Deparment of Agriculture UPLAND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME IN SOUTHERN MNDANAO (UDP) ALA/97/68
Environmental Awareness Campaign Plan
Christina B. Banluta Consultant/ Environmental Awareness Campaign Specialist
May 2000
UDP is a special project of the Department of Agriculture in Southern Mindanao
Supported by the European Union Table of Contents
1. Foreword ------3
2. Objectives ------3
3. Summary and Recommendations ------4-5
4. Implementation Strategies 4.1 Approaches 4.1.1 Community-based environmental awareness campaign ------5 4.1.2 Institutional environmental awareness campaign ------7
4.2 Major Activities 4.2.1 Formal ------7 4.2.2 Non-Formal ------8
4.3 Target Groups ------9
4.4 Types of Communication Methods ------10
5. Campaign Modes and Focus of Messages ------11
6. Steps in Environmental Awareness Campaign ------14-15
7. Module for an EA Workshop ------16
8. Schedule of Activities for CY 2000 ------17
9. Schedule of Activities for CY2001 – CY2004 ------18
10. Budget Estimate for EA Activities CY 2000 ------19
11. Budget Estimate for EA Activities CY 2001-2004 ------20
Figures Fig. 1 Community-based environmental awareness campaign flow ------6 Fig. 2 Institutional environmental awareness campaign flow ------7 Fig. 3 Target groups and campaign approaches flow ------9 Fig. 4 Environmental awareness campaign and message focus framework ------11 Fig. 5 Strategic Campaign and Sustainability flow of environmental awareness campaign ------13
Annexes A. Maps ------1. Barangays with elementary schools 2. Barangays covered by interpersonal/print 3. Barangays covered by radio stations 4. Barangays (lowland only) covered by TV/cable stations
B. Available Media in Southern Mindanao C. Establishing and Operating a Community Radio Station D. Sample Environmental Audio and Video Scripts
2 1. Foreword Environmental awareness (EA) as part of the whole effort in communication process in any development-conservation work is not new in the Philippines. Today, many agencies involved in helping communities change, be it on community development, upland development or environmental protection, include environmental awareness campaign in their programme of activities. The campaign, through interpersonal or the mass media, is essential for it is through this process, that people are informed on environmental issues, are motivated and empowered to take part and make decisions for themselves and their communities. The Upland Development Programme in Southern Mindanao (UDP) shall undertake environmental awareness campaign in the effort to protect upland natural resources in five (5) provinces of Southern Mindanao namely: Davao del Sur, South Cotabato, Sarangani, Compostela Valley and Davao Oriental. The campaign shall also cover the whole of Region XI as target audiences range from communities within and outside the watershed areas, students, partner-organisations of UDP, LGUs, and the policy makers of the municipalities and provinces covered by the Programme. The campaign differs from other communication activities of the Programme as it specifically focuses on the understanding of environmental issues as a basic foundation for a sustainable management of natural resources. Though EA maybe integrated in one way or another in other communication activities of the Programme, the campaign shall be targeting all sectors involved in community development to ensure the sustainability of the activities.
Understanding Environmental Awareness
Environmental is helping individual and communities acquire sensitivity awareness to the total environment and its related issues and problems.
A successful awareness campaign can be Obtaining basic understanding of the environment and attained when Knowledge problems and humanity’s critical presence and role efforts be exerted to elevate environmental: Acquiring social values, strong concern for the environment and the motivation to actively participate in the environmental Attitude protection activities
Developing a sense of responsibility and urgency regarding the Participation environment
2. Objectives
As one of the support units of the Resource Management Component and in the effort to achieve the over-all goal of the Upland Development Programme, the environmental awareness activities shall embark on a campaign to increase the environmental awareness level of identified target groups in UDP areas of the need to properly manage the natural resources in upland Southern Mindanao. The campaign shall also be initiated to raise the awareness on environmental issues among UDP’s partner organisations, the Local Government Units, and the municipal and provincial policy makers. The activities shall be geared towards fully understanding the environmental issues including production and sustainable land use - confronted by communities and those directly working and influencing the lives of the communities. This campaign shall support in achieving the objective of the Resource Management Component which is to develop a model for sustainable
3 management of natural resources being adopted and implemented by LGUs and communities in the uplands of Southern Mindanao. In view of the above, it is emphasized that understanding environmental issues plays an essential part in the whole planning process of the watershed management which will be undertaken by the communities and the people working in the communities. Realization of the importance of protecting the upland ecosystem is a fundamental part in the interventions of UDP in communities to improve their living standards.
3. Summary and Recommendations Implementing Strategies and Approaches Ø Environmental awareness (EA) campaign shall be undertaken hand-in-hand with the community development organising activities as the campaign will be a built-in task of all the UDP staff.
Ø EA campaign shall target the following groups: community-based organisation, community, supporting institutions and UDP.
Ø The EA activities, one of the support units of the Resources Management Component of UDP shall be categorised into two (2) strategies/approaches for various target audiences. These are: community- based environmental awareness (EA) campaign and the institutional environmental awareness (EA) campaign.
Ø These approaches shall underline two (2) major activities: the formal and the non-formal EA activities.
Ø The substantive areas of focus in the environmental awareness campaign shall be the following: environmental education, environmental values and ethics, and environmental action/advocacy. These integrated messages which shall be the substantive focus of the three (3) campaign modes: participatory, community media; project promotion and support; and communication as intervention. EA Activities Ø The inter-personal activities (IPA) such as house to house visit and small group discussion is still considered as the most reliable approach given enough time and manpower. This activity can be intensified for the purpose of fully understanding issues by distributing printed materials and video showing.
Ø Printed materials such as brochure, leaflets, flyers, and comics are seen as effective tools in the dissemination information. Drawings and pictures with less words should be emphasized.
Ø Radio, the most commonly used medium in Southern Mindanao, shall be utilised to reinforce environmental messages to target groups utilising local radio stations popular or most listened to in the area. This medium can reach a wider audience and thus, effective for short environmental messages to reinforce the EA activities in the area.
Ø Environmental video materials in Filipino and local dialects shall also be produced for the various target groups.
Ø For policy makers, partner-organisations and LGUs, the Programme shall use video as its primary medium and shall be supported by using the radio and distribution of printed materials.
Ø Two (2) community radio stations are recommended to be set-up in two (2) yet to be identified and assessed areas with no access to media.
Ø Recommended partner-organisations are the Department of Agriculture, the Department of Environment and Natural Resources – Public Affairs and Information Office, the Philippine Information Agency, the Provincial and Municipal Information Offices. Initial discussion with these agencies has been undertaken. Ø Production of EA materials – printed, audio and video – shall be undertaken in collaboration with the identified partner-organisations.
Environmental Education Ø The Department of Education, Culture and Sports (DECS) has the necessary mandate, manpower resources and extensive geographical coverage that should be enhanced to effectively increase the level of environmental awareness and education of the Southern Mindanao residents. It is recommended that UDP will assist the capability of DECS in the integration of environmental education in the existing curricula. The Local Government Units may also play a vital role in this effort through the Local School Board.
Ø In school year 2001-2002, DECS, the LGUs, together with UDP shall undertake a pilot study to develop concepts and methods for the integration of environmental education at elementary level in five selected elementary schools in UDP areas in Southern Mindanao.
Ø If no staff can directly supervise the environmental education activities, the Programme may contract this activity out to a competent organisation involved in environmental education.
Ø The Programme shall support the libraries of selected schools by providing necessary reading materials on environmental protection and upland resources management.
Other Important EA Concerns Ø Provincial Offices with no access to audio-video equipment must be equipped each with a TV set, VHS, and karaoke. A set of these equipment will cost around P30,000.00. These shall be utilised for the environmental awareness activities such as for a and meetings for policy makers, students, for barangay to barangay awareness campaign and for other communication activities of the Provincial Offices. The equipment shall be turned-over to the provincial/municipal information offices which shall continue the efforts of UDP in pursuing the environmental awareness activities.
Ø Market day or “tabo-tabo” , a once a week activity in a number of barangays in Mindanao, where the lowland and upland residents meet to sell goods and products, is a good venue for an EA activity.
Ø Baseline survey on the level of awareness in the target areas can be integrated in the UDP’s baseline study to be conducted this year.
Ø As UDP now undertakes activities in the areas, initial environmental awareness activities necessary to complement other Programme activities should be implemented as soon as possible.
4. Implementation Strategies
All activities which to be undertaken shall run through the common thread of helping communities help themselves that only them can help conserve watershed resources through proper understanding of environmental issues around them. In view of this, dynamic process of involvement with the community has been encouraged in every environmental awareness-related activities which are geared to increase awareness and understanding of the problems and needs of the communities and the environs.
The environmental awareness activities shall be divided into two (2) approaches for various target groups. These are: community-based environmental awareness campaign and institutional environmental
5 awareness campaign. These approaches shall underline two (2) major activities: the formal and the non- formal environmental awareness activities.
4.1 Approaches
4.1.1Community-based environmental awareness campaign. The activities under this are those directly targeting the community - the farmers and their families in the uplands of Southern Mindanao. Messages, which is the primary aspect considered in the whole process of the campaign, shall help alleviate community concerns if they would undergo a participatory process. This means that the awareness campaign has to spring from the values, aspirations, and beliefs of the targeted groups. Conducted through small group discussions, the design and content of the communication channel and message will be identified by the communities themselves.
This does not mean that no intervention messages will be disseminated at the community level. There are environmental issues that need to be discussed for a community to realize or for them to understand. Message interventions here are those be designed by the Programme and its partner- orgnaisations.
Figure 1. Community-based environmental awareness campaign flow
Community Dissemination Community Discussion, Production of Distribution Messages/ designing of materials Through Issues on messages & INDIGENOUS, -INTERPERSONAL identification of PRINT, -GROUP upland medium for AUDIO OR -MIXED resource specific VIDEO management issue/message
COMMUNITY FEEDBACK ACTION
6 4.1.2 Institutional environmental awareness campaign. This campaign shall target the UDP staff and all the Support Institutions. These target groups are critical groups of the environmental awareness campaign since they influence the communities which the Programme is directly targeting. These organisations and institutions will also be the groups which shall be relied upon for the sustainability of the EA activities.
