Medieval England 1250-1500 1500-1700 Medical 18th and 19th Century Religion not Science Renaissance Britain Supernatural Ideas Enquiring Attitudes Science and Tech God sends disease as a punishment Continuity: Supernatural explanations - God Continuity: Although the same rational The position of the planets had an impact and Planets - became less popular. Rational explanations for disease were around the Theory on health explanations were more favoured - New - of the Four Humours had much less support. Rational Explanations diagnosis using urine analysis. Miasma and ‘Spontaneous Generation’ blamed for i)The Theory of the Four Humours - an New Scientific Approach disease by most doctors. imbalance in either blood, phlegm, black i) English doctor - Thomas Sydenham - Major Turning Point Alert!!!! bile, yellow bile causes illness encourages a return to diagnosis based on i)In 1861 Louis Pasteur of France proved the the 2) Miasma - (Bad smells) observation - not all illnesses are the same - microbes (germs) were the cause not the result of An invisible poisonous gas emerges rest and good food better than decay and disease - killing off 4 Humours, the wherever there is foul smelling waste and bleeding/purging Miasma theory and the theory Spontaneous this gas causes illness, especially ii) King Charles II sets up the Royal Society in Generation. contagious illness like the plague. London to encourage doctors to look for a ii)Surgeon Joseph Lister used Pasteur’s knowledge more scientific cause of illness and to try The continuing influence of Galen and to greatly reduced the rate of post-surgical experimenting with new techniques infection by using carbolic bandages and sprays to Hippocrates: iii) The invention of the printing press in the keep the surgery sterile. iii) In the 1870s Robert Hippocrates (Ancient Greek) Theory of 4 16th century makes it possible to produce Koch of Germany developed the science of Humorss; Observe patients and record books more cheaply and with better diagrams. bacteriology. First he identified the fact that symptoms; complete rejection of This would lead to improved training for different diseases are caused by different supernatural influencing health; balanced doctors and allow need ideas to spread more microbes. Then he developed methods of growing, lifestyle essential for good health eg diet, easily and widely staining and photographing the specific germs. exercise, cleanliness, rest. iv) Looewenhoek’s microscope enabled him to This enabled other scientists to study specific Galen: (Ancient Greek) Continued see ‘animalcules’ (bacteria) but no one thought diseases. Hippocrates work; Treatment by Opposites; these microbes in decaying mater were the Books on anatomy and physiology (based cause of the decay. on animals) Treatment/ Prevention Treatment/Prevention Medieval Medicine Medical Renaissance

Treatments based on 4 Humours: Continuity: The same treatments and providers of care as in *Cutting veins/ using leeches/ *cupping all used for the Medieval period were still the main sources of treatment BLEEDING and prevention. Emetics/ laxatives/ enemas used for PURGING Change: Other treatments/ Methods of Prevention: *Transference: rub an object on a boil and the disease would *Herbal remedies such as aloe vera, mint and camomile transfer to the object - this led to rubbing plague buboes *Regimen sanitatis - advice for a balance lifestyle giving with frogs! guidelines about diet/ exercise/ cleanliness etc *More chemicals/ more complex potions from the *Purify the air using smoke and/or removing rubbish apothecary Treatments based on supernatural theories: *Hospitals began to open their doors for patients with fevers *Prayer and fasting and wounds as well as looking after the long-time sick and *Go on a pilgrimage to a Holy place elderly. *Collect Holy relics/ lucky charms *Smoking tobacco/ carrying around sweet smelling herbs Care provided by: *Diets to include a lot of garlic Physicians/ Apothecaries/ barber-surgeons/ mid-wives/ *Vesalius - Italian anatomist who did public dissections Church run hospitals/ female relatives which correct Galen’s errors = accurate anatomy books with realistic diagrams *Improved training for doctors due to printing press (books) *Dissection legalised 18th and 19th Century Care, Treatment and Prevention

