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Jamie Walters Distributed Immersive Participation { Realising Multi-Criteria Context- Centric Relationships on an Internet of Things Jamie Walters Distributed Immersive Participation Realising Multi-Criteria Context-Centric Relationships on an Inter- net of Things Jamie Walters Abstract Advances in Internet-of-Things integrate sensors and actuators in every- day items or even people transforming our society at an accelerated pace. This occurs in areas such as agriculture, logistics, transport, healthcare, and smart cities and has created new ways to interact with and experi- ence entertainment, (serious) games, education, etc. Common to these domains is the challenge to realize and maintain complex relations with any object or individual globally, with the requirement for immediacy in maintaining relations of varying complexity. Existing architectures for maintaining relations on the Internet, e.g., DNS and search engines are insufficient in meeting these challenges. Their deficiencies mandate the research presented in this dissertation enabling the maintenance of dynamic and multi-criteria relationships among entities in real-time in an Internet-of-Things while minimizing the overall cost for maintaining such context-centric relationships. A second challenge is the need to represent nearness in context-centric relationships, since solutions need to build on what is closely related. This dissertation shows that the proximity on relations can be used to bring about the scalability of maintaining relationships across the IoT. It successfully demonstrates the concept and feasibility of self-organizing context-centric overlay networks for maintaining scalable and real-time relationships between endpoints co-located with associated physical en- tities. This is complemented by an object model for annotating objects and their relationships as derived and defined over the underpinning context interactions. Complementing measures of nearness are added through a non-metric multi-criteria approach to evaluating the notion of context proximity. A query language and an extension to the publish- subscribe approaches achieves distributed support for discovering such relationships; locating entities relative to a defined hyper-sphere of in- terest. Furthermore, it introduces adaptive algorithms for maintaining such relationships at minimal overall costs. The results demonstrate the feasibility of moving towards context-centric approaches to immersion and that such approaches are realizable over vast and distributed het- erogeneous collections of user and their associated context information. Acknowledgements Undertaking a Ph.D has given me the opportunity to both deepen my understanding of Computer Science as well as collaborate and meet peo- ple from across academia, research and industry. This has been as inter- esting as it has been challenging and has provided me the opportunity to research ideas that are expected to contribute to the evolving tech- nological landscape. The work presented in this dissertation is both my own work as well as the result of collaboration with other researchers both at Stockholm University and earlier Mid Sweden University. I have deepened my knowledge in the area during these years and for this I am eternally grateful. My gratitude to Professor Theo Kanter and Dr.Rahim Rahmani who have been my supervisors during my Ph.D studies contributing to the realization of this dissertation. I have truly appreciated the support- ive faculty at Stockholm University during that last two years. To my family, thank you for being being around and especially Helena for hav- ing being so very understanding. A huge appreciation to others who have made this possible: Yuhong Li, Stephane Junique, Andreas Gazis & Somya Joshi for giving your time and feedback. Over the last few years I have had the opportunity to research and interact with some of the most knowledgeable people in this research area. I have worked on several projects including EU FP7 MobiS & SALIG++ Projects, The MediaSense Project and the InSIKT Project. From this I have learned more, experienced more and expect more. For this I am eternally grate- ful. The knowledge and experience I have gained I will take with me and, in the true spirit of learning, share with as many as will listen; continu- ing to make my contribution to the way we realize a future Internet of Things. c Jamie Walters, Stockholm 2014 ISBN 978-91-7447-987-4 Printed in Sweden by US-AB, Stockholm 2014 Distributor: Department of Computer and System Sciences, Stockholm University List of Papers Included in this Dissertation The following papers, referred to in the text by their Roman numerals, are included in this dissertation. PAPER I: Distributed Context Support for Ubiquitous Mo- bile Awareness