , pre s; John DeCamp , mgr ; Ra lph Townsley , chief engr . Iowa - AMES (51.5) story County 'WOI (AM) 1922 : 640 kc ; 5 kw-D ( day time spe cial service authorization ; 1 kw specified hours ). Iowa State U. 294-555.5. TWX 520-11.52 . Iowa state U. W. Robert Parks , pres ; Rober Mulhall , gen mgr ; Ke ith Ke tcham , chief engr . WOI�FM July , 1949 : 90 .1 mc ; 1 6 kw . Ant 480 ft. Duplicate s WOI 20% . *STEREO* WOI-TV aftil. BOONE (515) Boone County KFGQ 1927= 1260 kc (AM ) ; 1 kw-D . 924 W. 2nd St. GE2-2092 . Boone Biblical College . KFGQ-FM 1950 : 99.3 mc ; 310 w. Ant 200 ft. Duplicates KFGQ-AM 100% . CEDAR FALLS (31 9) Black Hawk County KTCK (FM) 1960: 88 .1 mc ; 10 w. U. of Northern Iowa . 006-1721 , ext. 7272 . U. of Northern Iowa . J. W. Maucker, pres ; H. V. Hake , mgr . 89 (continued) -IOT...ra. DAVENPORT (319) Scott County KALA (FM) 1967: 90 .1 me ; 518 w. Locust st. (52803) . 324-1681 . st . Ambrose College . Msgr . s. B. Menke , pres; Charle s Vorder berg , gen mgr ; Le slie Wright, chief engr. DECORAH (319) Winne shiek County KWLC (AM) December, 1926: 1240 kc ; 1 k:w day , 250 w night (share s time with KDEO -commercial sta.tion) . Luther College . 382 - 3621, ext 227. Luther College . Spec progs : Norwegian i hr weekly . Curtis Lutz , gen mgr & chief engr . DE MOINES (515) Polk County KDPS (PM) 1952 : 88 1 5.2 Ant 285 ft. 1800 Grand Ave . . mc ; kw. � 284-7768 . De s Moine s Independent & C ommunity School Dist. John Montgomery , gen mgr ; D. Saveraid , engr. IOWA CITY (319) Johnson County WSUI 1919: 910 kc (AJi) ; 5 kw with day and night differing directional patterns; 338-0511. state U. of Iowa. . Carl Menzer, getr'mgr ; S. J. Ebert , engr. KSUI (FM) 1940 : 91 .7 mc ; 17.5 kw. Ant 90 ft. Same licensee as WSUI . MOUNT VERNON (319) Linn County KRNL-FM 1966 : 89.7 mc ; 10 w. Cornell College . PELLA (515) Marion County (FM) 1961: 89.1 mc ; 10 w. (S0219) . 628-4151. CeKCUIntral College . Spec prog : Dutch 1 hr weekly . Loren G. Vanderzyl , dir ·of be stg. WATERLOO (319) Blackhawk County KNWS (AM) 1090 ko ; 1 kw daytime only ; AD3-3108 . Northwe stern College (50702). Acquired in 1953. Owned by Northwestern College Stations (chain) . William Bernston, pre s; Corne lius Keur , dir; Robert Bowman , Chief engr. KNWS-FM 1965: 101 .9 mc ; 26 kw. Ant 150 ft. Same licensee as KNWS . WAVERLY (319) Bremer County KWAR (PM) September 15, 1951 : 89.1 mc ; 10 w. (50677 ) 352-1200 , ext. 30 6. Wartburg College of the American Lutheran Church . Richard Wiederanders , advisor. 90 Kansas BALDWIN (91 3) Douglas County KNBU PM November, 1965: 88.9 me ; 10 w. Box 657 . 594-64( 51). Baker University. Spec prog : C&W 10 hrs weekly . Dale Kimble , gen mgr ; Dave Allen, chief engr . EMPORIA (316) Lyon County KSTE FM ) Feb., .1 958 : 88 .7 me ; 10 w. Kansas State Teache( rs College . DI2-5000 , ext 234. Kansas state Teachers College . LAWRENCE (913) Douglas County KFKU (AM) 1924: 1250 kO ; 5 lew nighttime directional antenna ; U. of Kansas . (66045) UI4-3046. U. of Ka.nsas. W. Clarke We scoe , chancellor ; Edwin Browne, dir; Mildred Seaman , prog dir; James Hocker, engr . KAHU (FM) September, 1952 : 91 .5 mOl 108 kw. Ant 660 ft. Programs separate from KFKU (AM) . MANRATTAII (913) Riley County . KSAC (AM) Dec . 1, 1924: 580 kc ; 5 kw-D , 500 w-N . Nichols 5 Gymnasium, Kansas state U. (66 04) . JE9-2211, ext . 259. Kansas State U. Dr. James McCain, pres; Jack Burke , mgr ; Howard Hill , news dire KSDB-PM 1950 : 88.1 mc ; 10 w. Same LIcensee as KSAC . OTTAWA (913) FranklIn County . KTJO-FM May ! 1951 : 88 .1 mc ; 10 w. Ant 84 ft. Box 19. Ottawa U. (.060 67). CH2-5200 , ext 212. Ottawa. u. Stuart Laird , mgr ; Ke ith Petzer, engr . PARSONS .. (316) Labette County KPPS-PM March , 1960 : 91.1 me ; 10 w. Parsons Juni-Or College . GA l-5090. Board of Education. . WICHITA (316) Sedgwick C ounty 1 KMUW (PM) April, 1949 : 89 . me ; 220 w . Ant 140 ft. 1 751 N. Fairmont . 682-1382. Wichi ta 6tate 11. Frank Kelly , dire i!l1tUClq GEORGETOWN «502) Scott County WRVG FM Oc t . , 1963: 90 .1 me ; 10 w. Georgetown College . 863-72( 22). Ne t: Mu.tual Broadcast ing system Robert LIvely , gen mgr ; John Embay , stn mgr ; Jack Wilson , prog dir ; Sue Hurley , traffic. LEXINGTON (606) Fayette C ounty WBKY (FM) 1944 : 91 .3 me ; 3 kw.A nt 1 65 ft. McVey Hall , U. of Ky . (40 506 ) . 258 -9000 , ext . 2 565 . U. of Ky. John Oswald , pres; Donald Wheeler, gen mgr. D. J. Everett, news ; Barry Atwood , engrg . 91 KentuokY (oontinued) LOUISVILLE (502) Jefferson County WFPK (FM) Oot ., 1954: 91 .9 mo ; 20 kw. Ant 245 ft. 4th & York Streets . JU4-4156 . Louisville Free Publio Library . Net: NAEB C. R. Graham , pres; Miss Dorothy Day , gen mgr ; Charles Landers , ohief engr. WPPL (FlV!) Feb. , 1950 : 89.3 me ; 150 w. Ant 360 ft. WFP Same lioensee & staff as K (FM) . Speo prog : Pr 13t hrs weekly . WFPK-TV affil. MOREHEAD (606 ) Rowan County WMKY-FJ.i July , 1965: 91.9 mo ; 10 w. Box 911. Morlhead State U. «40351). 784-4181, ext 371 . Morehead S_te U. Net: NER � Dr . Adron Doran, pres; Donald Holloway , gen mgr ; Le slie DaVi S, ohief engr . RICHMOND (606) Madison County WEKU -F M not on air: 88.9 me Eastern Kentuoky U. SOMEaSET (606) Pula ski County WSCC (PM) Jan., 1967 : 90 .7 me; 80 8 Montioello Rd . (42501) . 678-8174 , ext 38 . University of Kentucky , Sommerset Community College . Don Orwin, gen mgr ; John Howard , engr. J:.§llsla. LAPAYETTE ( 318 ) Lafayette Parish KiVS (FI'Ij) 88 .3 me ; 10 w. Box 74 . (70501) US I Student Corp. M$lne . BRUNSWICK (207) Cumb erland County WBOR (FM) September, 1949 : 91 .1 mo ; 10 w. Moulton Union , Bowd.oin College . (04011) 725-8731 , ext 210. Pre s and Tr.ustee of Bowdoin College . . Dana Harkne tt , gen mgr ; Russell Harknett , engr. LEWISTON (207) Androscoggin County WRJR (PM) Oct ., 1958 : 91 .5 me 10 w. Box 339. Bates College . 7�.4-9 340 Q Pre s & Trustees of Bates College . Net: I S Dr . RiBohard Warye , faoulty advisor. Maryland BALTIMORE (J01) IndepetJ,dent City WBJC (FM) April , 1951 : 91 .5 me; 17.5 kif. Ant 185 ft. 2901 Liberty Heights Ave . 