Figure 2. Institutional environmental awareness campaign flow
Dissemination Distribution UDP, Partner- Production of Through organisations materials -INTERPERSONAL discussion, PRINT, AUDIO OR -GROUP identification VIDEO -MIXED and designing of messages
COMMUNITY FEEDBACK ACTION
4.2 Major Activities
4.2.1 Formal. Environmentalism in the classroom is an effective tool for increasing the level of environmental awareness among school children. As provided for in Section 53 of the Philippine Environment Code, the Department of Education Culture and Sports(DECS) shall integrate subjects on environmental education in its school curricula at all levels. It shall endeavour to conduct special community education emphasizing the relationship of man and nature as well as environmental sanitation and practices.
The DECS has the necessary mandate, manpower resources and extensive geographical coverage that should be enhanced to effectively increase the level of environmental awareness and education of the Southern Mindanao residents. It is recommended that UDP will assist the capability of DECS in the integration of environmental education in the existing curricula. The Local Government Units may also play a vital role in this effort through the Local School Board.
In school year 2001-2002, DECS, the LGU together with the UDP may undertake a pilot study to develop concepts and methods for the integration of environmental education at elementary level in five 7 selected elementary schools in UDP areas in Southern Mindanao. In early 2000, the mentioned agencies shall collaboratively design and produce teaching supplements; train teachers on environmental education integration; and shall design and implement a monitoring and evaluation procedure. UDP will continue to support DECS and the LGU in integrating environmental education in more public schools, involving more teachers and make use of newly designed instructional materials.
School year 2005-2006 shall serve as the hand-over period after which DECS and the LGU shall sustain the integration of environmental education in school curricula with less input from UDP.
4.2.2 Non-Formal. This is the multi-media approach of the environmental awareness activities. One of the strategic approaches in disseminating and sharing environment issues or concerns is through existing communication channels. A few would deny that in the Philippines, particularly in Southern Mindanao, the media play a significant role in the day-to-day lives of young and old. The production of materials essential to the implementation of UDP’s activities shall be done collaboratively with the Programme’s partner-organisations.
Appropriate materials needed in a certain activity shall carefully be identified by those directly working with the communities. Video materials, radio plugs and programmes, printed materials such as flyers, pamphlets, and posters shall be produced as the primary materials for distribution in the upland areas. Messages on watershed, the ecosystem, environmental laws, shall be incorporated in the campaign.
Fascination of communities over audio-visual equipment, particularly the television set, is noted in communities. The effectiveness of the audio-visual media to attract and gather people, especially in areas where TV is luxury has been proven in other parts of the country. The endless fascination of upland communities over television and movies isn’t surprising for there is a widespread belief in many societies with low levels of education that “if the TV (or radio) said it, it must be true.”
In the book ‘Education for Sustainability’, Huckle and Sterling states that “the rapid growth in television set ownership and usage during the second half of the twentieth century is remarkable precisely because of the extraordinary influence visual images and narrative structures exert on audience perceptions. Researching for a report on the impact of images of Africa, Van der Gaag and Nash (1987) found evidence to suggest that: “The public’s perceptions, though they were influence by other factors like family, friends and school, were ultimately formed by media…The visual images were dominant, and the images were remembered when even significant facts and figures had been forgotten.”
Environmental awareness or EA days shall be held from barangay to barangay, sitio to sitio, school to school, using an audio visual van (a mobile video unit), an improvised, locally assembled vehicle. If an AV van isn’t possible, a set of one (1) karaoke, a TV set, a VHS, and a generator should be made available to Provincial Offices. Consultations and discussions with communities during EA days shall be reinforced by video and film showings and distribution of printed materials – these would help in stimulating process of reflection among the participants.
Radio is still recognised as the most widely used medium and thus, effective in reaching a number of audience in rural areas. Local radio stations in some areas maybe utilised by the Programme as the venues for the environmental radio plugs and programmes.
8 Setting-up community radio stations is recommended in areas with no access to any form of media or in a hardlly communication-oriented community. A community radio station is in the community, it is about the community, and it is by the community. The concept of community radio station cleared the way for a significant move towards a wider audience spectrum in hardly communication-oriented communities. It was introduced in the Philippines by Tambuli Project working towards a new public a media structure that is owned and controlled by the people. Seen as a vital project to empower community through information, this would help communities identify and pursue development opportunities particularly the management of their resources and the environment. (Please see attached paper written by C. Banluta on community radio station based on the experience gathered from the communities assisted by the Palawan Tropical Forestry Protection Programme in Palawan).
4.3 Target Groups
People’s Organisation 1) Community Based Organisation 2) Community Community- - Unschooled Farmers based - Schooled Farmers environmental - Tribal Group awareness - Women campaign - School children
UDP Support Institutions 1) PMO 1) Brgy. Gov’t 2) PPO 2) Mun. Gov’t 3) MPO-MPT-LGU 3) Provincial Gov’t 4) PFI’s, NGOs, Coops 5) Academic/ Research Instituitons Continuing 6) Government Agencies environmental 7) Religious Groups/ Leaders awareness campaign
Figure 3. Target Groups and the Campaign Approaches Flow 9 4.4 Types of Communication Methods
INTERPERSONAL GROUP MASS & MIXED MEDIA
Person to person meetings pamphlets home visits study tours Posters technical manuals role playing newsletters tutorials group discussion radio self-learning slides television/video personal letters demonstration calendars flipcharts newspapers blackboards booklets, leaflets wall charts banners, billboards drama group
Essential in the process of the campaign, the communication methods or channels should be clearly specified. For a community identified or intervention message, identification of appropriate channel will be a big factor for a successful campaign.
The communication methods shall be divided into three (3): interpersonal, group, and mass & mixed media. Interpersonal activities include person to person, home visits, technical manuals, personal letters, tutorials, self learning. While the group method covers meetings, study tours, role playing, group discussion, slides, demonstration, flipcharts, blackboards, wall charts and drama group. Mass and mixed media include pamphlets, posters, newsletters, radio, television/video, calendars, newspapers, booklets, leaflets, banners and billboards.
10 5. CAMPAIGN MODES AND FOCUS OF MESSAGES
Participatory, Community Media
Environ- mental Education/ Literacy
Environ- mental Environ- Values and mental ethics Action/ Advocacy
Project Communication as Promotion Intervention And (Information, Support Education and Communication)
Figure 4. Environmental Awareness Campaign and Message Focus Framework
11 In 1998, Alexander G. Flor and Rebecca P. Smith of the Coastal Resource Management Programme (CRMP) categorised four (4) modes of developmental communication: social marketing, development support communication, social mobilisation and information, education and communication. Based on the observations in the field and experiences gathered from a forest protection programme which embarked on an extensive environmental awareness campaign, this suggests three (3) modes which shall directly and indirectly target the communities. These are: participatory, community media; project promotion and support; and communication as intervention. The campaign shall employ an operational framework shown in Figure 3 that integrates the major communication modes to community campaign undertakings.
Meanwhile, the substantive areas of focus in the environmental awareness campaign shall be the following: environmental education, environmental values and ethics, and environmental action/advocacy. The three circles converging in the centre of the framework represents the integrated messages which shall be the substantive focus of the three (3) campaign modes.
Messages designed and identified by the communities and messages identified by the Programme and its Support Institutions should be within the realm of the substantive areas of focus of the EA campaign.
In designing the messages, the following should be strategically considered: 1) content; 2) the organisation of the content; 3) the language used to relate the content to an audience; 4) message appeal.
Figure 4 shows that the whole process of the environmental awareness campaign focuses on institutional (which is referred to in the figure below as network) development and capacity building of partner-organisations and communities. This shall be strategic as it should identify pressure points and which it would lead to measurable and lasting impact. This process assures sustainability of the campaign if carefully undertaken. As this campaign endeavours for a concrete behavioural change, it also aims to improve the social process of the campaign. The social processes should assume a momentum for successful replication and expansion- that it could stand even after the support/assistance extended by UDP to the communities.
Involvement of many sectors existent or active in the community shall be encouraged and will be done at all levels of the target communities and groups.
The figure also shows that all efforts will lead to achieving the over-all goal of UDP which is sustaining upland resource base and improving living standard and prosperity of upland communities.
