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S Sej 044715 BAB II BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA Bagian ini merupakan hasil tinjauan kepustakaan dan telaah berbagai referensi yang berhubungan dengan perkembangan Ahmadiyah di Eropa pada masa Mirza Bashirudin Mahmud Ahmad sebagaimana yang digunakan sebagai judul dalam skripsi ini. Kajian pustaka ini berguna sebagai landasan dalam mengambil posisi terhadap objek kajian. Sumber informasi yang khusus menyoroti gerakan Ahmadiyah di Eropa secara menyeluruh memang terbatas. Kelangkaan sumber ini bisa jadi karena penulisan mengenai Ahmadiyah lebih terfokus kepada teologinya dan sedikit sekali yang mengkaji Ahmadiyah dari perspektif gerakan dakwah atau missionaris terutama kajian tentang perkembangannya di Eropa. 2.1 Perkembangan Ahmadiyah di Eropa Kajian terhadap perkembangan Ahmadiyah di Eropa telah banyak ditulis seperti oleh, Tahir Ahmad (2004), Alhadar (1990), Zafrullah Khan (1978), Karimulah Zirvi (2008), Maulana Dost Muhammad (1965) dan beberapa penulis yang lainnya. Perkembangan Ahmadiyah di Eropa tidak bisa terlepas dari sejarah dan corak gerakannya, Ahmadiyah seperti yang diungkapkan oleh Bashir Ahmad (1998:7) bahwa dalam kepercayaan Ahmadiyah tugas yang diemban oleh Agama Islam dapat dibagi menjadi dua bidang yang pokok yaitu, pertama tabligh (propaganda), yaitu menyampaikan suara kebenaran pada orang-orang yang 14 belum masuk Islam dan berusaha menarik mereka ke dalam lingkungan orang- orang yang mukhlis. Kedua adalah tarbiat (pendidikan), menanam dan membina pemahaman dalam beragama. Kedua bidang tersebut dipandang oleh Ahmadiyah sebagai bagian yang penting bila salah satu bagian dari dua hal itu terabaikan akan mengakibatkan tatanan organisasi Islam akan hancur, yang satu merupakan pemikul panji kuantitas dan yang lainnya pemikul panji kualitas. Abdur Rahim Dard (2008:11) dalam bukunya berjudul Life of Ahmad, Founder of The Amadiyya Movement berpendapat dalam pandangannya mengenai gerakan Ahmadiyah. Dard mengatakan bahwa budaya paternal dalam gerakan Ahmadiyah sangat kuat sehingga ketaatan pengikutnya terhadap sosok Ghulam Ahmad dan para penerusnya (khalifah) sangat tinggi, dengan begitu tidak sulit bagi para khalifah Ahmadiyah dalam memobilisasi pengikutnya, terutama dalam hal dakwah dan pengorbanan. Penulisan mengenai gerakan Ahmadiyah yang berkaitan dengan perkembangannya di Eropa dapat dibagi ke dalam tiga kategori penulisan. Kategori yang pertama adalah yang bersipat simpatik, kemudian antipati dan yang bersipat netral. Penulisan yang bersipat simpatik biasanya datang dari kalangan Ahmadiyah sendiri seperti misalnya tulisan dari Maulana Dost Muhammad (1965) penulis buku Tarikh-i-Ahmadiyyat ini mengatakan bahwa Ahmadiyah sudah dikenal oleh dunia Barat sejak masa Mirza Ghulam Ahmad sendiri, ketika itu tulisan-tulisan yang dikeluarkan oleh Ghulam Ahmad mengenai berbagai tema tidak hanya masalah Islam saja tapi juga tema agama yang lainnya sudah banyak 15 beredar di Amerika dan Eropa, dengan demikian tidak mengherankan jika pada perkembangan selanjutnya ada beberapa orang yang berasal dari bangsa Amerika dan juga Eropa yang kemudian membenarkan pendirian Ghulam Ahmad dan kemudian bergabung dengan Ahmadiyah. Begitupun