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The Body Beautiful and the Abject

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The Body Beautiful and the Abject THE BODY BEAUTIFUL AND THE ABJECT: A LOOK INTO THE MANIFOLD MIRROR OF AGE by KATHRYN KORI MYERS MICHAEL SCHNEPF, COMMITTEE CHAIR BRUCE EDMUNDS, CO-CHAIR ANA CORBALÁN CONSTANCE JANIGA-PERKINS EMILY WITTMAN A DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Modern Languages and Classics in the Graduate School of The University of Alabama TUSCALOOSA, ALABAMA 2015 Copyright Kathryn Kori Myers 2015 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ABSTRACT This project studies four novels by Rosa Montero, Te trataré como a una reina (1983), Bella y oscura (1993), La hija del caníbal (1997), and Instrucciones para salvar el mundo (2008), as well as four novels by Agnès Desarthe, Cinq photos de ma femme, (1998), Les bonnes intentions (2000), Mangez-moi (2006), and Dans la nuit brune (2010). This dissertation examines the representations of aging in these novels through the lens of Mikhail Bakhtin’s theory of heteroglossia and Julia Kristeva’s theory of the abject. I consider the effects of cultural constructs of age and aging on: how the elderly characters are depicted; how the characters describe their own aging and that of others; the interpretation of reflections in literal and figurative mirrors; the obsession with youth in Western cultures; and the sexual identity of female characters. I will take an in-depth look at how identity, self-perception, and sexuality are linked to the aging body. ii DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to my seven-year-old self, who decided to be a doctor; and to my parents, who never gave up on me. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am pleased to have the opportunity to thank Dr. Thomas Fox for his unwavering support and compassion. I would not have made it as far as I have without him. I would like to thank Dr. Michael Schnepf for his invaluable guidance and abundant assistance with this project. His encouragement made all the difference. Thank you to Dr. Bruce Edmunds, who throughout my long stay at The University of Alabama always made time to talk with me, even when the topic was not in his field. His support and his assistance with this project are greatly appreciated. I would like to thank Dr. Constance Janiga-Perkins for her unfailing kindness and support. Thank you to Dr. Ana Corbalán and to Dr. Emily Wittman for being part of my committee. Thank you to Dr. Michael Picone, who always inspired me to do my best. Also, I would like to thank my parents, J. Douglas Myers and Patricia Myers, for their constant support. I could not have done any of this without them. iv CONTENTS ABSTRACT ................................................................................................ ii DEDICATION ........................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................... iv INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................1 CHAPTER ONE: REPRESENTATIONS OF AGING AND THE ABJECT .............................................................................19 CHAPTER TWO: MIRRORS AND THE OBSESSION WITH YOUTH ..............................................................49 CHAPTER THREE: THE GAZE AND FEMALE SEXUALITY ............89 CHAPTER FOUR: A COMPARISON ...................................................128 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................140 WORKS CITED ......................................................................................147 v INTRODUCTION This project will explore the ways in which aging is represented in select novels of Rosa Montero and Agnès Desarthe. The novels studied were published between the years 1983 and 2010. With the death of the dictator Francisco Franco in 1975 there began in Spain a societal upheaval. The Catholic, extremely conservative societal views of women were steadily being challenged and changing rapidly. By 1983 much progress had been made in adapting to the new cultural norms without the strict censorship of the Franco regime. I chose this time frame because I wanted to analyze Montero’s works that I felt were not inhibited in any way by the defunct dictatorship. This set the time boundary for the earliest novel that I chose from Montero. I then read both Montero’s and Desarthe’s works up to the present, and used those novels that were most relevant to this study. Despite the cultural differences and geography that separate them,1 I chose these two specific authors because of the striking parallels and similarities in the way that they represent aging in their writing. Though the theme of aging is ubiquitous in the field of gerontology, much opportunity exists to further this field of study in the realm of literature. This dissertation will examine how the characters of these two authors represent the effects of the aging process on the construction of their identities. In this dissertation I shall take an in-depth look at aging: how identity, self-perception, and sexual identity