523-2151 . Baltimore Junior College . *S TEREO* 92 Maryland (continued) TAKOMA PARK (310) Montgomery County WGTS-FM May , 1957 : 91 .9 mc ; 30 .15 kw. Ant 115 ft. Columb ia Union College . (20012) 589-2135. Columbia Union College , Inc . Spec progs : F.r lhr; Sp t nr, both we ekly. Dr. W. H. Beaven , pres ; Br . S. S. Hiten, gen mgr , com! & prom mgr ; D. Hedvee , engr. Massachusetts AMHERST (413) Hampshire County WANF ( FM ) 1955: 89.5 mc ; 10 w. Pratt Hall , Amherst College. (01002) . 542-2288. Trus tees of Amherst College . John Pope joy, gen mgr ;Milford Smith , engr . WFCR (FM) May , 1961 : 88 .5 mc ; 34 kw. Ant 740 ft . Flve C ollege Radl0 , Hampshire House , U. of' Mass. 545-0 100 . U. of' Ma ss. *STEREO* Spec progs : Fr i hr ; Ttal i hr , both weekly. Horace Hewlett , pres ; Al HulseD, $tp :mgr ; Charle s Ferguson III , opns mgr ; F. S. Dresser, engr . WHUA (FM ) Oct ., 1949 : 91.1 me ; 10 w. Engineering Bldg. , U. of Mass. (01003) . 545 ...24 25. U. of Mass •. George Hungerf ord, stn mgr ; H. K. Agnew , engr. ANDOVER (617) Essex County WPAA (FM) Hay , 1965 : 91 .7 me ; 10 w. Phillips Academy (01810) . 475-3400 , ext 86. Trustees of Phillips Academy . Rlchard Healy , P.E. , fa.culty advisor. BOSTON (617) Suffolk County WBUa (FM) Mareh , 1950 : 90 .9 mc ; 20 kw. Ant 160 ft. 630 Commonwealth Ave . (022- 15) . 006-1000 . Trustees of B oston Univers i ty . Net : Educ Rad i o Net. Spec prog : Ger 1* hr. Will Lewis , dir of bcstg & ge n mgr ; James H. BonneYl chief engr . WERS (FM ) October, 19491 ti8 .9 me ; 19 kw. Ant 55 ft. 130 Beac on street (02116) . C07-7821. Emerson College . Gerald Kroeger, gen mgr & prog dir ; Cha.rles Phllllps , chief engr . WGBH-FM October , 1951 : 89.7 mc ; 70 kw. Ant 650 ft. 125 We stern Ave • Allston , �l ass. UN4-6400. WGBH Ed cational Foundation. Net: Educ Radio Net. Ralph Lowe ll , pres ; Hartford Gunn , Jr., gen mgr ; Blll Whalen, news dir; Jack Beck, engr. WGBH-TV Aff1l. 93 Massac�usetts (continued) CAMBRIDGE (617) Middlesex County WTBS ( PM ) April, 1961 : 88 .1 mc ; 10 w. 3 Ame s St. (02142 ) . WTBS Foundation, Inc . Rep: Ivy Brian Harvey , gen mgr ; Neil Slavin , engr . SOUTH HADLEY. (413) Hampshire County WMHC (PM) May , 1957 : 90.7 mc ; 10 w. Box 729 , Mount Holyoke College (01075) . 536-4000 . Trustees of Mount Holyoke Co.llege .� ltet\ Pfoneer pameaa .Grenfall , stn mgr ; Carol Saloman, engr . SPRINGFIELD (413) Hampden County WAIC-FM Feb. , 1 967: 91 .9 mc . 40 Amaron st. (01109) . 737-5331, ext 232 . American Internat ional College . Donald Lehan , gen mgr; Pater Hammond , engr . WILLIAMSTOWN (413) Bershire C ounty M WCFM (F ) January , 1957 : 91 .3 me; 34 kw. Ant minus 760 ft. Baxter Hall , Williams C ollege (01267) . GL8-4820 . Pres & Trus tee s of Wl,111.ams College . Ne;t.,:, Ivy William Sander, pres; Philip Taylor , engr. WINCHESTER (617) Worcester County . WHSR-.FM May , 1956 : 91 .9 mc ; 10 w. Winche s ter Senior High School . (01890) . PA 9-4300 . Winche ster School Dept . Thoma s Morse , gen mgr ; Joseph Aversa, stn mgr . Michigan ANN ARBOR (313) Washtenaw County WUOM (PM) 1948 : 91_"1 me ; 230 kw. Ant 470 ft . 764-9210. The Regents of u. or Michigan . Garne t Garrison, dir of bc s tg ; Frank Nader, engr. DETROI!. (313) Wayne C ounty WDET - FM Dec., 1948 : 101 .9 me ; 79 kw. Ant 450 ft. 5035 Woodward Ave . (48206) . Wayne SLoate U. (aeq.5-52 ). *STEREO* T; Daniel Logan , gen mgr ; Dr . Laszlo Boehm, dir of mu s ; Orin Hood, prog dir; Walter Maurie, engr . WDTR (FM) Jan., 1948 : 90 .9 mc ; 17 kw. Ant 175 ft. 9345 Lawton Ave . 833-7900, ext 2441 . Board of Education of De troit. Ne t: NAEB Mrs . Ethe l Tincher, gen mgr ; Michael McCarroll, chief engr. 94 Michigan (continued) EAST LANSING (517) Ingham County WKAR (AM) Aug. , 1922: 870 kc ; 5 kw-D. Michigan State U. 355-6542 . Board of Trustees of Michigan Sjate U. Richard Estell, gen mgr ; John Blake slee, engr. WKAR-FM Oct., 1948 : 90 .5 mc; 125 kw. Ant 930 ft. Prog sep from WKAR (AM) . FLINT (313) Gene see County W'FBE (FM) Oct ., 1953 : 95.1 me ; 3.7 kw. Ant 115 ft. Flint Public Schools, Oak Grove Campus. 238-1631. Flint Board of Education. Net: NEB Fred Harrington , gen mgr ; E. A. Rauch , engr . GRAND RAPIDS (616) Kent County WVGR (FM) Dec.,,1961 : 104.1 me ; 107.5 0. Ant 600 ft. Cherry Valley AI:e., Middleville , Mich. 795-3358 . Regents of the U. of Michigan. Ge.rne t Garrison, dir of bcstg; E. G. Burrows , mgr ; Richard Clarke , chief engr . HIGHLAND PARK (313) Wayne County WHPR (FM) May , 1954:88.1 me; 10 w. 12541 2nd Ave . T08-1264 . School District of the City of Highland Park . INTERLOCHEN (616) Grand Traverse County WIAA (PM) July , 1963 : 88.3 me ; 115 lew. Ant 350 ft. 947-9800 . National Mu sic Camp. Richard Goerz , stn mgr ; Larry Page , engr. KALAMAZOO (616) Kalamazoo County WMUK (PM) Jan . , 1951 : 102 .1 mc ; 39 kw. Ant 160 ft. We stern Michigan University. *STEREO* P. Glenn Bishop , gen mgr & chief engr . MARQUETTE ( 90 6 ) Marquette County WRMa (FM) : 90 .1 me ; 275 w. Ant minus 37 ft. Lee Hall. 225-5811, ext 2128 . Northern Michigan U. Net: NER ' William Mitchell, coordinator ; D. C. SMith , engr . MOUNT PLEASANT -( 517) Isabella County WCMU-FM April, 1964: 90 .1 me ; lO w. Central Michigan U. (48858) . 774-3250 . Central Michigan U. . . Jame s L. Mead , faculty advisor . SOUTHFIELD (313) Oakland County WSHl (FM) Feb. , 1967 : 88.3 me ; 10 w. Ant 105 ft. 24675 Lahser Rd . EL8300 . Bd of Education Southf ield Pub lic Schools . Richard Fishbeck, supervi sor . 95 Miohigan (oontinued) SPRING ARBOR (517) Jaokson County WSAE (FM ) Oot., 1963: 89.3 mo ; 10 w. 787-1200 Spring Arbor College . WARREN (313) Maoomb County WPHS (PM) 1964 : 91 .5 me; 10 w. Warren C onsolidated Sohools . Minne sota. COLLEGEVILLE (612) Stearns County KSJR (FM) January , 1967 : 90 .1 mc ; 150 ltw; St. John' s University (56321) . 363-7702. Order of st. Benediot, Ino . *STEREO· William Kl ing , gen mgr ; D. B. Rieder, engr. DULUTH (218) St. Lou1s County KUHD (PM) July 15, 1961: 89 .1 me; 200 w. Ant 35 ft. Oakland Ave . (55812) BA4-2118 . Board of Regents . U.2400 of Minne sota . J. P. Zesbaugh , faoulty advisor & gen mgr; Donald Monge , ohief engr . MANKATO (507) Blue Ea.rth County KMSU (FM) 90 .5 mo ; 10 w. Mankato State College . (56001). 389-2922 . Mankato State College . Che,rles Connolly , adv1sor; Bill Se derburg , gen mgr ; Ron D1ck, ohief engr. lUNNEAPOLIS-ST. PAUL (612 ) He nnepin-Ramsey Counties KTIS lAM ) Feb . 