DOCSLIB.ORG

Ancient Coin Images on Modern Coins

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ancient Coin Images on Modern Coins Ancient Coin Images on Modern Coins History of coin art can be traced consistently from ancient to modern times. Images of animals followed the first amorphous symbols. Then came the first depictions of gods and goddesses, and finally, rulers themselves appeared on their coins: after their death, at first, but very soon during their lifetime. The following coins, however, do not primarily bear the images of sovereigns. They first and foremost show images of women: of women from ancient times, followed by their counterparts from modernity. As the comparison shows, surprisingly little has changed in the meantime… 1 von 27 www.sunflower.ch Kingdom of Macedonia, Alexander III the Great (336-323 BC), Stater, 330-323 BC, Amphipolis Denomination: Stater Mint Authority: King Alexander III of Macedon Mint: Amphipolis Year of Issue: -330 Weight (g): 9 Diameter (mm): 19.0 Material: Gold Owner: Sunflower Foundation This stater was issued by Alexander the Great. The obverse depicts the Greek goddess Athena wearing a Corinthian helmet, while the reverse shows a Nike, the Greek personification of victory. One of Alexander's many achievements was the establishment of a single currency in his huge realm. These "imperial coins" replaced the wide variety of local issues. Only the Romans were to achieve something like that in their empire again. 2 von 27 www.sunflower.ch Subalpine Republic, 20 Francs (Marengo) Year 10 (1800- 1801) Denomination: 20 Francs (Marengo) Mint Authority: Subalpine Republic Mint: Turin or Paris Year of Issue: 1801 Weight (g): 6.44 Diameter (mm): 23.0 Material: Gold Owner: Sunflower Foundation In 1800, the French army under Napoleon Bonaparte conquered northern Italy. After his victory, Napoleon proclaimed the Subalpine Republic in northern Italy and put it under French military administration. Napoleon introduced the then very modern decimal franc currency to the Subalpine Republic. This 20- franc coin was the first Italian gold coin minted under the decimal system. Its obverse bore the antique goddess Minerva, the Greek Athena. The reverse gave the date, L'AN 10, referring to the French- republican calendar; after the Gregorian calendar, the coin was minted in 1800 to 1801. 3 von 27 www.sunflower.ch Sicily, Dionysius I (405-367 BC), Decadrachm, 405-400 BC, signed Kimon, Syracuse Denomination: Decadrachm Mint Authority: Tyrant Dionysius I of Syracuse Mint: Syracuse Year of Issue: -405 Weight (g): 43.31 Diameter (mm): 33.0 Material: Silver Owner: Sunflower Foundation The die for this decadrachm (piece of 10 drachms) was cut by the master-engraver Kimon, as the signature on the dolphin below the head of Arethusa on the reverse shows. Kimon, who worked approximately between 420 and 400 BC for the Syracusian mint, was one of the most famous engravers of his time. Kimon's decadrachms are considered to be among the most beautiful coins of antiquity. 4 von 27 www.sunflower.ch Republic of France, 5 Francs 1850 Denomination: 5 Francs Mint Authority: 2nd Republic of France Mint: Paris Year of Issue: 1850 Weight (g): 24.93 Diameter (mm): 38.0 Material: Silver Owner: Sunflower Foundation The beautiful image on this coin of the Second French Republic can be traced back to antique Greek coins from Southern Italy and Sicily. The head belongs to the ancient goddess Ceres, who had relations to the dead in the underworld, and who was revered by the Romans as goddess of agriculture, growing plants and motherly love. The head of Ceres with an elaborated wreath of leaves, flowers and spikes, as shown on this modern French coin, was depicted on coins since the 5th century BC. 5 von 27 www.sunflower.ch Swiss Confederation, 5 Franks 1889, Berne Denomination: 5 Franken Mint Authority: Swiss Confederation Mint: Berne Year of Issue: 1889 Weight (g): 24.99 Diameter (mm): 38.0 Material: Silver Owner: Sunflower Foundation Im Jahr 1888 wurde für das 5-Franken-Stück ein neues Münzbild entworfen. Als Vorbild für den Frauenkopf mit Diadem und Alpenrosenkranz diente dabei das französische 5-Franc-Stück mit dem Kopf der Fruchtbarkeitsgöttin Ceres, das 1870 in Paris letztmals geprägt worden war. Das französische Münzbild wiederum griff zurück auf die herrlichen Köpfe auf den Münzen von Syrakus KEIN TEXT AUF DER ENGLISCHEN WEBSITE !!!!!!!!!!! 