Newsletter of the IUCN/SSC Caprinae Specialist Group

October 2004 (Hess et al. 1997). In , these urial subdesert, with lower slope precipitation In this issue are now primarily confined to Chitral ranging between 100 and 200 mm a year District in the Northwest Frontier and temperatures soaring over 45° C Ladakh Urial in Pakistan ……. 1 Province and Baltistan District (Skardu during summer days. In the mountains on Wild Goat and Armenian region) in the Northern Areas. However, a either side of the Indus there are definite in Armenia ………..… 3 small population is recorded in Hispar floral zones. Below 1,800 m is essentially Taxonomic News Valley, Nagar region of District. barren and rocky desert with little European Mouflon.……….…. 4 Although Hess et al. (1997) found “no vegetation outside of villages with their evidence of its presence within the whole irrigated crops. Above 1,800 m, vegetation Abstracts .…...... ……5 area along the Gilgit and Indus rivers is dominated by sagebrush or wormwood upstream from Gilgit to downstream from (Artemisia), while scattered oak (Quercus Editorial Chilas,” a small population has been baloot) and juniper (Juniperus macropoda) recorded in that region in Bunji Valley of appear around 2,100 m. At higher Please remember to keep submitting (IUCN-Pakistan pers. elevations, between 2,500 to 3,800 m, there articles for your newsletter – Thank you. comm.). are often open pine forests (Pinus David Shackleton wallichiana and P. gerardiana), with Editor Location juniper and patches of deodar cedar (Cedrus Southern Gilgit and Diamer Districts deodara ) and spruce (Picea smithiana). Status and new records of are located in the Northern Areas of Above 3,800 m, woody vegetation is Ladakh urial (Ovis orientalis Pakistan at roughly 35°N, ranging along limited to juniper and shrubby Himalayan vignei) in northern Pakistan the Indus drainage from about the mouth birch (Betula utilis). Most peaks in this of the Hunza River in the north, to region range from 4,000 to 5,100 m, Introduction Kohistan in the south (see Map). This area although the enormous massif of Nanga The Ladakh urial (Ovis orientalis was once classic urial range, and is an arid Parbat, at 8,125 m, dominates the region. vignei) was once a common member of the fauna of northern Pakistan. Its range encompassed most of the Western Himalayas (Himalayan//Hindu Kush mountain region) on rolling slopes at middle elevations, from 1,500 m to above treeline (Schaller 1975, Roberts 1997). Historically, urial at higher elevations made altitudinal migrations to lower valleys to avoid winter snows (Schaller 1975, Fox et al. 1991). Unfortunately, these elevations and habitats correspond to the region most heavily utilized by humans, and a combination of overhunting, disturbance, and competition with livestock, has driven the subspecies to the brink of extinction. It is now listed by IUCN (2002) as Endangered (ENC2a), with perhaps a combined total of <1,500 individuals in Pakistan and India. The last estimate of the total Ladakh urial population in Pakistan was <600