Continuity: Treatment based on 4 Humours less popular as spontaneuos generation theory became the main idea, linked to miasma. Changes to Hospital Care: More hospital care in filthy hospitals with untrained nurses until Florence Nightingale made changes in the 1850s and 1860s after her experiences in the Crimean War. Notes on Nursing (book) - Trained nurses, clean and well-ventilated hospitals with separate wards for different types of ailment. Changes to Surgery: 1847 - James Simpson - chloroform first used as an anaesthetic leading to pain-free surgery, which made more complex operations possible. 1847-1870s: The Black Period of surgery - Increased deaths following surgery. Why? More operations. Still no understanding of the need for sterile conditions so more deaths from infections. Overdoses from chloroform (Hannah Greener - dead after having an ingrowing toenail removed.) 1870s: Impact of Joseph Lister - Having read Pasteur’s work on the germ theory Lister started using carbolic acid as an anti-septic to sterilise (kill the germs) the operating theatre and surgical instruments leading to a significant fall in the death rate. 1890s - Aseptic Surgery Gowns, masks, gloves, scrubbed operating theatres, purified air etc to stop germs even entering the theatre - big improvement on Lister’s carbolic acid. 1800s - Vaccination - Jenner’s Smallpox and Pasteur’s anthrax and rabies New attitude to government’s role in preventing disease: A new attidude towards government responsibility replaced the Laissez-Faire thinking; government now accepted it WAS their role to intervene in the health of the people. Due to the work of Chadwick in providing evidence of that poverty caused disease and that this disease caused poverty making it necessary to use taxation to raise money to improved sewers, provision of fresh water etc. Pasteur’s germ theory helped convince the doubters as did the cholera outbreaks between 1832 and 1854. Public Health Acts: 1848: Cities to set up Boards of Health to monitor infectious disease and provide fresh water but NOT COMPULSORY. 1875: Cities had to - provide clean water, dispose of sewage properly, provide public toilets, employ a public officer of health to monitor all fo this, create street lighting, provide public parks. You can prepare by 3.Explain one way in which the 6.Explain one way in which drafting answers for these treatment of disease was similar in themethods used to prevent questions. the medical renaissance illness during the medieval period (1500-1700) and the 18th and (c1250–1500) were similar from 1.Explain one way in which 19th centuries.4 marks the methods used during the the understanding of the medical renaissance cause of disease was similar 4.Explain one way in which the (c1500–1700).(4) during the medieval period methods used by doctors to (c1250–1500) and the diagnose illness during the 8.Explain one way in which medical renaissance medical rennaisance methods of prevention used (c1500–1700). 4 marks (c1500–1700) were different from during the medieval period the methods used during the (c1250–1500) were different from 2.Explain one way in which medieval period (c1250-1500).(4) the methods used during the the understanding of the modern period (c1900–present). cause of disease was 5.Explain one way in which the different during the medieval methods used by doctors to 9.Explain one way in which the period (c1250–1500) and diagnose illness during the treatments used by doctors during the 18th and 19th century medieval period (c1250–1500) the medieval period (c1800–1900).4 marks were similar from the methods (c1250–1500) were different from used during the medical the methods used during the renaissance (c1500–1700). (4) modern period (c1900–present).

How useful are Sources X and Y for an enquiry into……..? Translation of the question: This question is asking you: If Sources X and Y were the only information that you had when you were trying to find out about the topic mentioned after the words ‘the enquiry’ in the question, what would make each source useful and what would limit their usefulness? 1. You must say that the source is quite useful because of what the content tells you about the focus of the enquiry 2. You must support this with a quote/ reference. 3. You must use some relevant supporting information based on what you already know about the topic. 4. You must then explain who the source provenance will have affected the content and therefore the utility, either in a positive or negative way. The provenance part of your answer will relate to one of the factors below: Nature - What type of evidence is it?Things to consider: Is it a photograph/ diary entry/ official records/ cartoon/ newspaper report because, each different type of evidence has its own strengths and weaknesses. Origin - Who has produced the source and when? Things to consider: Is the person likely to have known what happened? Might they have forgotten over time? Might this person be biased one way or another or are they trust-worthy? Purpose - Why was this source produced? Things to consider Was it produced to inform, manipulative or entertain? Did the person who produced the source intend for it to be seen/ read? When the source was produced, what was the objective (if any) of the person who produced it? Knowledge Organiser – Topic One: Medieval Medicine 1250-1500

Medieval Britain Key Words 1 Medieval Britain is the period between 1250-1500 also known as the 13th-16th 9 Superstition A belief, not based on knowledge, but on the supernatural. For century or the Middle Ages. example witchcraft or astrology Key events 10 Purging To rid the body of an ‘excess’ like blood or vomit 2 1123 Britain’s first hospital, St Bartholomew’s was set up in London 11 Leeching The use of leeches for bloodletting 12 Cupping Using glass cups to draw blood to the surface 3 1350 Average life expectancy is 35 years of age 13 Fasting To avoid eating or drinking 4 1348-49 The Black Death kills 1/3 of England’s population 14 Pilgrimage A journey to a religious shrine and relics to show your love of 5 1388 Parliament passes the first law requiring streets and rivers to be kept clean God and to cure an illness by the people 15 Mass Public worship in the Roman Catholic Church Key Concepts 16 Astrology Study of the planets and their effect on humans 6 The Medieval Church –The official religion of medieval Britain was Roman 17 Miasma Bad air which was blamed for spreading disease Catholic. Daily life and power was dominated by the Church, they controlled 18 Apothecary A medieval pharmacist or chemist education and many people feared God. 19 Wise Woman A female healer, who used folk medicine and herbal remedies to cure illnesses. 7 The Four Humours. First suggested by Greek doctor Hippocrates. Black Bile, 20 Vademecum A medieval medical book carried by doctors Yellow Bile, Blood and Phlegm. These humours linked to elements and seasons. Hippocrates believed that if these humours became unbalanced you would get 21 Urine Chart Used to examine urine to define an illness ill. To get better, you needed to balance them. Galen, a Greek doctor working in 22 Physician A male medically trained doctor Rome continued the theory and added his own ideas. His ‘Theory of Opposites’ 23 Barber Surgeon Untrained surgeon, who practiced basic surgery to heal illness suggested using hot to cure cold.

