Starflower Image Herbarium Flowering Deciduous Shrubs and Small Trees M-Z

Home , Penstemon, Ribes sanguineum, Sorbus sitchensis

Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Flowering Deciduous Shrubs and Small Trees M-Z – pg.1

These species pages has been valuable and loved for over a decade by WNPS members and the PNW plant community. Untouched since 2007, these pages have been archived for your reference. They contain valuable identifiable traits, landscaping information, and ethnobotanical uses. Species names and data will not be updated. To view updated taxonomical information, visit the UW Burke Herbarium Image Collection website at http://biology.burke.washington.edu/herbarium/imagecollection.php. For other useful plant information, visit the Native Plants Directory at www.wnps.org.

Compiled September 1, 2018

Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Flowering Deciduous Shrubs and Small Trees M-Z – pg.2

Contents

Nothochelone nemorosa ...... 4 Woodland Penstemon ...... 4 Oemleria cerasiformis ...... 5 Indian Plum, Osoberry ...... 5 Oplopanax horridus ...... 6 Devil's Club ...... 6 Penstemon fruticosus ...... 8 Lowbush Penstemon ...... 8 Philadelphus lewisii ...... 9 Mock Orange ...... 9 Physocarpus capitatus...... 10 Pacific Ninebark ...... 10 Ribes lacustre ...... 11 Black Gooseberry ...... 11 Ribes sanguineum ...... 12 Red Flowering Currant ...... 12 Rosa gymnocarpa ...... 13 Baldhip Rose ...... 13 Rosa nutkana ...... 14 Nootka Rose ...... 14 Rosa pisocarpa ...... 16 Swamp Rose ...... 16 Rubus parviflorus ...... 17 Thimbleberry ...... 17 Rubus spectabilis ...... 18 Salmonberry ...... 18 Salix sitchensis ...... 20 Sitka Willow...... 20 Salix piperi ...... 21 Piper's Willow ...... 21 Sambucus racemosa ...... 22 Red Elderberry ...... 22 Sorbus sitchensis ...... 24 Sitka-Mountain Ash ...... 24 Spiraea densiflora...... 25 Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Flowering Deciduous Shrubs and Small Trees M-Z – pg.3

Subalpine Spirea...... 25 Spiraea douglasii ...... 26 Douglas' Spirea ...... 26 Symphoricarpos albus ...... 27 Snowberry ...... 27 Vaccinium parvifolium ...... 29 Red Huckleberry ...... 29 Viburnum edule ...... 30 High Bush Cranberry ...... 30 References ...... 31

About Ann Lennartz

Founded in 1996 by Ann Lennartz, Starflower Foundation assisted with the creation, rehabilitation, and stewardship of Pacific Northwest native plant communities in Seattle, Washington, by supporting community-driven restoration and education projects. Having met the founder’s expectations, Starflower Foundation ceased operations in December 2007.

Resources developed by Starflower Foundation included an array of educational materials, plant ID cards, project case studies, and this image herbarium. All resources contain Western Washington native plant information and images for use in education, restoration and landscaping projects. As mutually agreed upon with Starflower Foundation, Washington Native Plant Society has made Starflower's learning and education materials available on our website.

Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Flowering Deciduous Shrubs and Small Trees M-Z – pg.4

Nothochelone nemorosa Woodland Penstemon

At a Glance:

 Growth Form: Shrub.  Flowering Period: June, July, August

Sun/Shade Tolerance mostly sunny 60%-80% partial sun and shade 40%- 60% mostly shady 60%-80%

Hydrology dry

Elevation Range mid elevation

sub-alpine

Habitat Preferences Forests and Thickets: Open forests Forest edges, openings, or clearings Disturbed Areas: Trailsides

Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Flowering Deciduous Shrubs and Small Trees M-Z – pg.5

Oemleria cerasiformis Indian Plum, Osoberry

At a Glance: Deciduous shrub producing clusters of white flowers in very early spring. One of the earliest plants to bloom.

 Height: 16.5 feet (5 meters).  Growth Form: Shrub.  Stems: Stems are red-brown with round, gray pores.  Leaves: Alternating arrangement, oblong to lanced shaped, not

toothed, with prominent raised veins on underside; strong aroma Photo © 2004, Heidi Bohan when crushed; size: 5-12 cm (2-4.75 in) long, 2-4 cm across; color: pale-green.  Flowers: Male and female plants can be on same or separate plants (monoecious or dioecious). Flowers have 5 petals and 15 stamens in 3 distinct series. Flowers hang in 5-10 cm long cluster from leaf axils; primary color: white above and paler green and waxy beneath; size: 1 cm across; shape: bell-shaped.  Flowering Period: February, March, April.  Fruits: Fruits smell and look like plums and contain large pit;

size: 1 cm long; color: creamy-orange turning bluish-black.

Sun/Shade Tolerance Habitat Preferences partial sun and shade Shorelines and Riparian: 40%- 60% Stream or river banks Hydrology Floodplains moist dry Bottomlands Elevation Range Forests and Thickets: low elevation Open forests Forest edges, openings, or clearings Soil Preferences Disturbed Areas: nutrient rich soils Roadsides Disturbed sites Wildlife Value Landscape Uses: Best in a Berries woodland garden or as Nectar for hummingbirds background planting. Birds: The berries are eaten by waxwings, robins, and other birds. Annas hummingbirds use the nectar in lowland areas. Mammals: Foxes, coyotes, deer and bear eat the berries. Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Flowering Deciduous Shrubs and Small Trees M-Z – pg.6

Oplopanax horridus Devil's Club

At a Glance: An erect to sprawling shrub with thick, spiny, crooked stems and very large leaves.