7, 1949 : 900 kc ; 1 k:w-D . 50 Willow st. Minneapol is (55403 ). 338-7881 . Northwe stern College . Owned by Northwestern College Stations (oha in). W. B. Bernsten, interim pres; Spenoer Brown , dir of radio; Don Malley , oh ief engr. KTIS-FM May , 1949 : 98 .5 mc ; 5.3 Ant 250 ft . Duplioates KTIS (AM) 85�. kw. KUOH Jan. 13, 1922 : 770 ko (AM) ; 5kw (shares time with WCAL) . Eddy Hall , U. of Minn . , Minneapolis (55455). 373-3177 . U. of Minnes ota . Burton Paulu, gen mgr ; Larry Brogger, engr. WCTS-PM June , 1965 : 100.3 mc ; 21 .5 kw. Ant 430 ft . 2105 N. Freemon t Ave , Minneapol is. (,55411 ). 522-1051 . Central Baptist Theological Seminary . Net : Bible Dr . Richard Clearwaters , pres; Don Odens , prog dir; John Sutherland , engr . NEW BRIGHTON (612 ) Ramsey C ounty KSJN-FM July , 1967 : 91.1 mo ; 3 kw; Ant 340 ft. c/o William Kling , KSJR(FM) , Collegeville , Minn . 363-7702 . Order of st. Benedict , Inc . st. John' s U. ·STEREO· 96 M inne sota ( cont inued) NORTHFIELD (.507 ) Rice C ounty WCAL (AM November, 1918: 770 kc ; 5 kw. shares time ) st. ( with KUOH ) . (55057) . 645-562 1 . Olaf C ollege . Spec prog : Ger i hr ; Swedish 3/4 hr ; Norwegian 3/4 hr , all weekly . Milford Jensen, grn mgr ; Paul Peterson , prog dir; John Mikaelso:q, chief opr . WCAL-FM Oct., 1967 : 89.3 me ; Duplicates W'CAL 25� *STEBEO* Mississippi None . �i s sourl BUFFALO (417) Dallas County KBFL ( FM ) Aug., 1965: 91 .3 mc ; 10 w. (6,5622 ). 34.5-831.5. School Distric� No.1, Dallas C ounty . Dillard ¥allory, supt of school s; Wayne Lemons, engr. CLAYTON (314) st. Louis C ounty KFUO�AM Dec . 14, 1924: 850 kc ; 5 kw ( LSB to SS Denver, Colo . ) 801 De Mun Ave . , St. Louis (63105) . FA 5-30 30 . Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod . Rev. Dr. Oliver Harms , DD , pre s; Emerson Rus sell , gen mgr ; John Fi scher , engr. KFUO-FM Jan. , 1948 : 99.1 mc ; 6.7 kw. Ant 260 ft. Duplic�> tes KFUO . KANSAS crn (816) Jackson Coun ty KCVR-FM October 1957 : 89.3 mc ; 40 kw. Ant . ; 110 ft. 5100 Rookhill Rd . CR6 -1.551 . University of Missouri at Kansas City . Sam Scott , mgng cU r; Gloria Scott , prog dir; Billy Hunnaoutt , engr . K'rSR ( FM ) Nov. , 1960 : 90 .1 mo ; 10 w. 1700 E. l>'leyer Blvd . DE 3-6254 . Na zarene Theologioal Seminary Radio C orp. Euge ne Stowe , pres; Tom Jaokson, .ngr . ROLLA (314) Phelps County U. KMSM ( FM) January , 1964 : 88 .5 mc ; 10 w. of Missouri at Rolla. 364-5201. Curat or of U. of Missouri . Robert Schwab , stn mgr ; D. A. Wayne , engr. ST. JOSEPH (816) Buchanan County KSLH ( FM) Apri l, 1950* 91 .5 mc ; 12.5 kw. Ant 400 ft . 1517 S. Theresa Ave . FR2-4322 . St. Louis Board of Eduoation. Gertrude B. Hoffsten , gen mgr ; Erne st Vogel, ohief engr. 97 Montana J:USSOULA (406) Mi ssoula County KUFM (PM) January 1965 : 88.1 mc ; 10 w. School of Journalism. · 243-4701 . U. of Montana . Net: ABC ; MBS ; INN . Ph ilip He ss, dir; C. E. Meyer , chlef engr. Nebraska OMAHA (402 ) Douglas County KGBI -FM November 1965: 100 .7 mc ; 29 kw. Ant 220 ft. 1515 S. 10th St . 342-3377 . Grace Bible Institute Inc • . Waldo Harder, pres; Frank Hard.e r, bus mgr. Nevad� RENO (702) Washoe County KUNR (FM) Oct. 1963: 88.1 mc ; 10 w. U. of Nevada . 784-6591 . U. of Nevada . Dr . Donald Potter, dir ; Jerome Wl1heml , engr. New Hampshlre DURHAM (603) Strafford County WUNB (FM) July , 1963: 90 .3 mc ; 10 w. Memorial Uni on . UN8-2 541 . U. of Ne�r Hampshire . Net : IBS . Spec progs: C&W 1 hr. wkly . Stephen Thompson, pre s & gen mgr ; Robert DeBold , chlef engr. New Jersey EAST ORANGE (201) Essex County WFMU (F'M ) 1958 : 91 .1 me ; 1.44 kw. Ant 360 ft. OR2 -5251 . Upsala College . Charles Lundgren, dlr ; Albert Helfrick , engr. FRANKLIN LAKES (201) Bergen County WRRH (FM) Feb. , 1963; 88 .7 mc ; 10 w. Ramapo Regional Hlgh School , George st. TW1 -1500 . Ramapo Regional High School Bd. of Ed. Spec prog : C&W t hr wkly . Joseph Sereno, principal ; Donald Lawshe , gen mgr and chief engr. GLASSBORO (609) Gloucester County WGLS-FM January 1964 : 89.7 me ; 190 w. Ant 87 ft. Glassboro state College . TU 1-8400 , ext 332. Glassboro State College . Net: IES Dr. Thomas Robinson, pres ; Bruce Selb , engr . 98 New Jersey ( continued ) HACKETTSTOWN (210) Warren County WNTI (PM) 1958 : 91 .9 mc ; 4.8 kw. Ant 510 ft. Centenary College for Women. 425-3951 . Centenary College for Women. Dr. Ed\'1ard Sea" pres; Robert Boswell , stn mgr ; Stefan Straka , chief engr. NEWARK (201 ) lssex County (FM) 1948 : 88 .) mc; 20 lew. Ant Ce tr�l H. S. WBGO Bu1ld1ng . Newark Bo.rd of Ed220uca ft.tion. n SOUTH ORANGE (201) E ssex Cou.nty WSOU (FM) 1948 : 89.5 mc; 2 kw. Ant �70 ft. 8etoll Hall U. (07079) . South Orange 2-9000 , ext. 342 . Seton Hall U. Spec prog s : Ital • hr ; Pol l. hr, ;.. I1'1 sh i hr ; Port i hr ; Ukranian i hI' ; hI' , all weekI,. . L1thuariian t Rev . James P1ndar , d1r of radio; Joseph Maguire , stllt mgr ; Richard Koziol , dir engr . ZAREPHATH (201) Somerset Coun ty WAWZ -AM Marcn" 1931 : 1 )8 0 kc ; 51tw(24 hour directional ; n1ght conf11ct Alma Wh 1te College . EL6-0102. P11lar of F1re . WBNX) ·Arth,'llrK. Wh1te , pres; N. L. W1 1son, engr . WAWZ-PM August, 1954a 99 .1 mc ; 20 kw. Ant 175 ft . (Constru�t1on permit 10 kw. Aut 420 f.t.) Du.p11cate s WAWZ . New Mex.ieo r ALBU�UERQUE (505) Be nal ilo Coun:;y KANW (FM) 1950 : 89.1 me ; 350 w. Ant minus 55 f t . Albp.querque .Board of Education . KUNM ( M) 1966: 90 .1 me : 3.7 kw. Ant m1nus 78 ft . New MexPico Union (87106) . 277-4806. Regents of the Untvers,1ty of Mew Mexico. Harry Joseph , manager. UNIVERSITY PARK , Dana Ana C ounty KRWG (PM) 1964 : 91 .7 me ; 740 w. Ant minus 195 ft . Drawer J. Universi ty Park Stations "t 8B001 ). 646-3505. Regents of New Mexico State Un iverstty. New York ALBANY (518 ) Albany County WAMC (FM) 1958 : 90 .3 mc ; 10 kw. Ant 1970 ft. Albany Med1 cal College of Union University . Net: ERBN ; NER. Albert Fredette , gen mgr ; J. A. Berger, engr. WCWP (FM) 1965: 88 .1 mc ; 100 w. Ant 190 f t . Greenvale , N. Y. Trus ee s of Long Island University. t Jame s F. McConnochie , dl r; Bill Mozer, engr. 99 New York (, c ontinued) BUFFALO (7t6) Erie C ounty WBFO (FM) January 1959: 88 .7 me ; 770 w. Ant 215 ft. (construc tion permi t 6.3 lew. Ant 240 ft. ) . Baird Hall , 3435 Main st. 831 -3406. s tate U. of New York at Buffalo. William Siemeri ng, gen mgr ; H. L. Tenenbaum , prog dir; Fred Winters, chief engr . CANTON (315) St. Lawrence County WSLU (1M) December 1964 : 96.7 mc ; 2.6 kw. Ant 993 ft. st. Lawrence U. (13617) . 