My Background • Licensed Surveyor in OH, PA, and WV (PS) Have you already heard that NSRS Modernization • Certified GIS Professional (GISP) NAD83 and NAVD88 are • Certified Floodplain Surveyor (CFS) ISPLS Annual Convention • BS in Surveying & Mapping, Univ. of Akron scheduled to be replaced? January 2020 • Came to NGS from USACE Pittsburgh District Jeff Jalbrzikowski, P.S., GISP, CFS – primary experience is engineering surveys, Who’s nervous? Appalachian Regional Geodetic Advisor including structural deformation, hydrographic/bathymetric, terrestrial lidar, GNSS Who’s ready? control, local/legacy datum resolution [email protected] Who’s already working in ITRF? 240-988-5486

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1 Organizational Structure NGS Mission NGS Overview Modernizing the NSRS • Federal Government – Executive Branch -Department of Commerce (DoC) To define, maintain and provide (~47,000 employees) CORS NHMP GRAV-D ECO access to the National Spatial NGS Products and Services -National Oceanic and Atmospheric Reference System (NSRS) to Administration (NOAA) meet our Nation’s economic, ASP OPUS VDatum Orbit Data -National Ocean Service (NOS) social, and environmental needs. National Geodetic ERI Shoreline Advisors Antenna Calibrations -National Geodetic Survey (NGS)

(~175 employees) NCAT CUSP CBL Outreach 4 5 6

2 NGS Overview Continuously Operating Reference Station (CORS) NOAA CORS Network (NCN) Modernizing the NSRS ❑ 2000+ sites ❑ 2000+ sites ❑ ~225 organizations ❑ ~225 organizations

CORS NHMP GRAV-D ECO NGS Products and Services

ASP OPUS VDatum Orbit Data

National Geodetic ERI Shoreline Advisors Antenna Calibrations

NCAT CUSP CBL Outreach 7 8 9

3 NGS Overview National Height Modernization Program National Height Modernization Program Modernizing the NSRS …the establishment of accurate, reliable • supports various Federal Programs CORS NHMP GRAV-D ECO heights using GNSS technology in conjunction – FEMA Flood Hazard Mapping Program (FIRM, etc.) NGS Products and Services with traditional leveling, gravity, and modern – USACE: Levee & Dam Safety Programs, etc. remote sensing information… ASP OPUS VDatum Orbit Data • and countless non-Federal programs -propagation and long-term monitoring of

National Geodetic ERI control thru static GPS campaigns, GPS on Shoreline Advisors Antenna • technically still an active program but there Calibrations BMs, digital leveling have not been any grants in a few years -combined with relative gravity data, lidar, etc.

NCAT CUSP CBL Outreach 10 11 12

4 NGS Overview Gravity for the Redefinition of Gravity for the Redefinition of the American Vertical Datum Modernizing the NSRS the American Vertical Datum • Two major campaigns within GRAV-D CORS NHMP GRAV-D ECO NGS Products and Services 1. High-resolution snapshot of gravity – primarily airborne observations, all relative gravity, VDatum ASP OPUS Orbit Data estimated cost of ~$39 million

National Geodetic ERI 2. Low-resolution “movie” of gravity changes Shoreline Advisors Antenna Calibrations Green = Complete – primarily terrestrial, episodic observations of absolute • 10 km data lines Blue = In Processing gravity sites As of DEC2019: • 70 km cross lines Yellow = Underway • 20,000 ft altitude NCAT CUSP CBL Outreach White = Planned 81% complete • 230 kt flight speed 13 14 15

5 Gravimeters in the Aircraft

NOAA’s Gulfstream IV-SP Dynamic Aviation’s King Air 200T in the in the King Air Gulfstream IV

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6 What does a flight plan look like? What does processed data look like? NGS Overview Modernizing the NSRS

CORS NHMP GRAV-D ECO NGS Products and Services

ASP OPUS VDatum Orbit Data mGal

National Geodetic ERI Shoreline Advisors Antenna Calibrations

mGal = milligal NCAT CUSP CBL Outreach 19 20 21

7 Online Positioning User Service a note on OPUS “my profile” NGS Overview Modernizing the NSRS OPUS Rapid Static (OPUS-RS) – dual frequency receiver data – static sessions only – 30 seconds epoch rate (aka recording interval) CORS NHMP GRAV-D ECO – 15 minutes to 2 hours of GPS data NGS Products and Services OPUS Static (OPUS-S) – same requirements as above – 2 to 48 hours of GPS data ASP OPUS VDatum Orbit Data OPUS Projects (OP) – adds session processing and network adjustment – training by NGS required; typically 12 hours National Geodetic ERI Shoreline Advisors Antenna Calibrations – files uploaded to OPUS with a “Project ID” keyed in Options be careful! Beta OPUS Projects (BOP) – enhancements and added features NCAT CUSP CBL Outreach 22 23 24

8 https://www.ngs.noaa.gov/ADVISORS/ Regional Geodetic Advisor Program State Geodetic Coordinators • Not an NGS employee • www.ngs.noaa.gov/ADVISORS/ • Serves as a liaison between the State’s • query any major search engine: “ngs advisors” geospatial community and the NGS • Jinha Jung over at Purdue

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9 NGS Overview Phase Center Offset - conceptual Modernizing the NSRS • Orange dot = mean point of signal reception

