Ethnomedicinal Studies of Plants from Shangla District with Special Reference to Economically Important Species

Home , Aloch, Alpuri, Besham, Chakesar, Lilownai, Shangla District

www.arpnjournals.com

ETHNOMEDICINAL STUDIES OF PLANTS FROM SHANGLA DISTRICT WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ECONOMICALLY IMPORTANT SPECIES

Ashraf Ali Tabani1, Shah Masaud Khan1, Abdul Majid2, Ijaz Hussain1, Muhammad Saeed1, Sher Aslam Khan1, Khalid Naveed1 and Sardar Ali1 1Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Haripur,Khyber Pukhtunkhwa, Pakistan 2Department of Botany, Hazara University, Mansehra, Khyber Pukhtunkhwa, Pakistan E-Mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT District Shangla is located in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan, in the Himalayan mountain ranges and is unique for its diverse flora. A detailed survey was conducted during 2013-14 to explore economically important indigenous medicinal plants species of district Shangla. Study was designed with the purpose of providing baseline information on the use of plant species in local system through surveys and field visits. The economic potential of these species was investigated by surveying the four most popular markets Alpurai, Puran, Besham and Shahpur. A total number of 76 medicinal plant species were collected and identified from four different sites of District Shangla. Among these 76 plant species 12 plants were shrubs, 52 plants were herbs, 11 were trees and one was fungus. There were 44 different families, highest number of species (11) were belonging to Lamiaceae followed by to Asteraceae (6 species) and then Violaceae (5 species). Top ten economically most important species, identified in the area were Morchellaesculenta, Aconitum hetrophyllum, Dactylorhiza hatagirea, Podophyllum emodi, Trillium govanianum, Viola canescens, Thymus linearis, Thalictrum foliosum and Geranium wallichianum. Keeping in view, the medicinal and market value, the plants can be used for commercial level cultivation in order to suffice the required amount and to conserve the natural resources.

Keywords: Shangla, medicinal importance, economic importance.

INTRODUCTION A vast heritage of indigenous knowledge is Shangla district is a mountainous valley which linked to underutilized species that hold great genetic exists between 72o-33 to 73o-01 east longitudes and 34o-31 diversity, (Padulosiet al., 1999). The local wild plant to 33o-08 North latitudes, in the Khyber- species are important natural resource to focus at and the Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. The mountains of determination of underutilized economically important Shangla district are the western extremities of the Great species can be helpful in the protection and sustainable use Himalayan range with an average elevation of 2,000 to of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture. This 3,000 meters asl. Total area of the district is 1,586 square study can also help the scientists and local community in kilometers. The important towns of the area are Alpuri, identifying the diverse germplasm related to medicinal (The district Head Quarter), Karora, Lilownai, Besham, plants. Shahpur, Aloch, Chakesar, Damorai and Olander. (Razzaqet al. 2013). MATERIALS AND METHODS Spin Ghar (4464m), TakhtGhar (4,332m), Exploration of economically important YakhGhar (4,179)m, DobandiGhar (4,063m), Koparsar indigenous medicinal plants species in district Shangla (3,278m) and Spinsar (3,181m) are the eminent mountain was undertaken during 2013 and 2014. The study was tops of the district. Soil is sandy loam to Clay soil in most divided into two parts as ethnobotanical survey of the of the areas. (Ibraret al. 2001). study area and determination of the economic potential of The extreme temperature in summer is 38oC local plant species. In the month of April 2013, a while in winter it goes down to -2 to -5oC. Precipitation is preliminary survey of District Shangla was taken in order more common during monsoon from July to Septemberin to collect baseline information after which systematic the form of rain and during December-February as snow surveys were conducted during availability season. (Shah et al2012). Selected species were prioritized on the basis of (a) utility Almost 70% of the world population use (b) natural habitats (c) the home preferred species (d) medicinal plants as medicine. Pakistan has also rich market and economic value (e) anthropogenic pressure treasure of plant resources distributed along a wide range amount on species, the selection was undertaken. of climatic conditions. More than 1,000 plants species are Four most popular markets (Alpurai, Puran, being reported to carry medicinal principles. Marginal Besham and Shahpur) were surveyed to find out the communities use them for medicinal purpose throughout economic value of the species. Local prices and the country besides their marketing (Shinwariet al., 2011). information regarding availability were gathered along Many high value species are significantly facing decline in with various medicinal and edible plants. their wild populations because of over exploitation. (Alamet al. 2011).

