Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies Available online at www.ajms.co.in Volume1, Issue 4, November 2013 ISSN: 2321-8819
Morphometric Analysis of Birbhum District Prolay Mondal Research Scholar, Dept. of Geography, Visva Bharati, Santiniketan
Abstract: Lateritic soil of Birbhum district made a different topography which is known as “khoai region”. Topographically/ landscape heterogeneity is taken place here. To understand the heterogeneity, in this paper, an attempt has been made to study the detail morphometric characteristics of Birbhum district. For detailed study, we used LISS-III data for preparing digital elevation model (DEM), and geographical information system (GIS) was used in evaluation of linear, areal and relief aspects of morphometric parameters. All the morphometric attribute of this area have been prepared using Arc-Hydro Tool; and Surface Tool in Arc-GIS 9.3 software & ASTER (DEM). Different thematic maps i.e. drainage density, slope, relief, superimposed profile, and longitudinal profiles have been prepared by using Arc-GIS software. I have computed 20 morphometric parameters of all aspects. Based on all morphometric parameters analysis it is evident that the streams gradients become steeper (aggradation) or less steep (degradation) due to excess deposition or erosion of sediment, respectively. Aggradation and degradation are often the symptoms of a problem within this district, such as changes in land use within the district that occur over a broad area and affect the stream's hydrology. It is caused by a very large storm event or a localized disturbance, such as earthwork without proper sediment controls. It actually changes shape which is very much associated with Rills and gullies erosion. These studies are very useful for planning of land degradation and its integrated management.
Key words: Morphometric analysis, Land degradation, Morphometric parameter, Fluvial erosion.
Introduction: morphometric analysis of this area. District boundary, flow length, stream Morphometric Analysis is quantitative ordering have been prepared using Arc- description and analysis of landforms as Hydro Tool; and contour, slope, aspect, practiced in geomorphology that may be hillshade have been prepared using applied to a particular kind of landform or Surface Tool in Arc-GIS 9.3 software, and to drainage basins and large regions ASTER (DEM). Different thematic maps generally. Birbhum has a great important i.e. drainage density, slope, relief, for his geomorphic feature i.e. “Khoai” superimposed profile, and longitudinal region which is built up by lateritic profiles have been prepared by using Arc- landscape. The western part (“Khoai” GIS software. This quantitative approach contain region) of the district is very much with modifications was later developed by affected by the work of denudation. To Strahler (1950, 1952, 1956, 1957, 1964), understand the geomorphic Millar (1953), Schumm (1956, 1957), process/characteristic, I have attempt the Singh (1974, 1976, 1978), Chakraborty
141 Morphometric Analysis of Birbhum District
(1991), Kale.et al. (1994), Jha (1996, To help morphometric analysis of all 2000, 2003, 2005, 2008, 2009) and other. patches (exposed at the surface) and This paper is based on the manuscript of the entire region to be determine V. C. Jha (2009). degradation severity; It’s also helped to take decision about Objectives: geomorphic prioritization with In the context of above point of views, the preparation of integrated management. present study aims at the detail Study Area: morphometric characteristics of Birbhum district. Objectives are: Birbhum (23° 32' 30" and 24° 35' 0"N and 88° 1' 40" and 87° 5' 25" E) extends over To understand the physiographic 4545 Km2. Birbhum is bounded on the characteristic of Birbhum district; north and west by the Santal Parganas of To assess the ecogeomorphological Jharkhand state and the district of characteristic this study can help to Murshidadbad; on the east by the districts understanding the morphology and of Murshidabad and Burdwan; and on the morphometric characteristic of south by Burdwan, from which it is geomorphic features in separated by the Ajoy river. hydrogeomorphic units of this area; Administratively, it comprises of three It is very much important tool to Sub-divisions (Suri, Bolpur and calculation or identification of land Rampurhat), 19 Community Development degradation as well as environmental blocks and 2,467 villages. degradation of the study area;
Figure-1: Location of the Study Area
The study area belongs to the moderate morphogenetic region with prevalence of week mechanical weathering, strong chemical weathering, least wind erosion, moderate mass wasting, maximum fluvial erosion. Methodology (Sources of Data): This paper is based on secondary data Topographical Sheet survey of India, Satellite Image LISS-III (Geo-coded IRS P6), and District statistical Hand Book etc. Secondary data used to carry out this study are shown in Table 1 and Table 2. Table-1: Remote sensing data used in the study
Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 1(4) November, 2013 142 Morphometric Analysis of Birbhum District
Theme Description Source Year Resolution
Geo-coded IRS P6 Images LISS III 29th Nov. 24 mts. 2006