are inextricably linked to the aging body. To my knowledge, the concepts associated with aging and these aforementioned aspects of aging have not been considered in the novels of Agnès Desarthe. My purpose in this project is to present a new perspective on these 1 The populations of both France and Spain are concerned about the growing number of elderly people. In 2014, 52% of the people polled in Spain and 45% of the people polled in France thought that the growing aged population is a “major problem.” In Spain, 17.1% of the population was 65 or older in 2010, whereas in France it was 16.8%. However, in 2050 Spain will have 34.5% of the population 65 or older, and in France it will be 25.5%. The anxieties associated with the care of the elderly population brings to the forefront the contemplation of aging. http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/01/30/attitudes-about-aging-a-global-perspective/ 1 well-known writers, and in so doing present ideas about aging that are new to the field of literary research, such as the inclusion of the concept of the abject in the social constructs of aging, and how cultural heteroglossia affects these social constructs. It will also be my intention to raise questions that I feel are pertinent not only to the examination of these novels, but also to the study of the representations of aging in literature. I have chosen these specific novels from these particular authors because they show striking parallels in how their characters react to and deal with the aging process. Montero and Desarthe both depict female characters that have great difficulty incorporating their aging bodies into their identities, as well as male characters that are aware of the effects of aging on their constructions of self. They also share the view that aging connotes loss of youth, of vitality, and of importance in society. Their depictions of the decrepit aging body also mirror each other in many ways. The novels I will analyze written by Rosa Montero are: Te trataré como a una reina (1983), Bella y oscura (1993), La hija del caníbal (1997), and Instrucciones para salvar el mundo (2008). The novels written by Agnès Desarthe are: Cinq photos de ma femme (1998), Les bonnes intentions (2000), Mangez-moi (2006), and Dans la nuit brune (2010). In Chapter One I shall analyze how the representation of the aged characters reflects culturally constructed concepts of the elderly, as well as discuss the inclusion of the abject in these constructions. In Chapter Two the focus will be mirrors, both literal and figurative, and what effects they have on the identity formation of characters. In Chapter Three I shall consider the male gaze, the female gaze, and how age affects the sexual identity of female characters, as well as how they interact with the societal construct of sexuality of the older woman. In Chapter 2 Four I shall compare the two authors’ representations of aging, and I shall discuss the final conclusions of the concepts they present in their novels. Two critical theories will form the bases of my arguments in this dissertation, and other theories that I utilize in this study will relate to one or both of them. The first is the theory of heteroglossia from Mikhail Bakhtin. This theory states that the way in which a person speaks, the words he chooses, reflects his personal view on the world. His words express his values and his position on the topic of which he speaks. The second is that of abjection by Julia Kristeva. Kristeva posits that that which disturbs personal or cultural identity is cast off, and one separates oneself from these concepts as not part of oneself. In combining Bakhtin’s and Kristeva’s theories I shall show that the dominant cultural languages propogated by Western cultures push the concept of aging into the realm of the abject. I elaborate on what these theories are and their impact on this project later in this dissertation. The questions that I address in this dissertation are these: How do the characters in these novels reflect on their embodiment? How do they construct their identities in relation to their age? What influences do the negative cultural languages that construct the concepts of age have on these characters? Are they able to overcome these languages and construct their own identities on their own terms, or do they fall victim to these negative languages and adopt them as the definition of both their subjects and objects? In order to investigate the concepts of age and the aging body, first I shall set the parameters of the concepts of identity and embodiment in this study. It will then be possible to apply these concepts to age and the aging body and to discuss the difficulty in defining age. The ideas about what the body is, what it represents, and what part of our identities it encompasses have been debated for centuries. For Anthony Synnott, the body is not our physical 3 being but our very self. As a result, he writes, “We are all embodied. Obvious though this may be, what it means in practice is not always so obvious.
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