DOCSLIB.ORG

Studying the Possibility of Life on Mars on Earth

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Studying the Possibility of Life on Mars on Earth From Habitability to Bio-signatures: An Earth analogue and Mars exploration study Zentrum für Astronomie und Astrophysik Alessandro Airo AG: Prof. Dr. Dirk Schulze-Makuch Astroparticle Colloquium 25.11.2016 Mars Hubble Space Telescope (May 2016) Credit: NASA, ESA, the Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA), J. Bell (ASU), and M. Wolff (Space Science Institute) Initially the belief of intelligent life on Mars was common. Mars canals illustrated by astronomer Percival Lowell, 1898. First close-up images from Mars July 14th 1964 Mariner 4 spacecraft Flyby mission (NASA) Viking Landers (NASA 1975) Carl Sagan Viking Landers (NASA 1975) Digging for soil samples Viking 1 NASA slogan: „Follow the water“ Subsurface water-ice close to the north pole Phoenix Lander (May – Nov. 2008) Subsurface water-ice close to the north pole Phoenix Lander (May – Nov. 2008) Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter Recurring Slope Lineae (RSL) at Horowitz Crater Recurring Slope Lineae (RSL) Liquid water (brine) on Mars Palikir Crater Recurring Slope Lineae (RSL) Liquid water (brine) on Mars Palikir Crater Water Tracks Goldman Glacier basin, McMurdo Dry Valley, Antarctica Levy 2012 Water Tracks Taylor Valley, Antarctica Alex Rytel (Ohio State University) collects a soil sample next to a piezometer placed in a water track in the Goldman Glacier Basin near Lake Hoare, Taylor Valley. http://www.glaciers.pdx.edu/Thesis/Hughes/KellyHughes_webpage.html Water Tracks Taylor Valley, Antarctica Levy et al. 2011 Alex Rytel (Ohio State University) collects a soil sample next to a piezometer placed in a water track in the Goldman Glacier Basin near Lake Hoare, Taylor Valley. http://www.glaciers.pdx.edu/Thesis/Hughes/KellyHughes_webpage.html Water Tracks Laboratory Studies HOME Project on Deliquescence Habitability Of Martian Are RSL habitable environments? Environments Planococcus halocryophilus in Mars simulation soils HOME Project Habitability Of Martian Environments PI: Dirk Schulze-Makuch Atacama Desert: The driest place on Earth => Mars analog Yungay fan Atacama Desert: The driest place on Earth and a Mars analog Soil chemistry & sedimentology * and A B B 0 m B B sampled is there life? B* excavated Sand A dike A* Sand dike Gypsum polygon excavated HOME Project Habitability Of Martian 1 m Environments Transect Transect Sand dike Gypsum polygon Atacama – Dry Limit of Life Project http://www-astro.physik.tu-berlin.de/Atacama-project Principal Investigator: Dirk Schulze-Makuch (Technical University Berlin/Washington State University), Contact: [email protected];[email protected] ERC HOME Group: Alfonso Davila (SETI/NASA Ames/TU Berlin) Jean-Pierre de Vera (DLR Berlin) Janosch Schirmack (TU Berlin) Jacob Heinz (TU Berlin) Associated Research Groups: Michael Schloter (Helmholtz Center Munich)/Matthias Hess (University of California - Davis): Metagenomics, Viruses Phil Schmitt Kopplin (Helmholtz Center Munich): Metabolites, DOC Frank Keppler (University of Heidelberg, Germany): Chlorinated organics, Fe-isotopes Peter Grathwohl (University of Tübingen, Germany): PAHs, Organics Victor Parro (Centro de Astrobiologia, Spain): S and N isotopes, XRD, XPS Beate Schneider/Dirk Wagner: Genetics, Culturing Juri Rappsilber (TU Berlin): Proteomics Hans-Peter Grossart/Mark Gessner (IGB Stechlin, Germany): Genetics, Fungi Pedro Zamorano (Universidad de Antofagasta, Chile): Spores Markus Flury (Washington State Univ.)