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Volume 17 Volume 17 17 Volume Volume TheThe McNairMcNair ScholarlyScholarly ReviewReview TT RR UU MM AA NN SS TT AA TT EE UU NN II VV EE RR SS II TT YY VolumeVolume 1717 SpringSpring 20112011 TheThe EffectEffect ofof GradualGradual versusversus AbruptAbrupt WeaningWeaning StrategiesStrategies onon LambLamb PerformancePerformance andand EweEwe UdderUdder HealthHealth ............................................................................. ............................................................................. .............................................................................11 EmmanuelEmmanuel CamarilloCamarillo JuvenileJuvenileJuvenile Offenders: Offenders:Offenders: Gender-based Gender-basedGender-based Perceptions PerceptionsPerceptions on onon Care CareCare and andand Treatment TreatmentTreatment ...................... ...................... ......................1515 McNairMcNair JorgeJorgeJorge Camarillo CamarilloCamarillo RebootReboot YourYour BrainBrain toto AccessAccess YourYour Memory:Memory: AA ComparisonComparison betweenbetween College-AgedCollege-Aged McNair Scholarly Review McNair Scholarly Review McNair Scholarly Review StudentsStudentsStudents and andand Adults AdultsAdults over overover 60 6060 on onon 3 33 Subtests SubtestsSubtests using usingusing Cognitive CognitiveCognitive Re-training Re-trainingRe-training Software SoftwareSoftware ..... ..........3131 ScholarlyScholarly ReviewReview HaileyHailey FeldhausFeldhaus TT RR UU MM AA NN SS TT AA TT EE UU NN II VV EE RR SS II TT YY LivingLiving onon thethe ‘Fringe’:‘Fringe’: AnAn OralOral HistoryHistory ofof thethe KansasKansas CityCity FringeFringe FestivalFestival .............. ............................4949 MaxMax DanielDaniel GlennGlenn NewbornNewborn HearingHearing ScreeningScreening StandardsStandards inin RuralRural andand UrbanUrban AreasAreas ofof MissouriMissouri ...... ............6363 DanielleDanielle HenryHenry PerceptionsPerceptions andand WaterWater UtilizationUtilization PatternsPatterns amongamong MexicanMexican FamiliesFamilies LivingLiving alongalong thethe NewNew RiverRiver inin MexicaliMexicali andand CalexicoCalexico ............................................... ...............................................7575 TahamaraTahamara IbarraIbarra BoysBoys inin thethe Burbs:Burbs: AA CriticalCritical AnalysisAnalysis ofof TheThe BoondocksBoondocks ..........................................................................................8787 AlyseAlyse NicoleNicole JenkinsJenkins Spring 2011 Spring 2011 Spring 2011 MMCCNNAIRAIR TRTRTRUMANUMANUMAN ST STSTAAATETETE UNIVERSIT UNIVERSITUNIVERSITYYY VolumeVolume 1717 SpringSpring 20112011 The McNair Scholarly Review T R U M A N S T A T E U N I V E R S I T Y Editorial Staff Dr. Sylvia Macauley Dr. Roberta Donahue, Editor Ms. Sarah A. Hass Ms. Kelly Mourning-Byers Research Supervisors McNair Scholars Dr. Michael Seipel Dr. Ilene Elmlinger Emmanuel Camarillo Danielle Henry Dr. Curtis Blakely Dr. Stephen Hadwiger Jorge Camarillo Tahamara Ibarra Dr. Janet Gooch Dr. Elizabeth Clark Hailey Feldhaus Alyse Nicole Jenkins Professor Janet Albanese Max Daniel Glenn The McNair Scholarly Review T R U M A N S T A T E U N I V E R S I T Y Volume 17 Spring 2011 Effect of Gradual versus Abrupt Weaning Strategies on Lamb Performance and Ewe Udder Health .............................................................................1 Emmanuel Camarillo Juvenile Offenders: Gender-based Perceptions on Care and Treatment ...................... 15 Jorge Camarillo Reboot Your Brain to Access Your Memory: A Comparison between College-Aged Students and Adults over 60 on 3 Subtests using Cognitive Re-training Software .....31 Hailey Feldhaus Living on the ‘Fringe’: An Oral History of the Kansas City Fringe Festival .............. 49 Max Daniel Glenn Newborn Hearing Screening Standards in Rural and Urban Areas of Missouri ...... 63 Danielle Henry Perceptions and Water Utilization Patterns among Mexican Families Living along the New River in Mexicali and Calexico ...............................................75 Tahamara Ibarra Boys in the Burbs: A Critical Analysis of The Boondocks .............................................87 Alyse Nicole Jenkins i 2010-11 Intro.indd 1 2/16/11 9:54 AM MCNAIR SCHOLARLY REVIEW Acknowledgements The McNair Scholarly Review wishes to acknowledge its appreciation for the out- standing mentorship provided by the dedicated faculty members who, as research supervisors, have inspired and expertly guided our scholars as they have pursued their undergraduate research. We are also deeply grateful and indebted to the Office of the Provost and Vice President for Academic Affairs for its generosity and longstanding support of the Ronald