6 von 27 www.sunflower.ch Southern Italy, Calabria, Taras, Stater, c. 302 BC Denomination: Stater Mint Authority: City of Taras Mint: Taras (Taranto) Year of Issue: -302 Weight (g): 8.61 Diameter (mm): 18.0 Material: Gold Owner: In 315 BC, the rich city of Taras was threatened by neighboring peoples, and asked for help in Sparta. To pay the Spartan mercenaries, Taras minted coins that bore the nymph Persephone on the obverse, while the Dioscuri Castor and Pollux were depicted on the reverse; they were on horseback and holding a palm leaf and a laurel wreath in anticipation of victory. This stater shows Persephone in all her beauty. She is adorned with an amphix – a tiara –, earrings and a necklace; a delicate veil falls from the back of her head. In Greek mythology, Persephone was the queen of the underworld. Four months of the year, she lived with Hades in the underworld. The rest of the time, she spent on earth with her mother Demeter. During that time, the earth flourished with vegetation and color, but when Persephone returned to the underworld, it became a barren realm of darkness ... 7 von 27 www.sunflower.ch Swiss Confederation, 20 Francs 1883 Denomination: 20 Franken Mint Authority: Swiss Confederation Mint: Berne Year of Issue: 1883 Weight (g): 6.47 Diameter (mm): 21.0 Material: Gold Owner: Sunflower Foundation Republican Switzerland could not put the head of a sovereign on its coins. During the formation of the Swiss state in the year 1848, it was thus decided that Switzerland's symbol had to be the personification of the country – an idealized head, not a real portrait. The head of Helvetia (or Libertas, after the inscription on her diadem) was inspired by coins from antiquity. The Helvetia shown on this coin looks serious and heroic, lost in reverie and removed from every day life. In her hair, she wears a laurel wreath; her face with its straight nose and high forehead is classical Greek. 8 von 27 www.sunflower.ch Sicily, Syracuse, Tetradrachm, c. 445-440 BC Denomination: Tetradrachm Mint Authority: City of Syracuse Mint: Syracuse Year of Issue: -445 Weight (g): 17.32 Diameter (mm): 25.0 Material: Silver Owner: Sunflower Foundation The coins of the ancient city of Syracuse on Sicily generally show the same motifs, in ever changing depictions, however. The obverse usually bore a quadriga, a four horse race chariot. In the time around 440 BC, the diesinkers tried for the first time to give the horses an appearance of motion by making them rear. The reverses of the Syracusian coins depicted the head of the nymph Arethusa in many different representations. On this tetradrachm, she has her hair done in a chignon on top of her head. 9 von 27 www.sunflower.ch United Kingdom of Great Britain, Victoria (1837-1901), Crown 1844 Denomination: Crown Mint Authority: Queen Victoria of England Mint: Undefined Year of Issue: 1844 Weight (g): 28.26 Diameter (mm): 38.0 Material: Silver Owner: Schweizerisches Landesmuseum Dep. ZB At the age of 18, Queen Victoria ascended to the throne of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Therewith, the young queen became the most powerful woman of her time. This coin shows her at the age of about 25 as a young maiden with a fashionable Greek hairstyle. In 1877, Victoria was made empress of India. She had been queen for 40 years at that time, and at the age of 58 was not a young girl anymore. Nevertheless, her coin portrait had never been changed: on her coins, Victoria was still depicted as a young woman. To mark the jubilee of her 50 years as queen, however, a new coin portrait was produced. Henceforth Victoria was shown as an elderly matron on her coins. 