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United States Canada
Comparative Table of the Supreme Courts of the United States and Canada United States Canada Foundations Model State judiciaries vs. independent and Unitary model (single hierarchy) where parallel federal judiciary provinces appoint the lowest court in the province and the federal government appoints judges to all higher courts “The judicial Power of the United “Parliament of Canada may … provide for the States, shall be vested in one Constitution, Maintenance, and Organization of Constitutional supreme Court” Constitution of the a General Court of Appeal for Canada” Authority United States, Art. III, s. 1 Constitution Act, 1867, ss. 101 mandatory: “the judicial Power of optional: “Parliament of Canada may … provide the United States, shall be vested in for … a General Court of Appeal for Canada” (CA Creation and one supreme Court” Art III. s. 1 1867, s. 101; first Supreme Court Act in 1875, Retention of the (inferior courts are discretionary) after debate; not constitutionally entrenched by Supreme Court quasi-constitutional convention constitutionally entrenched Previous higher appeals to the Judicial Committee of the Privy judicial Council were abolished in 1949 authority Enabling Judiciary Act Supreme Court Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. S-26 Legislation “all Cases, in Law and Equity, arising “a General Court of Appeal for Canada” confers under this Constitution” Art III, s. 2 plenary and ultimate authority “the Laws of the United States and Treaties made … under their Authority” Art III, s. 2 “Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls” (orig. jur.) Jurisdiction of Art III, s. 2 Supreme Court “all Cases of admiralty and maritime Jurisdiction” Art III, s. -
“Law of Precedent”
1 Summary of papers written by Judicial Officers on the subje ct: ªLAW OF PRECEDENTº Introduction :- A precedent is a statement of law found in the decision of a superior Court, which decision has to be followed by that court and by the courts inferior to it. Precedent is a previous decision upon which the judges have to follow the past decisions carefully in the cases before them as a guide for all present or future decisions. In other words, `Judicial Precedent' means a judgment of a Court of law cited as an authority for deciding a similar set of facts, a case which serves as authority for the legal principle embodied in its decision. A judicial precedent is a decision of the Court used as a source for future decision making. Meaning :- A precedent is a statement of law found in decision of a Superior Court. Though law making is the work of the legislature, Judges make law through the precedent. 2 Inferior courts must follow such laws. Decisions based on a question of law are precedents. Decisions based on question of facts are not precedents. Judges must follow the binding decisions of Superior or the same court. Following previous binding decisions brings uniformity in decision making, not following would result in confusion. It is well settled that Article 141 of the Constitution empowers the Supreme Court to declare the law and not to enact the law, which essentially is the function of the legislature. To declare the law means to interpret the law. This interpretation of law is binding on all the Courts in India. -
The Appointment, Tenure and Removal of Judges Under Commonwealth
The The Appointment, Tenure and Removal of Judges under Commonwealth Principles Appoin An independent, impartial and competent judiciary is essential to the rule tmen of law. This study considers the legal frameworks used to achieve this and examines trends in the 53 member states of the Commonwealth. It asks: t, Te ! who should appoint judges and by what process? nur The Appointment, Tenure ! what should be the duration of judicial tenure and how should judges’ remuneration be determined? e and and Removal of Judges ! what grounds justify the removal of a judge and who should carry out the necessary investigation and inquiries? Re mo under Commonwealth The study notes the increasing use of independent judicial appointment va commissions; the preference for permanent rather than fixed-term judicial l of Principles appointments; the fuller articulation of procedural safeguards necessary Judge to inquiries into judicial misconduct; and many other developments with implications for strengthening the rule of law. s A Compendium and Analysis under These findings form the basis for recommendations on best practice in giving effect to the Commonwealth Latimer House Principles (2003), the leading of Best Practice Commonwealth statement on the responsibilities and interactions of the three Co mmon main branches of government. we This research was commissioned by the Commonwealth Secretariat, and undertaken and alth produced independently by the Bingham Centre for the Rule of Law. The Centre is part of the British Institute of International and -
The Supreme Court and the New Equity