Table-2: Secondary Data used in the study Theme Description Source Geomorphology Geomorphology classes National atlas map map Topographical map Topography and other Survey of India (1:50,000) detailed information Administrative areas CD blocks demarcation Official Website Of The Birbhum map District Land use statistics General land use pattern Statistical Abstract, Government Of West Bengal Elevation Data Detailed Elevation points Topographical map, Survey of of the Birbhum district India The methodology adopted for carrying out this analysis could be categorized into 6 steps as follows and after collecting the essential information required for this study, the digital analysis of these data was carried out through following technique. Figure-2: Methodology
Image Rectification Image Digitizatio and Restoration Registration n
Data analyses, Data Ground truth data collection verification interpretation and analysis
Morphometric analysis
Result and Discussion: Satellite imagery morphometric attributes i.e. Stream Order and Topographical Map of Birbhum (Nu), Stream Length (k.m.), Mean stream district provided the Morphometric length (k.m.), Bifurcation Ratio (Rb), statistical result through GIS software Mean Bifurcation Ratio (Rbm), Drainage which is needed for the study. The utility Density (Dd) km/km2, of remotely sensed data in extracting the flowing information is of great value to Stream Frequency (F), Drainage Texture landscape mapping as the starting point of (T), Circulatory Ratio (Rc),Elongation most landscape ecological studies is Ratio (Re), From Factor (Rf), Texture focused on different patches. All these Ratio (T), Compactness Constant (Cc),
Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 1(4) November, 2013 143 Morphometric Analysis of Birbhum District
Basin Relief (Bh), Relief ratio (Rh), Perimeter (P) Km., Area (A) Sq Km., Absolute Relief (Ra) m, Average Slope (S) Length of the over land flow (Lo), are in degrees, Relative Relief (Rr) (mt.), tabled bellow: Figure-3: Map showing absolute relief and stream order of Birbhum
Table-1: Morphometric analysis of the study area Sl. Morphometric Formula Reference Result No Parameter 1 Stream Order (Nu) Hierarchical rank Strahler 1 to 5 (1964) 2 Stream Length Lu = L1+L2 ……Ln Strahler 3326.895 (k.m.) (1964) 4 Mean stream length Total stream length divide by total Strahler 1.070 (k.m.) number of streams (1964) 2 Bifurcation Ratio Rb= Nu/Nu+1 Schumm 2.28 to (Rb) Where Nu= Total number of (1956) 4.42 stream segment of order u Nu+1= Total number of stream segments in next higher order 3 Mean Bifurcation Rbm = Average of Bifurcation Strahler 3.745 Ratio (Rbm) ratio of all orders (1964) 5 Drainage Density Dd =Lu/Au Strahler 0.7356 (Dd) km/km2 Where Lu =total length of stream (1964) segments cumulated for each stream order, Au= Basin area 6 Stream Frequency F = Nu/Au Horton 0.3531 (F) where Nu=total number of stream (1945) segments of all order, Au=Basin area 7 Drainage Texture T= Dd x F Smith (1950) 0.2597 (T) Where Dd= Drainage Density, F= Stream Frequency
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8 Circulatory Ratio Rc=4πA/ P² Miller (1953) 0.138 (Rc) Where, Rc= Circularity Ratio, A= Area of the Basin (km²), P = Perimeter (km) 9 Elongation Ratio Re=2 √(A/π) /Lb Schumm 2.99 (Re) Where, Re=Elongation ratio (1956) Lb= Length of basin (km), A = Area of the basin (km²) 10 From Factor (Rf) Rf = A/Lb² Horton 0.011 Where A = Area of the basin (km²) (1945) Lb² = Square of the basin length 11 Texture Ratio (T) T = Nu/ P Horton 2.488 Where Nu = Total number of (1945) streams of all orders, P = Perimeter (km) 12 Compactness Cc = 0.2821 P/A0.5 Horton 0.080 Constant (Cc) Where A = Area of the basin (km²) (1945) P = Perimeter of the basin (km)
13 Basin Relief (Bh) Bh = H- h Schumm 134 Where H = Maximum height of (1956) the basin, h = minimum height of the basin 14 Relief ratio (Rh) Rh =H/Lb, Schumm 0.239 Where H=Total height (km), (1956) Lb=maximum basin length 15 Absolute Relief GIS Software Analysis ------154 (Ra) m 16 Average Slope (S) S = (Z * (Ctl/H)) / (10 * A) Wenthworth’ <1% to in degrees s (1930) >3% 17 Relative Relief (Rr) Rr= MH-mh -- 134 (mt.) Where MH = Maximum height of the basin, mh = minimum height of the basin 18 Length of the over Lo = 1/D*2 Horton 0.679 land flow (Lo) Where Lo= Length of the over (1945) land flow, D= Drainage Density 19 Area (A) Sq Km. GIS Software Analysis Schumm 4545.00 (1956) 20 Perimeter (P) Km. GIS Software Analysis Schumm 641.746 (1956) Source: Computed from Topographical map & Liss-III image 2006 by GIS Software Conclusion: Coverage of sisal plants/ date palm/ and other local semi-xerophytic. Natural From the above table (Table-1) it is vegetation species in commercial scale – evident that the different result comes out double multiple benefit of: Land Quality for different morphometric attributes of the protection, small scale house hold industry study area. Twenty different morphometric raw martial production, employment parameter results have tabled in table-1, generation, widening of economic which are very essential tools for any type opportunity. Land use planning on micro of geographical study of Birbhum district. watershed basis along with dry land Appropriate land use practice for arresting farming suitable in such degraded area land degradation and desertification. (ground nut, oilseed, jowar, bazra, maiz-
