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The Mechanic's Companion, Or, the Elements and Practice of Carpentry, Joinery, Bricklaying, Masonry, Slating, Plastering, Pa

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The Mechanic's Companion, Or, the Elements and Practice of Carpentry, Joinery, Bricklaying, Masonry, Slating, Plastering, Pa NICHOLSON'S MECHANIC'S COMPANION. : ; OR, THE ELEMENTS AND PRACTICE OF CARPENTRY, JOINERY, BRICKLAYING, MASONRY SLATING* PLASTERING, PAINTING, SMITHING, AND TURNING, COMPREHENDING THE LATEST UPROVEMINTS AND CONTAINING A FULL DESCRIPTION OP THE TOOLS BELONGING TO EACH BRANCH OF BUSINESS; WITH COPIOUS DIRECTIONS FOR THEIR USE. « AND AN EXPLANATION OF THE TERMS USED IN EACH ART ALSO AN Kntroiyuctfon to J^ractfcal ©feometrs. BY PETER NICHOLSON. lUustraUd with forty Copperplate Engravings. PHILABELPHIJi PUBLISHED BY JAMES LOCKEN, NO. 8 SOUTH FRONT STREET. 1832. PREFACE. MORE than a century has elapsed since an in- genious and useful work on the Arts connected with Building was published under the title of Mechanical Exercises, by the celebrated Joseph popular the Moxon: that it was both useful and various editions testify, and at this time it is become no scarce and rarely to be met with. I* can be disparagement to its ingenious author, to say that the progress of science, and the changes in matters of art have rendered the work obsolete and useless. Turning, It treated on Smithing, Joinery, Carpentry, Bricklaying, and Dialling. of Moxon and I have followed the excellent plan first described the treated each art distinctly : I have several tools belonging to each branch of business, next the methods of performing the various manual vi PREFACE. operations or exercises, to which they are applicable, these are further illustrated and explained by nume- rous plates ; the descriptions are made as plain and familiar as possible ; and there are few operations but will be found fully and clearly explained : finally to each is added an Index and extensive Glossary of terms used by workmen in each art, with references also to the plates : and it has been my endeavour that the description with its definition should be clear, and show the connection between the science and the art, thereby producing a pleasing and lasting eflfect upon the mind. The arts treated of are as follow: Carpentry, Joinery, Bricklaying, Masonry, Slating, Plaster- ing, Painting, Smithing, and Turning, the whole preceded by a slight introduction to Practical Geometry, and illustrated by forty copper-plates. These exercises commence with those arts which work in wood, namely. Carpentry and Joinery which are much alike in their tools and modes of working : then comes Bricklaying, which with Carpentry are certainly the most essential of all in the construction of a building. PREFACE. vii Masonry and Bricklaying are in reality branches of the same art, and both founded upon principles truly Geometrical, yet I have given the precedence to Bricklaying, because it is of the most general use in this country it ; yet is generally admitted, that Masonry is the more dignified art of the two, or indeed of all the arts concerned in the formation of an edifice. On that difficult and intricate subject, the Theory of Arches, I have endeavoured to give a familiar, and I hope a satisfactory illustration. Slating comes next to cover in the building: then Plastering, which is used in the finishing of buildings, and furnishes the interior with elegant decora- tions, and conduces both to the health and comfort of the inhabitants : Painting is not less useful than ornamental; it adds to the elegance of buildings, and tends to the preservation of the materials, whether wood or plaster. Smithing or Smithry is extensively useful in almost every department of art as well as building; by it are made the tools which perform all the operations of the before mentioned arts, and therefore, though last, should not be least in our esteem. The use of ; viii PREFACE. iron has also of late years been very much extended in wheels for machinery, Iron Bridges, Rail roads, Boats, Roofs, Floors, and various other articles not necessary to enumerate here. Turning is a curious Mechanical Exercise, and though not absolutely necessary in building, may be employed with advantage in many of its decorations. In this article I have given a legitimate definition of elliptic turning, by which, its principles are deduced to be that of the ellipsegraph or common trammel, and this without entering into further demonstration. This art is illustrated by plates, showing the princi- ples of the machines, as well as by views of the machines and tools As the practice of the arts here treated of, is founded in Geometry, and as the descriptions of the materials and of the tools may be referred to the several figures of that science, I have prefixed to the (he work such definitions as are necessary to comprehension of any drawing or design, which is to be executed, accompanied by