Vanderbilt Law Review Volume 68 | Issue 4 Article 1 5-2015 The uprS eme Court and the New Equity Samuel L. Bray Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.vanderbilt.edu/vlr Part of the Supreme Court of the United States Commons Recommended Citation Samuel L. Bray, The uS preme Court and the New Equity, 68 Vanderbilt Law Review 997 (2019) Available at: https://scholarship.law.vanderbilt.edu/vlr/vol68/iss4/1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship@Vanderbilt Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in Vanderbilt Law Review by an authorized editor of Scholarship@Vanderbilt Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. VANDERBILT LAW REVIEW VOLUME 68 MAY 2015 NUMBER 4 ARTICLES The Supreme Court and the New Equity Samuel L. Bray* The line between law and equity has largely faded away. Even in remedies, where the line persists, the conventional scholarly wisdom favors erasing it. Yet something surprisinghas happened. In a series of cases over the last decade and a half, the U.S. Supreme Court has acted directly contrary to this conventional wisdom. These cases range across many areas of substantive law-from commercial contracts and employee benefits to habeas and immigration, from patents and copyright to environmental law and national security. Throughout these disparate areas, the Court has consistently reinforced the line between legal and equitable remedies, and it has treated equitable remedies as having distinctive powers and limitations. This Article describes and begins to evaluate the Court's new equity cases. -
Origin and Principles of Equity
chapter 9 Origin and Principles of Equity Historically equity emanated from the Crown assuming powers to remedy in- justice. In due course the grant of equitable relief was assigned to the Lord Chancellor who in turn set up courts endowed with jurisdiction to administer equity. By the Judicature Acts of 1873 and 1876 courts of equity became part of the structure of ordinary courts enhancing the role of equity in the administra- tion of justice. In fact one of the divisions of the High Court – the Chancery Division – primarily deals with cases referable to the principles of equity. As earlier indicated, equity incorporates pananthropic law. Secular law ad- dresses as a rule societal order conferring rights and imposing duties on mem- bers of society, a process that led to the formation and sequential application of the common law. With the development of the democratic system of gov- ernment and allocation of legislative powers to representatives of the people the common and statute law established a comprehensive code of rights, du- ties and governmental powers. Yet it is difficult, if not impossible, to address apriori all the needs of justice, many of which emerge in unforeseeable cir- cumstances. Equity is meant to fill the gaps enabling the court to do justice whenever existing rules make no provision for remedying what is perceived as unjust. In other words, equity is akin to natural law, that is to say, the law that befits justice. Hence acts contrary to justice are likely to be declared void but until so declared, the decision is heeded by law – Calvin v. -
Admiralty Jurisdiction of High Court-Damage by British Ship To
[Vol. 95 RECENT CASES Admiralty-Jurisdiction of High Court-Damage by British Ship to Foreign Wharf-Action in rem was brought against the owners of a British vessel for damage done to a wharf in South Africa through negli- gent navigation of the vessel. Vessel owners contended High Court I had no jurisdiction. Held, the High Court has jurisdiction. The Tolten [1946] P. 135. Though the factual situation of trespass on foreign land has been before the High Court on the propriety of a common law action 2 (in which jurisdiction was denied), there has been no similar case raised on the possibility of an admiralty action.3 The British rule of maritime jurisdic- tion is that the High Court shall have jurisdiction in any claim for damages by a ship,4 and this is directly opposed to the common law doctrine ex- pressed in the Mocacmbique5 case. This case, however, involved an in- vasion of land rights in which the owner was ejected from his property and sued in personam to recover for the trespass. Even if the application of the Mocambique case would bar a suit in personam, the very nature of admiralty law is so different from that of the common law that it would be incompatible with the general law of the sea and English admiralty statutes to bar an action in rem in the instant case. The American courts have reached the opposite conclusion, but for different reasons: since our maritime jurisdiction does not extend to damage by vessels to land struc- tures." This principle is well defined in the United States 7 and has been established by a long line of cases,8 all of which refuse to grant jurisdic- tion for damages to land structures, whether in the United States or abroad. -
Mauritius's Constitution of 1968 with Amendments Through 2016
