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Magisterarbeit Magisterarbeit Titel der Magisterarbeit: Religiöser Fundamentalismus im Prozess der Staatswerdung Pakistans Verfasser: Malte Gaier, B.A. angestrebter akademischer Grad: Magister der Philosophie (Mag. Phil.) Wien, im Februar 2008 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 66 805 Studienrichtung laut Studienblatt: Globalgeschichte Betreuer: A.o. Univ. Prof. Dr. Peter Feldbauer Inhaltsverzeichnis Anmerkung zur Schriftweise...........................................................................................................III Abkürzungsverzeichnis.....................................................................................................................III Einleitung..............................................................................................................................................1 1 Religiöser Fundamentalismus........................................................................................................4 1.1 Positionierung des Fundamentalismus im wissenschaftlichen Diskurs.......................................5 1.2 Fundamentalismus und Moderne......................................................................................................6 1.2.1 Antiamerikanismus..................................................................................................................12 1.2.1.1 Fundamentalismus und Gewalt als „kulturelles Merkmal“.................................14 1.3 Islamischer Fundamentalismus........................................................................................................16 1.3.1 Träger des islamischen Aktivismus aus theoretischer Sicht .............................................19 1.3.2 Erscheinungsformen des Islamismus...................................................................................21 1.3.2.1 Religiöse Akteure als Akteure des Wandels............................................................24 Zusammenfassung.............................................................................................................................30 2 Muslimisches Selbstverständnis vom kolonialen Indien bis zur Staatsgründung Pakistans............................................................................................................32 2.1 Der Sepoy-Aufstand und die Erneuerungsbewegung..................................................................33 2.2 Das Projekt einer muslimisch-politischen Emanzipation............................................................37 2.2.1 Die Politik der All India Muslim League..............................................................................41 2.3 Panislamismus: Die Khilafat-Bewegung.........................................................................................45 2.4 Muslimischer Nationalismus als Grundlage für Jinnahs Zwei-Nationen-Theorie..................51 2.4.1 Die Pakistan-Idee: Zwischen religiöser Mission und politischem Pragmatismus..........52 Zusammenfassung.............................................................................................................................59 3 Die Akteure des islamischen Fundamentalismus: Jama`at-i-Islami......................................61 3.1 Sayyid Abul `Ala Maududi................................................................................................................63 3.2 Die Jama`at-i-Islami...........................................................................................................................65 3.2.1 Maududis Kritik an der Pakistan-Bewegung........................................................................69 3.2.2 Der Einfluss des Iran und Saudi-Arabiens..........................................................................73 3.2.3 Ideologische Positionierung der JI als islamistische Bewegung........................................75 3.2.3.1 Die Reinterpretation der islamischen Tradition....................................................76 3.2.3.2 Interpretation des Ijtihad..........................................................................................78 3.2.3.3 Die ideale islamische Gemeinschaft........................................................................80 Zusammenfassung.............................................................................................................................86 Seite I 4 Die JI und der pakistanische Staat.............................................................................................88 4.1 Campus-Politik: Islami Jamiat-e-Talaba..........................................................................................88 4.2 Modifikation der JI zur politischen Kraft.......................................................................................92 4.2.1 „Tajaddud band karo!“ - Protest gegen das Khan-Regime...............................................93 4.2.2 Der Ausschluss der Ahmadiya...............................................................................................94 4.2.3 Islamisierung unter Zia ul-Haq..............................................................................................98 4.2.3.1 Das staatliche Islamisierungs-Projekt...................................................................104 4.2.3.2 Die JI und die Dini Madaris...................................................................................105 4.2.3.3 Die außenpolitische Bedeutung der Dini Madaris..............................................108 4.3 Mullah-Military-Alliance. Exkurs: Hamid Gul ...........................................................................111 4.4 Die JI in der Regierung und als Teil des zivilgesellschaftlichen Protests................................114 4.4.1 Zivilgesellschaftlicher Protest gegen das Regime Musharraf..........................................115 4.4.2 Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal (MMA)........................................................................................117 Zusammenfassung...........................................................................................................................124 5 Schlussbetrachtung.....................................................................................................................126 Literaturverzeichnis.........................................................................................................................129 Abbildungsverzeichnis....................................................................................................................139 Summary...........................................................................................................................................140 Lebenslauf.........................................................................................................................................141 Dankeswort.......................................................................................................................................142 Erklärung...........................................................................................................................................142 Seite II Anmerkung zur Schriftweise Die herangezogenen Quellen bedienen sich keiner einheitlichen Schreibweise bei der kor- rekten Transkription von Namen, Personen, Orten sowie feststehenden Begriffen, die zu- meist dem Arabischen, Urdu, Pashtu oder Farsi entstammen. Besonders im Vergleich zwi- schen englischsprachigen und deutschsprachigen Publikationen bestehen große Abwei- chungen in Orthographie und Transkription. In der vorliegenden Arbeit habe ich daher im Interesse der inhaltlichen Bedeutung der Begriffe und auf Kosten einer korrekten Tran- skription überwiegend die vereinfachte englische Schriftweise übernommen, die sich inzwi- schen in der Presse eingebürgert hat. Abkürzungsverzeichnis AIML All India Muslim League ARD Alliance for the Restoration of Democracy COAS Chief of the Army Staff FATA Federally Administrated Tribal Areas HM Hizb-ul Mujahideen HUA Harakat ul-Ansar HUM Harakat-ul Mujahideen IMF International Monetary Fund ISI Inter-Services Intelligence IJI Islami Jamhoori Ittihad IJT Islami Jamiat-e-Talaba INC Indian National Congress JI Jama`at-i-Islami JIB Joint Intelligence Bureau JIH Jamaat-e-Islami Hind JM Jaish-e Mohammad JUH Jamiat Ulama-i-Hind JUI-F Jamiat-ul-Ulama-i-Islam LT Lashkar-i-Taiba MFLO Muslim Family Law Ordinance Seite III MI Military Intelligence MMA Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal MQM Muhajir Qaumi Movement NWFP North-Western Fronier Province PPP Pakistan People`s Party PML Pakistan Muslim League PSF People`s Student Federation RSS Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh UJC United Jihad Council Seite IV Abbildung 1: Karte Pakistan. Quelle: Geology.com: Abrufbar unter URL:http://geology.com/world/pakistan-satellite- image.shtml. Eingesehen am 24.01.2008, 23:12. Seite V Einleitung Die vorliegende Arbeit soll den religiösen Fundamentalismus, wie er seit den letzten drei Jahrzehnten in islamisch geprägten Ländern auftritt, hinsichtlich seiner verschiedenen reli- giösen, politischen und kulturellen Bedeutungshorizonte und seiner Wirkung auf histori- sche Prozesse untersuchen. Dabei sollen verschiedene Wesensmerkmale des Fundamenta- lismus als Strategie, etwa der Ablehnung, als Ausdruck eines „Unbehagens gegenüber der Moderne“, als Folgeerscheinung ethnischen Konfliktpotentials oder konfessioneller Span- nungen, als Protest gegen die eigene politische Führung oder verschiedene Formen von Fremdherrschaft Dritter, erörtert werden (Kap. 1.). Besonders anhand des Beispiels der Islamischen Republik Pakistan soll die Doppelbe-
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