/Martin Kaupenjohann (TU Berlin): Soil properties Sam Kounaves (Tufts University, USA/Imperial College London, UK): Perchlorates/Geochemistry Lewis Dartnell (University College London, UK): Hypoliths, Raman, Radiation studies Jean-Pierre de Vera (DLR Berlin): Field parameters, Raman, Mars Simulation Chamber Runs Dirk Schulze-Makuch (TU Berlin/WSU): Biomass, PLFA , extra storage Special Advisors/Collaborators: Jocelyne DiRuggiero (John Hopkins University, USA), Kai Finster (University of Aarhus, Denmark), Chris McKay (NASA Ames, USA) Mars today NASA slogan: „Follow the water“ Mars 4 Ga ago ? NASA slogan: „Follow the water“ Valley networks Naktong Vallis Eberswalde Delta Gale crater – created by an impact 3.5 to 3.8 Ga ago Diameter: 154 km Landing ellipse of the Curiosity rover First selfie on Mars Curiosity rover NASA MSL Sedimentary ripple structures => flowing water Long-term habitable environment on Mars Gale Crater (artistic reconstruction) Long-term habitable environment on Mars Gale Crater (artistic reconstruction) “How do I look for Biosignatures on Mars?” Should I look for Dinos? MSL “How do I look for Biosignatures on Mars?” Earth Michalski et al. 2013 “How do I look for Biosignatures on Mars?” Gale Crater Mars Earth Michalski et al. 2013 Biomat (Tunisia) Biolaminite ~3,2 Ga Moodies Group, BGB Too „old“ for biomarkers to be preserved Tufts Gas domes 1cm Roll-up structures Shrinkage cracks “Rolled up” Mat Morphologies – An Indicator for Cohesiveness ? Bahar Alouane, Tunisia © Heubeck Bahar Alouane, Tunisia Heubeck “Rolled up” Mat Morphologies – An Indicator for Cohesiveness ? Bahar Alouane, Tunisia © Heubeck 2.9 Ga old MISS Pongola Supergroup 5 cm 4 cm South Africa Noffke et al. (2008) Bahar Alouane, Tunisia Heubeck Tufts Tufts Back to life in Berlin First few minutes Back to life in Berlin After a Few hours Biomats Thin section Gas enclosure in tufts Fossil tuft with silicified gas enclosure ? 1,5 cm ~3.2 Ga Moodies Group, Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa Bahar Alouane, Tunisia Biology Bioflumology Sedimentary Flumology Growth (~10 days) Growth (~2 months) Streamers Cyanobacterial Streamers (Hot Spring, Nevada, USA) Cyanobacterial Streamers (Hot Spring, Nevada, USA) Biomats in Tidal Environments Christof Sager Low Tide Low Tide Low Tide Low Tide Supra-tidal Inter-tidal Sub-tidal Endo-benthic mat Endo/Epi-benthic mat Epi-benthic mat ~1 cm Gas-domes 2-6 cm Gas-domes <1 cm Gas-domes Low Tide Migrating Gas-dome Low Tide Bahar Alouane, Tunisia Low Tide Bahar Alouane, Tunisia Low Tide 2 weeks of drying (different experiment) Low Tide Fossil Gas-domes ? Microbial Mats, Moodies Group (3,2Ga) (PhD Thesis Martin Homann) Biomat Sea grass Biomat Mineral precipitation Sea grass Corals “This is as good as it gets for Prokarya.” Biomat Microbialite Mineral precipitation Sea grass Corals Modern Microbialites (stromatolites) on Earth Lago Sarmiento, Chile Lago Sarmiento, Chile Taking photos from above for 3D reconstructions CT Light-limited Growth-morphology Calm waters Sediment abrasion Shading Lab-Experiment Fossil Nature Lab-Experiment Fossil Modeling Nature Microbialite Growth Model Microbialite Growth Model Lago Sarmiento, Chile Optimal Growth Conditions Nutrient Limitation 30% 100% Light Intensity 30% 10% Microbialite Growth Model Photosynthesis Efficiency Medium Low Matthias Müller.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Recurring Slope Lineae: Evidence of Liquid Water on Mars Today?