CORS NHMP GRAV-D ECO • Blue dot = Antenna Reference Point (ARP) NGS Products and Services • Red line = Phase Center Offset (PCO)

ASP OPUS VDatum Orbit Data

National Geodetic ERI Shoreline Advisors Antenna Calibrations

NCAT CUSP CBL Outreach 28 29 30

10 Phase Center Offset NGS Overview Modernizing the NSRS • The PCO is one reason it is important to select the correct antenna for OPUS upload! CORS NHMP GRAV-D ECO NGS Products and Services

ASP OPUS VDatum Orbit Data

choose National Geodetic ERI Shoreline Advisors Antenna NCAT carefully! Calibrations

if you have questions… drop me a line NCAT CUSP CBL Outreach NGS Coordinate Conversion and Transformation Tool 31 32 33

11 NGS Overview

Modernizing the NSRS

C SP

Coordinate Transformation Tool TM

U

, ,



h ,

2022 

USSD (NCAT / NADCON 5.0)

G

USN

Y, Z Relating coordinates: X, CORS NHMP GRAV-D ECO then & now NGS Products and Services

NAD 27 NAD 83 (2011)

ASP OPUS VDatum Orbit Data NAD 83 (NSRS2007) NAD 83 (1986) NAD 83 (FBN) NAD 83 (HARN) ,, , , h h SP SP X,Y, National Geodetic ERI X,Y, Z C Shoreline Advisors Antenna Z C Calibrations USN USN G UTM UTM Beta NCAT – includes VERTCON 3.0 for NGVD29 to G NAVD88 transformation NCAT CUSP CBL Outreach 34 35 36

12 Calibration Base Lines - CBL Calibration Base Lines - CBL NGS Overview Modernizing the NSRS • Three types of CBL defined by NGS • NGS commitment to the CBL Program: – Primary CBL (PCBL): in Woodford, VA at NGS TTC; – A minimum of one FCBL per State CORS NHMP GRAV-D ECO it is open for use to organizations like the ISPLS – Establishment procedures document NGS Products and Services – Public access to the CBL database – Federal CBL (FCBL): established with EDM checked at the NGS PCBL and IAW NOAA TM NGS-8 – Software to process your observations ASP OPUS VDatum Orbit Data – Verification and re-measurement data review – Technical support (Advisors or other personnel) National Geodetic ERI Shoreline Advisors Antenna – Cooperative CBL (CCBL): established with EDM Calibrations checked on an FCBL and IAW that same NGS-8 manual https://www.ngs.noaa.gov/CBLINES/ NCAT CUSP CBL Outreach 37 38 39

13 Cooperative program for Operational Outreach and COMET NGS Mission Meteorology, Education, and Training

• Meteorology… why? To define, maintain and provide access to the National Spatial • The origin of the program was the National Reference System (NSRS) to Weather Service, also a NOAA office meet our Nation’s economic, • It expanded to various NOAA missions, social, and environmental needs. including NGS

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14 National Spatial Reference System (NSRS) National Spatial Reference System (NSRS) National Spatial Reference System (NSRS) These items ARE part of the NSRS These items are NOT part of the NSRS A consistent coordinate system that defines Horizontal Datums Vertical Great Geoid Transformations Horizontal Datums Vertical Geoid Transformations and (aka Geometric Datums Lakes Models and Conversions (aka Geometric Datums Models Conversions • latitude Reference Frames) Datums Reference Frames) • longitude NAD83 NAVD88 IGLD85 GEOID12A & B NADCON WGS84 IHRS (by IAG) OSU91A CORPSCON NAD27 NGVD29 IGLD55 GEOID09 VERTCON WGS72 EGM96 Appendix B.6 of DMA • height USSD VIVD09 GEOID06 TR 8350.2 (WGS 84) • scale GUVD04 GEOID03 SPCS83 ITRF (Intl. Terrestrial EGM2008 Oregon Coordinate …and their time variants NMVD03 GEOID99 SPCS27 Reference Frame by Reference System • orientation ASVD02 GEOID96 IERS) (ORCS) PRVD02 ALASKA94 IGS (Intl. GNSS The Kansas Regional • gravity GEOID93 Service reference Coordinate System frame) throughout the United States. GEOID90

Hyperlink to ITRF station map 43 44 45

15 NSRS … do I have to use it? NSRS … do I have to use it? Not just new datums… • OMB Circular A-16 • Not necessarily, but it’s a great idea! 1) requires all Federal civilian agencies to utilize NSRS Modernization geodetic control for their geospatial activities • States may mandate use (unsure if Indiana…) Blueprint for 2022, Part 1 2) places NOAA in responsible charge of that control ‒ Replace NAD83 • All spatial data and GIS activities financed directly or ‒ Replace NAVD88 Blueprint for 2022, Part 2 3) NGS has defined that control as the NSRS indirectly, in whole or in part, by federal funds are 4) FGCS has issued requirements, via FRNs, to required to be tied to the NSRS ‒ Re-invent Bluebooking reference data to the most recent components of ‒ Improve Geodetic Toolkit Blueprint for 2022, Part 3 the NSRS • If you want to get involved in survey contracting with • 1989 FRN designated NAD 83 the Federal Government it’s a necessity ‒ Better Surveying Methods • 1993 FRN designated NAVD 88