 Height: Up to 10 feet (3 meters).  Growth Form: Shrub.  Stems: 1-4 cm thick, often entangled, and densely armed with large yellowish spines.  Leaves: Shaped like a maple leaf with 7-9 pointed lobes, toothed Photo © 2004, Heidi Bohan margins, and a spiny underside, up to 40 cm (16 in) across; base cordate; color: green.  Flowers: Arranged in pyramidal clusters to 20 cm long; primary color: greenish-white; flower size: 5-6 mm.  Flowering Period: May, June.  Fruits: Shiny, inedible, flattened, bright red berries in large, showy clusters with 3 seeds appear in late summer; size: 5-8 mm.  Landscape Uses: Devils club can provide an effective buffer to wetland habitats.

Sun/Shade Tolerance Habitat Preferences mostly shady 60%-80% Aquatic and Wetland: Hydrology Marshes or swamps moist Scrub-shrub wetlands Soil Preferences Forested wetlands well drained soils Seeps, springs nutrient rich soils Shorelines and Riparian: Found often in wet, but well- Stream or river banks drained seepage sites. Forests and Thickets: Elevation Range Forests and woods low elevation mid elevation

Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Flowering Deciduous Shrubs and Small Trees M-Z – pg.7

Oplopanax horridus, continued

Wildlife Value Berries Insects: Leaves are eaten by slugs. Mammals: Berries are eaten by bears.

Ethnobotanical Uses and Other Facts  Material Uses: The charcoal from burned devils club sticks was mixed with grease (now vaseline) for use as facepaint by many of the tribes throughout its range. The Washington Klallam and Vancouver Island Nuu-chah-nulth made fish lures by peeling the sticks and cutting them into small pieces. Many other tribes used the sticks in various ways to hook or lure fish. The Cowlitz used pulverized dried bark as a perfume or baby talc.  Medicinal Uses: The Skagit boil the bark with princes pine and cascara bark and drink the mixture for tuberculosis or to reestablish menstruation after a woman has given birth. Many tribes rubbed berries in the scalp to cure lice and dandruff. Other tribes concocted cures for diseases like rheumatism, arthritis, colds, or measles. Many diabetics today drink tea made from the inner bark.  Toxicity: Spines contain a skin irritant; berries are inedible..

Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Flowering Deciduous Shrubs and Small Trees M-Z – pg.8

Penstemon fruticosus Lowbush Penstemon

At a Glance: Spreading shrub with numerous tubular purple flowers.

 Height: Up to 40 cm (1.5 ft) tall.  Growth Form: Shrub.  Stems: Slender, erect, woody near base.  Leaves: Lanceolate to elliptic, to 4 cm (2 in) long with slightly toothed margins  Flowers: Large tubular purple flowers are produced in late Photo © Ben Legler spring or early summer, in spikes of 3-10 at tops of stems.  Flowering Period: June, July.  Fruits: Small dry capsules.  Landscape Uses: Suitable for dry banks or rock gardens.

Sun/Shade Tolerance full sun > 80% mostly sunny 60%-80%

Hydrology dry

Elevation Range mid elevation sub-alpine

Soil Preferences gravelly soils Photo © 2004, Ben Legler well drained soils Wildlife Value Habitat Preferences Nectar for hummingbirds Rocky or Gravelly Areas: Nectar for butterflies Cliffs Rocky slopes Birds: Hummingbirds visit the Outcrops flowers. Insects: Bees, butterflies and night moths visit the flowers.

Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Flowering Deciduous Shrubs and Small Trees M-Z – pg.9

Philadelphus lewisii Mock Orange

At a Glance: Erect, loosely branched shrub with large fragrant white flowers.

 Height: Up to 10 feet (3 meters).  Growth Form: Shrub.  Stems: Brown bark, checking and eventually flaking off.  Leaves: Opposite arrangement; oval to egg-shaped with 3 major veins stemming from leaf base, margins essentially smooth but with some young leaves being toothed; size: 3-5 cm (1-2 in) long; color: green.  Flowers: 4 petals; numerous stamens; 3-15 in clusters at the end of lateral branches; size: 2-3 across.  Flowering Period: May, June, July.  Fruits: Woody, 4-chambered capsules; shape: oval; size: 1 cm long.

Sun/Shade Tolerance Habitat Preferences mostly sunny 60%-80% Rocky or Gravelly Areas: Hydrology Coastal bluffs moist Cliffs dry Rocky slopes Elevation Range Forests and Thickets: low elevation Open forests mid elevation Forest edges, openings, or Soil Preferences clearings Can tolerate several soil types. Disturbed Areas: gravelly soils Disturbed sites nutrient rich soils Wildlife Value Nectar for butterflies Birds: Birds known to eat the seeds include catbirds, grosbeaks, juncos, thrushes, bluebirds, chickadees, flickers, finches, quail, and grouse. Insects: Swallowtail, common wood nymph, and other butterflies harvest the nectar. Mammals: Deer and elk browse the shrub. Landscape Uses: The shrub has showy and aromatic flowers and has Ethnobotanical Uses and Other Facts horticulture potential in native plant Material Uses: The Saanich used the wood for bows and arrows. The Lummi gardens. Highly adaptable. made combs, netting shuttles, and recently knitting needles. The Cowlitz also used the wood to make combs. The Skagit used the wood to make arrow shafts. The leaves and flowers can create lather and the Snohomish and Cowlitz used them to cleanse the skin.

Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Flowering Deciduous Shrubs and Small Trees M-Z – pg.10

Physocarpus capitatus Pacific Ninebark

At a Glance: Erect to spreading shrub up to 4 meters tall with clusters of white flowers.

