Temples of the Indus Brill’S Indological Library
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Temples of the Indus Brill’s Indological Library Edited by Johannes Bronkhorst In co-operation with Richard Gombrich, Oskar von Hinüber, Katsumi Mimaki, Arvind Sharma VOLUME 35 Temples of the Indus Studies in the Hindu Architecture of Ancient Pakistan By Michael W. Meister LEIDEN • BOSTON 2010 Cover Illustration: Amb, Punjab, Temple A, northwest. Photo by author. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Meister, Michael W. Temples of the Indus : studies in the Hindu architecture of ancient Pakistan / by Michael W. Meister. p. cm. — (Brill’s Indological library ; v. 35) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-18617-0 (hardback : alk. paper) 1. Hindu architecture— Pakistan—Salt Range Region. 2. Hindu architecture—Indus River Valley. 3. Hindu temples—Pakistan—Salt Range Region. 4. Hindu temples—Indus River Valley. I. Title. II. Title: Studies in the Hindu architecture of ancient Pakistan. III. Series. NA6010.72.S25M45 2010 726’.1450934—dc22 2010018109 ISSN 0925-2916 ISBN 978 9004 18617 0 Copyright 2010 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. printed in the netherlands CONTENTS Acknowledgments .............................................................................. vii List of Illustrations ............................................................................ ix Chapter One Salt Range and Indus Temples .......................... 1 Chapter Two Sites, History, and Comparative Chronology ... 11 Chapter Three Archaeology at Kāfirkot ̣ and Problems of Platform Extensions ............................................ 39 Chapter Four Original Variations in Tenth-Century Architecture .......................................................... 51 Chapter Five Archaeology and Ethnography .......................... 63 Bibliography ........................................................................................ 73 Glossary of Architectural Terms ..................................................... 79 Index .................................................................................................... 83 Figures ACKNOWLEDGMENTS To the Universities of Pennsylvania and Peshawar, the Department of Archaeology and Museums, Government of Pakistan, Professors Abdur Rehman and Farid Khan and the Pakistan Heritage Society, the American Institute of Pakistan Studies, Islamabad, to all participants in the integrated Śāhi temple project; to draftspersons, surveyors, and excavators who contributed their skills; F. Masih, representative of the Department of Archaeology and Museums; Alka Patel, who proffered her camera and a long lens at an important site; to Dr. Elizabeth Stone and two annonymous readers for helpful suggestions about revision; and to Kamal Khan Mumtaz, whose project with young architects and seminar for the Anjuman Mimaran in 1989 was an important inspira- tion, I offer my thanks. Michael W. Meister Philadelphia 01 January 2010 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS All figures are by the author unless otherwise credited. 1. Maps: a) ‘Map of the Panjab’ (revised from Cunningham 1875, pl. 1); b) sites in Pakistan’s North-West Frontier and Punjab Provinces. 2. Sirkap (Taxila), Punjab, ‘shrine of the double-headed eagle’ façade, ca. second/third century, detail of architectural models. 3. Taxila, Dharmarājikā stūpa, outermost kañjūr-stone encasement, ca. fifth century. 4. Pandrethan, Kashmir, Śiva Temple (courtesy: American Institute of Indian Studies, Gurgaon). 5. Katās, Punjab, site from southwest. 6. Katās, Temple B (southwest sub-shrine), southwest. 7. Katās, Temple B, south. 8. Katās, Temple B, reconstruction (from a drawing by P. George). 9. Kāfirkot,̣ North-West Frontier Province, site looking east toward the Māri and Indus River. 10. Kāfirkot,̣ site looking west over Temples D, B, and A toward the citadel. 11. Kāfirkot,̣ Temple B, south. 12. Kāfirkot,̣ Temple B from east (before clearance and excavation). 13. Kāfirkot,̣ Temple A, west. 14. Kāfirkot,̣ Temple A from east (after clearance and excavation). 15. Bilot, N.W.F.P., site views of: a) Temples D, E, F–G; b) Temples C and B (D is behind); c) Temple A. 16. Bilot, Temple D, south. 17. Kāfirkot,̣ Temple C, west. 18. Kāfirkot,̣ Temple C, detail of north wall and śikhara’s jāla pattern. 19. Kāfirkot,̣ Temple C, southwest. Note central offset in the wall and superstructure. 20. Bilot, Temple A, south. Note corner niches. 