1 valleys, locals stated that their valleys still hunter from Ghizer district reported Methods had small populations of ungulates, seeing a herd of 7 urial between and From November 2001 through May including urial. They also said that Sultanabad (he shot an adult male) in 2002 a survey was conducted for flare- pressure is still heavy. In Jalipur 1998. A shepherd from Sultanabad (Gujar horned markhor (Capra falconeri and Batachulaee, local inhabitants Dass) saw 3 urial 3 years ago above falconeri) and other wildlife that reported a population of urial in the area, Sultanabad (Gujar Dass) hills (13), while encompassed over 50 valleys in southern numbering at least 25 individuals. another shepherd from Sakar Koi village Gilgit and Diamer Districts. Most of these Apparently these urial move between (Gilgit) reported seeing 2 urial about 2-3 valleys not previously been surveyed for Gunar and Raikot valleys. years earlier on the Harali hills above wildlife, so records were also made of all As a follow-up to the surveys, a series Sakar Koi village (14). Interestingly, all species of interest, including urial. We of targeted interviews were held with other local shikaris and shepherds used 2 approaches. The first was the use of shikaris (hunters), shepherds, and other interviewed, believed that urial have been a survey questionnaire to collect data on knowledgeable people in the region. extinct from Harali, , Sultanabad local people’s estimates of past and These interviews led to the following (Gujar Dass), Jutal, Rahimabad (Matum present numbers of wildlife in their area, information about urial. Dass), and the other valleys in the region, population trends, local hunting pressure, In December 2003, a local shikari saw for at least 6 years. locations where wildlife could still be a herd of 24 urial in the Harali area, It is worth noting that there is found, and public perceptions of wildlife, apparently coming to drink at the Gilgit disagreement about the origins of the urial especially regarding hunting and River. Harali (5) is a large region in Gilgit in these sightings. Some shikaris believed conservation. District between the right side of the that the urial herd of 24 that had been seen The second method was to conduct Hunza River and the left side of the Gilgit in the Harali region in December 2003 surveys of each valley to estimate markhor River above Kono Dass and Sakar Koi and later on in Danyor hills and other numbers. The survey methodology was Gilgit village. This area is used by Gilgit areas in scattered groups, might have derived from Jackson and Hunter (1996) town communities and ’s come from Bunji. They would have and involved direct samples using 2 fixed shepherds for livestock in autumn, winter crossed the Indus River and then the point counts and 2 random point counts and spring. In January 2004, a forest Hunza River and then moved to the Harali per valley or major valley segment, as well guard saw a herd of 6 urial between area, then again crossed the Hunza river as general transect surveys during travel to Sultanabad and Jutal (6), and another herd before entering the hills of Danyor and and from point count locations. Fixed of around 15 were seen above the hills of adjacent valleys. These shikaris believe point count locations were determined Danyor (7). It is believed that the 24 urial that urial maintain a migratory movement from the questionnaire, as local people in the Harali area, might have separated of about 50 km, and that historically, the were asked for the most likely locations in into smaller groups due to human best route for urial was from Bunji up to the valley to view markhor. Random point disturbance from shikaris and shepherds, Bargo, with the returning along count locations were derived from a and that they crossed the Hunza River. the same route to Bunji, before crossing random number table. When possible, Another shikari also saw a group of 6 the Hunza and Indus rivers. However, local villagers accompanied the team to urial in Harali near Bargo Valley (15); it others believe that the 24 urial seen in assist in finding locations and spotting is possible that this small group is also Harali in December 2003, came from the wildlife. from the scattered herd of 24 urial. same area in Harali, from the Hunza side There is a history of fairly recent urial or from some adjacent valleys (Danyor, Results sightings in the general Gilgit region. Two Jutal, etc.), and not from Bunji. Some Only one herd of urial was seen by the shikaris from Gilgit reported that in 1997 older shikaris also stated that in the past, survey teams (see below). All other they saw 2 urial and shot both (adult some urial herds from Harali remained in information on urial distribution and status females) in the Sultanabad area next to the area year round, while others crossed was determined from the survey Danyor Valley (8). They also saw a group the near Henzal area and questionnaires and through discussions of 7 urial 6 years ago in the Huru area of migrated towards Dalnat (just next to with local shikaris (hunters) and villagers. Hisper valley in Nagar, district Gilgit (9). Gulapur valley) in Ghizer District. Here (For location numbers shown below, Another interviewee stated that in 1997, they stayed during summer, returning please refer to the Map). he saw some urial near the Karakoram back along the same route to the Harali On the morning of 13 January, 2003, Highway while travelling from Hunza to area for winter, crossing the Gilgit River the Wildlife Conservation Society survey Gilgit. Apparently they were coming from Henzal area. team spotted 13 urial in a herd in toward the Hunza River near Sultanabad Despite previous mention of a small Batachulaee Valley (1), a small valley in (Gujar Dass) at night (10). A shikari from urial population in Tangir Valley (IUCN Diamer District next to Jalipur Valley and Napura (Gilgit) said he saw a herd of 12 1999), local people and shikaris living in near Tatta Pani Raikot. This sighting was urial about 7 years ago going uphill from Tangir (16), state that no urial now occur subsequently confirmed by local people the near Sultanabad in the valley or general region, nor have during interviews (see below). (Gujar Dass) (11). Another shikari from there been any sightings for many years. Three other valleys surveyed in Diamer Gilgit stated that a friend saw a herd of were Lichi (2), Jalipur (3), and Lachar (4). around 15 urial between Jutal and During interviews in Lichi and Lachar Sultanabad in 1998 (12), and another