pada masa Hakim Nurudin yang menggantikan Ghulam Ahmad, tidak hanya berbagi literatur saja yang disebar ke dunia barat akan tetapi Nurudin (khalifatulmasih I) ketika itu sudah mulai menancapkan pengaruh Ahmadiyah di Eropa dengan membuka misi pertama di luar India yaitu di Inggris tepatnya di London pada tahun 1913 dan misi terebut semakin berkembang pada masa Mirza Bashirudin Mahmud Ahmad (khalifatulmasih II) sebagai penerus Nurudin yang wafat tahun 1914. Hal senada juga diungkap oleh Zafrullah Khan (1978) dalam bukunya berjudul Ahmadiyya: Renaisance of Islam . Berpendapat mengenai gerakan Ahmadiyah pada masa perkembangannya di Eropa terutama setelah terpilihnya Mirza Bashirudin Mahmud Ahmad sebagai Khalifah Ahmadiyah ke II yang membentuk berbagai badan dalam menujang berbagai kebutuhan dan tujuan organisasi, salah satunya adalah pembentukan Majelis Syuro tahun 1916. Badan ini berfungsi sebagai badan perencanaan propaganda (tabligh) Ahmadiyah. Badan ini dibentuk dengan pertimbangan dan wasiat dari pendiri Ahmadiyah sendiri bahwa Islam harus disiarkan ke berbagai belahan dunia. Dengan pedoman inilah Ahmadiyah mulai membuka misi-misi pertablighan diberbagai belahan dunia baik di Afrika, Amerika, Asia dan Eropa. Karimullah Zirvi (2008) dalam bukunya yang berjudul Welcome to Ahmadiyyat, The True Islam , juga mengungkapkan mengenai gerakan Ahmadiyah 16 pada masa Mira Bashirudin Mahmud Ahmad. Zirvi mengatakan bahwa peranan Mahmud Ahmad selama 52 tahun masa jabatannya, telah memberikan prestasi luar biasa dan yang paling menonjol adalah propaganda Ahmadiyah ke berbagai belahan dunia, seperti pada masa Mahmud Ahmadiyah berkembang di Eropa. Pidato Mahmud yang dibacakan dalam sebuah Conference of Living Religions tahun 1924 yang diselenggarakan di London, Inggris adalah bagian terpenting dari berbagai macam cara dalam menyampaikan pemahaman Ahmadiyah dalam sebuah perspektif gerakan keagamaan, mencoba menguraikan serta ajakan terhadap warga Eropa khususnya untuk menerima Islam, karena hanya agama Islamlah yang mampu memenuhi semua kebutuhan manusia, dengan cara yang ilmiah Mahmud Ahmad memberikan penafsiran yang baru bagi orang Eropa untuk kemudian mendalami dan bergabung dalam Islam. Ini merupakan salah satu contoh bentuk propaganda yang dilakukan Ahmadiyah dalam menyebarkan pengaruhnya khususnya di Inggris (2008:225). Referensi selanjutnya juga datang dari karangan Mirza Tahir Ahmad (1990), With Love to the Muslims of the World: The Ahmadiyya Perspective. Tahir Ahmad ketika penulisan buku ini menjabat sebagai khalifah Ahmadiyah IV. Dalam pendapatnya ini diterangkan tentang awal masuk dan perkembangan pengaruh Ahmadiyah di Rusia pada tahun 1919 yang ketika itu masih bernama Uni Soviet. Hal menarik dari penulis ini adalah masuknya pengaruh Ahmadiyah di Rusia khususnya tidak terlepas dari ketegangan anatara Inggris dan Uni Soviet. Ketika itu pasukan bantuan dari India di bawah Inggris dikirim ke wilayah Rusia melalui Iran, salah seorang dari prajurit itu adalah pengikut Ahmadiyah, dan 17 dalam waktu singkat beberapa orang kemudian bergabung dan mendirikan sebuah mesjid pada tahun 1924. Sepak terjang Ahmadiyah di Eropa juga ternyata menarik perhatian bangsa Eropa sendiri seperti dalam buku yang