386-4551 . St . Lawrence U. Net : NABB Dr. Foster Brown , pres ; Richard Hutto, dir; Francis Murphy , chief engr. CENTRAL SQUARE (315) Oswego County WCSQ (PM) May 1961 : 89.3 mo. ; 1.5 kw. Ant 81 ft. Paul V. Moore High School. 668-2611. Central Square School Board of Eduoation. Spec progs: Fr t hr ; C&W i hr , both weekly. Hugh B. Wh ite , dire CLINTON (3 15) One ida County WHCL-FM Feb . 18, 1963 : 88 .7 mo. ; 10 w. Minor Theatre , Hamilton College (13323) . 853-5511. The Trustees of Hamilton College . Jeremy B. Clark , stn mgr ; Gary Drum , prog dir ; Michael Greenspan , chief engr •. ELMIRA (607) Chemung County WECW (PM) January 1959 : 88 .1 mo. ; 10 w. Elmira College . RE4-8111. Elmira College . Warren Board , gen mgr ; 'r . G. Greene , chief engr . FLORAL PARK (516) Nassau County WBRS (FM) Oc tober 1964 : 90 .3 mo. ; 350 w. Ant 112 ft. 820 Hempstead Turnpike , Franklin Square , N. Y. Board of Educatiom, Sewanhaka High School. .. . GENESE,Q (716) Livlng.. tom County WG,SU (PM) March 15, 1963: 88.1 mc ; 2 kw. Ant mi nus ft . Speeoh De partment, State University College . (14454)1 . 245-5586. State U. of New York . '¥Hlliam Berry , dir; John Davl in , gen mgr ; Fred Ambrose , chief engr. HEMPSTEAD (516) Nassau County WHC (F1Yl) May 11, 1959: 88 .7 me ; 320 w. Ant 105 ft. 1000 Fult on Ave . Hof,s tra U. (11550) . IV 9-8870 . Hofstra U. Net: NAEB;ISS . David LambIe , stn mgr ; Jeffrey Kraus , gen mgr ; 'ftle odore Ronneburger, chief engr. 100 New York 'continueti) '.' . "ITHACA (607) Tompkins County WICB (FM) January 14, 1947 : 91.7 me ; 10 w. 124 Buf falo St . 274-3215. Ithaca College . Boward Dillingham , pres; David Allen chief engr. LOUDONVILLE (518) Albany County WVCR-FM April 26, 1963: 89.1 mc ; 10 w. Siena College . ST 5-0764 . St. Bernard.ine of Siena College . Re v. Brian Duffy, O1"M , pres ; Phillip Bullwinkel, stn mgr ; Thomas Wiesnewslti , prog dire NEW YOU (212) New York Bronx County , County , Queeountyens Co� unty . Richmond County , Kings WEAl (PM) 1954: 99.5 me ; 5.4 kw hori zontal , 3.85 kw vertical. Ant 1220 ft . )0 E. 39th st. (10016) . OX 7-2288. WBAI -FM , Inc . ( Pac1f1ca Foundation S tati on ) Spee progs : Fr it hrs ; C&W t hr , both weekly . Ann McMillan , music dir; Frank M111spaugh , gen mgr . WFUV (FM) July 1947 : 90 .7 me ; 3.5 kw. Ant 200 ft. Fordham Univer si ty , Bronx , New York . 933-2233. Fordham U. I Spec progs : Fr it hrs ; t t hr , both weekly . Rev . W1lliam Tr1ve tt , S. J. , dir; Robert Jewell, engi" . WKCR�FM April 1956: 89.9 me ; 4.2 kw . Ant 640 ft. 208 Ferris Booth .Hall , Columb ia U. (10027) . 140 6-3182. Trustees of Columbia U. in the C1ty of New .lork . *STEREO* Ivy. Fr t Net : Spec progs : hr ; Rus s1an t hr ; Hungar1an • hr ; Hebrew t hr , all weekly . Peter Hill , pres; Roger Berkley , gen qr:r Jeffrey H. Derby , ch ief engr . WNYC (AM) July 7, 1924: 830 kc ; 1. kw, dlrect i onal dayt1me ( oonf liots wlth weco, Minneapolis ). 2539 Mun 1c lpal Bldg/ Clty of New York Muni o ipal Bestg System. Seymour Siegel, d i r ; Morris Kunlns , ohlef engr. WNYC -FM February 5, 1941 : ·93.9 mo ; 5.3 kw horl zontal, 3.8 kw ve rt1eal . Ant 1220 ft . Duplioate WNYC 50% . *STEREO* WNYE (FM) November 1938 : 91 .5 mo ; 20,... kw. An' 415 ft . 29 Fort Greene Place , Brooklyn (11217) . 596-3335 . ,Board of Eduoati on , City of New York. Jame s Maoandrew , dir; Harry Hirsch , tech opns . waVR rFM ) January 1961: 106.7 mc ; 10 kw. Ant 460 ft. 490 Rlverside Dr . (10027). Rlverside Church . Net: NERN Speo prog : Sp 2. hrs. weekly . Jack Summerfleld., gen mgr ; John 8mi tn , engr • •••• (FM ) : 89.1 mc ; 20 kw. An' 500 ft. Fre quency reserved for United Nations stati on . POTSDAM (3 1 5) St. Lawrence County WTSC -FM November 1963: 91 .1 mo ; 2.5 w . 'C larkson College of Tech. (13676) . 265- 9756. Thomas S. Clarkson Memorial College of Te chnology . 101 New York (continued ) ROCHreSTER (716) Monroe County W!RO (!I'M) January 1960 : 90.9 mc ; 10 w. 260 Cooper Rd. 266-73.51 . Board of Education Central Sehool District. Eric Young, dir; Fred Fllbrieh , prog dir; Robert Kruppenbacher, chief engr. SPRINGVILLE (716) Erie County WSPE (FM) 88.1 me ; 10 w. Board of Educatlon. SYRACUSE (315J Onondaga County . WAER (PM) January 1946 : 88.3 me ; 3.5 kw. Ant 180 ft . Television and Radl0 Center, Syracuse Universlty (13210). 476-5541 . Syracuse Unive rsity �. . TRCY (518) Rensselar County WHAZ (AM.) August 1922 : 1330 kc ; 1 kw, (share.s tlme with WPOW and WEVD , both of New York City) . 110 Eighth St. (1. 2181). 270-6431 . Renfte lar Polytechnic Institute . Dr. Richard Folsom , presq Dennis Jackson , engr. WRPI (FM) November 1957 : 91.5 me ; 710 w. Ant minus 120 ft . 15th Street Lounge . (12181 ). 270-6430 . TWX 518-241-6390 . Rensse lar Polytechnic Institute . Net: ABC . Rep: CRC . Charles Phelan , pr.e.B &: bus mgr ; Eliot Graham , gen mgr &: chi�f engr. North Carolina CHAPEL HILL (919) Orange County WUNC (FM) September 1952 : 91 .5 me ; 50 kw. Ant 822 ft. Dept. of Ba.dio, TV and Motion Pictures, U. of N. C. (27515) . 933-2085. Un iversity of North Carollna. Dr . Wesley Wallace , dept. chairman ; Donald Upham , faculty ad.visor &: chief engr. GRE.ENSBORO (919) Guilford County WUAG (FM) July 1964: 89.9 mc ; U. of N. C. at Greensboro . (27412) . BR 4-0052 . U. of N. C. at Greensboro . Emil Young , dir &: chief engr. GREENVILLE (919) Pitt County WECU (AM ) April 1951 : 570 kc ; 3.95 kw. Ant 135 ft. East Carolina College . Pl 8-4250 . TWX 1'81-0156-530 . East Carolina College . Rep : Collegiate Radio Corp. J. Niek Barnes , gen mgr ; Charles Cowan , chiefr engr. WWW8-FM April 1957 : 91 .3 mc . Prog sep from WECU. WECU-TV affil. HIGH POINT (919) Guilford County WHPS (PM) : 89.3 mc ; 10 w. Board of "Scnool :Commissloners of High Pt)lnt. RALEIGH (919) Wake County WKNC January 1945: 600 kc . Box 5748 . N. C. state U. at Ra leigh . 755-2400. N. C. state U. at Raleigh. Net: Intercollegiate . Davld Brown , stn mgr ; W. S. POindexter, engr. 102 North CarollBa (continued) RALEIGH ( oontinued) WKNC-FM September 1965: 88. 