2 Discussion community support, will Ladakh urial Biological Resources Division, Seattle, The existence of small populations of continue to survive in this large section of WA. Ladakh urial in southern Gilgit and its native range. Roberts T.J. 1997. The of Diamer Districts is extremely important Pakistan. 2nd Ed. Ernest Benn Ltd., from a conservation standpoint. The Acknowledgements London, UK. Ladakh urial’s range in Pakistan has This research was funded and Schaller G.B. 1976. Mountain mammals dramatically shrunk and become supported by the Wildlife Conservation in Pakistan. Oryx, 13(4): 351-356. fragmented over the past century. Except Society. We thank IUCN-Pakistan and Schaller G.B. 1977. Mountain monarchs: for the small population in Bunji, urial was WWF-Pakistan for their assistance and for Wild sheep and goats of the Himalayas. thought to have been exterminated in useful information. Special thanks go to University of Chicago Press, Chicago, southern Gilgit and Diamer Districts Jessica Forrest for creating the map. We IL. previous to our work. acknowledge the support and assistance Information strongly suggests that provided by Mr. Saeed Ahmed Khan, Mayoor Khan previously undocumented, scattered small Secretary Home Services; GAD; Juadat Pakistan Country Program Manager urial herds still exist from the northern Ayaz, Deputy Commissioner, and Sibtain Wildlife Conservation Society Astor region in Diamer District to the Ahmed, Assistant Commissioner (IMP), [email protected] southern Hunza region of . Gilgit; and Haji Quwat Jan, Deputy Evidence indicates that these herds appear Commissioner, Diamer. We thank the Peter Zahler to move frequently, possibly due to a Govt. Forest and Wildlife Department for Central Asia Projects Coordinator combination of weather, availability of their legal, technical and information Wildlife Conservation Society food and water, and human and livestock support. We also thank Major (Retd) 2300 Southern Boulevard disturbance. Given the high level of Muhammad Nasiruddin, Major Dr. (Retd) Bronx, NY, 10460, U.S.A. human activity in this region, the number Ghulam Muhammad and other local [email protected] of guns available, the active hunting shikaris, Ejaz Ahmed Khan lecturer, and culture, and the almost complete lack of Taj Muhammad and other markhor enforcement measures, these few research assistants for their information, Wild goat and Armenian remaining small herds of urial are in hard work and dedication. We also thank Mouflon Surveys in Armenia extreme danger. Mr. Sanaullah (Lecturer), Manzoor In the second half of January 2004, The last remaining Ladakh urial in Ahmed Qureshi and Ghulam Mustafa for field work was conducted through Eastern Pakistan are in small, fragmented their individual inputs. Thanks also to Armenia, organized by I. Khorozyan populations. They need to be immediately Javed Iqbal of the Planning Department, (WWF Armenian Office) and A. located and surveyed, and protection Gilgit for working on the map. Special Malkhazyan (Ministry for Nature measures must be established to ensure thanks to J. Ginsberg and L. Krueger for Conservation of Armenia). The latter also their continued survival. These measures their support. was the guide. The main objective was to should include immediate education collect genetic samples and morphological campaigns directed toward local References data on wild goat (Capra aegagrus) and communities. If local villagers are hired to Fox J.L., Nurbu C., and Chundawat R.S. (Ovis gmelini). assist in urial surveys, this will provide 1991. The mountain ungulates of During the trip, we observed wild some small economic incentive for urial Ladakh, India. Biological Conservation, goats in the Khosrov Nature Reserve, conservation and begin creating a sense of 58: 167-190. Noravank Valley and on the southern end ownership among villages for the herds. Hess R., Bollman K., Rasool G., of the Megri Range near Nuvadi Village An awareness campaign should extend to Chaudrhy A.A., Virk A.T. and Ahmad on the left bank of the Araks River. Gilgit and other outlying towns where A. 1997. Pakistan. In: Wild Sheep and Khosrov Nature Reserve consists of hunters visiting the areas might live. Urial goats and their relatives. Status survey several separate areas situated west of populations should be closely monitored and conservation action plan for Erevan (ca. 400N, 450E). The Reserve with regular surveys, if possible twice a Caprinae. Shackleton D.M. (ed). IUCN, includes oak and juniper forests on slopes year, to determine if they are stable, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, (limestone and sandstone) rising from the decreasing, or increasing in numbers. UK. Araks River valley to foothills of the These surveys can be performed IUCN. 1999. Statistical Abstract of Gegam Range. Wild goats stick to economically by training local villagers in Northern Areas. IUCN Pakistan NACS- precipitous places. We saw 7 fully adult survey techniques. Survey results might Support Project, Gilgit, Pakistan. males, 1 male 4-5 years old, 3 males 3 also help identify threats other than IUCN. 2002. 2002 IUCN red list of years old, 4 males 2 years old, 7 females, hunting, such as competition with threatened animals. International Union 1 yearling male, and 6 juveniles (total 29 livestock, disease, and mineral extraction. for the Conservation of Nature and animals) in Khosrov and the neighboring We also recommend that in the near future Natural Resources, Cambridge, UK. Gand valleys in 3 days. a few urial be captured and radio-collared Jackson R. and Hunter D.O. 1996. Snow Noravank Valley is at the north- to determine herd movements. Only Leopard Survey and Conservation western end of Zaghezur Range (ca. through complete protection, careful Handbook . International Snow Leopard 39040’N, 45040’E). The upper part of the monitoring, and active education and Trust and U.S. Geological Survey, valley is precipitous (limestone) with