Hyperlink to NAVD88 FRN Hyperlink to NAD83 FRN 46 47 48

16 Evolution of the NSRS Modernized NSRS is our “smartphone” Two Major Components of

NAD83 NAD83 NAD27 Modernized NSRS (1986) (2011) • You resisted it for a while… • It was a little cumbersome Geometric (LLh) to get used to… Latitude, Longitude, Ellipsoid Height • But soon you were hooked! Geopotential (H) Orthometric Height

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17 Reference Frame ≈ Datum Reference Frame Defined North American Terrestrial • Reference Frame is a more scientifically A point of view or a ‘frame of reference’. Reference Frame of 2022 appropriate way of saying “datum” If your reference frame is North America, you • could be debated that “datum” was misused are standing somewhere within North America, NATRF2022 seeing how other places move from your • you will continue to see NGS use the phrase point of view. (pronounced: nat-ref) “New Datums” for 2022

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18 A very brief history of U.S. horizontal & geometric datums Why replace NAD83? GNSS Replacing NAD83 Main driver: Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) triangulation ACCESS 1. develop four "plate-fixed" reference frames • GNSS equipment is fast, inexpensive, reliable 2. remove non-geocentricity of NAD83 • Reduces reliance on physical control marks 3. align to ITRF2014 at epoch 2020.00 ACCURACY – Insensitive to distance-dependent errors 4. remove most of tectonic plate rotation from – Immune to instability; active control via CORS ITRF2014 via Euler Pole Parameters CONSISTENCY ▪ Eliminates systematic errors in current datums + + + + + + + time Shift and Drift… tens of few few few ▪ Aligned with global reference frame <10 m ~2m meters 0.1m 0.01m 0.01m shift 55 56 57

19 Replacing NAD83 Four “Plate-Fixed” Reference Frames 1. develop four "plate-fixed" reference frames North American Terrestrial Reference Frame of 2022 (NATRF2022) 2. remove non-geocentricity of NAD83 Pacific Terrestrial Reference Frame of 2022 3. align to ITRF2014 at epoch 2020.00 (PATRF2022) 4. remove most of tectonic plate rotation from ITRF2014 via Euler Pole Parameters Caribbean Terrestrial Reference Frame of 2022 (CATRF2022)

Shift and Drift… Mariana Terrestrial Reference Frame of 2022 (MATRF2022)

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20 Four “Plate-Fixed” Reference Frames Replacing NAD83 Non-geocentricity? North American Terrestrial Reference Frame of 2022 1. develop four "plate-fixed" reference frames • Geocentric: (NATRF2022) – relating to, measured from, or as if 2. remove non-geocentricity of NAD83 observed from the earth's center of mass Pacific Terrestrial Reference Frame of 2022 3. align to ITRF2014 at epoch 2020.00 (PATRF2022) 4. remove most of tectonic plate rotation from Caribbean Terrestrial Reference Frame of 2022 ITRF2014 via Euler Pole Parameters (CATRF2022)

Mariana Terrestrial Reference Frame of 2022 Shift and Drift… (MATRF2022) • The goal was to accomplish that… but didn’t.

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21 Non-geocentricity of NAD83 Non-geocentricity of NAD83 Non-geocentricity of NAD83 Earth’s Surface ITRF2014 ITRF2014 h14

h83

GRS80 GRS80 NAD83 ITRF2014 ellipsoid ellipsoid•• origin origin

NAD83 NAD83 ~2.2 meters GRS80 GRS = Geodetic Reference System ellipsoid

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22 Non-geocentricity of NAD83 Geometric change due to Replacing NAD83 Earth’s ellipsoid non-geocentricity Surface 1. develop four "plate-fixed" reference frames h 22 2. remove non-geocentricity of NAD83 3. align to ITRF2014 at epoch 2020.00 NAD83 NATRF2022ITRF2014 4. remove most of tectonic plate rotation from ITRF2014 via Euler Pole Parameters

Horizontal (Lat, Lon) Ellipsoidal (h) GRS80 Shift and Drift… Shift… ellipsoid Shift…

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23 ITRF concept Watch the grid! International Terrestrial International Terrestrial Reference Frame • The stable coordinate system that allows us to measure Reference Frame change over space, time and evolving technologies. (ITRF) • An accurate, stable set of station positions and velocities.

• Network measurements interconnected by co-location International Earth Rotation and of different space geodetic techniques. Reference Systems Service (IERS) • “Approximately represents the motions of the tectonic plates with respect to the Earth's deep interior”… huh? International Union of Geodesy Drift… and Geophysics (IUGG)

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24 Epoch? Replacing NAD83 The wrong question, circa 2022: • eh-puck? ee-pock? … to-may-to, to-mah-to 1. develop four "plate-fixed" reference frames – an instant of time or a date selected as a “What’s the position of that point?” point of reference 2. remove non-geocentricity of NAD83 3. align to ITRF2014 at epoch 2020.00 The right question, circa 2022: 4. remove most of tectonic plate rotation from ITRF2014 via Euler Pole Parameters “What’s the position of that point, on some (pronounced: “oiler”) specific date?” Shift and Drift… Drift…

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25 Two types of drift Euler Pole Parameters Tectonic Plate Rotation Tectonic Plate Rotation • horizontal simple to model • horizontal simple to model of 2022

Everything Else EPP2022 • residual motions left after rotation • regional linear motions • localized subsidence or uplift complex

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26 Plate Rotation visualized Euler Poles and “Plate-Fixed” Euler Poles and “Plate-Fixed”