many useful pro- blems, which will enable the mechanic to understand the configuration of its several parts in practice. PREFACE. ix and to perform many useful problems upon true scientific principles. The problems for setting out work upon the ground, and those for reducing drawings to any scale or proportion, even without knowing the scale of the original drawing, will be found interesting, and very useful in practice. This work, which treats of the first rudiments of practice, will be found particularly interesting and useful to gentlemen who practise, or are fond of the mechanical exercises, and to young men or appren- tices in any of the professions, though, on some occasions, the older workmen may be benefitted by a perusal. The terms introduced are those in general use amongst workmen in London : and on this account it will be of essential service to young men coming to the metropolis. An art cannot be taught but by its proper terms. Other branches of art might have been introduced into this work, but those here treated of are intimately connected with each other, and have a natural afl[inity, and will, it is presumed, form upon the whole, a very interesting work to young mechanics j those who wish for fur- ther information in the building art, and particularly B X PREFACE. on what relates to Geometrical Construction, may consult my other publications on Practical Carpentry. Every art is improved by the emulation of its competitors : it is therefore the ardent hope of the author that the reader may not be disappointed of meeting with abundance of that information which his mind may be desirous to obtain. PETER NICHOLSON. PRACTICAL, GEOMETRY. is GEOMETRY the science of extension and magnitude : by Geometry the various angles of a building and the position of its sides are determined, as a square, a cube, a triangle, &c. : Boards and all Tools used by the Carpenter and Joiner are geometrical constructions : by Geometry all kinds of roofs and various other things laying in oblique angles are determined : the proper con- struction of all sorts of arches and groins depend entirely upon the principles of Geometry. I have, therefore, prefaced this work with an explanation and definition of such geometrical figures as will frequently occur in carrying on of works, and which are therefore necessary to be well known by all artizans and workmen, as well as by those who may superintend them: this slight in- troduction to Geometry will also be useful to all persons who wish to understand the practice and descriptions of the handy, works herein explained. Geometry is the science of extension, and magnitude, and consists of theory and practice. The theoretical part is founded upon the reasoning of self- evident principles ; it demonstrates the construction, and shows the properties of regularly defined figures. The theory is the fisindation of the practical part ; and without a knowledge of it, no invention to any degree certain can be made. The use of Geometry is not confined only to speculative truths in Mathematics, ; 12 GEOMETRY. but the operations of mechanical arts owe their perfection to it drawing and setting out every description of work, are entirely dependent upon it. DEFINITIONS. 1. A point is that which has position, but not magnitude. 2. A line is the trace of a point, or that which would be described by the progressive motion of a point, and consequently has length only. 3. A superfices has length and breadth. 4. A solid is a figure of three dimensions, having length, breadth, and thickness. Hence surfaces are extremities of solids, and lines the extremities of surfaces, and points the extremities of lines. If two lines will always coincide, however applied, when any two points in the one coincides with the two points in the other, the two lines are called straight lines, or otherwise right lines. A curve continually changes its direction between its extreme points, or has no part straight. Parallel lines are always at the same distance, and will never meet, though ever so far produced. Oblique right lines change their distance, and would meet if produced. One line is perpendicular to another, when it inclines no more to one side than another. A straight line is a tangent to a circle, when it touches the circle without cutting when both are produced. An angle is the inclination of two lines towards one anotlier in the same plane, meeting in a point. Angles are either right, acute, or oblique. A right angle is that which is made by one line perpendicular to another, or when the angles on each side are equal. An acute angle is less than a right angle. An obtuse angle is greater than a right angle. GEOMETRY. 13 Une will every where A plane is a surface with which a straight called a straight surface. coincide : and is otherwise according to Plane figures, bounded by right lines, have names angles, for they have as the number of their sides, or of their number is three.
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