 Height: Up to 13 feet (4 meters).  Growth Form: Shrub.  Stems: Brown shredding peeling bark.  Leaves: Alternate, deciduous, 3-6 cm (1-2.5 in) long, 3-5 lobed, the lobes toothed, deeply veined, shiny dark-green above, lighter and with abundant star-shaped hairs below (use hand lens); color: dark green.

 Flowers: White, small, 5 petals, about 30 pink stamens; several to many in terminal, rounded clusters; size: 4 mm long.  Flowering Period: May, June.  Fruits: Reddish bunches of dried inflated follicles to 1 cm long, with yellowish, shiny seeds inside.  Landscape Uses: Excellent soil-binding properties. Good yellow fall color.  Name Info: The species is called ninebark because it was believed to have nine layers of shreddy bark on the stem. Greek physa (bellows or bladder) and carpos (fruit) is used to describe the inflated follicles. Capitatus is Latin for head describing the round flower clusters Sun/Shade Tolerance Habitat Preferences full sun > 80% Aquatic and Wetland: mostly sunny 60%-80% Swales or wet ditches partial sun and shade 40%- 60% Marshes or swamps Hydrology Shorelines and Riparian: wet Stream or river banks moist Riparian corridors Elevation Range Forests and Thickets: low elevation Open forests mid elevation Forest edges, openings, or Soil Preferences clearings nutrient rich soils Thickets mineral soils

Material Uses: The Nuu-chah-nulth made childrens bows and other small items Wildlife Value from the wood. The Cowichan recently made knitting needles from it. Birds: Fruits eaten by birds. Medicinal Uses: The Nuxalk, Coast Salish and Kwakwakawakw used a tea Mammals: Twigs, buds and foliage made from a stick with the outer bark peeled off as an emetic or purgative. It are browsed by herbivores. was also used as a laxative. The Nuxalk used medicinal preparations from ninebark for gonorrhea and scrofulous sores on the neck. Toxicity: Bark toxic. Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Flowering Deciduous Shrubs and Small Trees M-Z – pg.11

Ribes lacustre Black Gooseberry

At a Glance: Erect to spreading shrub with spiny stems.

 Height: Up to 6.5 feet (2 meters).  Growth Form: Shrub.  Stems: Numerous small golden prickles on stem, larger spines (to 12 mm) at leaf nodes, bark on old stems is cinnamon colored.  Leaves: Alternate, with 5 deeply indented lobes and a heart- shaped base, toothed margins, not glandular or hairy; shape: somewhat maple leaf-like; size: 2-5 cm (.8-2 in) wide; color: dark glossy green.  Flowers: Small, saucer-shaped, reddish to maroon, in drooping clusters of 7-15 flowers. Ovary is glandular-hairy.  Flowering Period: April, May, June, July.  Fruits: Fruits dark purple, bristly with stalked glands; shape: spherical; size: 6-8 mm.

Wildlife Value Sun/Shade Tolerance Nectar for hummingbirds mostly sunny 60%-80% Birds: Towhees, waxwings, woodpeckers, and grouse eat the fruit on or partial sun and shade 40%- off the stem. 60% Mammals: Fruits eaten by wildlife - coyote, foxes, mountain beavers, Hydrology raccoons, skunks, chipmunks, squirrels, porcupines, deer and elk. moist Elevation Range Ethnobotanical Uses and Other Facts low elevation  Medicinal Uses: Bark is peeled and boiled into a tea drunk during mid elevation childbirth, and as a wash for sore eyes by the Skagit. The tea was drunk for general body aches by the Lummi. Habitat Preferences  Food Uses: Berries eaten by most peoples of the Northwest Coast. Aquatic and Wetland: Considered poisonous by the Sechelt. Berries eaten fresh when Seeps, springs ripe, but too small for storage. Leaves and berries can make tea. Shorelines and Riparian:  Name Info: Lacustre means of lakes and this plant often grows on Lake shores lakeshores, moist woods and thickets. Stream or river banks  Interesting Facts: Prickles cause allergic reactions in some people. Forests and Thickets: Forests and woods Open forests Forest edges, openings, or clearings Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Flowering Deciduous Shrubs and Small Trees M-Z – pg.12

Ribes sanguineum Red Flowering Currant

At a Glance: Erect, multi-stemmed shrub with showy clusters of deep pink flowers in early spring.

 Height: 3-10 feet (1-3 meters).  Growth Form: Shrub.  Stems: Crooked stems; no thorns or spines; young growth finely hairy; reddish brown bark.  Leaves: Alternate; palmately 3 to 5-lobed, green, lower surface hairier and paler than upper; size: 2-6 cm across.  Flowers: In erect or drooping clusters of 10-20 flowers; pale pink to deep red; size: 3-10 mm long; shape: tubular. Flowers appear just prior to leaf emergence.  Flowering Period: February, March, April.  Fruits: Blue-black berries with whitish waxy bloom and glandular hairs; size: 2-9 mm long.

