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Dual Battery Control System of Lead Acid and Lithium Ferro Phosphate with Switching Technique

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Dual Battery Control System of Lead Acid and Lithium Ferro Phosphate with Switching Technique Article Dual Battery Control System of Lead Acid and Lithium Ferro Phosphate with Switching Technique Muhammad Nizam 1,2, Hari Maghfiroh 1,* , Fuad Nur Kuncoro 1 and Feri Adriyanto 1 1 Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Indonesia; [email protected] (M.N.); [email protected] (F.N.K.); [email protected] (F.A.) 2 Centre of Excellence for Electrical Energy Storage Technology, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Slamet Riyadi 435, Surakarta, Central Java 57146, Indonesia * Correspondence: hari.maghfi[email protected] Abstract: The increase in electric vehicles needs to be supported by the existence of reliable energy storage devices. The battery, as an energy storage system, has its advantages and disadvantages. The combination of different battery types is chosen since the battery is one of the energy storage systems with mature technology and low life cycle cost. A solution that can be proposed to cover the weakness of each battery is the use of the Dual Battery System (DBS). In this project, a dual battery control system with a combination of Valve Regulated Lead Acid (VRLA) and Lithium Ferro Phosphate (LFP) batteries was developed using the switching method. Battery selection switching is determined by the specification and operational set point of the battery used. The experimental testing was carried out. The result of the research conducted showed that the current sensor accuracy was 83.75% and the voltage sensor accuracy was 94.25% while the current sensor precision value was 64.91% and the voltage sensor precision was 99.74%. The use of a dual battery system can save energy in a VLRA battery compare with a single VLRA battery by up to 68.62%, whereas in LFP battery by up to 29.48%. This means it gives the advantages of longer distances of traveling in electric vehicles. Citation: Nizam, M.; Maghfiroh, H.; Nur Kuncoro, F.; Adriyanto, F. Dual Keywords: dual battery; VLRA; LFP; energy; electric vehicle Battery Control System of Lead Acid and Lithium Ferro Phosphate with Switching Technique. World Electr. Veh. J. 2021, 12, 4. https://doi.org/ 1. Introduction 10.3390/wevj12010004 The increase in electric vehicles needs to be supported by the existence of reliable Received: 19 November 2020 energy storage devices. An example of an energy storage device developed around the Accepted: 28 December 2020 world is the battery. The battery is an energy storage device that has functions to convert Published: 1 January 2021 chemical energy into electrical energy. Many types of batteries are used for electric vehicle applications, such as Lead-acid, NiMH (Nickel-Metal Hydride), Lithium-ion, and Lithium Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neu- Polymer [1]. In battery usage, many specifications are considered, such as voltage capacity, tral with regard to jurisdictional clai- current capability, battery cycle, mass, specific energy, and temperature sensitivity [2]. ms in published maps and institutio- Battery, as the energy storage system, has advantages and disadvantages. For example, nal affiliations. Valve Regulated Lead Acid (VRLA) batteries can withstand the starting current conditions and are resistant to overcharging [2]. VRLA batteries have limited capabilities in carrying out functions such as large internal resistance of the battery, which affects the rapid voltage drop or self-discharge and the possibility of damage to high loads. Meanwhile, Lithium Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Li- Ferro Phosphate (LFP) batteries are the most popular type of rechargeable battery because censee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article they have a very good energy density, without memory effect, and experience slow self- distributed under the terms and con- discharge when not used [3]. The LFP battery has a maximum and minimum voltage limit ditions of the Creative Commons At- which if it exceeds the voltage limit it can cause damage to the battery [4]. tribution (CC BY) license (https:// Hybrid Energy Storage Systems (HESS) is developed in the utilization of two or more creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ different storage devices. According to [5] combining multiple energy storage systems can 4.0/). provide improvements in performance, cost, mass, volume, and efficiency. The goal of World Electr. Veh. J. 2021, 12, 4. https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj12010004 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/wevj World Electr. Veh. J. 2021, 12, 4 2 of 16 using battery hybridization is to combine the advantages and eliminate the disadvantages of each other’s [6]. There are many energy storage hybridizations, for example, battery and supercapacitor [7,8], battery and fuel cell [9], etc. The combination of different battery types is chosen since the battery is one of the energy storage systems with mature technology and low life cycle cost [10]. A