    Recurring Slope Lineae: Evidence of liquid water on Mars today? The High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) on Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) has monitored surface feature changes over several Mars years. One of the more intriguing observations has been of the seasonal occurrence of numerous (multi-thousand) dark streak features advancing down equator-facing slopes in several mid-latitude and equatorial regions of the southern hemisphere. Termed Recurring Slope Lineae (RSL), the streak behavior resembles that of a fluid mobilized by increasing surface temperatures – initiating in spring, incrementally extending downslope through summer, and then fading in the fall and winter seasons. The phenomenon is then seen to repeat the following spring. RSLs are narrow in width (meter-scale), requiring our best resolution imaging to see them, but may extend down-slope for hundreds of meters before terminating. Science teams involved in the discovery of RSL have been cautious in concluding a water-based origin since most of the RSL locations are found in environments well outside the pressure-temperature stability field for liquid water. However, the presence of salts such as perchlorate can depress freezing points by tens of degrees. MRO Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM) observations of multiple RSL locations show hydrated mineral absorption signals most consistent with magnesium perchlorate, magnesium chlorate and sodium perchlorate. That raises the possibility of a Mg-, Na-, Cl-rich brine that would also leave these minerals as a kind of evaporite deposit. However, the amount of water, if present, has been constrained at one location by independent Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS; Mars Odyssey) data analysis and a numerical heat transfer model to 0 wt.%, and up to 3 wt.% given observational uncertainties, unlikely to support a sustained flow.
    [Show full text]
  • Widespread Crater-Related Pitted Materials on Mars: Further Evidence for the Role of Target Volatiles During the Impact Process ⇑ Livio L
    Icarus 220 (2012) 348–368 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Icarus journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/icarus Widespread crater-related pitted materials on Mars: Further evidence for the role of target volatiles during the impact process ⇑ Livio L. Tornabene a, , Gordon R. Osinski a, Alfred S. McEwen b, Joseph M. Boyce c, Veronica J. Bray b, Christy M. Caudill b, John A. Grant d, Christopher W. Hamilton e, Sarah Mattson b, Peter J. Mouginis-Mark c a University of Western Ontario, Centre for Planetary Science and Exploration, Earth Sciences, London, ON, Canada N6A 5B7 b University of Arizona, Lunar and Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721-0092, USA c University of Hawai’i, Hawai’i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, Ma¯noa, HI 96822, USA d Smithsonian Institution, Center for Earth and Planetary Studies, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA e NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA article info abstract Article history: Recently acquired high-resolution images of martian impact craters provide further evidence for the Received 28 August 2011 interaction between subsurface volatiles and the impact cratering process. A densely pitted crater-related Revised 29 April 2012 unit has been identified in images of 204 craters from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. This sample of Accepted 9 May 2012 craters are nearly equally distributed between the two hemispheres, spanning from 53°Sto62°N latitude. Available online 24 May 2012 They range in diameter from 1 to 150 km, and are found at elevations between À5.5 to +5.2 km relative to the martian datum. The pits are polygonal to quasi-circular depressions that often occur in dense clus- Keywords: ters and range in size from 10 m to as large as 3 km.
    [Show full text]
  • Non-Collider Searches for Stable Massive Particles
    Non-collider searches for stable massive particles S. Burdina, M. Fairbairnb, P. Mermodc,, D. Milsteadd, J. Pinfolde, T. Sloanf, W. Taylorg aDepartment of Physics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZE, UK bDepartment of Physics, King's College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK cParticle Physics department, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland dDepartment of Physics, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden ePhysics Department, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 0V1 fDepartment of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, UK gDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada M3J 1P3 Abstract The theoretical motivation for exotic stable massive particles (SMPs) and the results of SMP searches at non-collider facilities are reviewed. SMPs are defined such that they would be suffi- ciently long-lived so as to still exist in the cosmos either as Big Bang relics or secondary collision products, and sufficiently massive such that they are typically beyond the reach of any conceiv- able accelerator-based experiment. The discovery of SMPs would address a number of important questions in modern physics, such as the origin and composition of dark matter and the unifi- cation of the fundamental forces. This review outlines the scenarios predicting SMPs and the techniques used at non-collider experiments to look for SMPs in cosmic rays and bound in mat- ter. The limits so far obtained on the fluxes and matter densities of SMPs which possess various detection-relevant properties such as electric and magnetic charge are given. Contents 1 Introduction 4 2 Theory and cosmology of various kinds of SMPs 4 2.1 New particle states (elementary or composite) .