–In the ITRF, many tectonic ITRF NATRF plates have a dominant Frame = constant Frame = rotating motion: rotation NA Plate = rotating NA Plate = constant

–Euler Pole - point about which a plate rotates (yellow star) NATRF2022 Drift… Euler Pole

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27 ITRF – constant frame, rotating plate NATRF – rotating frame, constant with plate Euler Poles and “Plate-Fixed” “Plate-Fixed”

ITRF NATRF Frame = constant Frame = rotating NA Plate = rotating (relative to ITRF) NA Plate = constant (relative to NATRF2022)

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28 ITRF or NATRF – your choice, just use EPP EPP – Euler Pole Parameters CORS Velocities in ITRF2014

Latitude yellow star off west Longitude coast of S. America Rotation Speed

Drift…

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29 CORS Velocities in NATRF2022 ITRF2014 + EPP2022 = --TRF2022 ITRF2014 + EPP2022 = --TRF2022

Think of this map as ITRF2014 + EPP2022 Rotation of the Rotation of the North American Plate NATRF2022 North American Plate NATRF2022

Rotation of the EPP2022 Caribbean Plate CATRF2022 ITRF2014 ITRF2014 Rotation of the Pacific Plate PATRF2022 Still Rotation of the Some Mariana Plate MATRF2022 Drift… EPP2022

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30 Two types of drift Intra-Frame Velocity Model Tectonic Plate Rotation Still • horizontal simple to model of 2022 Some Drift… Everything Else Everything Else IFVM2022 • residual motions left after rotation • residual motions left after rotation • regional linear motions • regional linear motions • localized subsidence or uplift • localized subsidence or uplift complex complex

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31 Concept of goal of IFVM CORS Velocities in NATRF2022 IFVM goal = model all velocities Longitude (Easting) History of DI4044 Think of this map as ITRF2014 + EPP2022 Think of this map as ITRF2014 + EPP2022 + IFVM2022 Trend: -1.7 mm / year RED IS NATRF2022 COORDINATE Still Trend: -14.3 mm / year Some Drift… Still Some BLUE IS ITRF Drift… 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 COORDINATE

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32 Still Some Drift… Intra-Frame Velocity Model EPP2022 – Euler Pole Parameters – Simple Rotation – Three parameters: lat, lon, rotation speed – Everything in the world moves • A model of all residual velocities, after removal – Horizontal only: just latitude and longitude of tectonic rotation via EPP: – Changes the frame: ITRF2014 + EPP2022 = NATRF2022 – Coordinates will be associated with the actual – Horizontal residual motion – Does not change the epoch date when the data was collected! – Total vertical motion (ellipsoid heights) – Velocities at all marks can be estimated using – Replaces / Improves upon HTDP IFVM2022 – Intra-Frame Velocity Model - Complex this Intra-Frame Velocity Model • Given t1 and t2, compute Δλ, Δϕ, Δh at any point, – Complex set of parameters accounting for all motions – Residual horizontal motion: all the motion leftover after Euler – IFVM goal being to move collected data thru Pole rotation • Likely be built upon CORS data, geodynamic time to Reference Epochs for coordinate – All vertical motion: localized subsidence or uplift models and InSAR, but not yet finalized comparisons/analysis – Changes the epoch – Does not change the frame: “intra” = on the inside; within

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33 Example of application of EPP and IFVM

EPP2022 • It’s 2039 and you are working in San Diego Important: This using NATRF2022 slide only covers geometric IFVM2022 • And you want to compare your work to coordinates. another survey from 2028 Alright Jeff... enough jibba-jabba, what’s …the catch is, that survey was done in PATRF2022 the impact?

PATRF2022 EPP2022 ITRF2014 EPP2022 NATRF2022 Two new tools that will make time ep. 2028.048 (PA) ep. 2028.048 (NA) ep. 2028.048

dependent geodetic control practical IFVM2022 IFVM2022 (PA) (NA)

PATRF2022 EPP2022 ITRF2014 EPP2022 NATRF2022 They work together to account for the Drift… ep. 2039.704 (PA) ep. 2039.704 (NA) ep. 2039.704

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34 What’s that going to look like? If you’re only working in this region… PHOTO in NAD83 RED = National Shoreline in NAD83 GREEN = National Shoreline transformed to NATRF2022 North American Terrestrial Reference Frame of 2022

(NATRF2022)

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35 North American-Pacific Geopotential Datum of 2022 A very brief history of (the most Referenced to 26 tide gauges in the prevalent) U.S. vertical datums US and Canada NAPGD2022

(pronounced: nap-jee-dee)

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36 Why Replace NAVD88? • tilt/bias in zero reference surface • subsidence, uplift, freeze/thaw of BMs Referenced to a • limited access, availability of undisturbed marks single tide gauge in Canada Why one gage fixed this time? ‒removed local sea level variation problem of NGVD29 But it did introduce possibility of cross- Approximate Error in NAVD88 "zero elevation” (H=0) continent error build-up…

Map is the H=0 surface overlaid onto satellite gravity data Approximate Error in NAVD88 "zero elevation” Father Point Lighthouse, Quebec 109 110 111

37 Passive marks may lie still… but they still may lie! Known Issues with NAVD88 small instability x long time = large inaccuracy Replacing NAVD88 • tilt/bias in zero reference surface • primary access via GNSS and geoid (OPUS, etc.) • subsidence, uplift, freeze/thaw of BMs • accurate continental gravimetric geoid (1-2 cm) • limited access, availability of undisturbed marks • aligned with:

1) NATRF2022 (or CATRF, PATRF, MATRF)

2) global mean sea level (GMSL) • monitor time-varying nature of gravity (NGS Geoid Monitoring Service GeMS)

Approximate Error in NAVD88 "zero elevation”

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38 Two flavors of geoid models… Gravimetric → Hybrid Gravimetric → Hybrid

• Gravimetric • Gravimetric geoid is created from “scratch” with various types of gravity data –USGG2003, USGG2009, USGG2012, xGEOID19 –USGG2003, USGG2009, USGG2012, xGEOID19

• Hybrid best fit to best fit to best fit to best fit to • Hybrid geoid is simply a gravimetric geoid warped NAVD88 NAVD88 NAVD88 NAVD88 to fit some vertical datum… like NAVD88 –GEOID03, GEOID09, GEOID12B, GEOID18 –GEOID03, GEOID09, GEOID12B, GEOID18

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39 Which NAD83 with which geoid? Obtaining Ng is not easy! • Geoid18 First you need a gravity field (data from diff. distances) • NAD83(2011) → – combine satellite, airborne, terrestrial, ship track data, etc. Geoid12A/B • Next calculate gravity anomaly, or ∆g • Then, just solve Stokes’ integral! Geoid09 • NAD83(2007) → Geoid06 (AK only) • R is the mean radius of the earth • ɣ0 is mean surface gravity on ellipsoid • S is a geometric function of position Geoid03 • NAD83(HARN/FBN) Geoid99 …there’s a catch • NAD83(CORS96) Geoid96 • Need to know ∆g over entire surface of the earth

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40 GRACE - 2 Satellites measuring separation Obtaining Ng is not easy! Building a Geopotential Field Model • First you need a gravity field (data from diff. distances) – combine satellite, airborne, terrestrial, ship track data, etc. Long Wavelengths (> 250 km) • Next calculate gravity anomaly, or ∆g GRACE/GOCE/Satellite Altimetry • Then, just solve Stokes’ integral! + Intermediate Wavelengths • R is the mean radius of the earth Airborne Observations (20km to 300 km) • ɣ0 is mean surface gravity on ellipsoid • S is a geometric function of position + Short Wavelengths …there’s a catch (< 100 km) • Need to know ∆g over entire surface of the earth Terrestrial/Surface Observations and Predicted Gravity from Topography 121 122 123

41 GRAV-D – airborne relative gravimeters Terrestrial Gravimeter - Relative Terrestrial Gravimeter - Relative

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42 Terrestrial Gravimeter - Absolute Terrestrial Gravimeters - Absolute and Relative Individual Components of NAPGD2022 • Global Model of the geopotential field –GM2022 • Geoid undulation models by region –GEOID2022 aka “0 elevation” • Deflection of the Vertical (DoV) models by region –DEFLEC2022 • Surface Gravity models by region –GRAV2022 127 128 129

43 Sea Level Change and the Geoid Sea Level Change and the Geoid

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44 Estimated change in orthometric heights from NAVD88 to NAPGD2022 Sea Level Change and the Geoid Estimated change in orthometric heights from NAVD88 to NAPGD2022

(NAPGD2022 approximated using xGEOID16B)

(NAPGD2022 approximated using xGEOID16B) Vertical change of about -0.6 to -2.0 feet 133 134 135

45 How can surveyors prepare? How can I prepare? • Get familiar with terms, ask now, be ready Where did this all start? How is all this possible? North American-Pacific • Set/occupy RTN Validation Stations (OPUS) Geopotential Datum of 2022 What’s the benefit to me? • Research your published control (NAPGD2022) Well, besides learning a whole new set of terminology and methods… • pre-1995 will NOT get new coordinates (GPS only)

• Use OPUS Projects to re-observe/process

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46 How is all this possible? Co-location Site NGS Ten-Year Strategic Plan NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt MD, USA By 2022, reduce all definitional & access- • CORS related errors in geometric reference frame to 1 cm when using 15 min of GNSS data • Co-location of space geodetic instruments aka “Replace NAD83” worldwide that feed into ITRF development • Teamwork with other geodetic organizations By 2022, reduce all definitional & access- • Research and Development related errors in orthometric heights in geopotential datum to 2 cm when using 15 • Testing min of GNSS data aka “Replace NAVD88” Science! • GNSS, SLR, VLBI, DORIS https://geodesy.noaa.gov/web/about_ngs/info/tenyearfinal.shtml 139 140 141

47 Co-location Site Co-location Site NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt MD, USA NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt MD, USA SLR Satellite Laser Ranging

• GNSS, SLR, VLBI, DORIS • GNSS, SLR, VLBI, DORIS

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48 Co-location Site NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt MD, USA VLBI Very Long Baseline Interferometry

• GNSS, SLR, VLBI, DORIS

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49 VLBI Co-location Site NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt MD, USA DORIS Doppler Orbitography and Radiopositioning Integrated by Satellite

• GNSS, SLR, VLBI, DORIS

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50 Space Geodesy Co-location Diagram Altogether now!

Generic concept of “co-location survey”, typically more complex. All these techniques work together to create a well-defined, robust Doppler Orbitography and Radiopositioning Integrated by Satellite reference frame that improves positioning for users globally.