PDF generated: 26 Aug 2021, 16:39 constituteproject.org Mauritius's Constitution of 1968 with Amendments through 2016 This complete constitution has been generated from excerpts of texts from the repository of the Comparative Constitutions Project, and distributed on constituteproject.org. constituteproject.org PDF generated: 26 Aug 2021, 16:39 Table of contents CHAPTER I: THE STATE AND THE CONSTITUTION . 7 1. The State . 7 2. Constitution is supreme law . 7 CHAPTER II: PROTECTION OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS OF THE INDIVIDUAL . 7 3. Fundamental rights and freedoms of the individual . 7 4. Protection of right to life . 7 5. Protection of right to personal liberty . 8 6. Protection from slavery and forced labour . 10 7. Protection from inhuman treatment . 11 8. Protection from deprivation of property . 11 9. Protection for privacy of home and other property . 14 10. Provisions to secure protection of law . 15 11. Protection of freedom of conscience . 17 12. Protection of freedom of expression . 17 13. Protection of freedom of assembly and association . 18 14. Protection of freedom to establish schools . 18 15. Protection of freedom of movement . 19 16. Protection from discrimination . 20 17. Enforcement of protective provisions . 21 17A. Payment or retiring allowances to Members . 22 18. Derogations from fundamental rights and freedoms under emergency powers . 22 19. Interpretation and savings . 23 CHAPTER III: CITIZENSHIP . 25 20. Persons who became citizens on 12 March 1968 . 25 21. Persons entitled to be registered as citizens . 25 22. Persons born in Mauritius after 11 March 1968 . 26 23. Persons born outside Mauritius after 11 March 1968 . -
Judicial Branch: the COURTS
Know Your Government Factsheet Series No. 5 of 8 Judicial Branch: THE COURTS his judicial branch includes all of the courts of law in Namibia, namely the “The Courts shall be independent and TSupreme Court, the High Court and the Lower Courts. These courts can decide subject only to this Constitution criminal cases (when someone has been arrested for committing a crime) and and the law.” civil cases (disputes between two individuals, such as a divorce or an argument about who should pay for a car accident). They also interpret the law by saying how to apply the law to everyday life. The courts also interpret and apply the Constitution. All the courts are independent. This means that they follow only the Constitution and the law. No one can tell the courts how to decide a case, not even someone from one of the other branches of the government. Supreme Court The highest court in Namibia is the Supreme Court, which is located in Windhoek. The head of this court is called the Chief Justice. At least three judges must work together to decide any case in the Supreme Court. A decision of the Supreme Court must be obeyed by all the other courts and by all people in Namibia. The Supreme Court can hear cases which are appeals from the High Court. An appeal is when one party to a court case is unhappy with the outcome and asks another higher court to say if the decision was really correct. It also has the JUDICIARY special duty of making final decisions on any questions about the Constitution. -
Republic of Trinidad and Tobago
REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO IN THE HIGH COURT OF JUSTICE Claim No. CV 2016-03339 IN THE MATTER OF THE ESTATE OF ANNETTELENA ELTINE CHARLES late of No. 12 Pearl Avenue, Battoo Lands, Marabella, in the City of San Fernando, Trinidad, who died on the 26th day of August, 2014. BETWEEN GEMMA ATTALE Claimant AND MICHELLE PAULINE RUSSELL LWISEH Defendant Before the Honourable Madame Justice Margaret Y Mohammed Dated this 25th September, 2018 APPEARANCES: Mr. Edwin K. Roopnarine instructed by Ms. Candice Deen Attorneys at law for the Claimant. Mr. Mark Seepersad Attorney at law for the Defendant. JUDGMENT 1. The Claimant was the only child of Annettelena Eltine Charles (“the Deceased”) who passed away at the age of 98 years on the 26th August 2014. At the time of the Deceased’s passing there were two Wills purportedly made by the Deceased. A Will dated the 5th January 1972 (“the 1972 Will”) where the Deceased left the bulk of her estate to the Claimant, her only child and a Will dated the 12th August 2014 (“the 2014 Will”) where the Deceased purportedly left her entire estate which consisted of a house and land situated Page 1 of 37 at Battoo Lands, Marabella (“the Marabella property”) to the Defendant and her two children, persons whom she first met on a bus in 2011. The Defendant applied for a Grant of Probate of the 2014 Will in August 2015 and the Claimant filed a caveat in March 2016 indicating that she has an interest in the Deceased’s estate. In the instant action, the Claimant seeks to have the 2014 Will set aside, and for the Court to propound the 1972 Will in solemn form. -
Supreme Court Act 1905