1 mo ; 10 kw. Frog . sep. from WKNC (AM) . WINSTON-SALEM (919) Forsyth County WFDD-FM March 1 3 , 1961 : 88.5 mc ; 36 kw. Ant 410 ft. Box 7405. Reynolda sta.tion (27109). Trustees of Wake Forest "� Universi ty. Net: NER. Julian Burroughs , assoc . prof . of speech. North Dakota FARGO (701) Cass County KDSU (FM ) 91 .9 mc ; 1.20 kw. Ant 110 ft. (58102). 237-8321 . North Dakota State University. Net: NERN . H. R. Albreoht , pres; C. H. Logan , dir; E. G. Anderson, chief engr . KFNW October 25, 195.5 : 900 kc ; 1 1m-d1rectional . AD 2-(AM)5949 . Northwe stern College . Corne lius Keur , dir of radio; Dave Kersey , gen mgr ; Mike Heube rger, engr. KFNW-FM March 12, 1965: 97 .9 mc ; 28 kw. Ant 230 ft. Dupl10ates KFNW (AM) 56% . GRAND FORKS (701) Grand Forks County KPJM AM 1923: 1370 kc ; 1 kw-d1rectio:nal . 777-2577 . Box 81( 16.) (58202). Un1vers1ty of North Dakota . John S. Penn , chmn , Dept. of Speeoh ; E. W. Ol son , bus mgr ; Myron Curry , stn d.1r; Dav1d Beaoh , prog dir; C. J. Thomf orde , ·chief engr . Ohio - AKRON (216) Summit County WAPS (PM) 1955 : 89 .1 mo ; 1.3 kw. Ant 44 ft. 70 N. Broadway . BL 3-2111. Board of Eduoation , Akron City School D1striot. Robert Boyd, d1r; Earl Coolman , engr. WAUP (PM) Deoember 10, 1962 : 88 .1 me ; 2.88 lew. Ant 120 ft. 302 Ea st Suchtel Ave . 762-2122 . University of Akron . Net : NERN . Dr. Ruth Lewis, gen mgr. ASHLAND (419) Ashland County WRDL-FM August 24, 1967 : 88 .1 me ; 10 w. 401 College Ave . 324-4561 . Ashland College . Dr. Glenn Clayton , pres; R10hard Le 1dy, mgr ; Wil11am W1nter, ohief engr. ATHENS (614) Athens County WOUS; AM September 15. 1957: 1340 ko ; 250 w. 29 S. College st. 594-53( 21 .) Ohio Un iversity. WOUBiiooFM December 13, 1949 : 91 .5 mo ; 10 w. Duplioates WOUB 80%. 103 Oh o i ----i o (c n t nue d) BEREA (216) Cuyahoga County WBWC (PM) March 2, 1958 : 88 .3 mc ; 10 w. Box A-2 , College Union . (44017) . 234-5000 , ext 325. Baldwin-Wallace College . Pred Owens, gen mgr ; Tim Bratton , prog dir; John Bowman, ch i ef engr . BOWLING GREEN (419) Wood County WBGU (PM) November 1951 : 88 .1 mc ; 1.35 kw. Ant 110 ft. South Hall , Bowl ing Green S tate University. 353-8411, ext . 539. Bowl ing Green State University . Sidney Stone , dir; William Lentz , chief engr. CEDARV ILLE (513)· Grenee County WCD:a�FM December 1, 1962 . 90 . 1 mc ; 10 w. (Construction Permi t 3.6 kw . Ant 155 ft. ). Cedarville College . ( 4531 4 ). 766-2231. Jame s Jeremiah , pres; Paul Gathany , gen mgr &: engr. CINCINNATI (513) Hami lton County ViGUC (PM) September 21, 1960 : 90 .9 me ; 5.) kw. Ant 615 ft. 475-4443. University of C inc izma t1 . Spec progs : Fr 1t hrs ; Ger 3/4 hr , both weekly . J. Sagmaster, dir; Jame. Eberhart , chief engr . CLEVELAND (216) Cuyahoga C ounty WEOE (PM) October 1938 : 90.3 mc ; 15 kw. Ant 360 ft. 1380 E. Sixth St. (44114) . 579-0600 . Board of Education, Cleveland Ctty School District. Paul Briggs , supt of schools ; Wolcott Louts , engr . November 21, 1958 : 103.3 mc ; 38 kw. Ant 570 ft. wcap8200 Snow(PM) ville Rd. Koody Bible Institute of Chicago. James Draper, dir, ra dio dept; J. R. Florence , mgr . COLUMBUS ( 614) Franklin County " WCBE (FM ) September 26, 1956: 90 .5 mc ; 11 kw. Ant 530 ft . 270 E. S ate St. (43215) . CA 8-3821 . Sch ol District of Co � o lumbus •. John 3i"tt ig, dir; Fred Ufferman , chief engr. WOSU (AM) April 20 , 1920 : 820 kc ; 5 Q' (sunrise/sunse t only ). 215 W. 19th Ave . (43210) . �93-2831 . Ohi o State Universi ty . WOSU-FM :Qecember 1 949 : 89 .7 mc ; 14 kw. Ant 300 ft" DuplicatesWQSU (AM) 50%. . . Novfe e Fawcett , pres; Richard Hall , dir; W. B. S te i s , ge n mgr ; A. J. Boggioni , chief engr. DE GRAFF (513) Logan C ounty WDEQ-FM September 1, 1967 : 91 .1 me; Moore St . (43318). 585-5981. Riverside Local Board of Education. Bob Armstrong , chief engr . DELAWARE (614) Delaware County WSLN (PM) April 28 , 1952 : 91 .1 mc ; 1.9 kw. Ant 105 ft . Radio Building, Oh io Wesleyan University . (4301 5 ). 363-1261 . The Trustees of Ohi o We sleyan University. 104 Ohio (continued) ---- GRANVILLE (614) Liking County WDUB (PM) February 7, 1962 : 91.3 mc ; 10 w. Doan Ad ministra.tion Bldg . (4302,3) . 582-9181. Denison University . , KENT (216) Portage County WKSU -FM July 19, 1950 : me ; 7.,5 kw. Ant 320 ft. 673-1211. Kent State Univ89ersi.7 ty . Dr. Robert Wh ite , pre s; Walton Clarke , dir; Anthony Liberatore , chief engr. MARIETTA Washington county WCMO (FM) October (61.,14 1960 : 89.3 mc ; lO w. Marietta College . 373,,:,,4646. The Trustees of Marietta College . Bernard Russi , dir of bcstg. NEW CONC ORD (614) Musklgum County WHC O (PM) Januarr t 1961 : 91.1 me ; 10 w. (43762) . 826-7679. Muskigum 28Co llege . , Spec progs: Fr 1 hr ; Ger 1 hr ; Sp 1 hr ; Russiam 1 hr , all weekly . Dr. W. Stanley Schultz , faculty adVi sor ; John W. McCance , engr. OBERLIN (216) Lorain County WOBC-FM September 1961 : 88 .7 me ; 10 w. Wi1d,er Hall (44074) . 774-1059 . Oberlin College Student Ne twork. John Heckenlively , pres ; Clark Hyde , prog dir; Thomas Ammons , chief engr. OX:£!'ORD (513) Butler .county WMUB (PM) 1950 : 88.5 me ; 820 w. Ant 26e ft. Miami U., Spring & Oak Streets . (45056) . 529-3521 . Miami University . Net: NAEB. Spec progs: Fr hr; Ger hr ; It 1 hr, all weekly . t t Dr. Stephen Hathaway , dir; Andrew Bruck , engr. , SPRINGFIELD (513) Clark County WEEC (PM) De cember 15, 1961 : 100.7 mc ; kw. Ant 280 ft . 1135 Bechtle Ave . (45504) . 325-1596 . W()rld77 Evangelistic Enterprise Corporatioll. Paul POiltis, pres; Ken Ande rson , chief engr. STRUTHERS (216) Mahoning County WKTL (FM) September 6, 1965 : 90.7 mc ; 328 w. Ant minus 13 ft. Struthers High School (44471 ). 755-39-7 . Board of' Education, Struthers City School Distriot. progs : Ital 1 hr; Pol l hr ; Yugoslav 1 hr , Specall week ly. Lee Ellsworth , supt of schools, gen mgr ; Lewis Mohler, chief engr. WESTERVILLE (614) Frank1i. County WOBN (FM) October 1958 : 91.5 mc ; lO w. Grove & Park Sts. (4)081). 