www.arpnjournals.com

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Shangla. Among these plants 76 plant species 12 plants were shrubs, 52 plants were herbs, 11 were trees and one Medicinal plant species was fungus. The sites from which these species were The total number of 76 medicinal species were collected are Alpurai, Shahpur, Besham and Puran collected and identified from four different sites of District (Figure-1).

Figure-1. Map of study area highlighting market survey sites.

The species collected from these sites were 1-400 PKR (Pakistani Rupee) per kilogram (kg) as Low belonging to 44 different families. Highest number of Value, Low-Medium from 401-800 PKR/ Kg, Medium- species were belonging to family Lamiaceae (11) followed High from 801-1200 PKR/ Kg and High value species by Asteraceae (6) and Violaceae (5) (Table- were >1200 PKR/ Kg. The study prices of the plant 1).Ethnomedicinal studies of plants enable us to bring species revealed that among total plant collected, 19 plants various useful results regarding the impact of their demand fall in the first price category range of 1-400 rupee per and planning for conservation and development for future kilogram (kg), 18 plants in the second category of 401 - uses. Similar reports of these plant diversity, uses and 800 rupee per kilogram (kg), 18 plants in the third dependences of the local people are also reported by category of 801 -1200 rupee per kilogram (kg) while 15 Ahmad et al., 2012 and Sheret al., 2013. They also plant species in the fourth category of price range >1200 reported the similar diversity and stressed on the rupee per kilogram (kg) (Table-2). conservation of medicinal plant species for their The documentations of the current study were sustainable use. now in district Shangla, where main trade center is Determination of the economic potential of the Mingora for various pharmaceutical plants, and various local plant species national trading centers of Pakistan as well as in abroad The studied plant species were classified into four they supply significant amount of plants.Highly different categories based on their price range per uncoordinated trade and assortment of pharmaceutical kilogram (kg-1) selling price at local market. Categories plants vary from area to area and species to species in were Low value, Low-Medium value, Medium-High value Shangla. The dealers from national markets send and High value species. Price ranges of plant species are representatives to local in Mingora for obtaining plants

www.arpnjournals.com

and place of their demand. This message passed from local each species vary from year to year and also depend on to their agents, i.e. the native retailers of the valley. Small demand and supply. In Malakand division, the currency shopkeepers and collectors get information from these generated from buy and sell of the economic and agents. Species gathered by collectors for agents and local medicinal plants is about Rs. 20 millions (Sheret al., shopkeepers. Uneducated collectors do not negotiate with 2009). According to Choudharyet al., (2000) about 500 plant material prices and gather sizeable quantities but do families is implicated in medicinal plant collection in Swat not obtain reasonable profits. When that is ready, the and Shangla, They amass 5000 tons of medicinal plants dealers at Mingora gets the material from the agents. annually. The pharmaceutical plants pass through three or four hands in this way (Sheret al., 2009). The prices of Table-1. Botanical name, habit, habitat, part used, seasonal availability and local uses of the medicinal plant species.