10 von 27 www.sunflower.ch Sicily, Syracuse, Dionysius I (405-367 BC), Tetradrachm, 400- 395 BC Denomination: Tetradrachm Mint Authority: Tyrant Dionysius I of Syracuse Mint: Syracuse Year of Issue: -400 Weight (g): 17.18 Diameter (mm): 26.0 Material: Silver Owner: Sunflower Foundation Sometime around 425 BC, some audacious Syracuse die cutters began to experiment with movement and perspective. The rigid compositions of the images were given up and the illustrations became fanciful and vibrant. This tetradrachm is a masterpiece of this new style. The horses pulling the carriage gallop thunderously, but at the same time are marked by a supremely elegant and smooth movement. The hooves form a harmonious pattern and the heads are evenly spread, even if the third head is slightly lowered. The reverse depicts the head of a nymph or a goddess. A crown of reed is woven into her hair, giving it an extra animation as it curls riotously in all directions. Four dolphins float happily around it. 11 von 27 www.sunflower.ch United States of America, 1 Dollar 1884, Philadelphia Denomination: 1 Dollar Mint Authority: United States of America Mint: Philadelphia Year of Issue: 1884 Weight (g): 26.7 Diameter (mm): 38.0 Material: Silver Owner: Conzett The dollar is the major world currency to this day. Many states in the world designed their currency following its example, such as Canada, Australia and New Zealand. The dollar itself, however, is not an original American invention. The portrait of Miss Liberty strongly resembles antique archetypes, especially the Greek coins of the Sicilian cities of the 5th and 4th centuries BC. Other states have been inspired by the same models, for instance Switzerland and France, whose Helvetia and Marianne respectively resemble Miss Liberty like twins.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • C H R I S T Y &
    C h r i s t y & C ooC Since 1773 History and Legacy by Irra K With special thanks to The Stockport library and hat museum FamilyFamily Six reigns of Royals, and Eight generations of the Christy family have forged the brand of Christys London since it’s foundation by Miller Christy in 1773, 237 years ago Following his apprenticeship to a Hatter in Edinburgh, Miller Christy created a company that would survive for generations, outliving thousands of hat makers across the former British Empire: by 1864 for example there were 53 hatting firms in Stockport alone. Throughout hundreds of years, the factory was still managed by direct descendants of the founder of the Firm ValuesValues 1919 Christys readily registered their own The Christy Collection in Stockport is appreciation testament to the influence the company of workers’ had. At its height, it employed 3000 excellent local people leaving a valuable legacy service < - During World War II, hats were not rationed in order to boost morale, and Christys supported the effort within their family-run company, effectively running it like an extended family Celebrating Victory as well as mourning the fallen at the -> end of World War I Trade MarksTrade Marks The Stockport Collection With business of Christy Papers includes a expanding to 500 page booklet detailing foreign lands, trade marks registered safeguarding around the world at the the insignia in height of the British Empire. all it’s forms These involve registering the full name, letters 'C', it’s became vital – insignia, shape, and colours as we shall see In the early days, < - several variations - > of company marks and insignia were circulated, later consolidating into the Christy crown and heraldry which is now recognised the world over Trade Marks iiiiTrade In many territories, Trade Marks were either disputed or had to be re-registered.