Sun/Shade Tolerance Habitat Preferences Shade intolerant. Rocky or Gravelly Areas: full sun > 80% Rocky slopes mostly sunny 60%-80% Forests and Thickets: Open forests Hydrology Forest edges, openings, or dry clearings Elevation Range Disturbed Areas: low elevation Roadsides Photo © 2004, Heidi Bohan mid elevation Disturbed sites Soil Preferences well drained soils Wildlife Value Berries Nectar for hummingbirds Nectar for butterflies Host for insect larvae

Birds: The berries are eaten by grouse, pheasants, robins, towhees, thrushes, waxwings, sparrows, jays, and woodpeckers. Several hummingbirds consume the nectar. Insects: The foliage is eaten by zephyr and other butterfly larvae. Mammals: The fruits is eaten by coyotes, foxes, mountain beavers, raccoons, skunks, squirrels, and chipmunks. The twigs and foliage are browsed by deer Photo © 2003, Heidi Bohan and elk. Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Flowering Deciduous Shrubs and Small Trees M-Z – pg.13

Rosa gymnocarpa Baldhip Rose

At a Glance: Spindly shrub with brittle weak straight spines and small pink rose flowers.

 Height: Up to 5 feet (1.5 meters).  Growth Form: Shrub.  Stems: Younger stems have stalked glands; older stems have numerous soft, straight prickles.  Leaves: Alternate; compound leaves with an odd number (5-9) of double-toothed leaflets; shape: elliptic to lance shaped; size: 1-4 cm long; color: green.  Flowers: 5 petals, numerous stamens; flowers borne singly at the end of branches; primary color: pale pink; size: 1-2 cm across; shape: saucer-shaped.  Flowering Period: May, June.  Fruits: Pear-shaped hips, without attached sepal lobes; seeds are bony, hairy achenes; smooth hips with pointed tips; shape: round; size: 6-10 mm across; color: orange to scarlet.

Sun/Shade Tolerance Elevation Range mostly sunny 60%-80% low elevation partial sun and shade 40%- 60% mid elevation Hydrology moist dry

Wildlife Value Birds: Several bird species eat the hips including grouse, bluebirds, Habitat Preferences juncos, grosbeaks, quail, pheasants, and thrushes. The seeds are using by Aquatic and Wetland: birds as a source of grit. Rose thickets are an important shelter and Shallow pools habitat for birds such as pheasants and grouses. Rocky or Gravelly Areas: Insects: The leaves are eaten by mourning cloak butterfly larvae. The Cliffs leaves are used by the leaf-cutter bee. Young rose shoots are popular Rocky slopes with aphids which in turn provide food for a wide range of predators Outcrops including ladybugs and songbirds. Forests and Thickets: Mammals: Mammals that eat the hips include chipmunks, rabbits, hares, Forests and woods porcupines, coyotes, deer, elk, and bear. The Rose thickets provide Open forests important shelter and habitat for many mammal species. Forest edges, openings, Thickets Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Flowering Deciduous Shrubs and Small Trees M-Z – pg.14

Rosa nutkana Nootka Rose

At a Glance: Spindly shrub with a pair of prickles at the base of each leaf and large pink rose flowers.

 Height: Up to 10 feet (3 meters).  Growth Form: Shrub.  Stems: A pair of large prickles at the base of each leaf; stems are reddish-brown.  Leaves: Alternate, compounded leaves with and odd number (5- 7) of toothed leaflets; leaflets have rounded tips, darker green above and slightly hairy underneath; shape: elliptic; size: 1-7 cm long; color: green.  Flowers: Large flower borne singly or in pairs of 2-3 at the branch tips; primary color: pink; size: 4-8 cm across; shape: saucer-shaped.  Flowering Period: May, June.

Wildlife Value Berries Thickets and shelter

Birds: Several bird species eat the hips including grouse, bluebirds, juncos, grosbeaks, quail, pheasants, and thrushes. The seeds are using by birds as a source of grit. Rose thickets are an important shelter and habitat for birds such as pheasants and grouses. Insects: The leaves are eaten by mourning cloak butterfly larvae. The leaves are used by the leaf-cutter bee. Young rose shoots are popular with aphids which in turn provide food for a wide range of predators including ladybugs and songbirds. Mammals: Mammals that eat the hips include chipmunks, rabbits, hares, porcupines, coyotes, deer, elk, and bear. The Rose thickets provide important shelter and habitat for many mammal species.

Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Flowering Deciduous Shrubs and Small Trees M-Z – pg.15

Rosa nutkana, continued

Sun/Shade Tolerance Elevation Range Prefers direct sunlight. low elevation mid elevation mostly sunny 60%-80% Hydrology moist dry

Soil Preferences nutrient rich soils

Habitat Preferences Shorelines and Riparian: Lake shores Stream or river banks Rocky or Gravelly Areas: Coastal bluffs Rocky slopes Outcrops Forests and Thickets: Forest edges, openings, or clearings Thickets Meadows and Fields: Meadows or grassy areas Disturbed Areas: Roadsides

Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Flowering Deciduous Shrubs and Small Trees M-Z – pg.16

Rosa pisocarpa Swamp Rose

At a Glance: Thicket forming shrub with spiny stems and clusters of pink rose flowers.

 Growth Form: Shrub.  Flowering Period: May, June, July.

Sun/Shade Tolerance full sun > 80% mostly sunny 60%-80%

Hydrology wet moist

Elevation Range low elevation mid elevation

Habitat Preferences Aquatic and Wetland: Swales or wet ditches Shorelines and Riparian: Lake shores Stream or river banks Bottomlands Alluvial areas

Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Flowering Deciduous Shrubs and Small Trees M-Z – pg.17

Rubus parviflorus Thimbleberry

At a Glance: Unarmed spreading shrub with large white flowers. Usually forms dense thickets.

 Height: Up to 10 feet (3 meters).