    [Show full text]
  • Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (2)” of the Sheila Weidenfeld Files at the Gerald R
    The original documents are located in Box 14, folder “5/12/75 - Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (2)” of the Sheila Weidenfeld Files at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library. Copyright Notice The copyright law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code) governs the making of photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted material. Gerald Ford donated to the United States of America his copyrights in all of his unpublished writings in National Archives collections. Works prepared by U.S. Government employees as part of their official duties are in the public domain. The copyrights to materials written by other individuals or organizations are presumed to remain with them. If you think any of the information displayed in the PDF is subject to a valid copyright claim, please contact the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library. Some items in this folder were not digitized because it contains copyrighted materials. Please contact the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library for access to these materials. Digitized from Box 14 of the Sheila Weidenfeld Files at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library Vol. 21 Feb.-March 1975 PUBLISHED BI-MONTHLY BY PARC, THE PHILADELPHIA ASSOCIATION FOR RETARDED CITIZENS FIRST LADY TO BE HONORED Mrs. Gerald R. Ford will be citizens are invited to attend the "guest of honor at PARC's Silver dinner. The cost of attending is Anniversary Dinner to be held at $25 per person. More details the Bellevue Stratford Hotel, about making reservations may be Monday, May 12. She will be the obtained by calling Mrs. Eleanor recipient of " The PARC Marritz at PARC's office, LO.
    [Show full text]
  • RSL), Described in the 5 August 2011 Science Report “Seasonal Flows on Warm Martian Slopes”
    Animated GIFs to illustrate activity of Recurring Slope Lineae (RSL), described in the 5 August 2011 Science report “Seasonal Flows on Warm Martian Slopes”. All of these animated GIF files consist of a series of orthorectified HiRISE images over locations with RSL activity. Orthorectification corrects oblique images to show how the scene would appear from directly overhead. We perform this using HiRISE Digital Terrain Models (DTMs) at a scale of 1 m/posting. The orthorectified images are all at 0.25 m/pixel scale (or 0.5 m/pixel in cases noted below), so features smaller than 1-2 m diameter cannot be correctly rectified; the result is that small-scale features like boulders appear to wag back and forth. Each GIF is timed to dwell 2 seconds on the first and last frames and 1 second on intermediate frames, but network or computer performance may cause this to vary. The legend on each image gives the exact HiRISE image identifier; see http://uahirise.org/{image identified} for more information about each image. The legend also marks the year and seasonal identifier (Ls) for each image. The Mars years begin with the first years of Mars exploration by robot spacecraft. Ls stands for areocentric longitude of the sun, dividing the year into 360 degrees to mark the seasons. Ls = 180 is the beginning of southern spring, Ls = 270 is the beginning of southern summer, and Ls = 360 (or 0) is the beginning of southern autumn. Well-preserved crater on floor of Newton Crater Each of the gifs below are enhanced color sequences from different section of this crater slope, starting with faded RSL in MY29 (except one in which the color data was largely missing), then showing a sequence of RSL forming and fading in MY30.