Part used S. No. Local name Botanical name Family name habit Local uses /Seasons Diuretic, Diaphoretic, 1 Banafshan Viola canescens Violaceae H/F W/Sp astringent, emollient Depurative, pyrosis, Sonchus 2 Shawdapai Asteraceae H/F L/Sp diuretic contusions, and Oleraceous burns Datura Sedative, a rheumatism, 3 Datora Solanaceae H/RdS S/Su stramonium Mill Gonorrhea, Sedative, For curing chronic 4 Shanai Pistaceaintegerrima Anacardiaceae T/F S/Sp wounds, jaundice Carminative, Antiseptic Mentha 5 Velanay Lamiaceae H/RdS L/Su stimulant, very useful in LongifoliaL. colic Good in taste and use a 6 Laldana MesuaferreaL. Lamiaceae H/F W/Sp flavor, Portulaca Used in urinary 7 Suma Kulfa Portulacaceae H/RvS W/Su Oleracea infections 8 Barham Dandi Echinopsechinatus Asteraceae, H/F W/A Used against skin itching Hepatitis, Antibiotic, 9 Gad panra Bergenia ciliate Saxefragaceae H/F W/A Kidney disorder 10 Goganda Saurauianapaulensis Actinidiaceae H/F W/Sp Used as healing purposes Tonic for kidney, lung 11 Bhat Kanda D. belophylla Dioscoreaceae H/RdS W/Su and stomach. Body growth Aromatic, Constipation, 12 Muskibala Valerianajatamansi Caprifoliaceae H/F R/Su antispasmodic Neuroses useful in controlling 13 Yakhajarrai Trillium govanianum Wall Trilliaceae H/F R/A bleeding and diarrhea Narcotic drugs, Malaria, 14 Bhang cannabis sativa Cannabaceae S/RdS W/Su Blood poisoning, Heart tonic, stomach 15 Chora Angelica glauca Apiaceae H/F W/Su troubles, bilious complaints. Used in urinary 16 Warkharay Portulaca olearaceaeL Portulocaceae H/RvS W/Su infections Blood purifier, treating 17 Arhanda Riciniscommunis Euphorpiaceae S/F W/Sp Hepatitis, Used as a cure for and Rabies crushed root are 18 Jabai Alismaplantago aquatic Alismataceae H/Rds L/Su used against mammary congestion. 19 Narsaway Adiantumcapillusveneris Linn Punicaceae T/Rds L/Su Skin diseases, fever, Hair Positive effects on reproductive health, 20 Akas Bil Cascutareflexa Roxb. Cuscutaceae H/F L/Su osteoporosis and alopecia. Antibacterial, cold and 21 Janj E Qatel Andrographispaniculata Acanthaceae T/Rds L/Su fever. Antimalarial Stomach ache, food 22 Podena Menthaspicatalinn Lamiaceae H/RvS L/Su digestion,

www.arpnjournals.com

Diarrheaandflavoring agent Antibacterial potential. 23 Ghwaraskey Dodonea viscose L Sapindaceae S/RdS R/A expel roundworms Stomachic tonic 24 Tarkha Artimisagriffithiana Asteraceae H/Rds W/Su anathematize Used as a dye, heart 25 Akhroot Juglansregia Juglandaceae T/Rds Fr/A tonic, antifungal, Intestinal worm wound healing , 26 Ghoureja Indigeoferaheterantha Papilionaceae S S/Rds L/A headache , sore throat Hepatic, Stimulant, 27 Mamikh Paeoniaemodi Paeoniaceae H/F W/A Drastic, Purgative, Back pain, Use for asthma, 28 Alam Lepediumsativum Brassicaceae T/F S/Su bronchitis and cough Rheumatism, Kidney 29 Nor E Alam Poligonatumverticelatum Asparagaceae H/F S/Su pain and hips and as aphrodisiac Root infusion used for 30 Srajarai Geranium Wallichianum Geraniaceae H/F W/A mouth ulcers, stomach ulcers Anti-inflammatory, 31 Tarvapanra Bistorataamplexicaule Polygonaceae H/F R/Su Astringent Blood purifier, 32 Papra Fumariaindicapugsley Funariaceae H/RdS W/Sp antipyretic and diaphoretic Treating Hepatitis, Sore 33 Shalkhay Rumexdentatus L. Polygonaceae H/RdS L/Su eye, Asthma, piles, Blood purifier Laxative ,Aparint, anti 34 Skhabotay Chenopodiumambrosioides L. Chenoppdiaceae S/RdS R/Su hepatic 35 Thambera Nasturtimofficinale Brassicaceae H/RvS W/Su Used in chest complaints Prove fatal for cattle, 36 Kamacho Solanum nigrum L. Solanaceae H/F R/A liver diseases. H 37 ToraPana Viola odorata Violaceae W/Su Diaphoretic, astringent H/RvS Used in several eye 38 ZiarhGulay Taraxacum officinale . Asteraceae H/RdS L/Su disorders. Rhizome is dehydrated, processed, bubbled in 39 GhwaraJari Gerardiana Wall. Papilionaceae H/F W/Sp liquid and helps in dropping hypertension Antidote in snake bite, 40 Marjarai ArisaemautileHook.f Araceae H/RdS W/A irritant, stimulant Poisonous plant, total 41 ZahrMohra Aconitum hetrophyllum Ranuncullaceae H/F R/Su violent contraction of the face and limbs Aromatic tonic, Used in 42 Boti Ajugabracteosa Lamiaceae H/RdS W/Wn fever cardiac smut diuretic, hepatitis. Used in cough, 43 Khardag Verbascum Thapsus L. Scrophulariaceae H/F L/A pulmonary and skin diseases Burned leaves smoke Nazarpanra used in nasal tract 44 Skimmialauriolia S. Rutaceae H/RdS L/Su (nameer) cleaning in cold and cough. Used in jaundice and as 45 Tharokay RumexhastatusD.Don. Polygonaceae H/RdS L/Su antiseptic. Increasing milk 46 Anjabar Polygonumbistorta Lin Meliaceae H/F R/Sp production, Have power over of 47 Kalizereen Cuminumcyminum Umbelliferae H/F W/A bacterial diseases