12 NETWORKS/INSTITUTIONS KEY PLAYERS DESIRED CHANGES DESIRED IMPACT RESOURCE UDP MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVE OVER-ALL GOAL
Environmentally UDP LGUs, Local Policy Policy Changes, principled policy Media Network Makers, Government development makers, Environmental Resource Agencies & NGOs priorities shift development Materials workers (print, audio and video)
Sustained Sustainable upland management resource base Integration of Environmentally of natural and improved UDP environmental aware youth/ resources in education in DECS future living Education Network Educational Institutions the uplands curricula community standards & leaders of Southern prosperity of Mindanao upland communities
Sustained Community Communities, community- environmental Environmentally Mobilisation based Organisations advocacy aware Network communities
Figure 5. Strategic Networking & Sustainability Flow of EA Activities
13 6. Steps in Environmental Awareness Campaign STEPS PURPOSE ACTIVITY CHANNEL 1. PREPARATION - To orient field staff 1) LGU and UDP orientation on Mixed Media and LGU on the need environmental awareness Interpersonal for environmental a. project promotion and Group awareness campaign support messages - To influence the b. intervention messages inclusion of 2) Enhancement of environmental Environmental awareness activities in Communication Skills of the CBWMD action plans Field Staff 3) EA Campaign for CBWMD Teams 4) Production and distribution of Field Staff EA Kit with initially identified or intervention materials
2. COMMUNITY - To support the 1) Barangay Council Interpersonal ORGANISING efforts of eliciting Orientation and Group project support and Environmental Awareness Printed 2.1 ENTRY acceptance by 2) Distribution of EA materials Materials presenting the basic facts on why there is a need to protect the watershed, why is there a need to conserve earth and water
2.2 COMMUNITY - To conduct 1) community informal Interpersonal IMMERSION/ preliminary assessment discussion to gather and Group INTEGRATION of environmental issues identify environmental and concerns of the issues/ messages community 2.3 COMMUNITY - To support the 1) community meeting/ EA Mixed Media MOBILISA-TION community mobilisation 2) distribution of EA materials for UDP start-up activity a. community identified through dissemination messages of relevant EA messages b. project promotion and support messages c. intervention messages 2.4 CORE GROUP - To orient interim 1) skills training on Interpersonal FORMATION AND working structure on environmental awareness Group DEVELOPMENT holding environmental by field staff Mixed Media awareness campaign 3. PROFILING & To provide support in 1) inclusion of media habits Interpersonal DIAGNOSIS developing and propensities in the data Group “visioning & “vision and strategy” gathering strategy” To gather and analyse data on the available media and media habits, communication problems in the area 4. COMMUNITY 5) barangay to barangay & Mixed Media WATERSHED sitio to sitio EA campaign Group PLANNING To provide relevant d. community identified Interpersonal 4.1 Supplemen- information to messages tary Surveys communities and e. project promotion and 4.2 Sitio CBWMD teams for the support messages Planning preparation of the f. intervention messages 4.3 Cluster watershed plan 2) selection of schools for Planning environmental education 4.4 Project/ Farm To embark on an integration Planning extensive environmental awareness campaign among identified target groups in UDP areas on the need to properly manage the natural resources in the uplands of Southern Mindanao
To give significant effort to raise awareness on the value of land use allocation 5. COMMUNITY To support other UDP 1) continuous EA campaign in Interpersonal WATERSHED components’ the community Group PLAN IMPLE- implementation of a. community identified Mixed Media MENTATION activities in the areas messages b. project promotion and To give significant effort support messages to raise awareness on c. intervention messages farming systems and soil & water 2) integration of EE in conservation selected schools 6. ALLIANCE To increase 1) forum on environmental Interpersonal BUILDING AND environmental awareness Group NETWORKING awareness of UDP’s a. project promotion and Mixed Media (CONSOLIDATION) partner-organisations, support messages the Local Government b. intervention messages Units, and the municipal 2) distribution and and provincial policy transmission of produced makers materials 3) skills training for EA proponents in the community 15 7. Module for an EA Workshop
One of the very first step that is recommended to be undertaken is a seminar-workshop on environmental awareness campaign which would aim to: 1) provide field staff and representatives of partner-organisation an in-depth understanding on communication processes, applications and various approaches 2) enable field staff and representatives from partner-organisations enhance community participation through communication processes 3) develop an environmental communication framework of action for Southern Mindanao
Here is a sample/ recommended module for the aforementioned seminar-workshop:
I. ENVIRONMENTAL DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVES: SETTING THE STAGE FOR COMMUNICATIONS a. Environmental Situationer b. Using indigenous knowledge, practices and perspectives c. Participatory development d. Schools as agents of change e. Workshop: initial environmental examination
II. COMMUNICATIONS PLANNING a. Communication processes and techniques b. Concepts in development communications c. Program planning d. Identifying target audience: key players/ stakeholders analysis e. Message formulation f. All kinds of communication media g. Selection of medium h. Workshop: audience analysis, message formulation, selection of medium
III. STRATEGIES IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF A COMMUNICATION PLAN a. Developing media campaign b. Case studies (national park protection, local group experience, and national agency experience) c. Policy advocacy d. Linking personal and media campaign e. Ethics of media relations f. Stimulating community interaction
IV. STRATEGIES IN MONITORING & EVALUATION a. Strategies in Monitoring and Evaluation
V. ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS CAMPAIGN PLANNING a. Workshop: Environmental Communications Program Plan
16 8. Schedule of Detailed Activities for CY 2000 nvironmental Awareness Campaign Activities of Upland Development Programme (UDP) ACTIVITIES Expected Output Possible Collaborating Agencies M7 M8 M9 M10 M11 M12 Community-based Environmental Awareness Campaign FORMAL (Environmental Education) · Identification of 5 schools within and surrounding the watershed Strong collaboration with the LGUs, Department of areas for the pilot study re: integration of environmental Education, Culture and Sports; Identified schools LGU, DECS education in the curricula for pilot study; MOA · Co-ordination with possible organisation or institution to assist Co-ordination with Miriam PEACE, LGUs where in the training, design of module and other EE activities pilot schools are located NON-FORMAL · Baseline survey on the environmental awareness level and Level of environmental awareness of residents in media habits of communities in selected watershed areas in target areas and their media habits to be utilised in Southern Mindanao (integrate with PMED project baseline) the planning of detailed activities in the next implementing years · Production and distribution of - Resource management field kit which shall consist of the ff: a) flipchart on why do we need to protect watershed in Raised awareness of communities on why there is LGU, DA, DENR Visayan a need to protect watershed areas for both the field b) leaflet or booklet to compliment the flipchart staff and the target groups of the programme c) field workers’ handbook on watershed protection and existing environmental laws d) posters and leaflets on water and soil conservation e) UDP primer for upland communities f) comics on watershed protection Understanding of UDP EA interventions among · Press conferences, for a and seminars leaders, policy makers at the municipal and provincial levels. · Community meetings/EA Days Raised awareness of communities on why there is LGU a need to protect watershed areas for both the field staff and the target groups of the programme · Production and Airing of Environmental Radio Plugs Produced 10 short environmental messages on LGU, DENR watershed protection aired on local radio stations · UDP-watershed management brochure glossy brochures for policy makers, foreign visitors, UDP Staff partner-organisations, and other support institutions Institutional Environmental Awareness Campaign · Seminar-workshop on Community and Public Environmental Enhanced skills of field staff re: explaining LGUs, DA, DENR, Awareness Campaign environmental issues to communities and other how to’s; distribution of necessary materials after the workshop · Networking and Gathering of Materials/ Possible collaboration Identification of organisations/agencies with parallel objectives with UDP · Barangay & Municipal Council Orientation and Environmental Oriented directly involved local policy makers Awareness Briefing
17 9. Schedule of Detailed Activities 2001 – 2004 Environmental Awareness Campaign Activities of Upland Development Programme (UDP) ACTIVITIES Expected Output Possible Collaborating Agencies 2001 2002 2003 2004 Community-based Environmental Awareness Campaign FORMAL · Workshop on environmental education in five (5) Region XI Introduced integration of environmental education in DECS provinces curricula LGU, DECS · Development of sample lesson plans, teachers’ guides and other Sample lesson plans, guides and other support materials EE support materials for the pilot study LGU, DECS · Teachers’ Training Trained for pilot study LGU, DECS · Provision of environmental reference books to 5 pilot study schools Environmental reference books distributed to the libraries of 5 pilot schools LGU, DECS · Integration of environmental education in 5 pilot schools EE integrated in 5 elementary schools LGU, DECS · Replication of the integration of environmental education in 25 more schools Replicated EE process in 25 additional schools LGU, DECS · Replication of the integration of environmental education in 30 more schools Replicated EE process in 30 additional schools LGU, DECS · Replication of the integration of environmental education in 30 more schools and turn-over activities Replicated EE process in 30 additional schools LGU, DECS NON-FORMAL · Setting-up of two community radio stations · Production and distribution of environmental printed materials Local environment issues explained through brochures, comics, leaflets, posters and etc. LGU, DENR The results re: legends and myths shall be necessary in · Documentation of legends and myths the production of materials Video showing and distribution of printed materials during · Environmental Awareness (EA) Days the market days or tabo LGU, DENR Institutional Environmental Awareness Campaign NON-FORMAL · Production of announcer’s environment handbook Understanding of UDP’s role in the protection of upland Phil. Information Agency, resources; media partners explained & discussed what to DA, DENR, do’s and how to’s in management of upland resources · Press conferences, for a and seminars Understanding of UDP’s role in the protection of upland resources Phil. Information Agency, · Production and distribution of environmental printed materials Raised awareness among target groups on environmental DA, DENR, Posters, leaflets, brochures issues · Production of environmental radio plugs and programme Phil. Information Agency, Raised awareness among target groups on environmental DA, issues · Production and transmission of eight (8) environmental video Raised awareness among target groups on environmental Phil. Information Agency, materials issues DA, · Region-wide environmental song writing and singing contest Raised awareness among target groups on environmental Phil. Information Agency, issues through songs DA, DENR Raised awareness among target groups on environmental Phil. Information Agency, · Production of environmental song albums issues through songs (albums distributed to different local DA, DENR radio stations ) · Environmental Communications Skills Enhancement 2nd Batch Enhanced skills of field staff re: explaining/discussing field staff, LGUs, DA, environmental issues to communities DENR, · Advanced Environmental Communications Skills Enhancement Enhanced skills of field staff re: explaining/discussing field staff, LGUs, DA, environmental issues to communities DENR,