    [Show full text]
  • Dress and Cultural Difference in Early Modern Europe European History Yearbook Jahrbuch Für Europäische Geschichte
    Dress and Cultural Difference in Early Modern Europe European History Yearbook Jahrbuch für Europäische Geschichte Edited by Johannes Paulmann in cooperation with Markus Friedrich and Nick Stargardt Volume 20 Dress and Cultural Difference in Early Modern Europe Edited by Cornelia Aust, Denise Klein, and Thomas Weller Edited at Leibniz-Institut für Europäische Geschichte by Johannes Paulmann in cooperation with Markus Friedrich and Nick Stargardt Founding Editor: Heinz Duchhardt ISBN 978-3-11-063204-0 e-ISBN (PDF) 978-3-11-063594-2 e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-063238-5 ISSN 1616-6485 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 04. International License. For details go to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. Library of Congress Control Number:2019944682 Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. © 2019 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston The book is published in open access at www.degruyter.com. Typesetting: Integra Software Services Pvt. Ltd. Printing and Binding: CPI books GmbH, Leck Cover image: Eustaţie Altini: Portrait of a woman, 1813–1815 © National Museum of Art, Bucharest www.degruyter.com Contents Cornelia Aust, Denise Klein, and Thomas Weller Introduction 1 Gabriel Guarino “The Antipathy between French and Spaniards”: Dress, Gender, and Identity in the Court Society of Early Modern
    [Show full text]
  • The Pileus Cap Quick and Dirty Instructions for Aethelmearc 12Th Night Saturnalia Meisterin Felicitas Fluβmüllnerin
    The Pileus Cap Quick and Dirty Instructions for AEthelmearc 12th Night Saturnalia Meisterin Felicitas Fluβmüllnerin What is a pileus? The pileus (or pilos) was a Greek-style traveling hat given to Roman slaves upon receiving their freedom. It is associated with Castor and Pollux, representing the egg that they hatched from, just as the slave is becoming a new man in his freedom. During the Festival of Saturnalia, everyone was allowed to wear the pileus, including slaves, and there was a topsy-turvy role reversal for the duration of the festival. Odysseus wearing the pilos. Ancient Greek red-figure plate Ancient Greek terracotta statuette of Ancient Greek red-figure from Apulia, third quarter of the a peasant wearing a pilos, 1st century situla from Apulia, ca. 360 4th century BC, Louvre. BC. BC, Museo Nazionale Archaeologico, Naples. Pair of Roman statuettes (3rd century AD) depicting the Dioscuri (Castor and Pollux) as horsemen, with their characteristic skullcaps (Metropolitan Museum of Art) What is it made of? Traditionally the pileus would be made of white wool to represent an egg shell, however, Saturnalia was a festival of color and celebration so feel free to use color and decorations, especially blue and gold (Saturnalia), red and white (AEthelmearc), and decorations of fertility and life: sun, moon, stars, herd animals, pinecones, nuts, and acorns. How to create a pileus: *I recommend felted wool or felt as the material. If made with a softer fabric, it will require a stiffener to stand tall. 1. Measure your head circumference loosely. 2. Add 6”. Bottom Brim Curve: _______________________ 3.
    [Show full text]
  • VU Research Portal
    VU Research Portal The impact of empire on market prices in Babylon Pirngruber, R. 2012 document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication in VU Research Portal citation for published version (APA) Pirngruber, R. (2012). The impact of empire on market prices in Babylon: in the Late Achaemenid and Seleucid periods, ca. 400 - 140 B.C. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. E-mail address: [email protected] Download date: 25. Sep. 2021 THE IMPACT OF EMPIRE ON MARKET PRICES IN BABYLON in the Late Achaemenid and Seleucid periods, ca. 400 – 140 B.C. R. Pirngruber VRIJE UNIVERSITEIT THE IMPACT OF EMPIRE ON MARKET PRICES IN BABYLON in the Late Achaemenid and Seleucid periods, ca. 400 – 140 B.C. ACADEMISCH PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad Doctor aan de Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, op gezag van de rector magnificus prof.dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Accat2013.Pdf