    [Show full text]
  • March 21–25, 2016
    FORTY-SEVENTH LUNAR AND PLANETARY SCIENCE CONFERENCE PROGRAM OF TECHNICAL SESSIONS MARCH 21–25, 2016 The Woodlands Waterway Marriott Hotel and Convention Center The Woodlands, Texas INSTITUTIONAL SUPPORT Universities Space Research Association Lunar and Planetary Institute National Aeronautics and Space Administration CONFERENCE CO-CHAIRS Stephen Mackwell, Lunar and Planetary Institute Eileen Stansbery, NASA Johnson Space Center PROGRAM COMMITTEE CHAIRS David Draper, NASA Johnson Space Center Walter Kiefer, Lunar and Planetary Institute PROGRAM COMMITTEE P. Doug Archer, NASA Johnson Space Center Nicolas LeCorvec, Lunar and Planetary Institute Katherine Bermingham, University of Maryland Yo Matsubara, Smithsonian Institute Janice Bishop, SETI and NASA Ames Research Center Francis McCubbin, NASA Johnson Space Center Jeremy Boyce, University of California, Los Angeles Andrew Needham, Carnegie Institution of Washington Lisa Danielson, NASA Johnson Space Center Lan-Anh Nguyen, NASA Johnson Space Center Deepak Dhingra, University of Idaho Paul Niles, NASA Johnson Space Center Stephen Elardo, Carnegie Institution of Washington Dorothy Oehler, NASA Johnson Space Center Marc Fries, NASA Johnson Space Center D. Alex Patthoff, Jet Propulsion Laboratory Cyrena Goodrich, Lunar and Planetary Institute Elizabeth Rampe, Aerodyne Industries, Jacobs JETS at John Gruener, NASA Johnson Space Center NASA Johnson Space Center Justin Hagerty, U.S. Geological Survey Carol Raymond, Jet Propulsion Laboratory Lindsay Hays, Jet Propulsion Laboratory Paul Schenk,
    [Show full text]
  • Onseriation of Bull Trout
    United States - De artment of Iariculture Demographic and Forest Service Intermountain Research Statlon Habit4 Reauirements General Technical Report INT-302 for ~onseriationof September 1993 Bull Trout Bruce E. Rieman John D. Mclntyre THE AUTHORS CONTENTS BRUCE E. RlEMAN is a research fishery biologist with Page the lntermountain Research Station, Forestry Sciences Introduction ................................................................... 1 Laboratory in Boise, ID. He received a master's degree Ecology ......................................................................... 1 in fisheries management and a Ph.D. degree in for- Biology and Life History ............................................ 2 estry, wildlife, and range sciences from the University Population Structure.................................................. 3 of Idaho. He has worked in fisheries management and Biotic Interactions ...................................................... 3 research for 17 years with the ldaho Department of Habitat Relationships ................................................ 4 Fish and Game and the Oregon Department of Fish Summary ...................................................................7 and Wildlife. He joined the Forest Service in 1992. His Implications of Habitat Disturbance .............................. 7 current work focuses on the biology, dynamics, and' Extinction Risks ......................................................... 9 conservation of salmonid populations in the Intermoun- Viability ...................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Geology and Paleontology of Five Cores from Screven and Burke Counties, Eastern Georgia
    U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Geology and Paleontology of Five Cores from Screven and Burke Counties, Eastern Georgia U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1603 Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy and the Georgia Geologic Survey USGS science for a changing world Availability of Publications of the U.S. Geological Survey Order U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) publications by calling Documents. Check or money order must be payable to the the toll-free telephone number 1-888-ASK-USGS or contact­ Superintendent of Documents. Order by mail from— ing the offices listed below. Detailed ordering instructions, along with prices of the last offerings, are given in the cur­ Superintendent of Documents rent-year issues of the catalog "New Publications of the U.S. Government Printing Office Geological Survey." Washington, DC 20402 Books, Maps, and Other Publications Information Periodicals By Mail Many Information Periodicals products are available through Books, maps, and other publications are available by mail the systems or formats listed below: from— Printed Products USGS Information Services Box 25286, Federal Center Printed copies of the Minerals Yearbook and the Mineral Com­ Denver, CO 80225 modity Summaries can be ordered from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office (address above). Publications include Professional Papers, Bulletins, Water- Printed copies of Metal Industry Indicators and Mineral Indus­ Supply Papers, Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations, try Surveys can be ordered from the Center for Disease Control Circulars, Fact Sheets, publications of general interest, single and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and copies of permanent USGS catalogs, and topographic and Health.