Q UO N T FA R U T A F E BERMUDA SUPREME COURT ACT 1905 1905 : 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS PRELIMINARY 1 Interpretation CONSTITUTION OF THE SUPREME COURT 2 Union of existing Courts into Supreme Court 3 Prescription of number of Puisne Judges 4 Assistant Justices 5 Appointment of Judges of Supreme Court 6 Precedence of Judges 7 Powers of Judges to exercise jurisdiction 8 Powers of Acting Chief Justices 9 Powers etc. of Puisne Judge 10 Seal of Court 11 Place of sitting JURISDICTION AND LAW 12 Jurisdiction of Supreme Court 13 [repealed] 14 Jurisdiction in respect of persons suffering from mental disorder 15 Extent of application of English law 16 [repealed] 17 [repealed] 18 Concurrent administration of law and equity 19 Rules of law upon certain points 20 Proceedings in chambers 21 Provision as to criminal procedure 22 Savings for rules of evidence and law relating to jurors, etc. 1 SUPREME COURT ACT 1905 23 Restriction on institution of vexatious actions ADMIRALTY JURISDICTION 24 Admiralty jurisdiction of the Court 25 Mode of exercise of Admiralty jurisdiction 26 Jurisdiction in personam in collision and other similar cases 27 Wages 28 Supreme Court not to have jurisdiction in cases falling within Rhine Convention 29 Savings DISPOSAL OF MONEY PAID INTO COURT 30 Disposal of money paid into court 31 Payment into Consolidated Fund 32 Money paid into court prior to 1 July 1980 and still in court on that date 33 Notice of payment into court 34 Forfeiture of money 35 Rules relating to the payment of interest on money paid into court SITTINGS AND DISTRIBUTION OF BUSINESS OF THE COURT 36 Sittings of the Court 37 Session day 46 [] OFFICERS OF THE COURT 47 Duties of Provost Marshal General 48 Registrar and Assistant Registrar of the Court 49 Duties of Registrar 50 Taxing Master BARRISTERS AND ATTORNEYS 51 Admission of barristers and attorneys 52 Deposit of certificate of call etc. -
FEDERAL HIGH COURT ACT Arrangement of Sections Part I The
FEDERAL HIGH COURT ACT Arrangement of Sections Part I The Constitution of the Federal High Court 1. Establishment of the 2. Appointment of 3. Tenure of office of Federal High Court. Judges. Judges. 4. Precedence. 5. Salaries and 6. Seal of the Court. allowances of Judges. Part II Jurisdiction and Law 7. Jurisdiction, etc. 8. Cesser of jurisdiction, 9. Practice and etc. procedure. 10. Administration of law 11. Determination of 12. Rules of equity to and equity. matter completely and prevail. finally. 13. Injunctions and 14. Orders of mandamus, 15. Injunction in lieu of receivers. prohibition and quo warranto.. certiorari. 16. Execution of 17. Reconciliation in civil 18. Reservation of point of instruments by order and criminal cases. law for Court of of Court. Appeal. Part III Sitting and Distribution of Business 19. Divisions of the Court. 20. Sittings. 21. Judge's absence. 22. Power of transfer. 23. Proceedings to be 24. Powers of single disposed of by single Judge in Court and in Judge. chambers. 25. Discharge of orders 26. Power to transfer 27. Transfer of causes or made in chambers. causes or matters to matters from magistrates’ courts. magistrates' courts. 28. Appellate jurisdiction. 29. Power of Court in civil 30. Power of Court in appeals. criminal appeals 31. Power of Court on 32. Appeals to the Court appeal against of Appeal. acquittal or dismissal. Part IV General Provisions as to Trial and Procedure 33. Criminal procedure. 34. Trial of revenue 35. Trial with assessors. causes or matters in priority to any other business. 36. Reference for report. 37. -
The Lives of the Chief Justices of England
This is a reproduction of a library book that was digitized by Google as part of an ongoing effort to preserve the information in books and make it universally accessible. https://books.google.com I . i /9& \ H -4 3 V THE LIVES OF THE CHIEF JUSTICES .OF ENGLAND. FROM THE NORMAN CONQUEST TILL THE DEATH OF LORD TENTERDEN. By JOHN LOKD CAMPBELL, LL.D., F.E.S.E., AUTHOR OF 'THE LIVES OF THE LORd CHANCELLORS OF ENGL AMd.' THIRD EDITION. IN FOUE VOLUMES.— Vol. IT;; ; , . : % > LONDON: JOHN MUEEAY, ALBEMAELE STEEET. 1874. The right of Translation is reserved. THE NEW YORK (PUBLIC LIBRARY 150146 A8TOB, LENOX AND TILBEN FOUNDATIONS. 1899. Uniform with the present Worh. LIVES OF THE LOED CHANCELLOKS, AND Keepers of the Great Seal of England, from the Earliest Times till the Reign of George the Fourth. By John Lord Campbell, LL.D. Fourth Edition. 10 vols. Crown 8vo. 6s each. " A work of sterling merit — one of very great labour, of richly diversified interest, and, we are satisfied, of lasting value and estimation. We doubt if there be half-a-dozen living men who could produce a Biographical Series' on such a scale, at all likely to command so much applause from the candid among the learned as well as from the curious of the laity." — Quarterly Beview. LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, STAMFORD STREET AND CHARINg CROSS. CONTENTS OF THE FOURTH VOLUME. CHAPTER XL. CONCLUSION OF THE LIFE OF LOKd MANSFIELd. Lord Mansfield in retirement, 1. His opinion upon the introduction of jury trial in civil cases in Scotland, 3.