    Allens Crowns Tiaras A103 1 1/2" Tall A107 1 3/8" Tall A113 1 1/2" Tall Little Princess Tiara* Small Loop Tiara Princess Tiara* A122 1 5/8" Tall A123 2" Tall A133 1 1/4" Tall Small Heart Tiara Royal Princess Tiara* Looping Tiara A162 2" Tall A350 2" Tall AA240 2 1/2" Tall Fleur Di Lis Mardi Gras Tiara* Spring Tiara† ** Interlocking Loop Tiara B102 1 1/2" Tall B110 1 3/8" Tall B120 1 1/2" Tall Loop Tiara Curls & Loop Tiara Loop Tiara* ** Made from cast metal. † Jewel insert available in multiple colors. * Made from cast metal, capped with genuine Austrian rhinestone crystal by Swarovski™. 2 Allens Crowns B149 2" Tall C100 1 1/2" Tall C102 1 5/8" Tall Valentine's Day Tiara* Little Aztec Tiara* Loops Tiara C103 1 3/4" Tall C104 1 1/2" Tall C112 1 5/8" Tall Peak & Loop Tiara Loops & Heart Tiara Three Loops Tiara C117 1 3/8" Tall C206 1 5/8" Tall C301 1 7/8" Tall Five Loops Tiara Shooting Star Tiara Small Jewel Tiara† C350 3" Tall D109 2" Tall D117 1 5/8" Tall Spring Tiara†** Loops & Pearl Tiara Three Loops with Pearls Tiara ** Made from cast metal. † Jewel insert available in multiple colors. * Made from cast metal, capped with genuine Austrian rhinestone crystal by Swarovski™. 3 Allens Crowns D121 2 1/4" Tall E110 2" Tall E113 3" Tall Teardrop & Loops Tiara Peak Tiara Queen Tiara* F100 1 7/8" Tall G111 2 1/4" Tall G120 2" Tall Heart & Loops Tiara Peaked Heart Tiara Loop Tiara* G127 2 3/8" Tall J100 2" Tall J124 2 5/8" Tall Basketweave Tiara Heart Tiara Elevated Star Tiara J168 2" Tall K100 2 1/4" Tall K101 1 7/8" Tall Stars Tiara* Hearts & Loops Tiara Tie the Knot Tiara * Made from cast metal, capped with genuine Austrian rhinestone crystal by Swarovski™.
    [Show full text]
  • Demetrius Poliorcetes and the Hellenic League
    DEMETRIUSPOLIORCETES AND THE HELLENIC LEAGUE (PLATE 33) 1. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND D JURING the six years, 307/6-302/1 B.C., issues were raised and settled which shaped the course of western history for a long time to come. The epoch was alike critical for Athens, Hellas, and the Macedonians. The Macedonians faced squarely during this period the decision whether their world was to be one world or an aggregate of separate kingdoms with conflicting interests, and ill-defined boundaries, preserved by a precarious balance of power and incapable of common action against uprisings of Greek and oriental subjects and the plundering appetites of surrounding barbarians. The champion of unity was King Antigonus the One- Eyed, and his chief lieutenant his brilliant but unstatesmanlike son, King Demetrius the Taker of Cities, a master of siege operations and of naval construction and tactics, more skilled in organizing the land-instruments of warfare than in using them on the battle field. The final campaign between the champions of Macedonian unity and disunity opened in 307 with the liberation of Athens by Demetrius and ended in 301 B.C. with the Battle of the Kings, when Antigonus died in a hail of javelins and Demetrius' cavalry failed to penetrate a corps of 500 Indian elephants in a vain effort to rescue hinm. Of his four adversaries King Lysimachus and King Kassander left no successors; the other two, Kings Ptolemy of Egypt and Seleucus of Syria, were more fortunate, and they and Demetrius' able son, Antigonus Gonatas, planted the three dynasties with whom the Romans dealt and whom they successively destroyed in wars spread over 44 years.
    [Show full text]
  • The Temple of Roma and Augustus on the Athenian Acropolis: a Symbol of Roman Power?
