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Gradation Processes and Channel Evolution in Modified West Tennessee Process, Response, and Form

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Gradation Processes and Channel Evolution in Modified West Tennessee Process, Response, and Form Gradation Processes and Channel Evolution in Modified West Tennessee Process, Response, and Form U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PRQFESSIOP* AL PAPER 1470 AVAILABILITY OF BOOKS AND MAPS OF THE U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Instructions on ordering publications of the U.S. Geological Survey, along with prices of the last offerings, are given in the current-year issues of the monthly catalog "New Publications of the U.S. Geological Survey." Prices of available U.S. Geological Survey publications released prior to the current year are listed in the most recent annual "Price and Availability List." Publications that may be listed in various U.S. Geological Survey catalogs (see back inside cover) but not listed in the most recent annual "Price and Availability List" may be no longer available. 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Maps Maps Only For maps, address mail orders to Maps may be purchased over the counter at the following U.S. Geological Survey, Map Distribution U.S. Geological Survey offices: Box 25286, Bldg. 810, Federal Center Denver, CO 80225 Residents of Alaska may order maps from FAIRBANKS, Alaska-New Federal Bldg., 101 Twelfth Ave. U.S. Geological Survey, Earth Science Information Center 101 Twelfth Ave. - Box 12 ROLL A, Missouri 1400 Independence Rd. Fairbanks, AK 99701 STENNIS SPACE CENTER, Mississippi-Bldg. 3101 Gradation Processes and Channel Evolution in Modified West Tennessee Streams: Process, Response, and Form By ANDREW SIMON U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1470 Prepared in cooperation with the Tennessee Department of Transportation UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON: 1994 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BRUCE BABBITT, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY ROBERT M. HIRSCH, Acting Director Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Simon, Andrew. Gradation processes and channel evolution in modified west Tennessee streams : process, response, and form / by Andrew Simon. p. cm. (U.S. Geological Survey professional paper : 1470) Includes bibliographical references. Supt. of Docs, no.: 119.16: 1470. 1. River channels Tennessee. I. Title. II. Series. GB1225.T2S56 1994 551.4'42-dc20 92^33619 CIP For sale by U.S. Geological Survey, Map Distribution Box 25286, MS 306, Federal Center Denver, CO 80225 CONTENTS Page Abstract............................................................................ 1 Bed-Level Adjustment Processes and Trends.......................... 15 Introduction....................................................................... 1 Degradation................................................................. 17 Purpose of Study.......................................................... 1 Location in Fluvial Network..................................... 19 Area and Scope of Study................................................ 3 Location Relative to Imposed Disturbance.................. 21 Study Area and Geology.......................................... 3 Magnitude of Imposed Disturbance and Disturbance Premodified Drainage Conditions .............................. 5 Parameters................................................... 23 Channelization and Subsequent Drainage Predictive Multiple-Regression Equations................... 25 Conditions.................................................... 5 Aggradation................................................................. 28 Previous Investigations ................................................. 6 Observed Aggradation............................................. 28 Adjustment by Nonlinear Decay ............................... 6 Synthesized Aggradation (SYNAG)........................... 28 Consequences of Channelization................................ 7 Aggradation Site Types........................................... 29 Aggradation and Degradation............................. 7 Model of Bed-Level Adjustment...................................... 31 Bank Failure and Channel Widening.................... 7 Adjustment at a Site............................................... 31 Acknowledgments......................................................... 8 Downstream Aggradation .................................. 31 Method of Study................................................................. 8 Migrating Degradation and Secondary Site Selection............................................................... 8 Aggradation............................................ 31 Data Collection, Compilation, and Sources........................ 8 Premodified Aggradation................................... 31 Channel Morphology............................................... 8 Longitudinal Adjustment......................................... 31 Water-Surface and Bed Elevations ...................... 9 Width Adjustment Processes and Trends................................ 36 Channel Gradient.............................................. 10 Trends and Relations .................................................... 39 Channel Width and Bank Height......................... 10 Imposed Destabilizing Forces ................................... 41 Resisting Forces..................................................... 42 Geomorphic Surfaces and Geobotanical Predictive Equations............................................... 42 Evidence................................................ 10 Processes and Stages of Bank Retreat and Slope Stream Power........................................................ 10 Development....................................................... 44 Channel Materials and Laboratory Analysis................ 11 Premodified Stage (I).............................................. 45 Noncohesive Materials....................................... 11 Constructed Stage (II)............................................. 46 Cohesive Materials............................................ 11 Degradation Stage (III)........................................... 46 Characteristics of the Channel Alluvium................................. 11 Threshold Stage (IV)............................................... 47 Bed Material................................................................ 12 Aggradation Stage (V)............................................. 50 Obion River Basin .................................................. 12 Restabilization Stage (VI)........................................ 51 Forked Deer River Basin......................................... 12 Channel Evolution.............................................................. 52 Hatchie River Basin................................................ 12 Summary and Conclusions.................................................... 54 Bank Material.............................................................. 13 Selected References............................................................ 62 Recent Deposits........................................................... 15 Supplemental Data.............................................................. 65 ILLUSTRATIONS Page FIGURES 1, 2. Maps showing: 1. Geographical extent of recent channel modifications in West Tennessee ........................................................ 2 2. Surficial geology of West Tennessee region .............................................................................................. 4 3-5. Graphs showing: 3. Incision on Hoosier Creek due to bed-level lowering on the North Fork Obion River ...................................... 6 4. Idealized representation of gradient adjustment as an oscillatory response and by nonlinear decay.................... 7 5. Example of severe widening following channelization and degradation, Cane Creek, 30 m downstream from Hunter
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