www.arpnjournals.com

Aromatic and emollient 48 Sumbal Adiantumvenustum Polypodiace H/RvS W/Su & bronchial problems. Gonorrhea, astringent, 49 Tor Banj. QuercusdilatataLindl.R Fabaceae T/F S/Su diuretic, diarrhea, indigestion and asthma Anti fungal, anti 50 Nagar Mouth Cyperusscariosus Cyperaceae H/RvS S/A bacterial, growth regulator Used as anmusky. The aromatic blossoms of 51 Shamakay MicromeriabifloraBenth. Lamiaceae H/RdS L/Su Dogwood trees creating white beauty on hills Blood purifier, effective 52 Srazela Ajugaparviflora Lamiaceae H/F W/A in fever, colic and in diabetes Diuretic, expectorant and 53 Wogakai Allium sativum L Alliaceae H/F W/Sp antiseptic. High blood pressure Powdered leaves are used 54 Bangara Tephrosia candida Fabaceae H/F L/Su as an insecticide Tooth problems, Diuretic 55 Ghiskay Achyranthusaspera L. Amaranthaceae H/F L/Su and Laxative Used for snake bit, Pain 56 Spalmai Calotropisprocera Asclepiadaceae H/RdS L/A killer 57 Anangori Punicagranatum L Punicaceae T/RdS Fr/Sp Used for diabetes 58 Kharerhay Agaricuscampestris L. Agaricaceae H/F W/Sp Use for throat treatment. Use for high blood 59 Kutt Inularoyleana Asteraceae S/F W/Su pressure Used in several eye 60 Mamera Thalictrumfoliosum Ranunalaceae H/F L/Su disorders. Emetic, uterine diseases, 61 Kakora Podophyllumemodi Podophyllaceae S S/F R/A colic, epilepsy ,dropsy, Hysteria Treating Hepatitis, Blood 62 Tarokey Rumexhastatus Linn. Polygonaceae H/RdS L/Sp purifier Use as remedy for pain, 63 Markhaney ZizyphussativaG Rhamnaceae T/RdS Fr/A fever, diabetes. As a Narcotic, Blood 64 TasfaBotay Cana indica Linn. Cannaceae S/F W/Su poisoning, Dysentery, Sexual stimulation For hepatitis menorringid 65 Kwaray Berberis lyceum royle Berberidaceae S/F W/A chronic diarrhea an piles Diarrhea, chronic fever, 66 Panja DactylorhizaHatagirea Orchidaceae S/RvS R/Sp cough, stomachache, wounds, 67 Tarmera Nasturtimofficinale R. Br. Brassicaceae H/RvS W/A Used in chest complaints Used as a body tonic and 68 Gojai MorchellaesculentaL Helvelaceae FN/F W/Sp mostly used as flavor. Heart disease Febrifuge, laxative, lower 69 Toot E Siyaah Morusnigra L. Moraceae T/RdS Fr/Sp blood pressure, blood sugar. Used in renal pain, 70 Benakai Pleurospermumaustriaca Apiaceae H/F W/A stomachache, diarrhea Laxative and effective in 71 Spay botay. AchyranthesasperaL Amaranthaceae H/F L/A the removal of Kidney stone Antiseptic, hair-care, anti 72 Asadghand MyrtuscommunisL. Myrtaceae S/RdS W/Su diarrheal. Use in diseases of lungs 73 Anjeer Ficus palmate Forssk. Moraceae T/RdS Fr/A and bladder Da Effective in cold, cough 74 Thymus linearisBenth Lamiaceae H/F L/W PayoShamaka and digestive troubles