8,Ot terbain College . Net882-361: NAEB1.. Dr. J. A. Griss1nger, pres; Bober Fisher, gen mgr. 105 Oklahoma NORMAN (405) Cleveland County WNAD-FM February 1, 1949 : 90.9 mc ; 3.6 kw. Ant 390 ft. Duplicate s WNAD (AM) 20% (WNAB-AM is a commerc ial station owned and operated by the University of Oklahoma. under the management of Bill Boren). OKLAHOMA CITY (405) Oklahoma County KOD-FM January 4, 1952 : 88 .9 mc ; 11 kw. Ant 155 ft. 1801 N. Ellison (73106) . CR 2-0581 . Independent School Distric'b No . 89. Dr . Mervel S. Lunn , s1m mgr ; Clyde Miller , engr . STILLWATER (405) Payne County KOSU-FM September 1956 : 91.7 mc ; 220 w. Ant 63 ft. De pt. of Radi o and TeleviSion, Communications Building , Oklahoma State U. (74075). FR 2-6211. Oklahoma State '0. Malachi Topping, faculty advisor; John Ma son , engr . TULSA (918) Tu lsa County KWGS (FM) 1947 : 89 .5 mc ; 3.2 kw. Ant 335 ft . 600 S. College . (74104) . WE 9-6351 . Univers ity of Tulsa . Edward Dumit, gen mgr ; Lloyd. Draheim , engr . Oregon CORVALLIS (503) Benton County KBVa-FM October 26 , 1965: 90.1 mc ; 10 w. Speech Dept., Oregon State U. (97331). 754-2461. State Board of Higher .E duca tion. David Ma tson, faculty advisor ; B. 'Wohlwend , engr. KOAC (AM) December 7, 1922: 550 kc ; 5ltw( d irecti onal ). Cove ll Hall , Oregon State '0 . (97331). 754-1311. State Board of Higher Education. Net: NERN . Dr . Luke Lamb , dir; Robe.rt Hinz , gen mgr . Ben Ballard , chief engr . EUGENE (,503) Lane Coun'b,. KPNW (FM) Bebruary 17 , 1967 : 90 .3 mc ; 440 w. Ant mil'lus 61 f'b. Lane Community Co1lege , 200 N. Monroe (97402 ). 342-4931 . Lane Commun 1ty College . . Roger Houglum , gen mgr ; James Hunt1ngton , engr. KRVM (FM) December 8, 1947 = 91.9 mc ; )24 w. Ant minus 28 ft. 200 ,N. Monroe St. (97402 ). 342-5611. S chool District No . 4. Net : NERN . KWAX (FM ) March 1951 : 91.1 mc ; 10 w. V1l1ard Hall , U. of Oregon . 342-1211. state Board of Higher Education. Net: NERN . Dr. J. R. ShePherd , dir; Frank Murphy , engr, KLAMATH FALLS (503) Klamath County KTEC (PM) 19.51 : 88 .1 mc ; 10 w. The State Board of Higher Ed. 106 Oregon (continued) PORTLAND (503) Multnomah County KBPS (AM) March 23, 1923: 1450 kc ; 250 w-sunri se/sunset. 546 N. E. 12th Ave . (97232) . BE 4-5469. Ben son Poly technic School (acquired in 1929) . KOAP-FM 1958 : 91 .5 mo. ; 57 kw. Ant 960 ft . 2826 S.W. Front Ave . CA 6-6601. State of Oregon acting by and through the state Board of Higher Education. (aQquired 4-30-62 ). Dr. Luke La.mb , dir; Le ster Mock, gen mgr ; Anton Schmidt , chief engr . KRRC (FM) May 1958 : 89.3 mc ; 10 w. Re,d Institute . PR Jrhe Reed Insti tute . 1-218Be0 . th Berry , stn mgr ; Bruce Franklin, Chief engr. Eennsllvania. BfiVEli FALLS (412 ) Beaver County WGEV (PM) November 15, 1965: 88.3 mc ; 10 w. (15010). 846-5100. Geneva College . David Eshelman, dir; Stephen Conti , ohief engr. HAVERTOWN (215) Delaware CountY" WRHS (FM) December 6, 1949 : 89.) me ; 10 w. Mill Rd & Leedom Ave . HI 6-7111 . School District of Havertown . MEADVILLE (614) C rawford County WARC (FM ) FebruarY' 3, 196): 90 .) mc ; J) w. Ant 9 ft. Box 28 , .Allegheny College . (163.35) . 337-3251 , 7 Allegheny College . HEW Lawrence CountY' 'WKPS (FM) NO-vemberWILMINGTON 1, 19 (46712): 88 .9 me ; 39 w. Ant minus 28 ft. 'W'8 s"'mi�stel" .�College . (16142). 946-1900 .. Boa.rd of Trustees of Westm1nster College . Thoma s Wensel, gen mgr ; Gail Smith , chief engr. PHILADELPHIA (215) Philadelphia County WPWT (PM) January 1950 : 91 .7 mc ; 180 it. Ant 10 ft. 1533 Pine St. KI 6-0745 . Phi ladelphi a Wi reless Technical Insti(1tute9102. ). H. A. Ra ske , gen mgr ; W. W. Zerfing , chief engr. WBtt.... July 9, 1953: 90 .1 me ; w. Ant .125 ft. TempleF. U. 1949 N. Broad st. (19127902) . 765;...9132. Temple U. Richard Bayha , stn mgr ; Michael Mude rick, tech . dire WUHY -FM 1954: 90 .9 me ; 20 kw .Ant 460 ft" 4.548 Market st. (19139) EV 2-9300 . TWX 215-569-9815. WHYI Inc . Net: Eastern Edua . Radio. Wil11am Goldman , pres; Warren Kraetzer, gen mgr ; Robert Hall , chief engr. WXPN (FM) September 1957: 88 .9 me ; 3.9 kw . Ant 115 ft. 3417 Spruce st. ( 1 9104) . 594-5601. U. of Pennsylvania. S,pec progs: Fr 1 hr ; Sp 1 hr , both weekly . Stuart Bulman , gen mgr ; W11for H1limire , tech dire 107 Penn sylvania (continued) PITTSBURGH (412) Allegheny Coun ty WDUQ (PM) De cember 15, 1949 : 91 .5 me; 2.75 kw. Ant minus 5 ft. Duque sne U. (15219). 471-4600 . Duquesne University . ,S . Kenda.ll Crane , dir ; Fred McWilliams, engr . SCRANTON, (717) Lackawanna County WUSV (FM) September 1946: 89.9 me ; 1.35 lew. Ant minus 390 ft. U. of S cranton (18,510). 347-3321 . U. of Scranton. Lawrence Scavlon , gen mgr ; J. A. Ri sse , engr. STATE COLLEGE (814) Centre County WDFM (FM) De cember 6, 1953: 91 .1 me ; 870 w, horiz ; 850 w, vert . Ant minu s 78 ft. 304 Sparks Bldg. Penn. State U. University Park , Penn . (16802) . 865-2381. Pe.n . State U. Dr. Harold Nelsoa, gen mgr. TELFORD (215) Montgomery County WBJdR-FM June 1967 : 89 .7 mc ; 10 w. 145 M. Third St. 723-7700. United Educational Bcstg., Inc . *STEREO* Richard Dean , pres; Artfhu.r Lawn , chief engr. Rhode I sland (All Area Code 401) KINGSTON , Washington C ounty WRIU (FM) February 16, 1964 : 91.9 me ; 10 w. Memorial Union. UnIversity of Rhode Island. Steve Dreyfuss, gen mgr ; Andre Beaub in, engr . WARWICK-EAST GREENWICH, Kent County WBHS (1M) August 25, 1966: 90.5 me ; lO w. Bishop Hendrieken High School . Rrederiek Higham , gen mgr & chief engr. South Carolina CLEMSON (803) Oconee County WSBF-FM Narch 16, 1961: 88 .1 me ; 10 w. Box 2156 . Clemson University. (29631). 654-3706. C lems on U. Wa.lter Cox, a.dvi sor. COLUMBIA (803) Richland County WUSC-I'M 1952 : 89 .9 me ; 10 w. U. of So�t;h Carolina (29208) . AL 2-5641 . Extension Div. of U. of South Carolina . S outh Dakota SIOUX FA LLS (605) Minnehaha County KNWC (AM) 1946 : 1270 ke ; 1 kw. Box 205A. 332-5792. N orthwe stern College (acquireD )-61). . Harv Hendrickson , s'tn .mgr .' VERMILLION (605) lay County KUSD (AM) 1922 : 690 kc ; 1 Ckw (directi onal). (57069) . 677-5277 . U. of South Dakota . Martin Busch, dir; Jame s Pru sha, chief engr . KUSD-FM October 1, 1967 : 89.9 mc ; 10 w. Same licensee as KUSD. 108 Tennessee COLLEGEDALE (615) Hamilton County WSMC-FM November 1961 : 90 .7 me ; 79 kw . Box 280 . (3731 5) . EX 6-2320 . Southern Missionary College , Inc . *STEREO* James C. Hannum , dir; Curtis Carlson , mgr ; Ray Minner, news dir; R. K. McReynolds , engr. KNOXVILLE ( 615) Knox County WKC S (PM) December 1952 : 91.1 me ; 310 w. Ant 73 ft. 2509 Broadway , N.E. (37917). 