 Growth Form: Shrub. Photo © Heidi Bohan  Stems: Young stems are glandular and hairy; in older stems the bark is shredding.  Leaves: Alternate, maple-leaf shaped with 3-7 lobes, double- toothed, with long glandular stalks, finely fuzzy on both sides; size: 25 cm across; color: light green.  Flowers: Petals white, crinkled like tissue paper, 2-3 cm long; several (3-11) in long stemmed terminal cluster.  Flowering Period: May, June.  Fruits: Bright red, raspberry-like clusters of hairy, round berries; Photo © 2004, Heidi Bohan berries separate from inner pith in a thimble, hemispherical shape. Habitat Preferences Saltwater Areas: Seashores Rocky or Gravelly Areas: Slide areas Sub-alpine and Alpine: Avalanche tracks Forests and Thickets: Open forests Forest edges, openings, or clearings Thickets Meadows and Fields: Disturbed Areas: Sun/Shade Tolerance Roadsides mostly sunny 60%-80% Trailsides Logged sites Hydrology Burned areas dry Disturbed sites Elevation Range Wildlife Value low elevation Berries mid elevation Birds: The berries are eaten by finches, wrens, jays, bushtits, and quail. sub-alpine Mammals: Coyotes, foxes, and bears browse the foliage and the berries. Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Flowering Deciduous Shrubs and Small Trees M-Z – pg.18

Rubus spectabilis Salmonberry

At a Glance: Erect and branching shrub with early spring pink flowers and reddish-orange raspberry-like fruits.

 Height: Up to 13 feet (4 meters).  Growth Form: Shrub.  Stems: Often forming dense thickets, zig-zag twigs without hairs, with scattered prickles; bark golden brown and shredding; stems prickly on new growth.  Leaves: Alternate, usually with 3 distinct leaflets consisting of 2 smaller lateral leaflets and one larger terminal leaflet; sharply toothed; color: dark green.  Flowers: 1-2 or even 4 on short branches; primary color: pink to

red to reddish-purple (magenta); size: 2-4 cm; shape: circular, 5 petaled.  Flowering Period: March, April, May, June.  Fruits: Mushy orange-red raspberry-like fruits.

Ethnobotanical Uses and Other Facts  Material Uses: The Kwakwakawakw and Haida used the woody shoots as spears in games. They were sometimes used as arrow shafts too. The Haida held down cedar bark roofing with crosswise salmonberry sticks. The Squamish used short hollowed pieces as joints and connectors between harpoon heads and gaffs, Photo © 2004, Heidi Bohan and their shafts. The hollowed stems could also be plugs or pipes. The leaves under food would help it dry.  Medicinal Uses: Bark and leaves have an astringent quality. The Quileute chew them and put it on burns. They also boil the bark in sea water and drink it to lessen labor pains, and clean infected wounds and burns. The Makah pound the  bark and put it on tooth aches or festering wounds as a pain killer. Food Uses: Sprouts and berries eaten by all northwest coast

peoples, the sprouts as an early spring green vegetable. The Hydrology berries were often eaten with salmon. wet  Landscape Uses: Quickly spreading shrub, good in a large garden. moist Elevation Range low elevation mid elevation

Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Flowering Deciduous Shrubs and Small Trees M-Z – pg.19

Rubus spectabilis, continued

Sun/Shade Tolerance Habitat Preferences full sun > 80% Aquatic and Wetland: mostly sunny 60%-80% Swales or wet ditches partial sun and shade 40%- 60% Marshes or swamps Scrub-shrub wetlands Wildlife Value Forested wetlands Berries Seeps, springs Nectar for hummingbirds Shorelines and Riparian: Thickets and shelter Stream or river banks Thorny or protective cover Riparian corridors Floodplains Birds: Fruits eaten by grouse, pheasants, robins, Bottomlands orioles, thrushes, tanagers, finches, wrens, Forests and Thickets: bushtits, quail, and towhees. One of the first Forests and woods blooming plants visited by hummingbirds. Open forests Thickety structure great for birds. Coniferous forests Insects: Food for bumblebees. Deciduous forests Mammals: Fruit eaten by raccoons, chipmunks, Mixed forests and squirrels Forest edges, openings, or clearings Other Wildlife: Browsed by rabbits and deer. Thickets Disturbed Areas: Logged sites Disturbed sites

Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Flowering Deciduous Shrubs and Small Trees M-Z – pg.20

Salix sitchensis Sitka Willow

At a Glance:

 Growth Form: Shrub.

 Flowering Period: March, April.

Sun/Shade Tolerance full sun > 80% mostly sunny 60%-80%

Hydrology wet

moist

Elevation Range low elevation mid elevation

Habitat Preferences Aquatic and Wetland: Marshes or swamps Scrub-shrub wetlands Shorelines and Riparian: Lake shores Stream or river banks River bars

Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Flowering Deciduous Shrubs and Small Trees M-Z – pg.21

Salix piperi Piper's Willow

At a Glance:

 Growth Form: Shrub.  Flowering Period: April.

Sun/Shade Tolerance full sun > 80% mostly sunny 60%-80%

Hydrology wet

Elevation Range low elevation

Habitat Preferences Aquatic and Wetland: Scrub-shrub wetlands Shorelines and Riparian: Lake shores Stream or river banks

Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Flowering Deciduous Shrubs and Small Trees M-Z – pg.22

Sambucus racemosa Red Elderberry

At a Glance: Shrub to small tree with clusters of small white flowers and red berries.

 Height: 20 feet (6 meters).  Growth Form: Tree or shrub.  Stems: Soft pithy greenish brown twigs with lines and furrows, bark dark reddish-brown, warty, branches opposite, new twigs are purplish.  Leaves: Opposite; compound with 5-7 opposite leaflets; leaflets lance-shaped, pointed, sharply toothed, somewhat hairy underneath, strong characteristic odor; leaflet size: 5-15 cm long.  Flowers: Pyramidal clusters of small creamy-white flowers with an unpleasant odor.  Flowering Period: May, June, July.  Fruits: Small bright red berry-like drupes, each with 3-5 seeds, in large pyramidal clusters; color is rarely yellow, orange, or brown.  Landscape Uses: Best in a wild part of the garden.  Interesting Facts: Raw berries may cause nausea.