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51 Online Positioning User Service OPUS for RTK/RTN-GNSS Hybrid Control Networks = Static + RTK/RTN Not just new datums… But wait… there’s more! NSRS Modernization -OPUS enhancements/additions Coming soon… -new types of coordinates -new methods for establishing control -streamlined Bluebooking -retire the US Survey Foot

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52 OPUS for RTK/RTN-GNSS Blueprint for 2022, Part 3 “What’s the benefit?” they say… • Run least squares adjustment(s) of the combined Static and RTN vectors • Hold NCN CORS (and possibly other published Let’s look at some new terminology coordinates) in adjustments • Check quality of results • Submit survey project to NGS for review and publication in national database

…you’ll be able to Bluebook RTK/RTN data!

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53 The NOAA CORS Network (NCN) GPS Month

• As of 2019, this is the official name of the • A span of four consecutive GPS weeks, network managed at NGS where the first GPS week in the GPS month – Historically referred to as “CORS” or “the CORS” is an integer multiple of 4 New Types of Coordinates

– GPS Month 0 = GPS Weeks 0, 1, 2 and 3 – GPS Month 1 = GPS Weeks 4, 5, 6 and 7 – GPS Month 2 = GPS Weeks 8, 9, 10, and 11 – GPS Month 3 = GPS Weeks 12, 13, 14, and 15 – You get the idea…

162

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54 Five types of coordinates in Modernized NSRS Reported Coordinates Reported Coordinates

Name Generally Description These are from any source in which the coordinate on… is directly reported to NGS without the data Reported Passive “Quick and Dirty”. Smartphone accuracy. (aka HD_HELD) necessary for NGS to replicate the coordinate. Preliminary Passive Computed by you with OPUS using your data. Unchecked by NGS. Compares to: Final Passive Most accurate. Time-dependent. Computed by NGS Discrete every four weeks. • SCALED – like on a datasheet Final CORS Continuous time-dependent CORS coordinates. Checked • HD_HELD – like on a datasheet Running by NGS every day. Reference Passive and Modeled from Final Discrete, Final Running, IFVM2022 • Smartphone/Device GNSS Epoch CORS and GeMS. • From NCAT or VDatum Computed by NGS every five years. • Coordinates from and RTK/RTN rover without data files

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55 Preliminary Coordinates Final Discrete Coordinates Final Running Coordinates These are coordinates at survey epoch that have These are coordinates computed by NGS using These are the only type which will have a been computed from OPUS, but not yet quality submitted data and metadata, checked, adjusted, published coordinate at any epoch. checked and loaded into the National Spatial and referenced to a single survey epoch for • Generally will only be available at CORSs Reference System Database (NSRS DB). loading into the NSRS DB. • Will be generated by a “fit” to daily processed data Compares to: • Represent the best estimates of the time- dependent coordinates at any mark • Another new term! • OPUS Solution Report – NGS does not QC these • OPUS-Projects results – only QC’d if submitted What will the Survey Epochs be? –We’ll refer to these as the Coordinate Function • GNSS: GPS Month Note: –Stand-alone occupations, RTK/RTN, Campaigns, etc. • These are the only coordinates a user will get • Leveling: Calendar Year; Annually directly from OPUS –Will be adjusted to GNSS-based orthometric heights 166 167 168

56 Reference Epoch Coordinates Assume “h” was determined four different times: These are coordinates which have been estimated 1990: 2.100 h 1994: 2.110 by NGS based on time-dependent (final discrete 2002: 2.190 and final running) coordinates, at an Official NSRS Reference Epoch Coordinates 2.250 2009: 2.180 Reference Epoch (ONRE). 2.200 from Compares to: 2.150 • NAD 83(2011) epoch 2010.00 on a Datasheet Time-Dependent Coordinates 2.100

When will NGS compute these? 2.050 • Every 5 years, on a timeline of 2-3 years post-date 2.000 • 2020.00 coordinates will be computed in 2022 1990 ‘95 ‘00 ‘05 ‘10 ‘15 ‘20 ‘25 ‘30 • 2025.00 coordinates will be computed in 2027 time 169 170 171

57 All measurements have error. Shown here are the same In the modernized NSRS we will also have an estimate of Values of “h”, but with their error estimates. crustal motion from IFVM2022 1990: 2.100 +/- 0.0375 (3.75 cm) In today’s NSRS, a height is held fixed until replaced. So h 1994: 2.110 +/- 0.0250 (2.50 cm) h plotting the height of these Final Discrete Coordinates h 2002: 2.190 +/- 0.0200 (2.00 cm) as seen on a datasheet over time would look like this: 2.250 2009: 2.180 +/- 0.0250 (2.50 cm) 2.250 2.250

2.200 2.200 2.200

2.150 2.150 2.150 In the modernized NSRS these time-dependent coordinates, estimated at the actual date when 2.100 2.100 2.100 Combining Final Discrete Coordinates the surveys took place, will be called with IFVM2022 allows NGS to estimate Final Discrete Coordinates 2.050 2.050 2.050 Reference Epoch Coordinates 2.000 2.000 2.000

1990 ‘95 ‘00 ‘05 ‘10 ‘15 ‘20 ‘25 ‘30 1990 ‘95 ‘00 ‘05 ‘10 ‘15 ‘20 ‘25 ‘30 1990 ‘95 ‘00 ‘05 ‘10 ‘15 ‘20 ‘25 ‘30 time time time 172 173 174