18 10. BUDGET ESTIMATE for Environmental Awareness Activities CY2000 in Euro Activities Sched ule Cost 3rd Qtr 4th Qtr Community-based Environmental Awareness Campaign FORMAL (Environmental Education) · Identification of 5 schools within and surrounding the watershed areas for the pilot study re: - - integration of environmental education in the curricula · Co-ordination with possible organisation or institution to assist in the training, design of module and - other EE activities 1,000 1,000 NON-FORMAL · Baseline survey on the environmental awareness level and media habits of communities in selected watershed areas in Southern Mindanao (integrate with PMED project baseline) - - · Production and distribution of - Resource management field kit which shall consist of the ff: 1. 100 pcs. flipchart on why do we need to protect watershed in Visayan 2,200 2. 100 pcs bags/kit case for materials 1,100 3. 2,500 pcs leaflet or booklet on land use 800 4. 100 pcs field workers’ handbook on watershed protection and existing environmental laws 800 5. 1,000 pcs posters on water and soil conservation 6. 2,500 leaflets on water and soil conservation 2,000 7. 2,500 pcs UDP primer for upland communities 800 8. 2,500 pcs comics on watershed protection 800 9,600 1,100
· Seminar-workshop on Community and Public Environmental Awareness Campaign 2,500 2,500
· 3,000 pcs. 2001 calendar highlighting soil and water conservation 4,000 4,000
· Environmental situationer press conferences and fora in 5 provinces 2,700 2,700 · Environmental awareness days simultaneously held during community meetings (5 areas/province) 2,000 2,000 · production and airing of environmental radio plugs - 2 Davao stations for 3 mos @ 400/mo 2,400 - 2 General Santos stations for 3 mos @ 270/mo 1,620 - 1 Marbel station for 3 mos @ 270/mo 810 - 1 Cotabato City station for 3 mos @ 270/mo 810 - 5 Davao Oriental stations for 3 mos @ 132/mo 1,980 7,720
· Documentation of legends and myths 4,000 4,000 · equipment for 5 provincial offices and for EA activities (for PMO based staff) 10,000 10,000
TOTAL COST 44,820
Environmental Awareness Budget for CY 2000 67,500 Euro (P2,622,000.00)
19 11. BUDGET ESTIMATE for Environmental Awareness Activities CY2001-06 in Euro Activities 2001 2002 2003 2004 Cost 34,200 34,200 34,200 34,200 Community-based Environmental Awareness Campaign FORMAL · Workshop on environmental education in five (5) Region XI provinces 3,200 3,200 · Development and production of sample lesson plans, teachers’ guides and other EE support materials for the pilot study 1,400 1,400 · Teachers’ Training 3,200 3,200 · Provision of environmental reference books to 5 pilot study schools 1,500 1,500 · Integration of environmental education in 5 pilot schools 500 500 · Replication of the integration of environmental education in 10 more schools 15,000 15,000 · Replication of the integration of environmental education in 15 more schools 20,000 20,000
· EE turn-over activities 5,000 5,000 NON-FORMAL
· Setting-up of two community radio stations 6,500 6,500 13,000
· Environmental Awareness (EA) Days 3,000 3,000 3,000 3,000 12,000
· Monitoring-survey of EA Activities 3,000 3,000 Continuing Environmental Awareness Campaign NON-FORMAL
· Production and distribution of environmental printed materials 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 20,000
· Production and airing of environmental radio plugs and programme 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 16,000
· Production of eight (8) environmental video materials (2 per year) 3,000 3,000 3,000 3,000 12,000
· Region-wide environmental song writing and singing contest 2,700 2,700
· Production and distribution of environmental song albums 3,000 3,000
· Environmental press conferences,seminars and fora 2,700 2,700 2,700 2,700 10,800
· Environmental Communications Skills Enhancement 2nd Batch 3,000 3,000 · · Advanced Environmental Communications Skills Enhancement 4,000 4,000
Total Cost 39,700 35,700 48,200 25,700 149,300
EA Budget for 2001-2006 and the remaining budget for 2000 136,800 + 25,680 163,380 20
Map 1. Areas where print media and interpersonal approach maybe effective Map 2. Areas where radio is available Map 3. Areas where TV and VHS are available (lowlands only) Map 4. Areas where there are elementary schools for possible integration of environmental education in school curricula ANNEX B AVAILABLE MEDIA IN SOUTHERN MINDANAO Location Radio Print (Local Papers) Television AM Stations Davao City · DXMF - 576 - Bombo Radyo Phils · Sunstar Davao Circulation: 13,000 copies · ABC TV –2 - ABC Broadcasting Corp. (Davao City stations transmission and distribution of papers reach · DXDC - 621 - Radio Mindanao Network · Mindanao Daily Mirror Circ: 14,000 copies · ABS-CBN TV-4 - ABS-CBN Broadcasting Corp not only the city but also parts of · DXRP - 675 - Phil. Broadcasting Phils · People’s Daily Forum Circ: 2,000 copies · GMA TV – 5 - RGMA Network Inc Comval, Davao Oriental, and · DXRD - 711 - Nation Broadcasting Corp · Mindanao Times Circ: 5,000 copies · SBNI TV-7 - Southern Broadcasting Net Davao del Sur) · DXRA - 876 - Rizal Memorial College Broad. · Ang Mantalaan Circ: 1,000 copies · RPN TV-9 - Radio Phils. Network Corp · Mindanao Mirror Bulletin Circ: 14,000 copies · PTV 11 - People’s Television Network · DXUM - 819 - University of Mindanao Broad. · Mindanao Standard Circ: 2,000 copies · IBC 13 - Intercontinental Broadcasting Corp Network (UMBN) · Mindanao Journal Circ: 1,000 copies · DXGO - 855 – Manila Broad. Corp (MBC) · Davao Catholic Herald Circ: 1,500 copies · DXIP - 900- Southern Broad. Network, Inc. · Mindanao Edition · DXOW - 960 - Radyo Pilipino Corporation · Southern Phil. Chronicle · DXRR - 1017 - Kalayaan Broad. System · Ang Panaghiusa News · DXGM - 1225 - RGMA Network Inc. · San Pedro Express · DXFE - 1197 - Far East Broad. Corp · Mindanao Gazette · DXED - 1224 - Eagle Broadcasting Net · Mindanao Business Reporter circ: 5,000 copies · DXAB - 1296 - ABS-CBN Broadcasting · The Oriental Examiner circ: 1,000 copies Network · DXKT - 1071 - Radio Phils. Network · Gold Star Daily FM Stations · The Oriental Herald circ: 1,000 copies · DXDR - 88.3 - Ultrasonic Broadcasting System · DXBE - 89.1 - Quest Broadcasting System · DXGN - 89.9 - Bishop Thibult Media Centre · DXBM - 90.7 - Cebu Broadcasting Co. · DXKX - 91.5 - Primax Broadcasting Network Inc · DXWT - 92.3 - UMBN · DXVR - 93.1 - Golden Broad. Professional · DXLL - 94.7 - FBS Radio Network · DXXL - 93.9 - Radio Mindanao Network · DXKR - 95.5 - United Broadcasting Network · DXUR - 97.1 - Swara-Sug Media Corp. · DXSS - 97.9 - Southern Broadcasting Network Inc · DXQM - 98.7 - Aliw Broadcasting Network · DXCT - 99.5 - Amapola Broadcasting Corp · DXDJ - 100.3 - Rajah Broadcasting Network · DXRR - 101.1 - ABS-CBN Broad. Network · DXFM - 101.9 - Nation Broadcasting Corp · DXRV - 103.5 - RGMA Network Inc. · DXMA - 104.3 - Century Communication · DXET - 106.7 - ABC Dev. Corp · DXNU - 107.5 - Progressive Broadcasting · DXFX - 96.3 - Bombo Radyo · Location Radio Print (Local Papers) Television
General Santos City AM Stations (Gensan stations transmission · DXCP - 585 - Phil. Federation of Catholic · Dadiangas Times · ABS-CBN – TV 3 - ABS-CBN Broad. Corp and distribution of papers reach Broadcasters · Mindanao Bulletin · GMA - TV 7 - GMA Broadcasting Corp not only the city but also many · DXDX - 693 - Radio Philippines Network parts of Saranggani and South · Sarangani Journal · IBC – TV 10 - IBC Broadcasting Corp. Cotabato) · DXES - 801 – Consolidated Broadcasting · Diaryo Mindanao · Sky Cable Network - Pilipino Cable Corp · Mindanao Standard · Sugni Cable TV - Sugni Cable · DXGS - 765 - Radyo Pilipino Corporation · News Maker · DXMD - 1152 - Radio Mindanao Network · Socsargen Monitor · DXRE - 837 - NBC Broadcasting Center · NEWSY · DXBB - 1107 - GMA Broadcasting Network · Sunstar – GSC FM Stations · Mindanao Daily Patrol · DXEF - 100.7 - Consolidated Broad. Corp. · Campus Radio – 102.3 - GMA Broad. Corp · Killer B FM – 106.7 - Quest Broadcasting System · ABS-CBN FM – 92.7 - ABS-CBN Broadcasting System · DXCK - 91.9 - Radio Mindanao Network · DXRT - 99.1 - UMBN · DXWK - 101 - Cebu Broadcasting Corp · DXOO - 99.1 - NBC Broadcasting Center
Davao del Sur · Davao City stations · · Southern Recorder · MSTSI Cable TV - Marbel System Telephone South Cotabato · Marbel, Gensan, and Cotabato City AM Services, Inc. stations · Sugni Cable TV - Sugni Cable · Glan Cable TV Services - Glan Cable TV Saranggani · Davao City and General Santos Stations Services
Compostela Valley · Davao City stations · DXDN – Tagum station · Mati Cable TV Davao Oriental · DXHM – Mati · Cateel Cable TV · Radyo Natin – Mati · Radyo Natin - Gov. Generoso · Radyo Natin – Manay · Radyo Natin - Cateel
Annex C
Establishing and Operating a Community Radio Station
Introduction This has been prepared to provide guidelines in establishing and operating a community radio station. A status report on an evolving operational ins and outs of a community radio station after a year of operation, this is primarily based on a the experiences gathered from DWRI, a community radio station in Inogbong, Bataraza, Palawan.
Nearly a year ago, the Palawan Tropical Forestry Protection Programme (PTFPP) assisted the community of Inogbong in Southern Palawan to set-up a community radio station, the 100-watt DWRI. Lessons learned would be very useful for the Palawan Tropical Forestry Protection Programme as it gears towards assisting two more communities in setting-up their own community radio stations in the province. This may also be useful to other agencies which have plans of setting-up community radio stations in the province or elsewhere.