524-3001. Fulton High School . WUOT (FM) October 1949 : 91 .9 me ; 67 kw. Ant 570 ft. 14 Ayre s Hall , U. of Tennessee. Dr. Kenneth Wright , dir ; Robert Bachus , ohief engr. NASHVILLE (615) Davidson County WPLN (PM) Deoemb er 17, 1962 : 90 .3 mo ; 15 lew. Ant 350 ft. Eighth Avenue Nor;th & Union . 244-4700 . Public Library of Nashville & Davidson County . Net : N'ER David Marshall stewart , chief librarian ; Alvin Lewis Bolt , mgr ; Will iam Hill , engr . Texas AUSTIN (512) Travis County KUT -FM November 10, 1958 : 90 .7 me ; 4.1 kw. Ant 225 ft. Box 7158. (78712). GR 1-1631. U. ot Texas.• Joe M. Gwathmey , stn mgr; N. W. Willet, engr. BROWNWOOD ( 91 5 ) Brown County KHPC (PM) October 15, 1 959 : 88.1 me ; 10 w. (76801 ). 645-2 601. Howard Payne College . . Guy Newman , college pres; Ray Karrer, stn mgr; Cliff Browning , stn engr. DALLAS (214) Da llas County KVTT (PM) January 26, 1950 : 91.7 mc ; 780 w. Ant 135 ft. 1316 w. Commerce St. ( 75208). RI 8-6055. Texas Trade School . E. P. Bender, chief engr . EL PASO (915) :11 Pa so County Sept.Der 14 , 1950: 88 .5 mc ; 10 w. U01 of Texas at EIKVOF-FM Pas.o (79999) . 542-.5153. U. of Texas at EI Pa so. Virgil Hicks , supvr ; Jerry Beard, engr. FORT WORTH (817 ) Tarrant County KTCU-FM Oc tober 5, 1964 : 89.1 mc ; 10 w. Texas Christian U. WA 6-2461. Texas Christian University. R. C. Norris, stn mgr ; Dale Hughes, prog dire HOUSTON (713) Harris County KUHF (FM) November 6, 1950 : 91.3 me ; 9.8 kw.Ant 320 ft. 451 3 Cullen Blvd . 77004) . 748 -6600 . U. of Houston. Roy Barthald( , gen mgr ; Dr. William Hawe s, stn mgr . 109 Texas. (continued) LUBBOCK (806) Lubbock County KTXT-FM April it 1961 : 91 .9 mc ; 10 w. Speech Dept. , Texas Tech College . (79409 ). PO 2-8811. Texas Tech College . William Shimer, dir; Joe Robbins , gen mgr. PLAINVIEW (806) Hale County KHBL (FM) 1952 : 88 .1 mc ; 10 w. (79072) . CA 4-5521 . Wayland Baptist College . Jack Gibson, gen mgr. WACO (817) McLennan Count;y KW1m-FM March 15, 1966: 89.9 me ; 870 w. A.nt 65 ft. Div of Bad10-TV-Film; Dept of Oral Communication, Baylor Station (76703). PL 3-4511. Baylor University. J. S. McElhaney , gen mgr ; Paul Wage.scheiBt engr. -Utah LOGAN (801) Cache County KUSU-PM 1953:,.91 .5 mc ; 1 lew. Ant minus 570 ft. Utah State U. (84321). 752-4100 . Utah State UniversitT . Gerald Allen, mgr ; Boyd Humphreys , chief engr . OGDEN (801) Weber CountT ' KWCBS-FM May 21 , 1966: 88 .1 mc; 10 w. Departme.'J of Speech , Weber State College . 394-3491 . Weber State College Board of Trustees. Spec prog : Fr 2 hr weeklT . Earl Sanders, dir; Don GodfreTt gen mgr . PROVO (8�1) Utah CountT Ant · K.aYU.. FM Mal St 196Q : 88.9 me ; 570 w. minus lf3?0 .ft., � Harris Fine Arts Ceilter. Brigham Young U. (84601 ). 374-1211 . Brigham Young. University. *STEBEO* Lee Stott, gen mgr ; Ralph Silver, engr • . SALT LAKE CITY (801) Salt Lake County KUER (PM) June 6, 1960 : 90 .1 mc ; 1.1 kw. Ant 2,9S0 ft . , 116 KingsburT Rall . U. of Utah. (84112) . 322-6625. U. of Utah� . . . , aex Campbell , gen mgr ; Don Smith , engr. Vermont , BURLINGTON (802) Chittenden Cou�ty WRUV-PM October 3, 1965:.90.1 mc ; 10 w. U.· of Vermont . UN 4-451 1. U. of Vermont & stat$ Agrioultural College . l054Gl) . , Virginia . . CHARLOTTESVILLE (703) Albemarie C'o\ln-ty WTJU (PM) April 1, 1957 : 91 .) mc ; 750 w. Ant 105 ft . P. O. Station No. 1, of Virginia (22904) . 295-2166. U . of VirginU.ia . J. Miohael Lloyd, prog dir; L. B. Whitehurst, engr. 110 V1rginia (continued) CHESAPEAKE (703) inde pendent c1ty WFOS (PM ) May 2, 1955: 90 .5 mc ; 10 w. 2500 Rodgers St. KI 5-9261 . Chesapeake School Board . Richard Hewitt, gen mgr ; Sam Craven , engr. HAMPTON (103) 1ndependent city WHOV (PM) March .S , 1964: 88 .3 me ; 10 w. Hampton Institute . (23368). PA 3-6581. HARRISONBURG (703) Rockingham County WERe (FM) 1957: 91.7 me ; 10 w. Eastern Mennonite College. 434-7331 . Eastern Mennoni te College. NORFOLK (703) independent city WMTI (FM) 91 .5 me ; 21 kw. (construction permi t 50 kw) . Ant 115 ft. Old Domin10n C.ollege . RICHMOND (703) 1ndependent city WRFK-PM May 1 957: 106.5 .me ; 16 kw. Ant 235 ft . 340 1 Brook Rd. (23227). EL 5-7252. Unlon Theolog1cal Sem1nary 1n Va . Robert K1rkpatr1ck , d1r; Samuel Straus , engr . WILLI�MSBURG (703 ) Jame s City County WCWM (PM) September 28 , 1959 : 89.1 me ; lO w. College of Wil11am and Mary (23185) . College of W1lliam and Mary . James Sawyer , adv1 sor; Thoma s Wright, prog dir; Jame s Slate , ch1ef engr. Washington CaENEY (509) Spokane County KEWC -FM November 11 , 1963: 89 .9 me ; lO w. 235... 62 21 . Eastern Washington State College (99(04) • . Dr. Howard Hopf , ehmn , Dept. of Radio-TV . C OLLEGE PLACE (509) Walla Walla County KGTS (PM) October 5, 1963 : 91 .3 me ; 200 w. Ant minus 59 ft. 525-7562 . Walla Walla College . Loren Dickinson , grn mgr ; Glenn Masden, engr . ELLENSBURG (509) K1tt1ta County KCWS-FM October 1962 : 91.5 me ; 10 w. 963-1931 . Central College P. O. (98926) . Central Washington State College . John G1les Hoglin, gen mgr ; John Blackman , prog dire PULLMAN (509) Whitman County KWSC (AM) June 1922 : 1250 ke ; 5 lew-direotional. ED 5-5030. TWX 510-774-1092. Wa shington State University . Robert Mott, gen mgr ; Burt Harri son, stn mgr ; Bea Fry , prom mgr ; Jim Dunne , news d1r; Dale Babb1t , chief engr. SEATTLE (206) K1ng County KUOW-FM January 1 6 , 1952 : 94.9 me; 86 kw. Ant 730 ft . U. of Wa.shington (98105) . 543-2710. U. of Washington . Ken Kager, mgr ; Hal Syrstad, chief engr . III �a shington (continued) TAC OMA (206) Pierce C ounty KCPS-FM February 1, 1955: 90 .9 mc ; 550 w. Ant 150 ft. 4500 steilacoom Blvd . S.W. (98499) . JU 8-5261 . Clover Park District 400 . Clifford Campbell, gen mgr ; Bill Evans, engr . WTOY (PM) June 1, 1950 : 91 .7 me ; 3.5 kw. Ant 280 ft. 1101 S. Yakima St. (98405) . BR 2-93 67 . Tac oma School Di stri ct 10. Charles Ellsworth , gen mgr ; Ken Ke igley , engr . West Virginia HUNTINGTON (304) Cabell County WMUL (FM) November 1, 1961 : 88 .1 mo ; lO w. Marshall U. (25701 ). 