58 The IFVM2022 will (statistically) align to these Reference Epoch Coordinates. The (in)ability of current approach to properly inform users of the height of h h this mark can be seen in blue. 2.250 2.250 2.250

2.200 2.200 2.200

2.150 2.150 2.150

2.100 2.100 2.100

2.050 2.050 In the absence of new survey data, error estimates will 2.050 grow through time. 2.000 2.000 2.000

1990 ‘95 ‘00 ‘05 ‘10 ‘15 ‘20 ‘25 ‘30 1990 ‘95 ‘00 ‘05 ‘10 ‘15 ‘20 ‘25 ‘30 1990 ‘95 ‘00 ‘05 ‘10 ‘15 ‘20 ‘25 ‘30 time time 175 176 177

59 geodesy.noaa.gov General SPCS2022 characteristics State Plane Coordinate • Distortion design requirements – Linear distortion minimized at topographic surface System of 2022 (not at ellipsoid surface) – Purpose: to reduce difference between projected “grid” and actual “ground” distances SPCS2022 • Other characteristics – Default designs (if no consensus stakeholder input) – Statewide and “layered” zones – Positive east longitudes – Low-distortion projections (LDPs) 179 – “Special use” zones 178 179 180

60 Linear distortion with respect to ellipsoid Changing projection axis to reduce distortion variation “Non-intersecting” conformal map projection

Topographic Topographic Grid distance = surface Grid distance = surface Projection ground distance Projection ground distance Projection axis at many points Grid distance = axis at a point axis Ellipsoid height ground distance at a point of surface not Non-intersecting constant: h2 Grid distance ≈ Projection Ellipsoid h1 ≠ h2 ground distance surface distance Grid distance > over finite distance (secant) ellipsoid distance h1 Only way to reduce variation in Purpose is to reduce linear distortion distortion is to change projection at “ground” (topographic surface). axis location. Ellipsoid But distortion can vary considerably distance IMPORTANT: For large areas, there across area of interest. is no single defining ellipsoid height, Ellipsoid Ellipsoid Ellipsoid surface surface h, for scaling the projection. surface This design approach This design approach is used for SPCS 27 and 83 Grid distance < being used for SPCS2022 (minimizes distortion with ellipsoid distance (minimizes distortion with respect to ellipsoid) respect to topography) 181 182 183

61 Alaska zone layers Default SPCS2022 zones Zone “layers” and LDPs Alaska statewide “base” layer • To ensure all states and U.S. territories covered • Each state may have max of THREE zone “layers” – For complete system if no consensus stakeholder input – One layer must be statewide zone (designed by NGS) – Nearly same as SPCS 83 but with some changes – Other layers have two or more zones (“multi-zone”) – Almost all zone projection types and extents the same – Only one layer can have discontinuous coverage

• Modify existing zones to meet SPCS2022 policy • Multi-zone layer can consist of LDPs – Scale redefined with respect to topographic surface – Designed by stakeholder “contributing partners” – Use 1-parallel Lambert and local Oblique Mercator – Minimum zone width 50 km (if height range < 250 m) OR 10 km (if height range > 250 m) • NGS will create a statewide zone for all states – LDP coverage can be discontinuous 1. Statewide layer

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62 Alaska zone layers Alaska zone layers Alaska complete “intermediate” layer Alaska with THREE SPCS2022 layers SPCS2022 deadlines • Consensus input per SPCS2022 procedures – Requests for designs done by NGS – Proposals for designs by contributing partners • Submittal of approved designs – Proposal must first be approved by NGS – Designs must be complete for NGS to review • Later requests will be for changes to SPCS2022

by March 31, 2020 for requests and proposals 1. Statewide layer 1. Statewide layer by March 31, 2021 for submittal of approved designs 2. “Intermediate” layer (complete state coverage) 2. “Intermediate” layer (complete state coverage)

187 3. LDP layer (partial state coverage) 188

187 188 189

63 SPCS2022 in Indiana The problem • You tell me! I’ve not been in the loop in US Survey Foot • Two versions of same unit in current use Indiana, would be glad to let someone else and – “New” international foot and “old” U.S. survey foot speak up. – “New” shorter than “old” by 2 ppm (0.01 ft per mile) • I believe there’s an InDOT set of specificaitons International Foot – A real problem with real costs • What’s in a name? – “U.S. survey” versus “international” • NGS will design a single statewide Zone that covers the entire State (eliminate N-S zones) • Who is using U.S. survey feet? – Surveyors exclusively, in most (not all) states • this will enable organizations/agencies to maintain all data within one zone …or Feets Don’t Fail Me Now – But it impacts everyone

190 191 192

64 2 parts per million (ppm) What’s impacted? Who is responsible for standards? • 1,000,000.00 sft = 999,998.00 ift • When does this matter? • 10,000,000.00 sft = 9,999,980.00 ift –Not typically in lengths/distances –But in published planar coordinate systems • Like what? • International → 1 ft = .3048 m –SPCS and UTM are very popular and both National • US → 1 ft = .30480061 m (approx.) fall victim to mix-ups Institute of 1200 Standards and –frequently calculated by • Why? 3937 Technology –Large false eastings and northings

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65 Adopted International Foot in 1959 With one little exception… More Federal Register Notices