PTFPP’s main role in assisting communities set-up their community radio station is to serve as a catalyst for important development initiatives, especially the proper management of forest resources. It is seen as a very important tool to raise the environmental awareness level of communities. The community tackles their everyday problems and local issues, own history, and culture in the language or dialect understood by everyone. The Programme believes that community radio can empower by giving the local people greater sense of their own value and potential, as well provide opportunity for community ownership, control and management for their own benefit.
Background Based on the results of the Environmental Awareness and Radio Audience Survey1 conducted for PTFPP in 1997, radio is still recognised as the most widely used medium and thus, effective in reaching a number of audience in rural areas. Due to the topographical characteristics of the island-province, there is a lack of mass media coverage in many rural areas. Mostly buzz and Malaysian signals dominate the available bands in most of the transistor radio sets. More importantly, the said study gave PTFPP a baseline picture of the degree of environmental awareness in all municipalities in mainland Palawan. The respondents registered extremely low awareness level at 6.74% for the whole mainland. And from there, PTFPP’s environmental awareness unit has been exerting efforts to implement and sustain various communication- related activities.
The concept of community radio station cleared the way towards a wider audience spectrum in communities with limited means of communication. It was introduced in the Philippines by the Tambuli Project headed by Mr. Louie Tabing in 1991. As PTFPP aims to substantially increase the awareness level of Palawenos, it sees the context of the Tambuli Project to be parallel to its objectives. In May 1998, the two organisations agreed to combine its technical and financial capabilities to help at least three communities in Palawan set-up their own community radio stations. Seen as a vital project to empower communities through information, such would also help them identify and pursue development opportunities particularly the management of their resources and the environment.
1 In that study, the main findings include radio audience profile for mainland Palawan, percentage of households that own sets per municipality, listenership by radio station, the number of listeners in each radio station, number of listeners in each type of radio programme, the number of respondents listening to the radio in each day of the week, the comparison of radio listenership during the various times of day and importantly, the environmental awareness level which now serves as the baseline data for all environmental awareness activities of PTFPP. The first area identified was Barangay Inogbong in the southern-most part of mainland Palawan. DWRI, Radyo Inogbong Boses ng Bataraza, a hundred-watt community radio station, was set-up in Barangay Inogbong, Municipality of Bataraza on 26 September 1998. A 20-watt sub-station in upland Saray, three kilometers away from the main studio, serves as a link to a group of Pala’uan, one of the three indigenous groups living in Palawan. The station goes on the air everyday with volunteer announcers, technicians, and staff.
All the experiences gathered from the first community radio station set-up by PTFPP are the basis for all the processes and issues discussed in this paper.
Establishment and Operational Process of a Community Radio Station
A Baseline Study on the Establishment of a Community Radio Station - assess interest and capability of the community - conduct survey on required data around which planning and implementation of the project be designed
Organisation of a Community Media Council (multi- sectoral representatives) - organise the CMC - Regular meetings - 3-day seminar-workshop - identify fund sources - fund raising
Application for an educational community radio license and/or congressional franchise
Construction of the Community Radio Identification & Purchase of Station Building Equipment
Identification and Training of Community Broadcasters/ Announcers & Technicians - Identification of Programmes / Programming Schedule - Identification of Station Name, etc.
Operation of the Community Radio Station - continuous training of volunteer announcers and technicians - continuous fund raising activities - regular monitoring and evaluation by the community Conducting a Baseline Research The establishment of a community radio station requires a benchmark research on the level of environmental awareness, the community’s communication, socio-cultural, political, economic values and practices of the community. The results of the research are essential in designing programme formats and communication support systems for the community.
Organisational Set-up: The Community Media Council and the Station Staff The operation of the radio station is governed by the policies and guidelines drawn by the Community Media Council which conducts a regular meeting. The Community Media Council is a multi-sectoral group organised to supervise the establishment and operation of the community radio station. The members of the CMC maybe representatives of the following different sectors of the community: senior citizen, farmers, rural women, out-of-school youth and young adults, market vendors, health workers, religious, students, extension and rural development, local government, peace and order representatives. The Council chooses the chairman, vice-chairman, secretary, treasurer and auditor among the members.
The radio station staff is composed of volunteer community members working daily in the radio station and the staff include the station manager, the assistant manager, the secretary, the community guards, the volunteer announcers and technicians. Usually, the radio station staff is organised after the two-week community broadcasters’ training. The selection range would include the newly trained community announcers and the CMC members. The Station Manager discusses directly with the CMC officers and members regarding the day to day operations of the station. There are things which maybe decided by the station staff alone i.e. airing of materials and public service announcers. There are matters such as station policies, fund raising activities which should be discussed and approved by the CMC.
The Community Media Council and the Station Staff set an annual general assembly wherein participation of members are assessed. Inactive members are removed from the organisation and new, interested and capable community members are sworn in.
Organisational Structure of a Community Radio Station
Community Media Council - Chairman - Vice Chairman - Secretary - Treasurer - Auditor
Volunteer Radio Station Staff - Station Manager - Community Guards - Asst. Station Manager - Secretary
Volunteer Announcers Technicians The role of each and every person in the station must be clearly defined and laid out in order to maintain professional harmony and fairness. Thus, the role of the highest decision making body, volunteers, and any person to be employed must be outlined. All of these processes must unfold in a very transparent manner. It is wise not to have a participatory structure at the initial stages of the project, this will allow flexibility in decision making processes, however when the organisation grows it will be essential that clear line functions are developed to enable discipline and accountability of the personnel.
Acquisition of a License Though most of the community radio stations in the Philippines has no license, perhaps because of the high costs that the process of acquiring a license entails, it is necessary to take this step before any activities take place. All the licenses needed in the operation of FM(or even AM) radio broadcast - license to construct, license to purchase, license to operate– all these maybe submitted at once to the National Telecommunications Commission (NTC).
In the case of the community radio station assisted and to be assisted by PTFPP, PTFPP’s mother agency, the Palawan Council for Sustainable Development Staff applied for the Congressional Franchise. Application process usually takes months or years even to process. While waiting for the Congressional Franchise, one applies for an educational license with the National Telecommunications Commission (NTC).
Until such time that the Community Media Council is strengthened and institutionally capable to handle the responsibilities of a license holder, the PCSDS controls its license and would oversee its operation.
It is recommended that an institution with legal personality like PCSDS should apply for the franchise considering the confidence and immediacy afforded to these institutions by the NTC.
Volunteer Community Radio Broadcasters and Technicians Among other things, community radio is characterised by active community participation in all the structures of the organisation. The community, which the station is serving and located, has the right to decide on the policy matters affecting the radio station. The community members participate in developing and designing of the programmes and regularly gather to hold open forum meetings where issues of the station are discussed.
As community radio stations depend on volunteers, it is important to recruit from the actual target community. No other person has a better understanding of the issues in that community than the people who live there daily. Great efforts should be put into empowering the local people to run the station. It may be difficult to obtain participation and enthusiasm at the very early stages of the project preparations, but it is important to involve as many groups and individuals as possible from the start.
The success of the community radio station depends greatly on highly motivated and committed volunteers. Beginning with at least 20 highly motivated volunteers, the community radio operates smoothly. Clearly, the volunteers receive no regular compensation. Gaining prestige for their community and credibility from their audience have helped the volunteers go on . A quality programming could be maintained and increase the effectiveness of their outreach if there are more of committed volunteers.
Nearly a year of operation, DWRI goes on the air with an average of 8-10 active broadcasters for its 15 hours daily programming. The volunteers have other station responsibilities, such as being the CMC member or the station manager, not to mention their family and job commitments. Inevitably, the number of volunteers would drop after a year or so of operation. In DWRI for example, almost 20 percent of the number of pioneering volunteers, have left the station due to several reasons. One was suspended due to misbehaviour while two others left the station to attend to personal problems.
This would seem that in an ideal set-up of a community radio station, the community broadcasters should receive some incentives for their work, but not enough to make it attractive that it loses the advantages of its essentially volunteer character. This would help minimise the high staff turn-over.
Devising a strategy for increasing community participation particularly in station programming should also be a priority action by the CMC. A station could set a target of recruiting five to ten new volunteers every month. Active community broadcasters can train these recruits. Training can be a good incentive to the volunteers, for it enhances their job satisfaction when they can take pride in their professional skills. Training of volunteers, for both old and new, must always be considered as a continuing process.
This also holds true with the technicians. Though there are more advantages with having minimally paid technicians, but these skilled community members, usually - if not always, look for jobs after having trained as technicians in community radio stations. So, a continuous recruiting and training of volunteer technicians should also be undertaken by the CMC.
Station Building and Equipment Any existing house or room where there would be enough space for pieces of equipment and operators to work --- is enough for a simple radio station. In a more proper set up, a separate building to house the station operation may be constructed such as what was done in Inogbong, Bataraza. A 25-square meter one storey structure was built for the purpose. The station has an announcers booth, a technician’s cubicle as well as restroom, receiving and working areas. A new semi-concrete structure would cost around eighty to one hundred twenty thousand pesos. (Please see attachment A).
Ideally, the following are the pieces of equipment needed in the operation of a community radio station:
Equipment Estimated 1999 cost one (1) unit audio mixer P15,000.00 one (1) unit audio amplifier P10,000.00 one (1) unit tape deck (player–recorder) P19,000.00 one (1) unit cassette player P2,000.00 one (1) unit compact disc player P10,000.00 one (1) set audio speakers P10,000.00 two (2) sets headphones P6,000.00 four (3) units microphones (preferably AKG) P18,000.00 one (1) unit automatic voltage regulator P8,000.00 one (1) unit antenna P10,000.00 one (1) set tower or antenna mast P40,000.00 one (1) set transmitter, 20 watts boosted to 100 watts P100,000.00 one (1) unit single wave ratio P8,000.00 one (1) unit mic floor stand with boom P1,500.00 one (1) unit mic table stand P1,500.00 seventy five (50) meters mic cable #8422 P8,000.00 twelve (12) pcs XLR connectors P1,500.00 thirty five (35) mtr RG-8 coaxial cable with 2 sets of PL259 amp connectors P10,000.00 two (2) units consul table P7,000.00 two (2) pcs portable cassette recorder (walkman-recorder) P4,000.00 two (2) pcs electric fans P3,000.00 Total P285,500.00
The above mentioned equipment are recommended to communities which can facilitate fund sourcing for the costs of the equipment. In other areas, ingenuity of some members of the community has resulted to lesser equipment expense. Below is the minimum equipment requirement for a community radio station.