3 sparse juniper stands. During one Erevan. All the current information is P. J. Weinberg excursion, I saw 20 goats: 2 males 3 years incidental and not professional. I was told North Ossetian Nature Reserve, old, 1 male 2 years old, 8 females, 1 that there were animals on the Urts Range Basiyeva str. 3-8, Alagir, yearling male, 2 yearling females and 6 as well, and was shown a photograph of North Ossetia-Alania, 363240, Russia juveniles. Megri Range (ca. 38055’N, 50 animals (part of a mixed herd) running e-mail: [email protected] 46030’E) is a south-eastern offshoot of the through deep snow. The photograph was Zanghezur Range and is composed of shot from a helicopter and reportedly Taxonomic News granite. Goats mostly inhabit the southern taken on the Urts Range. Unfortunately, it precipitous ends of the range overhanging is difficult to find mouflon in late winter the Araks River. The sunny arid slopes are from the ground because animals move to The European Mouflon Re- overgrown by juniper, the shady slopes windswept, snowfree ridges and plateaus Named harbour oak and maple; hornbeam grows which are inaccessible to observers on One may have noticed that very few along the streams. During 2 days, 45 foot due to deep snow surrounding them. taxa of large vertebrates have enjoyed a animals were counted: 1 male 4 years old, This is why I was unable not observe variety of scientific names as great as that 2 males 3 years old, 1 male 2 years old, 19 mouflon myself. However, reports of given to the European mouflon (e.g. Ovis females, 4 yearling males, 5 yearling wild sheep encounters come from several aries, O. ammon, O. musimon, O. females and 12 juveniles. This area is very areas in central and eastern Armenia. The orientalis, O. gmelini, even Aegoceros different from those previously mentioned, occurrence or disappearance of mouflon musimon!). Common names have also being much warmer and more arid, and in a specific site may depend on such been several, mainly because of having practically no snow cover but circumstance as establishment of a border- nationalistic reasons (e.g. Italian authors already displaying new green grass during guard station, etc. No research has been have referred to it as the “Sardinian my visit. conducted on wild goat and mouflon since mouflon”, whereas not surprisingly All these areas harbour, or are at least the 1970s in Armenia (and Azerbaijan), so French authors rather prefer “Corsican visited by leopard. Upper and more rolling nothing is known about the distribution mouflon”). This confusing mess of parts of the ranges used to be inhabited by and numbers of mouflon. Nevertheless, published, unpublished and almost- mouflon. It appears that the wild goat is there is growing interest in the published nomenclature has recently been still quite widespread all over Armenia possibilities of mouflon trophy hunting. brought to a halt with an official position east of Erevan, even if much less It was always considered that of the International Commission of numerous than a century ago. Zanghezur Range, separating Zoological Nomenclature, published in Unfortunately, even approximate data on Nakhichevan