“Any data expressed in feet derived from and published as a 1 foot = 0.3048 meter exactly (1 yard = 0.9144 m) Surveying and Proposed Restatement result of geodetic surveys within the United States will International vs. mapping only permanent use of that metric New foot (pending analysis, National Bureau definition Adopted as continue to bear the following relationship as defined in U.S. Survey Foot never resolved) U.S. Survey Foot used for U.S. of Standards adopted by NASA “new” foot for 1893: 1 foot = 1200/3937 meter created predecessor entire U.S. 1975 1977 1988 1989 1990 The foot unit defined by this equation shall be referred to as 1901 1933 1952 1954 1959 the U.S. Survey Foot and it shall continue to be used, for the NGS goes NAD 83 With one purpose given herein, until such a time as it becomes entirely metric announced New foot International little desirable and expedient to readjust the basic (for NAD 83) definition exception… nautical mile geodetic survey networks in the United States, after • International foot used for We readjusted the basic adopted by ANSI 1,852 m exact “engineering” predecessor which the ratio of a yard, equal to 0.9144 meter, shall apply.” • U.S. survey foot used for “mapping geodetic network! and land measurement”

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66 Oops! What are the choices? NGS proposal

• Problem created and perpetuated by NGS • Do nothing (i.e., NGS stays “metric” only) • Only one foot after 2022 (1 foot = 0.3048 meter) • In 1959. Then in 1986. And again in 2016… – States choose whatever foot they want – Make official through NIST – Both feet will creep back into NGS products & services – NO option for U.S. survey foot in NATRF/SPCS2022 • Officially adopt U.S. survey foot for specific things • NGS will help with the transition – U.S. survey foot for surveying and mapping – Will fully support backward compatibility – International foot for engineering (and everything else) – Use “correct” foot for SPCS83 and SPCS27 • Use international foot for everything – Automatically done by NGS products and services – Support only foot = 0.3048 meter after 2022 • Guiding ideas • Use U.S. survey foot for everything (highly unlikely) – Of all changes in 2022, this is the least significant • Go entirely metric (ideal situation, but also unlikely) – About the future, not the past

199 200 201

67 Putting our best “foot” forward… Using the modernized NSRS Using the modernized NSRS

• NGS created problem, will help fix it • OPUS • GNSS is your only entry (for now) –Fully support backward compatibility (NAD83, NAD27) – Guidance (such as pre-selected CORSs and – Leveling and Classical/TS surveys will need –Unit change minor compared to other 2022 changes assistance in locating marks in project areas) some GNSS if you intend to submit your –Contact us at [email protected] – Users will decide what control to hold fixed and survey to NGS • Federal Register Notice – 17 October 2019 what epochs they wish to set for the adjustment – Some GNSS = RTK or RTN is fine – Deprecate US Survey Foot on 31 December 2022 • “Preliminary coordinates” • No decision yet on whether OP will operate if – If submitted to NGS (aka “Shared”), we will harvest – After, use International conversion (1 ft = 0.3048 m) projects have no GNSS your raw GNSS data and use it to compute Final – Drop “International” refer to unit simply as “foot” – If it does, this tends to encourage reliance upon Discrete coordinates passive control – Comment period open thru 02 December 2019 – Follow-up webinar was 12 December - recorded 202 203 204

68 So much more to NSRS Modernization! Bluebooking a Project now Bluebooking with OPUS Projects in the future GPS survey GPS survey Construct • New version of PAGES Construct ●data files Process data ●data files Process data bluebook files bluebook files – Multi-Constellation → GPS, Galileo, GLONASS, Beidou, QZSS, etc. ●photos using vendor ●photos using vendor using software geodesy.noaa.gov/ using software geodesy.noaa.gov/ project_tracking/ ●descriptio software or project_tracking/ ●descriptio software or and editor. – Target: 15 minute occupations and editor. ns PAGE-NT. ns PAGE-NT. Run ADJUST. Run ADJUST. • OPUS expansion plan ●etc. ●etc. – RTK/RTN: 2020 rollout, already mentioned review review – Leveling, Classical (Total Station), Gravity: 2020-2025 and and – Fully integrated (GPS projects with leveling and gravity? No publish publish to IDB to IDB problem!) – Ease of submission to NGS for inclusion in the NSRS Available now! (with certain caveats) • New Mark Recovery Tool Upload to Process in – mentioned earlier, search: “NGS mark recovery” and go to Beta OPUS-Projects OPUS-Projects • Fully integrated toolkit – NCAT and VDatum 206 207 205 206 207

69 Mark Recovery – mobile browser compatible Mark Recovery – mobile browser compatible What new tools are already live? • use your smartphone to submit recovery • VERTCON 3.0 – functionality in Beta NCAT • Any major search engine: • Mark Recovery – mobile browser compatible “NGS survey mark recovery” • VDatum 4.0.1 – released in October beta.ngs.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/recvy_entry_www.prl • GEOID18 – latest, greatest, and last hybrid Try it out! Give us feedback! • GPSonBM – updated tracking map (AGOL) [email protected] • for NAVD88→NAPGD2022 transformation

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70 https://www.ngs.noaa.gov/ADVISORS/ www.ngs.noaa.gov -use any major search engine: “NGS advisors”

Jeff Jalbrzikowski, P.S., GISP, CFS beta.ngs.noaa.gov Appalachian Regional Geodetic Advisor [email protected] 240-988-5486

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