    The Post Hole Issue 40 The temple of Roma and Augustus on the Athenian Acropolis: A Symbol of Roman power? Nefeli Piree Iliou1 1 School of Classics, Swallowgate, Butts Wynd, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9AL. Email: [email protected] The temple of Roma and Augustus (dated to the late 1st century BC) was the sole major architectural supplement to the 5th and 4th century building complex on the Athenian Acropolis (Spawforth 2006, 144). Despite this, the temple has rarely been discussed in scholarly writings in contrast to the vast literature dedicated to other structures on the Athenian citadel, such as the Parthenon or the Erechtheion. Those who have granted it attention have often, but not exclusively, seen it as a symbol of Romanization, a concept Figure. 1. The NE corner of the Parthenon with the temple which likely needs further rethinking of Roma and Augustus, late 1st century BC. Restored by G. (Spawforth 1997,183,192; Mattingly P. Stevens. Image courtesy of the American School of 2006, 17; Webster 2003). While the Classical Studies at Athens. (Stevens 1946, Fig. 1). building has largely been viewed as either a monument to Roman power or a skillful Athenian subornation of Augustus’ victory into Athenian past glory, it was arguably both: not simply an indication of Rommanness but a negotiation of mixed Athenian feelings (Keen 2004; Hurwit 1999, 279-280). This brief paper will investigate the extent to which the temple of Roma and Augustus on the Acropolis can be seen as a symbol of Roman power by examining its architecture and topographical context.
    [Show full text]
  • Graham Jones
    Ni{ i Vizantija XIV 629 Graham Jones SEEDS OF SANCTITY: CONSTANTINE’S CITY AND CIVIC HONOURING OF HIS MOTHER HELENA Of cities and citizens in the Byzantine world, Constantinople and its people stand preeminent. A recent remark that the latter ‘strove in everything to be worthy of the Mother of God, to Whom the city was dedicated by St Constantine the Great in 330’ follows a deeply embedded pious narrative in which state and church intertwine in the city’s foundation as well as its subse- quent fortunes. Sadly, it perpetuates a flawed reading of the emperor’s place in the political and religious landscape. For a more nuanced and considered view we have only to turn to Vasiliki Limberis’ masterly account of politico-religious civic transformation from the reign of Constantine to that of Justinian. In the concluding passage of Divine Heiress: The Virgin Mary and the Creation of Christianity, Limberis reaffirms that ‘Constantinople had no strong sectarian Christian tradition. Christianity was new to the city, and it was introduced at the behest of the emperor.’ Not only did the civic ceremonies of the imperial cult remain ‘an integral part of life in the city, breaking up the monotony of everyday existence’. Hecate, Athena, Demeter and Persephone, and Isis had also enjoyed strong presences in the city, some of their duties and functions merging into those of two protector deities, Tyche Constantinopolis, tutelary guardian of the city and its fortune, and Rhea, Mother of the Gods. These two continued to be ‘deeply ingrained in the religious cultural fabric of Byzantium..
    [Show full text]
  • Crosby Garrett Helmet
    A Roman Cavalry Helmet and the Phrygian Cap The Crosby Garrett helmet is well preserved example of a two-piece Roman cavalry helmet in the style of a Phrygia Cap, discovered close to Carlisle in 2010 by metal detectorists. Grampus Heritage who lead the EVEHD project have been involved with local Cumbrian volunteers in surveying the site of the discovery to see if there are any associated Roman discoveries yet to be made. With sponsorship from the Tullie House Museum and Art Gallery and the Portable Antiquities Scheme, Grampus and a local team identified earthworks which seemed to be part of a substantial enclosure surrounded by ditches, within which buildings had once stood. The enclosure, which measures as much as 500 metres (1,600 ft) long on its southern side, combines both native British and Roman methods of fortification. A sunken area within the enclosure may possibly have served as a paddock for horses, while the evidence for the buildings is concentrated in the enclosure's northern portion. The remnants of Romano-British field systems in the surrounding area show that the area was under cultivation and animal remains found on the site indicate that the inhabitants also raised livestock, including sheep, goats and pigs. The presence of Roman pottery suggests that the inhabitants had adopted some elements of the Roman lifestyle, but their community may well have been there long before the Romans arrived. Archaeological evidence from the enclosure indicates that the site may have been first settled as far back as the Bronze Age, at least 1,000 years before the helmet was deposited.