Equipment Estimated 1999 cost 20 watts transmitter P40,000.00 FM Antenna P5,000.00 Antenna mast (bamboo) P3,000.00 Karaoke P7,000.00 2 cassette players P4,000.00 2 cassette player-recorder (walkman type) P3,000.00 3 microphones P9,000.00 1 Mic stand P1,000.00 Headphone P1,500.00 seventy five (30) meters mic cable #8422 P3,000.00 twelve (12) pcs XLR connectors and other P1,500.00 connectors thirty five (35) mtr RG-8 coaxial cable with 2 sets of PL259 amp connectors P4,000.00 two (2) pcs electric fans P3,000.00 Total P88,000.00
Programming and Designing Messages The biggest duty of community members involved in the operation of a community radio station is to contribute and produce good quality programming, which will appeal to the audience who will be listening to the station. People will not listen to community radio because it’s there, but will listen because of the kind of programming available on that station. If a community radio station has poor quality of programming people will either switch off or tune in to another radio station which will most likely appeal to them.
Programming is a line-up of programs, assigned to individual time slots; and this includes the format, content, and treatment of individual programmes that as a whole, will reflect the image of the station. In deciding what programmes to air, there are several points to consider i.e. a) length of the programme (how many minutes or hours); b) length of the station’s broadcast hours (what time will the station sign on and off); c) the type and format of individual programmes; c) title, hosts, duration, and time of broadcast; d) the station’s thrust and image; e) the prime and non-prime schedule and programmes.
To avoid vested interests, favouritism, personality conflicts to affect in the designing a station’s format, content and presentation, the following should always be considered: 1) needs of the listeners; 2) preferences of the listeners; 3) listening habits of the listeners; 4) objectives of the station; 5) capability of the station such as personnel/talents, available resources, equipment and funding; 6) competition from other stations and television; 7) preferences of the sponsors (if any).
One of the pitfalls in programming among the community radio stations is the lining up programs whose requirements are beyond the station’s capability. It has been an experience that the plan may be too imposing for programmes requiring personnel, materials, equipment and funding that are not available. It is always important to consider the capability of the radio station. The capability of available staff must also be assessed. The following limitations should be looked into when designing the programmes: 1) most of the participants are doing their work on a voluntary basis; 2) most of the participants are doing other jobs; 3) most of the participants are newly trained; 4) most of the participants are still trying to acquire exposure in broadcasting.
The Community Media Council and radio station staff decide on how many hours does the radio station would go on the air. This would largely depend on the availability of the volunteer announcers and the funds to pay for the electric bill and other maintenance costs.
Community Programmes One of the programmes which has caught attention of listeners and proved to be an effective venue and opportunity for people to express themselves --- on various issues such as environmental, political, cultural and spiritual --- is the neighbourhood production or the ‘baranggayan.’ A radio production done by people in a barangay or village, this taped production makes an excellent venue ‘the unheard’ community members, especially those in the uplands or far flung areas voice out their sentiments, discuss important issues affecting their community (and perhaps, show their talents). Thus, leaders are called upon to respond reasonably to the issues raised. As Mr. Louie Tabing of Tambuli Philippines said during the basic broadcasting skills training in Inogbong, Bataraza: “Barangayan is the essence of community radio. Radio should not be limited to people who are well-educated and good speakers. For radio to be most meaningful, it has to be accessible to every man, woman or child who has an idea to share, a talent to show, an opinion to express, a grievance to voice or a joy to manifest. To me, that is community radio.”
Barangayan is only one of the many formats which can be featured by community radio stations, not only because of the reasons mentioned but also because it is a technically simple production.
The programming is usually designed by the staff of radio station (including the volunteer announcers) and approved by the Community Media Council. Here is a sample programme schedule: PROGRAMME SCHEDULE Radyo Inogbong, Boses ng Bataraza DWRI 102.5
Time MON TUES WED THURS FRI SAT SUN
5:00 – 5:30 SI KRISTO ------P A M P A G I S I N G (M U S I C A L) ------ANG 5:30 – 6:00 KAILA- NGAN
6:00 – 6:30 ------PALAWAN PATROL (PALAWAN NEWS) ------CATHOLIC
HOUR 6:30 – 8:00 ------G I S I N G K A T I P U S D A N ! ! ! ------
8:00 – 9:00 MUSICAL D E C S MUSICAL MUSLIM ------M U S I C A L ------HOUR HOUR
9:00 – M U S I C A L - - - G R E E T I N G S 12:00
12:00 – LGU TIME S U S I SA K A U N L A R A N LEGAL M U S I C A L 1:00 MATTERS (o p e n)
1:00 - 3:00 M U S I C A L - - - G R E E T I N G S
3:00 - 5:00 T U K L A S MUSICAL T A L I N O (OPEN) 5:00 - 6:00 MANTALINGA ORAS NG PCSDS ORAS NG ALAY KA ORAS NG HAN HOUR KABATAAN BARANGAY GOBERNA- DOR PARENTAL SENIOR BANTAY UGNAY 6:00 - 7:00 KABABAIHAN GUIDANCE CITIZEN KALUSUGAN GUBAT ORAS NG ORAS NG
GABAY NG KATUTUBO DEAR KUYA KATU- 7:00 - 8:00 CONGRESS PNP HOUR BUHAY MANUEL BARANG- TUBO HOUR GAYAN
8:00 - 9:00 H A R A N A MUSICAL Designing Programmes/ Messages In designing a programme or message, it is important to consider several aspects so that audience participation is assured. The design seen below is the audience participation-based message design referred from the academic message design being taught in the universities. This is particularly designed based on the observations gathered from the experiences of different community radio stations as shared during the 3rd National Conference of Community Broadcasters on 11-15 January 1999 in Quezon City.
Audience Participation-Based Message Design
Learn everything Start here possible about the F E E D B A C K Collect Impact Data topic of the campaign
Analyse community’s Monitor the messages and/or preferences and programme lifestyle and assess their needs
Write specific Modify Message and proceed measurable goals going ON THE AIR
Agree on creative- Pre-test with persuasive strategy neighbours, friends Critique
Agree on schedule/ time preference Write message and/ or programme
Sourcing of Funds Funds, which mostly come from donations of local agencies, organisations, establishments, and individuals are used for the daily operational fund requirements of the station, but is not sufficient. The Community Media Council should strategise fund raising activities to help the operational costs of the radio station. Operational cost of each community radio station varies. These would depend on the expenses amassed from the number of hours the station is on the air and the agreed incentives to those working daily for the station.
In the case of a community radio station supported by an agency/organisation, CMC should be financially capable before the agency fully turns-over the project to the community. This capability refers to equipping the Community Media Council with appropriate livelihood activities to help sustain the operational costs of the station.
The running costs of the radio station need not be excessive, but will have to cover expenses for electricity, tapes, transport, maintenance and replacement of equipment after some time. It might also be necessary to employ a full time station manager or the incentive basis station manager to co- ordinate the activities of the radio station. This will necessitate some income of some sort. As a community radio station there are a variety of possible income generating activities that the station can venture into.
Sponsorship of programmes is another viable source of income Several NGO’s and governmental departments will be interested in sponsoring for an example health programmes, and some advertisers who feel that, that program reaches out to their target audience will definitely put in money into that programme which generates money for the station.
Stations need to be careful of not to allow themselves to be dictated to by advertisers, who will want to influence the station’s programming format. This is common when an advertiser feels that he has spend a considerable amount of money in the station, they usually want to dictate to the station, and stations need to try to avoid that at all costs.
For donor organisations, the station will need to draw up a convincing funding proposal that will include a budget for the projected expenses. One funding proposal is not usually sufficient. The community needs proposals for capital purchases and proposals for service costs. What’s important on the proposal is a letter head saying who (what group/ and or community) and from what place. The proposal needs to state clearly the service, activity or facility the community wants to provide and the people for whom does the community want to provide it. It will also be important to say the what objectives and vision of the community are and when was it formed, also what community support it has and what has already been done. As donors want to be convinced before they even meet with the community, it will be important to give facts and figures on the problem, describe the results of this problem, and say if whether anyone else is tackling the problem.
Operational Costs For a year of operation, DWRI largely depended on the donations from local establishments and organisations to compensate for the operational costs of the station. This financial report may be vital for others to look into possible fund sources and expenses in operating a community radio station. DWRI Radyo Inogbong, Boses ng Ba taraza FINANCIAL REPORT January-September 1999 Donations Amount Palawan Tropical Forestry Protection Programme P6,500.00 Born Again Community 5,800.00 Muslim Group 1,600.00 R. Catholic 1,500.00 Board Member Llacuna 1,000.00 Lars Gurnar Bloomkvist 500.00 Kumusta Ka 400.00 Kuya Manuel 400.00 JRS 200.00 Abdurajik Store 300.00 Yassin Store 1,200.00 Julraf Store 600.00 Kag. Gabinete 750.00 Rita No 150.00 Greetings 254.00 Barangay Council 300.00 Total Donations P 21,454.00 Expenses Incentives for Radio Station Staff & Technicians 1) A. Seradje 3,500.00 2) A. Galledo 5.682.00 3) A. Castillo 3,850.00 4) J. Bovies 600.00 5) T. Sali 866.00 6) W. Castro 1,100.00 7) E. Gilua 367.00 Total Incentives P15,965.00 Electrical Supply for 5 mos Paleco 4,175.00 Supplies – gas stove, bag, flashlight, tapes, record books, white envelope, ballpen 1,003.00 Contractual – Grass Cutter 200.00 Transportation of Staff 104.00 Total Expenses 21,447.00
Cash on Hand P 7.00
Because of insufficient funds, supplies i.e. tapes, ballpens, etc for use of the staff have been minimal. This has resulted to complaints of some staff.