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HYV). Gully management for planning Bharati, santiniketan & Director National and development of the Gully-eroded area. Atlas & Thematic Mapping Organization (Dept. of Science And Technology, Govt. Acknowledgment: of India) and Dr. Gopal Chandra Debnath The author gratefully acknowledge Prof. Associate professor, Dept. of Geography, (Dr.) Vibhas Chandra Jha, Department of Visva Bharati, Santiniketan West Bengal, Geography, Vidya Bhavana, Visva are greatly appreciated. End Note: Environmental Degradation It is defined as any change or disturbance to the Absolute Relief The maximum elevation environment perceived to be deleterious or of a particular area above sea level undesirable Average Slope In order to determine the Form Factor It is defined as the ratio of average slope of a curve between two basin area to square of the basin length points, Erodibility of a watershed can be studied and can be compared from its Geomorphic Process Events that average slope modified the chemical substrate and physical appearance of facies, rocks and Bifurcation Ratio It is the ratio of the soils number of streams of a given order to the number of streams of the next higher order Gully It is a landform created by running water, eroding sharply into soil, typically Circularity Ratio It is the ratio of the area on a hillside of the basin to the area of a circle having the same circumference as the perimeter of Gully Erosion It results due to the the basin convergence of several rills towards the steep slope, which form together wider Degradation A quality decrease in its channel of water condition, this being related to one or a number of different components Heterogeneity it is a key element of landscape ecology that separates this Deforestation It is the process of discipline from other branches of ecology removing trees and other vegetation covering soil and converting the forest to IRS Indian remote Sensing another land use IRS-P6 It is also known as ResourceSat-1, Drainage Density Drainage density is a is an Earth observation mission within the measure of the length of the stream IRS (Indian Remote-Sensing Satellite) segment per unit area series of ISRO (Indian Space Research Organisation), is the continuation of the Dissection Index It is a parameter IRS-1C/1D missions with considerably implying the degree of dissection or enhanced capabilities vertical erosion and expounds the stages of terrain or landscape development in any Landscape it is denotes the given physiographic region or watershed ecogeomorphological unit of an area Drainage Texture It is one of the Land Degradation It means reduction or important concept of geomorphology loss of the biological or economic which means that the relative spacing of productivity and complexity of lands drainage lines resulting from land uses arising from human activities Elongation Ratio It can be defined elongation ratio (Re) as the ratio of Land Use A land which is use by biotic diameter of a circle of the same area of the /human beings for their own purpose basin to the maximum basin length
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Laterite It is a soil types rich in iron and Patch A term fundamental to landscape aluminium, formed in hot and wet tropical ecology, is defined as a relatively areas homogeneous area that differs from its surroundings Lateritic Soils It is form the uppermost part of the laterite cover Relative Relief It is defined as the difference in height between the highest Layer A map component of a GIS system and the lowest points in a unit area Length of Overland Flow (lo) It is the Rill Erosion If sheet erosion occurs with length of water over the ground before it full force, the runoff water moves rapidly gets concentrated into definite stream over the soil surface cutting well-defined channels and is equal to half of drainage finger-shaped groove-like structures, density appearing as thin channels or streams, then LISS Linear imaging and self scanning it call as rill erosion sensor Scale it represents the real world as LISS-III Data The new feature in LISS- translated onto a map, relating distance on III camera is the SWIR band (1.55 to 1.7 a map image and the corresponding microns), which provides data with a distance on earth spatial resolution of 23.5 m Stream Frequency Stream Mean Stream Length It (Lsm) is a frequency/channel frequency (Fs) is the characteristic property related to the total number of stream segments of all drainage network components and its orders per unit area associated basin surfaces Stream Length Addition of the lengths Morphometric Analysis It is quantitative of all streams, in a particular order, defines description and analysis of landforms as total stream length practiced in geomorphology that may be Mean Stream Length Mean stream length applied to a particular kind of landform or (Lsm) is a characteristic property related to to drainage basins and large regions the drainage network components and its generally associated basin surfaces
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