    [Show full text]
  • Greek and Roman Mythology and Heroic Legend
    G RE E K AN D ROMAN M YTH O LOGY AN D H E R O I C LE GEN D By E D I N P ROFES SOR H . ST U G Translated from th e German and edited b y A M D i . A D TT . L tt LI ONEL B RN E , , TRANSLATOR’S PREFACE S Y a l TUD of Greek religion needs no po ogy , and should This mus v n need no bush . all t feel who ha e looked upo the ns ns and n creatio of the art it i pired . But to purify stre gthen admiration by the higher light of knowledge is no work o f ea se . No truth is more vital than the seemi ng paradox whi c h - declares that Greek myths are not nature myths . The ape - is not further removed from the man than is the nature myth from the religious fancy of the Greeks as we meet them in s Greek is and hi tory . The myth the child of the devout lovely imagi nation o f the noble rac e that dwelt around the e e s n s s u s A ga an. Coar e fa ta ie of br ti h forefathers in their Northern homes softened beneath the southern sun into a pure and u and s godly bea ty, thus gave birth to the divine form of n Hellenic religio . M c an c u s m c an s Comparative ythology tea h uch . It hew how god s are born in the mind o f the savage and moulded c nn into his image .
    [Show full text]
  • Struggle of Titans: Book 1
    From 538 BC to 231 BC, Carthage began as a dominant power along with the Etruscans and the Greeks. By 231 BC, Rome was the dominant power, and Carthage had taken major steps to conceal from the Romans, their buildup of forces in preparation to combat and overcome Rome. STRUGGLE OF TITANS: BOOK 1 by Lou Shook Order the complete book from the publisher Booklocker.com http://www.booklocker.com/p/books/9489.html?s=pdf or from your favorite neighborhood or online bookstore. Copyright © 2017 Lou Shook ISBN: 978-1-63492-606-5 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the author. Published by BookLocker.com, Inc., St. Petersburg, Florida. Printed on acid-free paper. This is a work of historical fiction, based on actual persons and events. The author has taken creative liberty with many details to enhance the reader's experience. BookLocker.com, Inc. 2017 First Edition TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE - BEGINNING OF CARTHAGE (2800-539 BC) ................. 9 CHAPTER TWO - CARTHAGE CONTINUES GROWTH (538-514 BC) ....................................................................................... 19 CHAPTER THREE - CARTHAGE SECURES WESTERN MEDITERREAN (514-510 BC) ............................................................. 32 CHAPTER FOUR - ROME REPLACES MONARCHY (510-508 BC) ......................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • A Study on the Design and Composition of Victorian Women's Mantle
    Journal of Fashion Business Vol. 14, No. 6, pp.188~203(2010) A Study on the Design and Composition of Victorian Women’s Mantle * Lee Sangrye ‧ Kim Hyejeong Professor, Dept. of Fashion Design, TongMyong University * Associate Professor, Dept. of Clothing Industry, Hankyong National University Abstract This study purposed to identify the design and composition characteristics of mantle through a historical review of its change and development focusing on women’s dress. This analysis was particularly focused on the Victorian age because the variety of mantle designs introduced and popularized was wider than ever since ancient times to the present. For this study, we collected historical literature on mantle from ancient times to the 19 th century and made comparative analysis of design and composition, and for the Victorian age we investigated also actual items from the period. During the early Victorian age when the crinoline style was popular, mantle was of A‐ line silhouette spreading downward from the shoulders and of around knee length. In the mid Victorian age from 1870 to 1889 when the bustle style was popular, the style of mantle was changed to be three‐ dimensional, exaggerating the rear side of the bustle skirt. In addition, with increase in women’s suburban activities, walking costume became popular and mantle reached its climax. With the diversification of design and composition in this period, the name of mantle became more specific and as a result, mantle, mantelet, dolman, paletot, etc. were used. The styles popular were: it looked like half-jacket and half-cape. Ornaments such as tassels, fur, braids, rosettes, tufts and fringe were attached to create luxurious effects.
    [Show full text]