dikeluarkan Pengurus Besar Jemaat Ahmadiyah Indonesia (2007), Kami Orang Islam . Berisi komentar tokoh dunia Islam dan tanggapan pers tentang Ahmadiyah. Seperti pendapat dari salah satu media cetak Ediche Courant terbitan Belanda tahun 1968 menulis bahwa menanggapi sepak terjang Ahmadiyah sebagai suatu hal yang remeh atau biasa saja adalah sikap yang keliru, karena Ahmadiyah mempunyai rencana yang besar dan luas sekali prospeknya, dikatakan pula jika Eropa tidak waspada maka Ahmadiyah akan cepat menancapkan pengaruhnya (2007:100). Pendapat yang senada juga terlontar dari surat kabar Haagsche Post yang juga terbit di Belanda Tahun 1963, yang menyatakan tradisi lama dari orang- orang Barat ialah mengutus misionaris-misionaris atau para pendetanya ke jurusan Timur untuk menyemaikan agama Kristen, akan tetapi sesudah Perang Dunia ke II keadaan itu terbalik, sekarang kita lihat, misionaris-misionaris Islam dari Timur mendatangi negeri-negeri Barat untuk menyebarkan agamanya, dan Ahmadiyah adalah salah satu yang tampil paling menonjol (2007:100). Nieuwe Haagsche Couran terbitan gereja Khatolik di Belanda tahun 1969 juga perpendapat bahwa dari sejarah, kita mengetahui bahwa orang-orang Islam di masa lalu sudah datang dua kali ke benua Eropa. Pertama kali pada babd ke 8 dan kedua kalinya pada abad ke 15. kedua kalinya mereka masuk dengan alat senjata dan kekuatan fisik, dan mereka menghadapi kekuatan juga. Serangan –serangan 18 semacam ini dengan mudah dapat dihentikan, akan tetapi masuknya Islam pada jaman ini dengan senjata sangat halus dan ampuh, mereka kali ini tidak dihadapi oleh tentara yang bersenjata, akan tetapi berhadapan dengan pemuda-pemuda Kristen yang hatinya kosong dari keimanan, dan yang kepercayaannya sudah lama kabur (2007:101). Surat kabar Kristligh Dagblad terbitan tahun 1958 juga mengungkapkan sungguh penting untuk mengikuti hasil yang akan dicapai oleh serbuan yang dilakukkan oleh Islam terhadap Skandinavia, kelihatannya memang tidak diragukan lagi, bahwa orang-orang Ahmadiyah ini akan berhasil dan mendapat suskses. Dibandingkan dengan orang-orang Islam kebanyakan, orang Ahmadiyah lebih serius. Mengenai masalah jihad, mereka tidak sepaham dengan orang-orang Islam umum yang mengatakan, bahwa jihad itu mengangkat senjata atau pedang. Menurut Ahmadiyah Al-Quran mengatakan tidak ada paksaan dalam agama adalah tegas dan menentukan (2007:102). Mingguan Life , Amerika terbit tahun 1955 memberikan ulasan bahwa, belum selang beberapa lama umat Islam masih belum punya suatu gerakan teratur dan terorganisir dengan baik di bidang dakwah, akan tetapi sekarang kita jumpai tanda yang nyata pada mereka dengan perhatiannya terhadap tehnik dakwah misi- misi Kristen, golongan Islam yang paling kuat, paling dinamis dan hidup diantara semua orang Islam adalah golongan Ahmadiyah yang berpusat di Pakistan yang memiliki pusat-pusat dakwah di seluruh Eropa, Afrika, Amerika dan Timur Jauh (2007:102). 19 Di beberapa daerah dimana misionaris-misionaris Kristen dan mubaligh Islam Ahmadiyah berlomba dalam dakwah maka, hasil yang dicapai adalah apabila seorang dimasukan k edalam Kristen, maka sepuluh orang lainnya masuk agama Islam lewat Ahmadiyah. Ahli sejarah
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