21. Kāfirkot,̣ Kañjarī Kothị̄ (from Stein 1905). This temple is no longer standing. For its location, see Hargreaves’ site map (fig. 63). 22. Bilot, Temple D, detail of south wall and śikhara. Note shrine model on the wall. 23. Bilot, Temple E (NE sub-shrine of Temple D), east. x list of illustrations 24. Bilot, Temple C, south. Note chambers in foundation platform. 25. Bilot, Temple B, southwest. 26. Māri-Indus, Punjab, Temple A, west. 27. Māri-Indus, Temple B, west. 28. Kālar (Sasu-da-Kalra), Punjab, brick temple, southwest. 29. Kālar, brick temple, south wall. 30. Kāfirkot,̣ Temple D, southeast. 31. Kāfirkot,̣ Temple D, detail of śikhara ornament. Note āmalakas embedded in the corner web pattern. 32. Kāfirkot,̣ Temple B, transition from square sanctum to dome. 33. Kāfirkot,̣ Temple A, squinches as transition from sanctum to dome. 34. Kāfirkot ̣ Temple A, squinches and dome. 35. Kāfirot,̣ Temple D, squinches and dome. 36. Kāfirkot,̣ Temple A, sanctum and dome. 37. Kāfirkot,̣ Temple A, dome. 38. Kālar, brick temple, squinch with wooden beam above. 39. Kāfirkot,̣ Temple A, squinch made of kañjūr stone. 40. Bilot, Temple D, southeast platform chamber, dome. 41. Nandana, Punjab, Temple A, two-storeyed interior with domed chambers. Note the upper chamber’s ambulatory corridor. 42. Māri-Indus, Temple B, south. 43. Māri-Indus, Temple A, south. 44. Māri-Indus, Temple A, southeast. 45. Māri-Indus, Temple A, entry vault (partly corbelled, but note the use of voussoirs and keystone). 46. Māri-Indus, Temple B, entry hall: a) doorway with trilobed arch; b) dome and squinches seen through arch. 47. Amb, Temple A, sanctum doorway. The image over the door has been removed since this photograph was taken. 48. Amb, Punjab, Temple A, west. 49. Amb, Temple B, south. 50. Amb, Temple B, south wall, central offset, niche with cinquefoil arch. 51. Nandana, Temple A, detail of the lower level of the superstructure with shrine models. 52. Nandana, Temple A, east. 53. Formative shrines in Nāgara temple-development: a) Sārnāth, Uttar Pradesh, India, shrine model on Gupta-period lintel (Sarnath Museum); b) Kāfirkot,̣ Temple B, superstructure, east; c) Deogarh, list of illustrations xi Uttar Pradesh, ‘Gupta’ Temple, doorframe, shrine model with āmalakas; d) Nālandā, Bihar, India, shrine model on Buddhist votive stūpa (courtesy: AIIS, Gurgaon). 54. Kāfirkot,̣ Temples B and A, schematic elevations without surface ornament. 55. Bilot, Temple D, south wall, shrine model. 56. Deogarh, ‘Gupta’ Temple, author’s reconstruction of the first level of the superstructure. 57. Kāfirkot,̣ Temple A, śikhara, east. 58. Ḍhāṅk, Saurashtra, India, Sūrya Temple, śikhara, south (courtesy: AIIS, Gurgaon). 59. Kāfirkot,̣ Temple A, śikhara, south. Note small pillarets preserved at the second level. 60. Bilot, Temple D, detail of southwest corner of śikhara. Note pil- laret next to āmalaka. 61. Bhāṇasarā, Saurashtra, India, Temple No. 1, west (courtesy: AIIS, Gurgaon). 62. Evolution of jāla patterns: Bilot Temples D (top), A (center), and C (bottom). 63. Kāfirkot,̣ site map marked ‘M. Sharif Del.’ in the lower left and hand signed by H. Hargreaves, who first published it, in the lower right (from ASIAR 1921–22, pl. 26). 64. Kāfirkot ̣ and Bilot forts, site plans (revised from ASIAR 1921–22, pl. 26, and ASI(FC) AR 1920–21, appendix). 65. Kāfirkot,̣ Temple C, excavated compound, ground plan, two phases (modified from archaeological field drawing, courtesy: A. Rehman). 66. Kāfirkot,̣ Temples E, A, and B site plan following excavation (modified from archaeological field drawing, courtesy: A. Reh- man); sectional elevations of A and B. 67. Evolution of ground plans: Kāfirkot ̣ Temples B, A, C; Bilot Temple A. 68. Bilot, Temples D and E, ground plans (modified from drawing by F. Iqbal, courtesy: Pakistan Heritage Society). 69. Bilot, Temple A, ground plan (modified from drawing by F. Iqbal, courtesy: Pakistan Heritage Society). 70. Māri-Indus, Temples A and B, ground plans (B modified from drawing by F. Iqbal, courtesy: Pakistan Heritage Society). 71. Kāfirkot,̣ Temple C, ground plan with second-phase additions (modified from archaeological field drawing, courtesy: A. Rehman). xii list of illustrations 72. Kāfirkot,̣ Temple C, east, after first phase of excavation. 73. Kāfirkot,̣ Temple C, pilaster exposed on northeast face of kañjūr platform compared with an early ‘Asiatic-Corinthian’ capital from Ai-Khanum (drawing by P. Bernard and M. Le Berre, from Wheeler 1968, p. 77). For location,