Monitoring and Evaluation Though media research groups conduct commercial surveys, which are mostly quantitative surveys and done on a nation wide or city scale, it is important to conduct local surveys with simple design. This survey shall include radio programming and listenership habits to assess the station’s programming and its impact to the listeners. Gathered data will determine audiences’ perceptions, attitudes and motivations on the programmes and issues discussed in the programmes. A similar survey should be conducted regularly (annually would be appropriate) for the purpose of improving the programming schedule and more importantly, to know the impact of the community radio station in the community and positively answering these questions: Has the station met its objectives or has it achieved its vision?
The surveys may also serve as the basis to resolve personality conflicts among programme hosts regarding how long the programme should be, the budget, and other modifications or shifts of approach or strategy that need to be implemented.
Aside from the mentioned listenership evaluation, inexpensive but methodical ways to determine the listenership of a community radio station may also be considered – quantity of letters received may indicate the relative popularity of a programme. Gauging individual program listenership through audience participation i.e. contests or contributions to a community campaign may also be regarded valuable by the programmers.
Community Radio Checklists Here are checklists which could help in the planning and setting-up of a community radio station. These checklists (referred from the list provided by CESO, The Netherlands and revised based on the experiences gathered from the planning, establishing and operating stages of DWRI) shouldn't be used in a mechanical way. Their purpose is to help identify special needs and priorities in the establishment of a community radio station. Depending on the circumstances some topics may need a lot of attention while others may be more or less ignored - it's important to remember that planning for community radio always involves a multi-dimensional approach and shouldn't be reduced to technical questions alone.
Financial planning for a community radio station 1) What are the overall financial requirements for equipping and running the station or studio? Divide them into initial investments, running costs, depreciation of equipment (for re- investment), fees and taxes, etc. 2) Running expenses must be broken down into different budgets: e.g. supply (energy, water, etc.), programme acquisition (including courtesy fees), programme production (including consumption materials), personnel (incentives, etc.), service and maintenance, general administration (travel expenses, telephone), etc. 3) Implement regular control methods if possible ensure that the annual financial plan is screened by the community auditor 4) What are the chances of generating income by selling air-time to third parties, getting programmes sponsored, and/or advertisements? What other sources of regular income exist? Would this income be sufficient to cope with the running costs, and to make savings for necessary re-investment?
Administration and organisation checklist for planning community radio 1) Consider the broadcast laws in the country and the legal procedures for allocation of frequencies. Which authority determines the frequencies? 2) Which authorities are likely to try to exert control on either the use of frequencies and/or programme content? How should one liase with government officials and private enterprises relevant to your work? 3) Are there networking possibilities for your service (programme exchange with other stations/studios), or sideways connections (on-site connection of different stations)? 4) What management, administrative and editorial structures need to be installed? How is programme production going to be organised (editorial control)? Who is responsible for station or studio management and networking? 5) How much personnel do you need for the hours you intend to broadcast? And where can the staff be trained or up-graded? To what extent can the programmes be made by the listeners themselves (with a little help and training)? 6) Are there organisations of private radio stations or programme producers in the area/country? Can you join as a member in order to share resources (programme input, training, service, etc.) ? 7) What is the market for selling air time or having programmes sponsored? Would advertising as such harm the cultural integrity of your target audience? How much advertising would you allow (percentage of total air time)? Can you exclude certain organisations, companies or products from advertising or allocation of air time?
Programme checklist for planning community radio 1) Is there a specific demand for information, education and/or entertainment in a given area that can be covered by broadcasting? 2) Is community radio the best way to respond to this demand? What is its special role in comparison to and in connection with other media and/or the traditional forms of communication in the area? 3) What role does community radio play in the overall media strategy of your organisation, and what are your special communication aims in this field? How do they fit into your overall plan or development programme for the area concerned? Are there special social issues you want to promote? 4) What are your target audience's communication needs? Which topics are they interested in and which programme formats would they prefer? What is their taste in music? Identify appropriate research methods (survey, interviews, group discussion etc) to clarify these questions. 5) How would your programmes fit into your listeners' daily routine? What do they do at what time of the day? What social contact do they have? What other media do they use? Make an appropriate programme schedule accordingly. 6) Is it necessary to put a whole new channel on the air, or would it be sufficient to supply programmes to other stations? 7) Identify appropriate marketing tools to promote the station or programme identity. Launch programme-related side activities such as publications, advertisements, lotteries, listeners' clubs, local festivals, etc. Ensure continuous feedback and audience participation programmes. Allow access programming for campaigners and interest groups related to the topics you wish to promote. 8) Constantly evaluate the changing audience demands. Make regular audience research a permanent element of programme design and re-design. Give institutional space for creative programme development. Make sure that the programmes' style, language and accent fit the communication patterns of the community, the audience.
Technical and maintenance checklist for planning a community radio station
Geographical conditions: 1) Locate appropriate sites for studio building, transmitter, antenna system. Is the place safe/accessible? 2) What about technical infrastructure on the spot (electricity, water supply, transport, etc.)? 3) Identify transmitting radius and transmitter power under the given topographical conditions. Is there a need for additional converters? 4) Are there legal constraints regarding the plot, maximum transmitter power, maximum height of antenna system etc.? Equipment (studio, transmitter, antenna): 1) Provide overall technical description of the whole set-up, divided into basic equipment, useful accessories, stand-by facilities and provisional spare parts. 2) Specify brands and models, check that they are compatible. 3) Collect information on (local) dealers, delivery times, guarantees, service life, etc. 4) Are technical service and spare parts available locally? What else? Under what terms? 5) Identify initial amount of consumption materials needed (stationery, records/tapes/CDs, etc.) 6) Are there technical norms for the equipment and consumption materials used? Do the items chosen correspond to these norms?
Maintenance 1) Who is responsible for the installation of the equipment (manufacturer, sales agent, consulting firm, own staff)? 2) Will the technical staff be given technical instruction for operating and maintaining the equipment? By whom? Is technical documentation provided in a language understandable by the technical staff? Is any special training needed? 3) Who does the regular maintenance service of the equipment? How often? Are cleaning materials and service tools available or provided?
By: Christina B. Banluta Annex D - Sample of Environmental Awareness Campaign Materials-Scripts
A Partnership of Earth and Water A video documentary for the Palawan Tropical Forestry Protection Programme Video Audio
Shot of Saray mountain It starts high up in the rugged world where land meets the skies.
Up in the constantly cold and damp mountains, the partnership of earth Shots of mist and water begins.
When water vapour from the clouds and fogs condense to form millions CU shot of rain of raindrops and dew.
Together the drops of water trickle downwards along paths that produce CU shot of stream; mountain springs, streams, and eventually rivers.
Following the contour of the land, the river rushes downwards… shot of stream downwards Nourishing both natural and human communities along its route. shots of communities For centuries people have depended on rivers to provide them drinking water, household use and agriculture. shots – flowing water, rice fields Eventually the river flows into a lake, or more frequently into the sea.
From its point of origin… shot of UR bucana To its point of destination…
CU of mountain to bucana And everything else in between is known as a catchment area.
A catchment area is like a slice of the living planet. FS of catchment area It has its own unique set of physical characteristics.
WS with trees And houses a variety of living creatures.
A catchment contains much valuable natural wealth that includes edible Shots of endemic species in and medicinal plants, timber trees, animals and minerals. Palawan Like earth and water, the living and the non-living, are constantly interacting and dynamically changing.
All are players in a delicate and interconnected web sustaining its own productive life cycle.
As long as the web remains undisturbed, the catchment continues to be a self-sufficient system. Shots of animals (in action) Although a catchment is a highly elaborate system that took perhaps Shot of undisturbed areas millions of years to form… It can clearly illustrate the effects of human activities within it.
Take the case of deforestation in the uplands.
When large tracts of the forest are cleared, it causes destructive flash flooding and siltation in downstream areas.
Shot of logging activities Deforestation also reduces the catchment’s ability to transform water vapour into droplets that collectively feed river systems. Floods In times of prolonged droughts, this could prove to be devastating.
Similarly, circumstances in the lowlands could adversely affect upland conditions.
The migration of people from the lowland to the upland is one example.
Dry area to show drought As population in the lowlands continues to explode, it creates overcrowding and competition for jobs and resources.
These factors encourage the land-less and the jobless to migrate to the uplands in search of better opportunities. People walking in Candawaga, Rizal As more people move to the mountains, the demands on the upland Shots – maraming tao environment increases.
Forested areas are burned to establish more farms.
Shots ng mga tao na Trees are cut to build new houses. nagtatrabaho sa palayan, nagtatanim And valuable forest resources are exploited and sold to the lowlands.
All these activities contribute to deforestation that results to flash Shot of tao na kumukuha ng tao, flooding and the drying up of rivers during the dry season. etc. If this cycle continues the catchment and everything in it will be totally Shots of kaingin destroyed.
Shot of man building a house This includes the many communities living within it.
Because once a catchment has been damaged it can no longer produce fresh water. Flashfloods In its quest to protect the forest resources of Palawan as mandated by the Strategic Environmental Plan for Palawan or SEP…
And because of its importance and fragility…
Shots of communities The Palawan Tropical Forestry Protection Programme or PTFPP, chose catchments as its main target areas.
Shots of water PTFPP is focusing all its efforts and activities in safeguarding identified catchments in mainland Palawan.
Shots of forests These catchments are:
Cabigaan Catchment in Aborlan,
CU of leaves na may tubig or Calategas Catchment in Narra, mist Pulot Catchment in Sofronio Espanola,
Tamlang Catchment in Brooke’s Point,
PTFPP staff working Inogbong Catchment in Bataraza,
Malanut Catchment in Quezon,
Iraan Catchment in Rizal, Umalad Catchment in Roxas,
Inandeng Catchment in San Vicente, GFX of each catchment with forests in the background Ilian-Bagong Bayan Catchment in Dumaran,
Maranreg Catchment in Northeast Puerto Princesa, and
Cabayugan Catchment in Northwest Puerto Princesa.