Wildlife Value Berries Nectar for hummingbirds Nectar for butterflies

Birds: Fruits eaten by many birds - sparrows, thrushes, warblers, bluebirds, jays, tanagers, grosbeaks, sapsuckers, woodpeckers, and band- tailed pigeons. Insects: Nectar eaten by bumblebees and butterflies. Cavity-nesting bees Sun/Shade Tolerance full sun > 80% use broken branches as nest sites. mostly sunny 60%-80% Mammals: Fruits eaten by small mammals. Foliage and twigs are partial sun and shade 40%- consumed by browsers - deer and elk. 60% Hydrology moist Elevation Range low elevation mid elevation Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Flowering Deciduous Shrubs and Small Trees M-Z – pg.23

Sambucus racemosa, continued

Habitat Preferences Aquatic and Wetland: Forests and Thickets: Marshes or swamps Open forests Forested wetlands Forest edges, openings, or clearings Shorelines and Riparian: Thickets Stream or river banks Meadows and Fields: Riparian corridors Pastures or fields Floodplains Disturbed Areas: Bottomlands Disturbed sites

Ethnobotanical Uses and Other Facts Material Uses: Easy to hollow out stems used as whistles, drinking straws, blowguns, and pipe stems. Medicinal Uses: Makah pounded fresh leaves and put them on abscesses or boils. The Cowlitz but them on sore joints, or use bark dipped in hot water. The Squaxin mash leaves and use it to help blood poisoning. The Quinault use bark to bring flowing milk to new mothers. Food Uses: Berries were important food for peoples on northern and central coast. They were boiled to make a sauce and stems and seeds were discarded. The berries also make a good jelly. Berries can make wine if cooked first. Toxicity: Stems, bark, leaves, and root are toxic from cyanide compounds; berries are edible once cooked.

Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Flowering Deciduous Shrubs and Small Trees M-Z – pg.24

Sorbus sitchensis Sitka-Mountain Ash

Photo © Heidi Bohan

At a Glance:

 Growth Form: Shrub.  Flowering Period: June, July, August.

Sun/Shade Tolerance full sun > 80% mostly sunny 60%-80% partial sun and shade 40%- 60%

Hydrology moist dry

Elevation Range mid elevation sub-alpine high elevation

Habitat Preferences Sub-alpine and Alpine: Avalanche tracks Forests and Thickets: Open forests Forest edges, openings, or clearings

Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Flowering Deciduous Shrubs and Small Trees M-Z – pg.25

Spiraea densiflora Subalpine Spirea

At a Glance: Low mound-forming shrub with rounded clusters of intense pink tiny flowers.

 Height: Up to 3 feet (1 meter) tall.  Growth Form: Shrub.  Stems: Slender, brown, much-branched.  Leaves: Alternate, oval with toothed margins, 2-4 cm (1-2 inches) long.  Flowers: Tiny delicate pink flowers are in rounded clusters 1-2 inches across at tips of stems.  Flowering Period: June, July, August.  Fruits: Small brown dry follicles 2-3 mm long.

Sun/Shade Tolerance full sun > 80% mostly sunny 60%-80%

Hydrology moist

Elevation Range mid elevation sub-alpine

Habitat Preferences Rocky or Gravelly Areas: Rocky slopes Slide areas Sub-alpine and Alpine: Heaths

Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Flowering Deciduous Shrubs and Small Trees M-Z – pg.26

Spiraea douglasii Douglas' Spirea

At a Glance:  Growth Form: Shrub.  Flowering Period: May, June, July.

Sun/Shade Tolerance full sun > 80% mostly sunny 60%-80% Hydrology wet moist

Elevation Range low elevation mid elevation

Habitat Preferences Aquatic and Wetland: Scrub-shrub wetlands Forested wetlands Bogs, fens Shorelines and Riparian: Lake shores Bog margins Stream or river banks

Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Flowering Deciduous Shrubs and Small Trees M-Z – pg.27

Symphoricarpos albus Snowberry

At a Glance: Erect shrub with attractive white berries that persist through the winter.

 Height: Up to 6.5 feet (2 meters).  Growth Form: Shrub.  Stems: Very slender, brittle twigs with opposite branching; hairless.  Leaves: Leaves are opposite; leaf margins are smooth to wavy- toothed; shape: elliptic to oval; size: 2-5 cm long, 1-3.5 cm across  Flowers: Flowers are arranged in small, dense clusters along a raceme or spike; primary color: pink to white; size: 5-7 mm long; shape: bell-shaped.  Flowering Period: May, June, July, August.  Fruits: Fruits are white, berry-like and contain two seeds; persist throughout winter; arranged in dense clusters or singly; size: 6-15 mm across.  Toxicity: The white berries are usually considered toxic to humans.

Wildlife Value Nectar for hummingbirds Thickets and shelter Birds: The berries are eaten by grosbeaks, waxwings, robins, thrushes, towhees, grouse, pheasants, and quails when other food sources are scarce. Snowberry is often a nesting habitat for gadwall ducks. Insects: The leaves are eaten by the sphinx moth larvae. Bumblebees and hummingbirds feed on the nectar. Mammals: Leaves and twigs are browsed by deer. Snowberry provides low shelter and nesting cover for small animals.

Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Flowering Deciduous Shrubs and Small Trees M-Z – pg.28

Symphoricarpos albus, continued

Sun/Shade Tolerance Soil Preferences Prefers sunny edges or clearings. More common in deciduous than coniferous forest. well drained soils mostly sunny 60%-80% shallow soils partial sun and shade 40%- 60% Hydrology Habitat Preferences Can tolerate fluctuating water tables. Shorelines and Riparian: Stream or river banks moist Riparian corridors dry Saltwater Areas: Seashores Wetland Indicator Status: Coastal dunes or beaches FACU (facultative upland) Rocky or Gravelly Areas: Rocky slopes Elevation Range Outcrops low elevation Crevices mid elevation Gullies Forests and Thickets: Open forests Forest edges, openings, or clearings Thickets

Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Flowering Deciduous Shrubs and Small Trees M-Z – pg.29

Vaccinium parvifolium Red Huckleberry

Photo © Ben Legler At a Glance: Delicately branched shrub with small red huckleberries, suitable for shady areas on decaying wood.

 Height: 4-10 feet (1.5-3 meters).  Growth Form: Shrub.  Stems: Young twigs are green and strongly angled, older stems are light brown with thin bark; much-branched.  Leaves: Small, oval-shaped with smooth margins, 1-2.5 cm long.  Flowers: Small bell-shaped greenish-pink flowers about 4 mm long hanging individually along lower sides of stems; length:  Flowering Period: March, April, May.  Fruits: Bright red smooth round huckleberries 6-9 mm in diameter. The berries are edible.

Soil Preferences Needs well decayed wood or bark; usually grows on old stumps and logs. acidic soils humic soils organic soils

Habitat Preferences Forests and Thickets: Sun/Shade Tolerance Forests and woods mostly sunny 60%-80% Coniferous forests partial sun and shade 40%- Old growth forests 60% Nurse logs mostly shady 60%-80%

Wildlife Value Berries Hydrology Nectar for butterflies moist

Birds: Birds eat the berries. Elevation Range Insects: Butterflies use the flowers for nectar. low elevation Mammals: Mammals use the berries for food. mid elevation

Ethnobotanical Uses and Other Facts Food Uses: The red berries are edible and slightly tart. Landscape Uses: Leaves can have good fall color if grown in sunnier areas Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Flowering Deciduous Shrubs and Small Trees M-Z – pg.30

Viburnum edule High Bush Cranberry

At a Glance: Shrub with bright red berries and brilliant fall foliage.

 Height: 3-9 feet (1-3 meters) tall.  Growth Form: Shrub.  Leaves: Opposite; shaped like maple leaves with 3 main lobes; margins toothed; 1.5-4 inches (3-10 cm) wide. The leaves turn bright red in fall.  Flowers: Clusters of small white flowers.

 Flowering Period: May, June, July.  Fruits: Bright red berries containing a single seed; 1-1.5 cm across.

Sun/Shade Tolerance Habitat Preferences full sun > 80% Aquatic and Wetland: mostly sunny 60%-80% Marshes or swamps partial sun and shade 40%- Scrub-shrub wetlands

60% Forested wetlands Hydrology Shorelines and Riparian: moist Lake shores Elevation Range Stream or river banks low elevation Forests and Thickets: mid elevation Forests and woods Open forests Soil Preferences Forest edges, openings, or Grows best in organic soils. clearings organic soils Wildlife Value Berries Nectar for butterflies

Birds: Birds eat the berries. Insects: Butterflies visit the flowers. Mammals: Mammals eat the berries.

Landscape Uses: Brilliant fall color.

Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Flowering Deciduous Shrubs and Small Trees M-Z – pg.31

References

Nothochelone nemorosa Suggested References

 Cooke, S.S. A Field Guide to the Common Wetland Plants of Western Washington and Northwetern Oregon. Seattle Audubon Society and Washington Native Plant Society. Page 149.

Oplopanax horridus Suggested References

 Alden, P., D. Paulson. 1998. National Audubon Society, Field Guide to the Pacific Northwest. Chanticleer Press. Page 112.  Cooke, S.S. A Field Guide to the Common Wetland Plants of Western Washington and Northwetern Oregon. Seattle Audubon Society and Washington Native Plant Society. Page 35.  Gunther, E. 1973. 2nd ed. Ethnobotany of Western Washington. University of Washington Press. Page 41.  Hitchcock, C.L., A. Cronquist. 1973. Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Page 314.  Jacobson A.L. 2001. Wild Plants of Greater Seattle. Published by author. Page 110.  Kruckeberg, A.R. 1996. 2nd ed. Gardening with Native Plants of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Page 118.  Link, R. 1999. Landscaping for Wildlife in the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Page 217.  Lyons, C., W. Merilees. Trees and Shrubs to Know in Washington and British Columbia. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 140.  Pojar, J., A. Mackinnon. 1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 82.  Turner, N.AJ. 1975. Food Plants of British Columbia Indians: part 1, Coastal Peoples. British Columbia Provincial Museum. Page 139.

Philadelphus lewisii Suggested References

 Alden, P., D. Paulson. 1998. National Audubon Society, Field Guide to the Pacific Northwest. Chanticleer Press. Page 118.  Jacobson A.L. 2001. Wild Plants of Greater Seattle. Published by author. Page 98.  Link, R. 1999. Landscaping for Wildlife in the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Page 258.  Lyons, C., W. Merilees. Trees and Shrubs to Know in Washington and British Columbia. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 142.  Pojar, J., A. Mackinnon. 1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 96.