Services Kanter, T., Pettersson, S., Forsstr¨om, S., Kardeby V., Norling, R., Walters, J., Osterberg,¨ P. 2009 Fourth International Conference on Communications and Net- working in China, pp.1-5 (2009). PAPER II: The Mediasense Framework Kanter, T., Osterberg,¨ P., Walters, J., Forsstr¨om, S., Kardeby V., Pettersson, S., 2009 Fourth International Conference on Digital Telecommunications, pp.144-147 (2009). PAPER III: An Object-Oriented Model in Support of Context- Aware Mobile Applications Dobslaw, F., Kanter, T., Larsson, A., Walters, J. Mo- bile Wireless Middleware, Operating Systems, and Appli- cations, pp.205-220 (2010). PAPER IV: Distributed Context Models in Support of Ubiq- uitous Mobile Awareness Services Walters, J., Kanter, T., Norling, R. The 2nd Interna- tional ICST Conference on Sensor Systems and Software, pp.121-144 (2011). PAPER V: A Distributed Framework for Organizing an In- ternet of Things Walters, J., Savioli, E., Kanter, T. The 3rd Interna- tional ICST Conference on Mobile Lightweight Wireless Systems, pp.231-247 (2011). PAPER VI: Location-Based Ubiquitous Context Exchange in Mobile Environments Forsstr¨om, S., Kardeby V., Walters, J., Kanter, T. Mo- bile Networks and Management 2010, pp.57-66 (2011). PAPER VII: A Context-Relational Approach for the Internet of Things Walters, J., Kanter, T. EMERGING 2012, The Fourth International Conference on Emerging Network Intelli- gence, pp.49-55 (2012). PAPER VIII: Establishing Multi-Criteria Context Relations Sup- porting Ubiquitous Immersive Participation Walters, J., Kanter, T., Rahmani, R. International Journal of Sensor, Adhoc and Uniquitous Computing,Volume: 4 Issue: 2 pp.59-78 (2013). PAPER IX: A Context Proximity Query Language Walters, J., Kanter, T., Rahmani, R 6th International Conference on Mobile Networks and Management - 2014. PAPER X: Supporting Context-Centric Relations in Hetero- geneous Environments Walters, J., Kanter, T., Rahmani, R. International Journal of Computer Science Issues (IJCSI),Volume: 10 Issue: 5 (2013). PAPER XI: Adaptive Information Provisioning in Distributed Context-Centric Architectures Walters, J., Kanter, T., Rahmani, R. International Journal of Computer Science Issues (IJCSI),Volume: 10 Issue: 5 (2014). PAPER XII: Distributed Immersive Participation as Crowd- Sensing in Culture Events Kanter, T., Rahmani, R. Walters, J., Sauter, W. Jour- nal For Virtual Worlds Research,Volume: 7 Issue: 4 (2014). Not Included in this Dissertation The following papers, referred to in the text by their Roman numerals, are additional publications by the author that are not included in this dissertation. PAPER I: Dissemination of Anonymised Context Informa- tion by Extending the DCXP Framework Forsstr¨om, S., Kardeby V., Walters, J., Kanter, T. Mo- bile Networks and Management 2010, pp.57-66 (2010). PAPER II: Evolving Presentity-Based Context Schemas by Estimating Context Proximity Walters, J., Kanter, T. IT Revolutions 2012, pp.137-152 (2011). PAPER III: The MediaSense Framework : Ranking Sensors in a Distributed Architecture Walters, J., Osterberg,¨ P., Kanter, T. 2011 Sixth Inter- national Conference on Digital Telecommunications pp. 140-144 (2011) PAPER IV: Scenarios, Research Issues, and Architecture for Ubiquitous Sensing Kanter,T., Kardeby, V., Forsstr¨om, S., Walters, J. Sec- ond International ICST Conference, MONAMI 2010, pp. 285-297 (2010). PAPER V: The Updated MediaSense Framework Kardeby, V., Forsstr¨om, S., Walters, J., Osterberg,¨ P., Kanter, T. 2010 Fifth International Conference on Digi- tal Telecommunications, pp.48-51 (2010). PAPER VI: MediaSense { an Internet of Things Platform for Scalable and Decentralized Context Sharing and Control Forsstr¨om, S., Kardeby, V., Walters, J.,Kanter, T. ICDT 2012, The Seventh International Conference on Digital Telecommunications, pp.27-32 (2012). Reprints were made with permission from the publishers. Author's Contributions The main contributions of this dissertation to the research community is summarized as a list of publications as follows: Publication I Distributed Context Support for Ubiquitous Mobile Awareness Services This publication proposed the Distributed Context eXchange Protocol (DCXP) along with a distributed peer-to-peer platform for provision- ing user context information. This was proposed a suitable alternative to the existing centralized solutions which seek to provide support for massive context-aware computing. The contribution addresses issues of scalability and the ability to derive and disseminate context informa- tion while maintaining real-time constraints. The approach was demon- strated and evaluated in a sample ubiquitous mobile awareness service. The author's main contributions included the distributed aggregation of sensor information through the use of
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