8 Medieval Power The emphasis in Medieval Britain was on authority. The King 24 Dissection To cut open a human and examine the insides had total power, but the Church had considerable control. People followed 25 Epidemic A widespread outbreak of a disease authority and would not question the views of King/Church as it would mean 26 Trepanning Cutting a hole in the skull risking their lives. 27 Amulet A charm that bought protection from disease 28 Black Death A term to describe the bubonic plague 29 Monastery A building where monks live, eat and pray Knowledge Organiser – Topic Two: The Medical Renaissance in England, 1500-1700

Renaissance England Key Words 1 The Renaissance was the period between 1500-1700 in England. Art and Science 10 Continuity Things or ideas that stayed the same over time were growing in importance. 11 London Treacle A medicine that was solve to cure the Plague. It contained Key events herbs, spices, honey and opium 2 1543 – Vesalius published The Fabric of the Human Body. It showed how the 12 Autopsy Dissecting a body after someone has died to establish cause of human body worked. death 3 1565 – the first dissection was carried out in Cambridge 13 Diagnosing Finding out what disease someone has by e.g. taking their pulse 4 1628 Harvey published his book An Anatomical Account of the Motion of the and observing the patient Heart and Blood which showed blood moving around the body 14 Royal Society A group of people interested in science who met weekly. They 5 1645 – The first meeting of the Royal Society had a laboratory with microscopes. King Charles II was a patron. 6 1665 The Great Plague in London. 75,000 died 15 Anatomy The study of the human body and how it works Key Concepts 16 Physiology The workings of the body 7 The King – Despite some scientific developments, people still believed that the 17 Microscope A new invention that allowed things to be magnified King could cure diseases such as scrofula (a skin disease). Being touched by the 18 Thermometer A new invention that allowed someone’s temperature to be King was as close as you could get to being touched by God. taken 19 Mortality Bill A document in each parish which recorded who had died and 8 Renaissance – this was a time of change (re-birth) when people became what had killed them. interested in all things Greek and Roman. Printing was developed so that books 20 Pesthouse A hospital for people suffering from infectious diseases, e.g the could be published (e.g. Galen, Vesalius). People realised the Greeks had loved Plague. enquiry – asking questions and challenging old ideas. They started to do the 21 Printing The process of creating a book. This was developed during the same – e.g challenging Galen’s theories Renaissance 9 Evidence – rather than believing & accepting old ideas (e.g. The Four Humours) without question, scientists and doctors were more willing to experiment (e.g. dissecting bodies) to make scientific discoveries. People started to look to evidence over tradition. Knowledge Organiser – Topic Three: Medicine in 18th and 19th century Britain

18th and 19th century Britain 1 This was a time of breakthroughs in medicine in England. There were many Key Words scientific discoveries but also many Public Health problems. 12 Vaccine The injection into the body of killed or weakened organisms to give Key events the body resistance against disease 2 1798 – Edward Jenner developed the first vaccine for Smallpox 13 Smallpox A dangerous disease causing fever that was beaten by vaccination 3 1847 – James Simpson developed chloroform as an anaesthetic 14 Anaesthetic Drugs given to make someone unconscious before or after surgery 4 1854 – John Snow’s maps proved the source of cholera 15 Infection The formation of disease causing germs 16 Cholera A bacterial infection caused by drinking water 5 1861 – Louis Pasteur’s germ theory was published 17 Germ Theory The theory that germs cause disease 6 1867- Lister used antiseptic to prevent infection 18 Antiseptic Chemicals used to destroy bacteria and prevent infection 7 1875 – The Public Health Act. Local councils had to provide sewers, drainage and fresh water as well as medical officers 19 Medical Officer A person appointed to look after the public health of an area 8 1882 Robert Koch identified bacteria that caused specific diseases 20 Contagion The passing of disease from one person to another Key Concepts 21 Epidemic A widespread outbreak of a disease 9 Nursing – Nurses are responsible for the care of patients in hospital. Before 22 Sanitation Providing disposal of human waste and dispensing clean water to 1800, hospitals were dangerous places where death was very likely. The improve public health development of nursing changed that. 23 Workhouses Accommodation for poor people who could not afford to pay for rent and food. 10 Breakthrough – a scientific discovery that dramatically alters the way people 24 Dispensary A place where medicines are given out understood disease – e.g. the discovery of bacteria. This then helps the problem 25 Voluntary Hospitals supported by charitable donations to be solved. hospital 26 Chloroform A liquid whose vapour acts as an anaesthetic and produces 11 Public Health – when the government takes measures to prevent diseases unconsciousness spreading and to help the population become healthier. The government 27 Industrial A period of British history when industries (e.g. coal, steel) increasingly took on this role after the development of germ theory Revolution transformed society