    [Show full text]
  • Document Filed by Ilene Richman
    No. 20-222 In the Supreme Court of the United States GOLDMAN SACHS GROUP, INC., ET AL., PETITIONERS v. ARKANSAS TEACHER RETIREMENT SYSTEM, ET AL. ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT JOINT APPENDIX (VOLUME 1; PAGES 1-400) KANNON K. SHANMUGAM THOMAS C. GOLDSTEIN PAUL, WEISS, RIFKIND, GOLDSTEIN & RUSSELL, P.C. WHARTON & GARRISON LLP 7475 Wisconsin Avenue 2001 K Street, N.W. Suite 850 Washington, DC 20006 Bethesda, MD 20814 (202) 223-7300 (202) 362-0636 [email protected] [email protected] Counsel of Record Counsel of Record for Petitioners for Respondents PETITION FOR A WRIT OF CERTIORARI FILED: AUGUST 21, 2020 CERTIORARI GRANTED: DECEMBER 11, 2020 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page VOLUME 1 Court of appeals docket entries (No. 18-3667) ................... 1 Court of appeals docket entries (No. 16-250) ..................... 5 District court docket entries (No. 10-3461) ........................ 8 Goldman Sachs 2007 Form 10-K: Conflicts Warning (D. Ct. Dkt. No. 78-6) .................................................... 23 Goldman Sachs 2007 Annual Report: Business Principles (D. Ct. Dkt. No. 143-16) ............................. 30 Financial Times, Markets & Investing, “Goldman’s risk control offers right example of governance,” Dec. 5, 2007 (D. Ct. Dkt. No. 193-20) .......................... 34 Dow Jones Business News, “13 Reasons Bush’s Bailout Won’t Stop Recession,” Dec. 11, 2007 (D. Ct. Dkt. No. 170-24) ................................................ 37 The Wall Street Journal, “How Goldman Won Big on Mortgage Meltdown,” Dec. 14, 2007 (front page) (D. Ct. Hearing Ex. T) ....................................... 42 The New York Times, Off the Shelf, “Economy’s Loss Was One Man’s Gain,” Dec.
    [Show full text]
  • Printing Space: Using 3D Printing of Digital Terrain Models in Geosciences Education and Research Seth S
    JOURNAL OF GEOSCIENCE EDUCATION 62, 138–145 (2014) Printing Space: Using 3D Printing of Digital Terrain Models in Geosciences Education and Research 1,a 2 Seth S. Horowitz and Peter H. Schultz ABSTRACT Data visualization is a core component of every scientific project; however, generation of physical models previously depended on expensive or labor-intensive molding, sculpting, or laser sintering techniques. Physical models have the advantage of providing not only visual but also tactile modes of inspection, thereby allowing easier visual inspection as well as access to the visually challenged. Recent advances in three-dimensional (3D) printing technology have created low-cost systems capable of translating 3D shape and terrain elevation models into physical models. Low-cost, commercially available, 3D printers are capable of using data from topographical maps, radar data, altimetry, and digital terrain models and turning them into accurate, handleable, 3D models out of multiple materials within hours. The resultant models not only provide study materials for lunar and planetary terrains and small space bodies but also allow the generation of libraries of physical objects accessible to the visually impaired. Moreover, these models create new tools for introducing space sciences to the roster of accessible science curricular materials. © 2014 National Association of Geoscience Teachers. [DOI: 10.5408/13-031.1] Key words: geology, education, relief maps, 3D printing, asteroids, terrain, craters, visually impaired INTRODUCTION about geography and to help with navigation in a sighted Learning is enhanced by the use of materials that world (Available at: http://www.terrainmodels.com/tactile. engage more than one sensory modality. Three-dimensional html; accessed 23 November 2013).