523-3411 . Marshall U. Spec progs: It 30 hrs weekly . Stephen Bue ll , dir edue radio-TV ; William. OtBrien, gen mgr ; George Memdenhall , chief engr • . Wisconsin. IpPLETON (414) Outagamie County WLFM (FM ) March 10, 1956: 91 .1 mc ; 10 .5 kw; Ant 120 ft. 115 Park Ave . (54910). BE 9 -368 1 . Lawrence U. BELOIT (608 ) Rock C ounty WBC R (FM) November 30 , 1965: 88 .1 me ; 10 w. (53511 ). 365-3391 . Beloi t College . Carl ,Balson, dir of radio-TV . CHILTON (414) Calume t C ounty WHKW (PM) January 1, 1949 : 89.3 mc ; 51 kw . Ant 740 ft. Radio Ha11, U. of Wis., 608-262-2720 . State of Wisconsin. See MadiWHA,soMadin. so(5n.370 6) . ,. COLFAX (715) Dwm C ounty WHWC (FM) June 28 , 1 950 : 88.3 mc ; 50 kw. Ant 700 ft . RadiO Hall , U. of Wis., Madi son . See WHA, Madison. DELAFIELD (414) Wauke sha County WHAD (FM) May 30 , 1948 : 90 .7 mc ; 5 ft. RadiO Hall , U. of Wi s . , Madison. See7 kw. WHAAnt, Ma 700diso n. HIGHLAND (608 ) Iowa Coun ty WHHI ( FM) Sieptember 14, 1952 : 91.3 mc ; 43 kw. Ant 628 ft. RadiO Hall, U. of Wi S ., Madison . See WHA, Madison . BOLMEN (608) La Cro sse County WHLA (FM) November 21 , 1950 : 90 .3 mc ; )8 kw. Ant 840 ft. Rad,io Hall , U. of Wis ., Madison. See WHA , Madison. MADISON (608) Dane Count,. WHA (AM) 1 9 22 : 970 kc ; 5 kw-d1rectional . Radio Hall , U. of Wisconsin (53706) . 262 -2 20. State of W isconsin U. of Wisconsin. 7 Net : NAEB ; W i sc ons in state Network. Jame s Robertson, dir; Karl Schmidt , gen mgr ; John Stiehl , chief engr. 112 Wisconsin (continued) MAD ISON (cont inued) WHA-FM Maroh JO , 1947 : 88 .7 me ; 7 2 kw. Ant 670 ft . State of Wi sconsin-State Radio C ounc il . Duplicate s WHA (AM) 100%. MARINETTE (715) Marinette County WHMD (PM) January 12 , 1965 : 91.5 mc ; 2 kw. Ant 240 ft. Radio Hall , U. of Wis., Madi son. See WIiA, Madison. , MILWAUKEE (414) Milwaukee County WU'WM (PM) September 28 , 1964: 89 .7 mc ; 3.4 kw. Ant 380 ft. ( construe tion permi1u 4 kw. Ant 140 ft. ). U. of Wis . -M ilwaukee . Net: NED . Dr . Ruane Hill , gen mgr ; Erne st Behagen, chief engr . PLATTEVILLE (608) Grant County WSUP (PM.) February 25 , 1964 : 90 .5 me ; 275 w. Ant 115 ft. Wisconsin state U. (53818) . 348-2950. :&Cl>€l-rd of Re gents . Paul Gauger, gen mgr . " RIPON (414) Ford Du Lac County " , WB.PIf.. ;nt 1961 : 90.1 me; 10 w. Ri pon C ollege (54971 ). 748-8147. Board, of Trustees of Ri pon C ol lege . Charles Bartel, stn mgr ; Richard Domanik, engr. WAUSAU (715) Mara thon C ounty WHR M (PM) June 10 , 1949 : 91 .9 me; 75 kw. Ant 1,120 ft . Rad.io Hall , U. of Wis., Madison. See WHA, Mad.i son. WHITEWATER (414) Walworth C ounty W8UW (FM) 91 .7 �c ; 10 w. Wisconsin State U., Whitewater. WyominSj LARAMIE (307) Albany County KUWR (PM) September 10 , 1966 : 91.5 mo ; 10 w. Box 3661 , University 8ation (82070 ). 766-2112. U. of Wyoming . Net : " NERN • Ken Haines, gen mgr ; Ken Barne s , chief engr. Books Broadcast and 0 ommunleat1 ons. Eiu1pment·� . V'Ol. �CVIJ]. '111rJ.CY, tl1 1nols : .. Gates ' Ba. ; 1.0 eE)mpa.llli� . l�o� . '., . '!h1s nard-boud. eata10g eeZlta1lls 0ue '·�f ' the most cGmplete dlrectorles of' protesslenal equipment a va il.e.ble ; . helpfulq hard-to-remember , phy, sics formulas are al so ineluded � Che s\ter, G� , Garri son, Garnet R. , and Wiiili;l;; Edgar E. Televls1en and Badie• Jrd ed. New Yorkl dA pple ton- Oentury-Crofts , 1,6,. . , , , ..'!he se ,knowled· geable authors . pre filent an 'exoellent of t��t oove rll1g all aspects broadca��lM , although ies].t ln the Jpeciflc edueatlol:U!lilpl'a; ���ces of nen "·(i) et-clal · statiou ; tJae teolmloal e;lessaZ7' of terms .. . . 1$ ' $Uperl or . bdars _m41 · $ a'\ � : Extens l ons " ' r$ , " � ., �' �al..l . �� �� .. •.• .. . . , ". " • . . •. 'Io. rk l McGraw-B l :SOCk .e<:>ill:p@:iit , 1964 ... ohapter on rad1o andHte1revl �lbn· ls ." mu st . the serlGl1s!'"mlnded broadoaster'.' , Rad.1e ' Broadc stl.'· •• lntr0d.Uct1Gr tG tf+e !SG d Med1um. a An.. . l ua . ��lted by Robert L� ' Hll11ard� lew Y;���� D�t1ngs . ... , . . ' louse , 1967 . . " ..Hil11ard ls Chai rman of . the Fe d.eral In'ieragency �roadeast Comm1ttee and. .Chlef , Ed.uc�tional Broad. east1ng Bmncb. Gt the FC.G;;; tne te:x:t ' Ei�p:: hasl�es technicac,: ., �'" ' lit1es of prodl1ction in fundS. ntal terms . " , ' .," ,<, ine,.' Summers , Robe rt E. , a.nd Summers , Harrlson B. Broadcasti:ns and the Publle.. Belmont , Ca11 fornia : Wadsworth , 1966. Ai.. def1nite soeiolog1eal a.pproach is pr� sented , wi tn intere stlng compari soD.s of Ame ri can and fore1gn br()8.doasters . 115 Articles and. Peri otlicals Eshelman , David.. ",About COlle�e F)I ': StatiGBI ," lID urne .. .Fe. l (�eptember-oetober , 196JJ.' . . .. <:. . . .. 'fb.is authorltatlve surve" ls available 111 re pr1ntl tr& Gates Rac:llo <1l:omJaBf , C\1l1111e, .• Il11nols' 62302. KPFKt s PrograJllml:m.g Pl-otile . f.ebruan ,· 1,6' t�slle .' J\flrtlt HGllJ'Woea. , Call:f"orBia.: ·P� cl:f"�ca .Poluuia tion.l ·I.fil splte the: Cluestlonable. artwork , iiAe p14e ls ;repre sentatlve et avant-prEie .progra.imll1q; the m01l1th17 pu.1>llcat1on ls semt to statlon. "su'bscr1bers ." ]a.• s ABseles Pree . Presa. Spetember ··23 , .. 1968�L . 0Verl,.idng ihe.m1le krak1ng app;roacb $o . news , the paper bs vera- lntormatlve c.Ql'WDllswrl tten 1>" med1a partle1pa.llts on the Cal;i,fornia scelleol news paper 1s assoe1ated wlth the .Pae1t1ea l,i'opdatlon. W:npubllshec:l Mater1al . S leprd., Allan. 'w,m5.. FM AnnolUlce1"tw Hantibook.It W1nnetka , I111no1s. (Hlmeograplaed-). . . fJle .rules and sugge stlC)ns are..geared.c·to a high school stat1on�� WNTHi-fH , New '1'r1er High school . "Programm1n,g Sohedule.If: � (Hi.. ogra:p.he d) • ·:.�srams are ori en:ta'i&ed toward NEU";' 116· Other S ourae s )lew fi- 1.er B:1gh S.chools . Personal interviews . with selected �FN statlol'l sta1t an d facu.lt, advi sors'; Wiseonsln State:,'Ula1vers1t",:' Personal interviews with selected WSWl> stat1e>B staff';' . 'tle following materi.is shoula 'De of interest to the leg.1 and te�lmioa.l prac t1tloner�: U. Si. Feae ral OGDlmuications Commission;" "koadcast) Applieatio n and. Hear1ng ,Jrocedurei& ." Fe�i B1111e "t;in l-B�; 'Jroadcast Primer : ,.Ivolut�on ot � � (ulstlng ." on Btllle tln 2-B; "Edlllca:" 1"1 Ba"� � o," Imformati . � FCe BUletin 21-:&; "Publications Q4 Services," . HC ' BUlletin 6-Gi; ' ana tlFairness lloctr1ne , �i hb l1e Ifotice o1r July l. 196zt.:,