www.arpnjournals.com

75 Khona OleaferrgineaRoyle. Oleaceae T/F Fr/Su Used as a healing agents. Colic, diarrhea and 76 Skhawaja Acruscalamus Linn Areaceae H W/A snakebites

S=Shrub, T=Tree, H=Herb, FN=Fungi, F=Forest, RdS=Roadside, RvS=Riverside, W=whole plant, L=Leaves, S=Seed, R=Root, Fr=Fruit, Sp=spring, Su=summer, A=autumn, Wn=winter.

Table-2. Medicinal plants selling price at local market.

L-M (401-800 PKR/ S. No. Botanical name H V (>1200 PKR/ Kg) S. No. Botanical name Kg)

MorchellaesculentaL. 18000 AdiantumvenustumD 800 1 14

Aconitum hetrophyllum 3000 Allium sativum L 600 2 15

Dactylorhizahatagirea 2500 Andrographispaniculata 600 3 16

PodophyllumemodiW. 1800 Oleaferrginea R 600 4 17

Trillium govanianum 1600 Valerianajatamansi 600 5 18

Viola canescens 1400 Agaricuscampestris L. 500 6 19

Thymus linearisBenth 1400 Cuminumcyminum 500 7 20

H M (801-1200 PKR/ Kg) Ficus palmate Forssk. 500 21

Thalictrumfoliosum 1000 Pistaceaintegerrima 500 8 22

Gerardiana Wall 900 Saurauianapaulensis 500 9 23

Geranium Wallichianum 900 430 10 24 Portulaca oleracea L.

L M (401-800 PKR/ Kg) 420 25 CalotropisproceraW

BistorataamplexicauleH 800 420 11 26 CalotropisproceraW

Mesuaferrea L 800 415 12 27 Cyperusscariosus

Viola odorata 800 410 13 28 Angelica glauca LV(1-400 PKR/ Kg) 1 DodoneaviscosaL 400 25 Achyranthesaspera L. 100 2 D. belophylla 400 26 Achyranthusaspera L 100 3 Cascutareflexa Roxb. 300 27 Adiantumcapillus V 100 4 Daturastramonium M 300 28 Chenopodiumambrosioides L. 100 5 Polygonumbistorta Lin 300 29 Menthaspicatalinn 100 6 Tephrosia candida 300 30 MicromeriabifloraB 100 7 AlismaplantagoA 250 31 Morusnigra L. 100 8 Artimisagriffithiana 250 32 Rumexdentatus L. 100 9 Berberis lyceum royle 250 33 RumexhastatusD.Don. 100 10 Cana indica Linn. 200 34 Sonchusoleraceous 100 11 Echinopsechinatus 200 35 AjugabracteosaW 50 12 JuglansRegia 200 36 Arisaemautilehook.f 50 13 Menthalongifolia L. 200 37 Cannabis sativa 50

www.arpnjournals.com

14 MyrtuscommunisL. 200 38 FumariaindicaP 50 15 Pleurospermumaustriaca 200 39 InularoyleanaS. 50 16 Riciniscommunis 200 40 Nasturtimofficinale 50 17 Acruscalamus L 150 41 NasturtimofficinaleR. 50 18 Ajugaparviflora 150 42 Paeoniaemodi wall 50 19 BergeniaciliataH. 150 43 PunicagranatumL 50 20 LepediumsativumL. 150 44 QuercusdilatataL 50 21 Poligonatumverticelatum 150 45 Rumexhastatus Linn. 50 22 Solanum nigrum L. 150 46 Skimmialauriolia S. 50 23 Taraxacum officinaW 150 47 Verbascum Thapsus L. 50 24 ZizyphussativaGaertn 150 48 Indigeoferaheterantha 30