    [Show full text]
  • Microbial Drivers of Methane Emissions from Unrestored Industrial Salt Ponds ✉ Jinglie Zhou1, Susanna M
    www.nature.com/ismej ARTICLE OPEN Microbial drivers of methane emissions from unrestored industrial salt ponds ✉ Jinglie Zhou1, Susanna M. Theroux1,2, Clifton P. Bueno de Mesquita 1, Wyatt H. Hartman1, Ye Tian3 and Susannah G. Tringe 1,4 © The Author(s) 2021 Wetlands are important carbon (C) sinks, yet many have been destroyed and converted to other uses over the past few centuries, including industrial salt making. A renewed focus on wetland ecosystem services (e.g., flood control, and habitat) has resulted in numerous restoration efforts whose effect on microbial communities is largely unexplored. We investigated the impact of restoration on microbial community composition, metabolic functional potential, and methane flux by analyzing sediment cores from two unrestored former industrial salt ponds, a restored former industrial salt pond, and a reference wetland. We observed elevated methane emissions from unrestored salt ponds compared to the restored and reference wetlands, which was positively correlated with salinity and sulfate across all samples. 16S rRNA gene amplicon and shotgun metagenomic data revealed that the restored salt pond harbored communities more phylogenetically and functionally similar to the reference wetland than to unrestored ponds. Archaeal methanogenesis genes were positively correlated with methane flux, as were genes encoding enzymes for bacterial methylphosphonate degradation, suggesting methane is generated both from bacterial methylphosphonate degradation and archaeal methanogenesis in these sites. These observations demonstrate that restoration effectively converted industrial salt pond microbial communities back to compositions more similar to reference wetlands and lowered salinities, sulfate concentrations, and methane emissions. The ISME Journal; https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-021-01067-w INTRODUCTION methylamine, or dimethylsulfide (methylotrophic methanogen- Wetlands are land areas saturated or covered with water and are a esis) [8].
    [Show full text]
  • DATA CATALOG ERIE for PACE CIENCE and APPLICATIO FIGHT MI ION Volume La De Criptio of Planetary and Heliocentric Pacecraft and Inve Tigation
    NASA-TM-8487719830007055 National Space Science Data Center/ 82-21 World Data Center A For Rockets and Satellites DATA CATALOG ERIE FOR PACE CIENCE AND APPLICATIO FIGHT MI ION Volume lA De criptio of Planetary and Heliocentric pacecraft and Inve tigation September 1982 lIB~ARY COpy !\ CJV 19 1982 LANGLEY RESEARCH CENTER LIBRARY, NASA H fy1 ~TONJ VIRGINIA Categories of Spacecraft Used in This Series PLANETARY AND HELIOCENTRIC This category includes probe to the various planets of the solar system and probes designed to make measurements of the characteristics of interplanetary space. Included are also the probes which will pass out of the solar system into interstellar space. METEOROLOGY AND TERRESTRIAL APPLICATIONS This category includes geocentric spacecraft whose primary mission is to make remote sensing measurements of the earth and its atmosphere. Spacecraft which carry instrumentation to make geodesy and gravimetry measurements are also included. Technology, engineering, and communi­ cations spacecraft or investigations are not included because NSSDC does not archive such data. ASTRONOMY, ASTROPHYSICS, AND SOLAR PHYSICS This category consists of scientific satellites designed to conduct investigations of the sun, stellar objects, nonstellar sources, and interstellar phenomena. These satellites are geocentric except for the selenocentric RAE-B. GEOSTATIONARY AND HIGH-ALTITUDE SCIENTIFIC This category includes those satellites designed to conduct investigations of the characteristics of near-earth space from orbits with apogees near geostationary altitude and higher. Three of the spacecraft are seleno­ centric. Communications satellites are not included because NSSDC does not archive such data. LOW- AND MEDIUM-ALTITUDE SCIENTIFIC This category includes those spacecraft whose apogees are well below geostationary altitude and whose primary purpose is to conduct investigations in the near-earth environment.
    [Show full text]