from Armenia, was the main the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature population numbers are lacking. stronghold of mouflon in Transcaucasia. (BZN). The status of mouflon was much The areas to the east of Erevan, though In BZN (1996), three members of the worse following WW II. The Khosrov belonging to different ranges, are quite Nomenclature Commission (A. Gentry, J. Nature Reserve was established in 1958, easily reachable from Zanghezur. In fact, Clutton-Brock, C.P. Groves) raised the primarily for protection of mouflon which mouflon population of the Transcaucasia issue of 15 specific names based inhabited the Urts Range (part of the is probably common and united, though on WILD species which are antedated by reserve) and also the ridge of the Gegam may be isolated from Iran by Araks River or contemporary with those based on Range. The main problem, as everywhere, and the border-line constructions. domestic animals. The majority of was competition with livestock because Therefore any conservation or research domestic animals and their wild ancestors mouflon occupied mostly the plateaus and programs on mouflon in Transcaucasia continue to share the same name, but in a foothills that have always been main should be common for Armenia and few cases a tradition has arisen under pastures for domestic sheep. Even in the Azerbaijan, despite the fact that there is which the domestic and wild forms are 1970s, Armenian zoologists were quite still no peace treaty between the two separately named. Among these, there are pessimistic about the status of mouflon, states. 15 mammals in which the name for the and estimated the total numbers in DOMESTIC form antedates or is Armenia and Azerbaijan (Nakhichevan) at Literature cited contemporary with that of the WILD 400 (Airumyan, Gasparyan, 1976), while Airumyan K. A., K. M. Gasparyan. 1976. ancestors: a minority of authors has thus their Azerbaijan colleagues counted 1,000- Rare ungulates and carnivores of applied (correctly, according to current 1,200 animals in Nakhichevan area alone Armenia. Pp. 35-42 in Rare Mammals conventions) the domestic names to the (Alekperov, Yerofeyeva and of the USSR Fauna. Nauka, Moscow wild forms. Yet, the majority of authors Rakhmatulina, 1976). In 1973, mouflon [in Russian]. has not. It has been proposed that majority was reported to be practically absent from Alekperov, Kh. M., S. N. Yerofeyeva and usage be confirmed by adoption of the Khosrow Nature Reserve, although the I. K. Rakhmatulina. 1976. first available specific name based on the situation probably changed after the war Contemporary status of certain WILD population. Fortunately, this has between Armenia and Azerbaijan. selected species of mammals in been the case with Capra aegagrus Numbers of domestic sheep and goats in Azerbaijan. Pp. 28-34 in Rare Erxleben, 1777 (wild goat) and Ovis Armenia decreased and encounters with Mammals of the USSR Fauna. Nauka, orientalis Gmelin, 1774 (Asian mouflon), mouflon (in winter) were unofficially Moscow [in Russian]. which respectively win over Capra hircus reported even from areas not far from Linnaeus, 1758, and Ovis aries Linnaeus,