solution that can be proposed to cover the weakness of each battery is the use of the Dual Battery System (DBS) [11]. There is some researcher that combines two types of batteries in electric vehicles. Rizzo, D., et al. [5] propose the combination between lithium-ion (Li-ion) and lithium- silicon (Li-Si) in the simulation environment. They propose two topologies that are using two DC-DC converters for each battery and the other topology is using only one DC-DC converter for Li-Si. They conclude that Li-Si cells are advantageous since it has a lower mass per unity. Besides that, the use of two DC-DC converters gives more flexibility in battery voltage which can reduce total HESS cost. Ahmadkhanlou, et al. [12] propose DBS in plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. They compare single battery and dual battery using a DC-DC converter in the simulation environment. They use two types of batteries namely high energy and ultra-high power. The result is two battery systems can increase efficiency by up to 18%. Chung and Trescases [13] propose HESS by combining lithium-ion (Li-ion) and lead-acid (PbA) batteries for Light Electric Vehicles. The proposed system using multiple converters to actively manage power flow between the two batteries. They conclude that compared to a single lead-acid battery, the HESS system can achieve a 23% efficiency improvement and 17% range improvement, whereas Vishnu and Ajaykrish [14] proposed a combination of dual batteries to optimize energy utilization. The NiMH battery used for steady speed driving and lead-acid used for vehicle starting. They conclude that the proposed system reduces CO2 emission by about 40–50%. In this project, a VRLA and LFP dual battery system is proposed, including switching between the two batteries and monitoring. In this case, the technique used is the soft switching technique between the two batteries in providing power to the load without a DC-DC converter. The soft-switching technique aims to provide a smooth transition when used in electric vehicles. The battery switching system that supplies the load is adjusted to variations in the load and battery operation. The monitoring feature functions to see the condition of the battery capacity, battery pack temperature, current, voltage, and power supplied by the battery to the load. The design of the switching system with a dual battery platform is expected to be able to distribute the load requirements according to the appropriate battery operation. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Valve Regulated Lead Acid (VRLA) Battery VRLA batteries are one type of battery that uses lead-acid as its chemical. VLRA batteries become popular for powering Electric Vehicle (EV) because of its high specific power, low initial cost, and quick charge capability, and no maintenance requirement [15]. VRLA batteries can cope with load variations quickly but are susceptible to high loads for long periods. The type of lead-acid battery used in this project is the Panasonic LC- R127R2PG1 with a nominal voltage of 12 V and a current capacity of 7.2 Ah. Figure1a shows an example of a VLRA battery. 2.2. Lithium Ferro Phosphate (LFP) Battery Batteries with lithium-based technology include batteries that have a high specific energy and cycle life among other batteries and are widely applied in electric vehicles [3]. Lithium batteries are generally applied to electric vehicles as either a primary energy source or a secondary energy source. However, in its application, the use of lithium-ion batteries requires protection according to their operational characteristics which are sensitive to charging, discharging, and temperature changes [16,17]. The following are the types of cath- ode materials in lithium batteries, such as Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LiCoO2), Lithium Man- ganese Oxide (LiMn2O4), Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4), Lithium Nickel-Manganese World Electr. Veh. J. 2021, 12, 4 3 of 16 Cobalt Oxide (LiNiMnCoO2), Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum Oxide (LiNiCoAlO2), and Lithium Titanate (Li4Ti5O12)[18]. In this project, the type of Lithium Ferro Phosphate (LFP) battery produced by UNS Business Development Center (PUSBANGNIS UNS) is used. LFP batteries are made of nano-scale phosphate material so that they have low resistance, long battery life, high load handling ability, safety when the temperature is high compared to other types of lithium, have no toxic/toxic effects, and lower costs. LFP World Electr. Veh. J. 2021, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 17 has a sensitivity to a temperature where there are some operational decreases due to the influence of temperature. An example of an LFP Cell battery is depicted in Figure1b. Figure 1. (a) VRLA battery;Figure (b) LFP 1. battery.(a) VRLA battery; (b) LFP battery. 2.3. Specifications and Operational of VRLA and LFP Batteries 2.2. Lithium Ferro Phosphate (LFP) Battery The collection of specification data was carried out to determine the product operation Batteries with lithium‐based technology include batteries that have a high specific of the batteries used.
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