E. McNair Post-Baccalaureate program throughout the years, which has made our students’ success possible. Finally, we are most deeply grateful for the participation of the following professionals who generously served on review committees for the articles in this year’s issue: Professor Janet Albanese Dr. Curtis Blakely Professor Marjorie Burick-Hughes Dr. Anthony Capuco, USDA-ARS Dr. Elizabeth Clark Dr. Ilene Elmlinger Dr. Janet Gooch Dr. Stephen Hadwiger Dr. Tom Marshall Dr. Bonnie Mitchell-Green Dr. Michael Seipel Dr. Dana Smith Dr. Marilyn Yaquinto ii 2010-11 Intro.indd 2 2/16/11 9:54 AM The McNair Scholarly Review T R U M A N S T A T E U N I V E R S I T Y Volume 17 ISSN Published by the Ronald E. McNair Program at Truman State University Adair Building 100 East Normal Kirksville, MO 63501 http://mcnair.truman.edu [email protected] The McNair Program at Truman State University is partially funded by a grant from the U.S. Department of Education and with matching funds from Truman Sate University. McNair is part of the the U.S. Department of Education’s TRiO family of programs. iii 2010-11 Intro.indd 3 2/16/11 9:54 AM MCNAIR SCHOLARLY REVIEW iv 2010-11 Intro.indd 4 2/16/11 9:54 AM Effect of Gradual versus Abrupt Weaning Strategies on Lamb Performance and Ewe Udder Health Emmanuel Camarillo Dr. Michael Seipel, Mentor Weaning is well-known to be a stressful experience that can affect subsequent animal performance (weight gain, health) and thus have an impact on farm profitability. The aim of this study is to see if gradual separation of ewes and lambs during the weaning process affects lamb distress, weight gain and ewe udder health compared to abrupt separation. Nineteen Katahdin Hair Sheep ewes and their lambs from a local farm were assigned to two different groups: a control group (AW=abrupt weaning) following normal abrupt weaning procedure and an experimental group (GW=gradual weaning). Lambs in GW allowed to nurse once a day for the first 2 days and then once every other day for six more days, at which time lamb and ewe were separated completely. Lamb and ewe vocalization and agitation, lamb bodyweight, and ewe udder characteristics were evaluated. Lamb weights were recorded weekly for five weeks total. California Mastitis Test scores and ewe weights were observed and recorded at three intervals during the study. The study found no significant difference in lamb weight gain or ewe weight change between the groups. By day 16, mastitis was observed in a larger proportion of AW ewes, but the group differences were not statistically significant. Vocalization scores differed between gradual and abrupt groups, but only for the first three days post-weaning. This study did not generate conclusive evidence that a gradual weaning strategy would offer sufficient economic or health benefits to justify the additional labor it would require. Introduction Sheep-farming is an important primary source of income for many farmers. The demand for lamb fluctuates year-round depending on the economy and the time of the year. Religious customs and cultural preferences drive the production of lamb meat and its consumption in the United States. Demand for lamb is highest in the spring, resulting in high early spring prices and creating an incentive for farmers to produce for this time frame. Recent immigration trends have broadened the consumer base for lamb demand in the United States, increasing interest from producers in better systems of production to assure good meat quality and quantity throughout the year. The most labor intensive part of sheep production is lambing season, when ewes in Midwestern farm flocks are often closely monitored to limit lamb loss due to dystocia or predation. Lambs are often weaned between 60 to 90 days of age to facilitate 1 Camarillo E.indd 1 2/16/11 9:54 AM MCNAIR SCHOLARLY REVIEW getting the lambs to market weight in time for price peaks associated with religious holidays and festivals and to allow ewes to regain normal body condition prior to breeding. Weaning strategies that maximize lamb and ewe health while minimizing owner labor are of economic importance to the industry. Many studies have examined different methods of weaning lambs, using breeds of sheep like the Morada Nova breed (Selaive, 2008) but very few have used the Katahdin Hair Sheep. Katahdin sheep have been selected for a shedding hair coat that does not require shearing, for low-maintenance lambing, multiple births, and improved muscling. They also exhibit out of season breeding ability as well as parasite tolerance (Bradford, 2002). The breeds used in developing the Katahdin are adaptable to a wide range of climatic conditions; their hair sheep ancestry makes them better adapted to hot, humid climates than most U.S. breeds (Schoenian, 2007). The central