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Post-Revolutionary State Building Processes Democratization Or Divergent Paths?

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Post-Revolutionary State Building Processes Democratization Or Divergent Paths? American University in Cairo AUC Knowledge Fountain Theses and Dissertations Student Research Fall 12-31-2020 Post-Revolutionary State Building Processes Democratization or Divergent Paths? Ingi Rashed [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://fount.aucegypt.edu/etds Part of the Comparative Politics Commons, and the Political Theory Commons Recommended Citation APA Citation Rashed, I. (2020).Post-Revolutionary State Building Processes Democratization or Divergent Paths? [Master's Thesis, the American University in Cairo]. AUC Knowledge Fountain. https://fount.aucegypt.edu/etds/1540 MLA Citation Rashed, Ingi. Post-Revolutionary State Building Processes Democratization or Divergent Paths?. 2020. American University in Cairo, Master's Thesis. AUC Knowledge Fountain. https://fount.aucegypt.edu/etds/1540 This Master's Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Research at AUC Knowledge Fountain. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of AUC Knowledge Fountain. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The American University in Cairo School of Humanities and Social Sciences Post-Revolutionary State Building Processes Democratization or divergent paths? A Thesis Submitted to the Department of Political Science Under the supervision of Professor Nadine sika By Ingi Mahmoud Rashed SID: 900130626 In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Political Science Fall 2020 1 ACKNOWLEDGMENT I would like to express my sincere appreciation and deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Doctor Nadine Sika for her consistent guidance, support, care, and constructive feedback throughout this process. I would also like to thank my Committee Members Doctor Sean Lee and Doctor Amr Adly for their assistance and valuable suggestions and feedback. I also wish to express my deepest gratitude and appreciation to my family, and my Husband Ahmed Hossam in particular for his eternal support, encouragement and understanding. 2 Table of Contents Chapter one: Between democracy, autocracy and hybridity.................................................... 4 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 5 Research questions .......................................................................................................11 Research methodology .................................................................................................................. 11 Hypotheses: ................................................................................................................................... 13 The dependent variable: ................................................................................................................ 13 The independent variables: ........................................................................................................... 13 Literature Review ..................................................................................................14 How does revolutionary change lead to divergent regime outcomes? ......................................... 16 Between democracy, autocracy and hybridity .............................................................................. 16 Associational rights ....................................................................................................................... 20 The existence of an independent civil society .............................................................................. 22 Horizontal accountability .............................................................................................................. 24 The absence of overriding powers of unelected elites over representative bodies. ...................... 26 Conclusion ...............................................................................................................28 Thesis outline ..........................................................................................................29 Chapter two: Eastern Europe prior to the collapse of USSR ............................33 Introduction ............................................................................................................33 The type of old regimes and their legitimacy ............................................................................... 39 Associational freedoms ................................................................................................................. 45 Civil society organization ............................................................................................................. 46 Conclusion ...............................................................................................................49 Chapter three: Structural and Institutional Change in Poland Post 1989 .......54 Introduction ............................................................................................................54 The institutional and structural reforms in Poland ........................................................................ 59 Institutional evolution and decentralization .................................................................................. 59 The type of electoral regime/ vertical accountability .......................................................................... 62 The Polish constitution of 1997 .................................................................................................... 63 Electoral laws ................................................................................................................................ 64 3 Local councils in Poland ............................................................................................................... 68 The position of executives ............................................................................................................ 69 Associational freedoms, Horizontal accountability and the rule of law ....................................... 70 The functioning of the judicial system.......................................................................................... 73 The police...................................................................................................................................... 74 Media freedom .............................................................................................................................. 75 The existence of an independent civil society .............................................................................. 76 The absence of overriding powers of unelected elites over representative bodies ....................... 78 Conclusion ...............................................................................................................80 Chapter four: Structural and Institutional Change in Serbia post 2000 A façade democracy ...................................................................................................86 Introduction ............................................................................................................86 Institutional change ....................................................................................................................... 91 The type of electoral regime/ vertical accountability ................................................................... 94 Rule of law, associational freedoms, and horizontal accountability ............................................. 95 The Constitution and the Constitutional Court ............................................................................. 97 The parliament ............................................................................................................................ 101 The police.................................................................................................................................... 101 The existence of an independent civil society ............................................................................ 102 The absence of overriding powers of unelected elites over representative bodies ..................... 104 Conclusion .............................................................................................................108 Chapter five: Conclusion .....................................................................................114 Poland post revolution of 1989/1990 .......................................................................................... 115 Serbia post the Bulldozer revolution of October, 2000 .............................................................. 119 Bibliography .........................................................................................................126 4 Chapter one: Between democracy, autocracy and hybridity Introduction Still democracy appears to be safer and less liable to revolution than oligarchy. For in oligarchies there is the double danger of the oligarchs falling out among themselves and also with the people . Aristotle, The Politics. Book , pp11 Since early 1970s, democracy has been on rise globally, which was coined by Huntington as "the third wave of democratization." Events began by the mid-1970s in Southern Europe, then by the mid-eighties, they spread to Latin America and to Asian countries like Korea, and the Philippines, and finally by the late 1980s and early 1990s to Eastern Europe, the Soviet Union and parts of
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