Legends LM=Low Medium, HV=High Value, HM=High Medium, Legends LV= Low Value.

CONCLUSIONS of local folk and Unani system of medicine. J. Medicinal Seventy six medicinal plant species were Plants Research. 4(17): 1751-1756. identified at four different sites of District Shangla. The Shinwari S., R. Qureshi and E. Baydoum. 2011. top ten economically most important species, identified in Ethnobotanical study of Kohat Pass, Pakistan. Pak. J. Bot., the valley were Morchella esculenta, Aconitum 43: 135-139. hetrophyllum, Dactylorhiza hatagirea, Podophyllum emodi, Trillium govanianum, Viola canescens, Thymus Shinwari Z .K and M. Qaiser. 2011. Efforts on linearis, Thalictrum foliosum, and Geranium conservation and sustainable use of medicinal plants of wallichianum. Pakistan. Pak. J. Bot. 43: 5-10.

REFERENCES Ahmad K. S., W. K. Kayani., M. Hameed., F. Ahmad and T. Nawaz. 2012. Floristic diversity and ethnobotany of Alam, N., Z. K. Shinwari., M. Ilyas and Z. Ullah. 2011. senhsa, district Kotli, Azad Jammu and Kashmir,Pakistan. Indigenous knowledge of medicinalplants of chagharzai Pak. J. Bot. 44: 195-201. valley, district Buner, Pakistan. Pak. J. Bot. 43(2): 773- 780. Ahmad K. S., R. Qureshi., M. Hameed., F. Ahmad and T. Nawaz. 2012. Conservation assessment and medicinal Haq F., H. Ahmad., M. Alam., I. Ahmad and R. Ullah. importance of some plants resources from Sharda, 2010. Species diversity of vascularplants of Nandiar Neelumvalley, Azad Jammu and Kashmir,Pakistan. Int. J. valley western Himalaya, Pakistan. Pak. J. Bot.42: 213- Agric. Biol. 14: 997-1000. 229. Sher H and F. Hussain. 2009. Ethnobotanical evaluation of Ibrar M., F. Hussain and A. Sultan 2007.Ethnobotanical some plant resources in Northern part of Pakistan. Afri. J. studies on plant resources of Ranyal hills, district Shangla, Biotech. 8(17): 4066-4076. Pakistan. Pak. J. Bot. 39(2): 329-337. Sher H., S. Yousaf and K. Khan. 2013. Traditional Razzaq A., A. Rashid., M. Islam and A. Iqbal. 2013. resources evaluation of district Shangla, Pakistan. Afr. J. Medicinal biodiversity of weeds and livelihood security of Pharm. Pharmacol. 7(46):2928-2936. District Shangla, Pakistan. J. Med. Plants Res. 7(16): 1039-1042. Chaudhary M. S., A. Ali., H. Sher and S. Malik. 2000. Technical Report on Market study of medicinal herbs in Shah M and F, Hussain. 2012. Conservation assessment of Malakand, Peshawar, Lahore and Karachi. SDC- Interco plant resources of chakesar valley, district Shangla, KPK, operation, Peshawar. Pakistan. Pak. J. Bot. 44: 179-186. Sher H and M. Alyemeni. 2011. Economically and Sher H. and Alyemeni 2010. Ethnobotanical and ecologically important plant communities in high altitude pharmaceutical evaluation of Capparisspinosa L, validity coniferous forest of Malam Jabba, Swat, Pakistan. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences. 18(1): 53-61.

229