4 1758 (which should actually have had (183 ewes, 97 rams, 15 lambs, 196 established the conservation strategy for priority). On the other hand, these authors unclassified) were observed. About 70 this species. The partial sequences of the pointed out explicitly that the European urial were observed per day afield. The mitochondrial cytochrome b gene from 12 mouflon, being a domestic sheep turned observed urial density was ~4 per km2. Korean goral samples, one sample from wild some 8000 years ago or so, should Approximately 35% of urial habitat on the Russian Primorski region and 16 Japanese keep the O. aries name. reserve was surveyed. During the survey serows were determined and compared In BZN (2003) the Commission has 71 adult rams were observed of which with those of the major lineages of ratified the opinion expressed in BZN 45% were older than 6 years. One ram Rupicaprini species. We found that (1996), with 19 votes “FOR” out of 24 was observed for every 2 females and 1 Korean gorals have two haplotypes with votes. Thus, the WILD GOAT is going to mature ram for every 2.6 females. Rams 5 only one nucleotide difference between be Capra aegagrus, the DOMESTIC goat years or older were considered mature. them, whereas the Japanese serows stays with C. hircus, the ASIAN The data indicate urial are abundant on the showed slightly higer sequence diversity MOUFLON is Ovis orientalis, the reserve and adequate mature rams are with five haplotypes. We also confirmed EUROPEAN/MEDITERRANEAN etc. present in the population for breeding. the sufficient genetic distances between must inexorably make do Indications are that historic grazing has serows and gorals to be separated into two with O. aries (in the company of domestic impacted the lands ability to produce genera. Genetic distances and molecular sheep). forage which, in combination with the phylogenetic tree indicated that there is relatively high density of urial, may be considerable genetic divergence between References negatively affecting ram horn growth rate. Korean goral and N. caudatus (Chinese Gentry A., Clutton-Brock J. and C.P. goral) [Groves and Shields (1996)], but Groves. 1996. Case 3010: Proposed Published in: Biennial Symposium virtually no genetic difference between conservation of usage of 15 mammal Northern Wild Sheep and Goat Council Korean goral and goral from Russian specific names based on wild species 13:203-210 Primorski region. The present data imply which are antedated by or contemporary that the Korean and Russian Far East with those based on domestic animals. Molecular Phylogenetic Status gorals may be a distinct from Chinese Bull. Zool. Nomenclature 53: 28-37. of the Korean Goral and goral. The data highlight importance of Opinion 2027 (Case 3010). 2003. Usage of Japanese Serow Based on conservation of the goral populations in 17 specific names based on wild species Partial Sequences of the Korea and Russian Primorsky region, and which are pre-dated by or contemporary Mitochondrial Cytochrome b the necessity of reconsidering the with those based on domestic animals: taxonomic status of gorals. To establish conserved. Bull. Zool. Nomenclature 60: Gene. conservation unit and management 81-84. Hideo Okumura, Mi-Sook Min, Jung-Hwa strategy for gorals, the phylogenetic An, Hang Lee. 2004 relationships among species and Sandro Lovari subspecies of the genus Nemorhaedus Ethology & Behavioural Ecology Group The Korean goral, Nemorhaedus should be addressed. However, there has Dept. of Evolutionary Biology caudatus, is an endangered mammalian not been much research efforts on this Via P.A. Mattioli 4 species in Korea (Ministry of field. 53100 Siena, ITALY Environment of Korea 1998). The goral Even though gorals range from Laos, E-MAIL: [email protected] population has been reduced dramatically Myanmar up to Russian Far East, few by habitat loss and poaching, thereby the scientists work on these species. current goral habitat in South Korea is Consequently, gorals are gradually facing Abstracts restricted and fragmented. The size of the with extinction over many countries. An goral population in South Korea is international cooperative network seems Population status of assumed to be less than 800 individuals. necessary to get better knowledge on They are categorized vulnerable in Red goral species. Transcaspian urial (Ovis List (IUCN 1996). At present, commercial orientalis [vignei] arkal) at Aktau trade of this species is banned among Published in: Molecules and Cells 17(2): Buzachinsky Nature Reserve, countries that have signed the Convention 365-372 (2004). Kazakhstan. on International Trade in Endangered M. R. Frisina. 2002. Species (CITES; Hutton and Dickson Correspondence should be addressed. To 2000). Korean goral is preserved with Hang Lee, Conservation Genome A ground survey of Transcaspian urial high priority by Korean government as Resource Bank for Korean Wildlife, and (Ovis orientalis [vignei] arkal) was Natural Monument species (No. College of Veterinary Medicine and conducted over a 7-day period in March 217). However, systematic study for long- School of Agricultural Biotechnology, 2000 on a 113-km2 portion of the Aktau term management and conservation of this Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742 Buzachinsky Nature Reserve in southwest species is still insufficient. South Korea Kazakhstan. The purpose of the survey Of all things, the correct phylogenetic E-mail: [email protected] was to determine the population status of status of Korean goral (Nemorhaedus urial, especially males. A total of 491 urial caudatus) needs to be investigated to

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Notice to Contributors

Submissions of articles, including research reports, conservation news, recent publications, etc., on wild or feral Caprinae , are welcome from any professional biologist. A potential author does not have to be a member of the Caprinae Specialist Group. Please send submissions to the Editor, either by post or by e-mail attachment.

Acknowledgements

- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, UBC.

CSG Web Site http://callisto.si.usherb.ca:8080/caprinae/ iucnwork.htm

Editorial Note Views expressed in the articles in this newsletter, do not necessarily reflect those of the Caprinae Specialist Group

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