Physocarpus capitatus Suggested References

 Cooke, S.S. A Field Guide to the Common Wetland Plants of Western Washington and Northwetern Oregon. Seattle Audubon Society and Washington Native Plant Society. Page 36.  Guard, B.J. 1995. Wetland Plants of Oregon & Washington. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 211.  Gunther, E. 1973. 2nd ed. Ethnobotany of Western Washington. University of Washington Press. Page 33.  Hickman, J.C., ed. 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Page 964.  Hitchcock, C.L., A. Cronquist. 1973. Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Page 215.  Jacobson A.L. 2001. Wild Plants of Greater Seattle. Published by author. Page 104.  Link, R. 1999. Landscaping for Wildlife in the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Page 258.  Lyons, C., W. Merilees. Trees and Shrubs to Know in Washington and British Columbia. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 146.  Pojar, J., A. Mackinnon. 1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 73.  Turner, N.AJ. 1975. Food Plants of British Columbia Indians: part 1, Coastal Peoples. British Columbia Provincial Museum. Page 218.

Ribes lacustre Suggested References

 Cooke, S.S. A Field Guide to the Common Wetland Plants of Western Washington and Northwetern Oregon. Seattle Audubon Society and Washington Native Plant Society. Page 41.  Gunther, E. 1973. 2nd ed. Ethnobotany of Western Washington. University of Washington Press. Page 32.  Hickman, J.C., ed. 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Page 678.  Hitchcock, C.L., A. Cronquist. 1973. Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Page 200.  Jacobson A.L. 2001. Wild Plants of Greater Seattle. Published by author. Page 100.  Link, R. 1999. Landscaping for Wildlife in the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Page 260.  Lyons, C., W. Merilees. Trees and Shrubs to Know in Washington and British Columbia. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 116. Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Flowering Deciduous Shrubs and Small Trees M-Z – pg.32

 Pojar, J., A. Mackinnon. 1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 85.

Rosa nutkana Suggested References

 Alden, P., D. Paulson. 1998. National Audubon Society, Field Guide to the Pacific Northwest. Chanticleer Press. Page 123.  Cooke, S.S. A Field Guide to the Common Wetland Plants of Western Washington and Northwetern Oregon. Seattle Audubon Society and Washington Native Plant Society. Page 45.  Guard, B.J. 1995. Wetland Plants of Oregon & Washington. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 182.  Jacobson A.L. 2001. Wild Plants of Greater Seattle. Published by author. Page 106.  Link, R. 1999. Landscaping for Wildlife in the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Page 261.  Lyons, C., W. Merilees. Trees and Shrubs to Know in Washington and British Columbia. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 138.  Pojar, J., A. Mackinnon. 1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 74.

Rubus parviflorus Suggested References

 Cooke, S.S. A Field Guide to the Common Wetland Plants of Western Washington and Northwetern Oregon. Seattle Audubon Society and Washington Native Plant Society. Page 140.  Guard, B.J. 1995. Wetland Plants of Oregon & Washington. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 212.  Jacobson A.L. 2001. Wild Plants of Greater Seattle. Published by author. Page 136.  Link, R. 1999. Landscaping for Wildlife in the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Page 261.  Pojar, J., A. Mackinnon. 1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 77.

Rubus spectabilis Suggested References

 Alden, P., D. Paulson. 1998. National Audubon Society, Field Guide to the Pacific Northwest. Chanticleer Press. Page 125.  Cooke, S.S. A Field Guide to the Common Wetland Plants of Western Washington and Northwetern Oregon. Seattle Audubon Society and Washington Native Plant Society. Page 49.  Guard, B.J. 1995. Wetland Plants of Oregon & Washington. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 212.  Gunther, E. 1973. 2nd ed. Ethnobotany of Western Washington. University of Washington Press. Page 35.  Hickman, J.C., ed. 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Page 975.  Hitchcock, C.L., A. Cronquist. 1973. Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Page 224.  Jacobson A.L. 2001. Wild Plants of Greater Seattle. Published by author. Page 136.  Kruckeberg, A.R. 1996. 2nd ed. Gardening with Native Plants of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Page 125.  Link, R. 1999. Landscaping for Wildlife in the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Page 261.  Lyons, C., W. Merilees. Trees and Shrubs to Know in Washington and British Columbia. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 151.  Pojar, J., A. Mackinnon. 1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 76.  Turner, N.AJ. 1975. Food Plants of British Columbia Indians: part 1, Coastal Peoples. British Columbia Provincial Museum. Page 191.

Sambucus racemosa Suggested References

 Alden, P., D. Paulson. 1998. National Audubon Society, Field Guide to the Pacific Northwest. Chanticleer Press. Page 117.  Cooke, S.S. A Field Guide to the Common Wetland Plants of Western Washington and Northwetern Oregon. Seattle Audubon Society and Washington Native Plant Society. Page 51.  Gunther, E. 1973. 2nd ed. Ethnobotany of Western Washington. University of Washington Press. Page 47.  Hickman, J.C., ed. 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Page 474.  Hitchcock, C.L., A. Cronquist. 1973. Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Page 452.  Jacobson A.L. 2001. Wild Plants of Greater Seattle. Published by author. Page 114.  Kruckeberg, A.R. 1996. 2nd ed. Gardening with Native Plants of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Page 79.  Link, R. 1999. Landscaping for Wildlife in the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Page 262.  Lyons, C., W. Merilees. Trees and Shrubs to Know in Washington and British Columbia. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 137.  Pojar, J., A. Mackinnon. 1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 70.

Turner, N.AJ. 1975. Food Plants of British Columbia Indians: part 1, Coastal Peoples. British Columbia Provincial Museum. Page 163.