An important aspect of the catchment management plan is the active role of the communities in planning itself, in the implementation, Shots of communities monitoring and evaluation processes.
To make the overwhelming task of preserving a catchment area more manageable for local communities and local government units… Shots of communities the management plan addresses specific issues concerning specific communities within the catchment.
Each catchment will have its own set of objectives and activities relevant to its unique characteristics and its people. Shots of communities In the same way that the earth and water work together to give life to everything inside the catchment…
Shot of a catchment area na may The partnership between the communities and the local government taong natatrabaho may help keep the catchment itself alive.
Shot of clean water from the gripo
FS of an upland area
FS of a mountain and sea
FS of children FS of water End Credits FOREST FIRE RADIO PLUG -1
Marso...... taong mil nuebe siyentos nubentay otso...... Nasunong ang malaking bahagi ng kagubatan sa Timog Mindanao ...... (pause, magbilang ka ng lima)
Huwag payagang mangyaring muli...... (pause, magbilang ka ng tatlo)
Sa kagubatan nakasalalay ang ating kinabukasan...... (pause, magbilang ka ng lima)
Paalala mula Sa Upland Development Programme
FOREST FIRE RADIO PLUG - 2
Paraisong gubat Huwag payagang maglaho...... (pause, magbilang ka ng tatlo)
Munting apoy ng sigarilyo...... Saglit na liyab ng posporo...... Ang paraisong gubat na ito, Sa isang iglap lang maaring maglaho...... (pause, magbilang ka ng tatlo)
Tandaan, kaibigan..... Responsibilidad mo na ingatan Ang ating kagubatan, Ang ating kinabukasan...... (pause, magbilang ka ng lima)
Paalala mula Upland Development Programme FOREST FIRE Video Plug –1
Audio Video
Sound effects ng sunog….. Pagbukas ng plug --- itim na background na may graphics na :
Gamitin ang sounds na napick-up ng mike GFX: sa mga nakuhang footages ng sunog sa Ito ang nangyari sa kagubatan ng Rizal rizal noong nakaraang taon….
Tapos, ipakita ang iba’t ibang scenes ng sunog na nangyari sa Rizal noong isama --- bale pinaka-importante, ang 1998….. audio ng interview sa isang babaeng nawalan ng bahay…umiiyak…ganoon Interview sa isang nasunogan sa rizal lang….. isasama
Tapos…..may graphics sa itim na background………
GFX: Huwag payagang mangyaring muli…….
Footages na naman ng sunog….
GFX: Iwasan ang pagsunog sa kagubatan………..
Footages na naman ng sunog….
GFX: Sa kagubatan nakasalalay ang kinabukasan ng sangkatauhan………
Footages na naman ng sunog….
GFX: Paalala mula sa Upland Development Programme DENR… DA PIA at ng himpilang ito FOREST FIRE Video Plug –2
AUDIO VIDEO
Lagyan ng sfx mula sa Tall Forests na tape Ipakita ang mga magagandang gubat ng Palawan….dapat …yung marami ang Fadeout to black with gfx
At gamitin ang sound on tape GFX: Ito ay isang paraisong gubat …
GFX: na sa isang itinapong sigarilyo, o sa apoy ng isang posporo….. ang lahat ng ito’y walang saysay na maglalaho …….
Fadeout to black with gfx ipakita ang footages ng sunog sa Rizal…..
GFX: tandaan, kaibigan, responsibilidad mo….. na ingatan ang kagubatan……….
Fadeout to black with gfx GFX: Paalala mula sa Upland Development Programme, DENR… DA PIA at ng himpilang ito
FOREST FIRE Video Plug –3
AUDIO VIDEO Ang music…lumalaglab na apoy…. Black screen and fade in to GFX: APOY…… Then fade out to
At gamitin ang sound on tape ng sunog sa footages of lumalagablab na rizal apoy………JUST APOY…..close-up shots of apoy………………………………… fade out to black
then fade in to GFX: sa puso ng tao…… then fade out out to ‘APOY’ and fade in to GFX: dala nito’y muhi’t gulo… then fade out out to ‘APOY’ and fade in to GFX: winawasak ang mga pangako…. then fade out out to ‘APOY’ and fade in to
GFX: ….sa pusod ng kagubatan…. then fade out out to ‘APOY’ (close-up shot) and fade in to GFX: ito ay isang kalaban….. then fade out out to ‘APOY’ (medium shot) and fade in to GFX: winawasak ang luntiang kinabukasan….. then fade out out to ‘APOY’ (long/full shot) and fade in to GFX: Ngayong tag-init iwasang maglaro ng APOY! Fadeout to black with gfx GFX: Paalala mula sa Upland Development Programme, DENR… DA PIA at ng himpilang ito Title : SUMBANG (DOCU-DRAMA) Length : 14 minutes and 43 seconds Format : VHS Location : Sitio Saray, Brgy. Inogbong, Bataraza, Palawan Target Audience : Palauans and policy makers
Dialogue – Filipino Translation English Translation
GFX In the upland mountains of Saray, Bataraza in Southern Palawan live the Palauans who believe that forest fires, drought and hunger can be caused by incest. Having sexual relationship with a kin, is a curse…For the Palauans, it is an unforgivable act…
Incest is a curse…It is…
SUMBANG
SEQ 1 DROUGHT
SEQ 2 MEETING OF COMMUNITY LEADERS
Ngayon mag-usap-usap tayo. I called all of you for a meeting. Bilang inyong Panglima, pinatawag I am your chieftain and I am responsible for ko kayo. leading discussions especially on matters which affect Saray.
Pag-uusapan natin ang mga pangyayari o nangyayari dito sa atin sa Saray.
I see the need for all of us to know our Kailangan bawat isa sa atin ay responsibilities. As your chieftain, I know when makibahagi sa anumang gagawin something is going on in this community. natin. Naniniwala ako na may Moreso, if it is not good. We need to act on this. nangyayari dito sa ating lugar – masamang pangyayari na kailangang magawan na ng aksiyon.
Panglima, tama yang sinasabi mo. Chieftain, we trust your words and we believe in Nabisita ko ang Sitio Bayabas kailan you. I visited Sitio Bayabas recently. Residents lang. Ang mga nakatira doon ay there have no more food to eat and water to wala nang makain, ultimo sa tubig drink. I believe there is Sumbang. We should ay naghihirap sila – naniniwala ako discuss this now and let’s see what we can do na may sumbang. Siguro dapat to stop Sumbang. nating pag-usapan ang mga tagubilin ng ating mga ninuno kaugnay sa Sumbang. Naniniwala ako na kailangang mahinto ito.
Para sa akin, mahirap isipin ang This is confusing to me, so I called all of you nangyayari sa ating kaya’t here, both men and women, so we can talk ipinatawag ko kayo – babae’t lalaki about incest which has come upon our – ngayon pag-usapan natin itong community. sumbang – kung anong dapat gawin You must all be wondering why suddenly we ayon na rin sa tagubilin ng ating here in Saray are experiencing a very dry and mga ninuno – kung saan alinsunod hot climate. din sa batas ng Panginoon.
Ngayon, nagtataka tayo kung bakit napakainit ng ating I believe there is sumbang. This is the time that panahon – naniniwala ako na may we should decide what do according to our sumbang na nangyayari sa atin. tradition and the law of our god.
Ngayon para maging mabuti ang takbo ng ating pamumuhay Now, if we want our lives to be better, we have kailangan mawala ang sumbang dito to get rid of this sumbang! We must not let it sa atin – palayasin natin! Huwag remain here! If we get rid of sumbang, our nating pabayaan ang ating lugar! crops will flourish and water will flow once Kung mawawala ang sumbang, ang again! ating pananim ay patuloy na mabubuhay, ang ating tubig ay patuloy na dadaloy.
Kapag ang ating mga pananim ay mamamatay, ang ating mga supling, tayong lahat ay mawawalan ng If our crops die, we will all die. We have to act pagkain. Kailangan na nating now if we want to regain our normal way of life. kumilos upang manumbalik na ang ating pamumuhay.
Ano sa tingin ninyo, tama ba ang Do you think that what our chieftain is saying is sinasabi ng ating Panglima? correct?
Tama ang sinasabi ni Panglima! Yes! We believe in our Chieftain. We need to act Kailangan na nating kumilos! on this now.
Dahil alam na nating ang sumbang Now that we know it is the sumbang which is ang dahilan ng ating kahirapan – causing all our sufferings, we have to act kailangan na rin nating kumilos ayon according to the laws of our ancestors. na rin sa ating mga ninuno
Dapat matigil na ang sumbang dahil We have to stop sumbang. Our ancestors will ang laki ng epekto nito sa ating mga understand and I know they witness our pananim, sa ating mga kamoteng sufferings – all our crops are destroyed – kahoy, saging – higit sa lahat sa cassava, banana, especially our rice. ating palay.
Sapagkat ako ang tinagurian Since I am your Chieftain, let me be the first one ninyong Panglima- hayaan ninyong to say this. If they do not leave, then we will kill ako ang manguna. Ngayon kung them. hindi sila aalis – sila ang ating papatayin!
Grabe ang epekto ng sumbang; We have to find those who have brought the grabe ang init…kung patuloy ito – sumbang to our place. They better leave, or mamamatay ang mga pananim – else we have no choice but to kill them. tayo’y walang makakain – kung saan maari nating ikamamatay!
Magkaisa na tayo! Hanapin natin ang may dala ng sumbang! Dapat lumayas na sila at kung hindi sila aalis---papatayin na natin!
SEQ 3 DEATH & BURIAL
Maganda at nagkaipon-ipon tayo sa It is good that we are all here for the burial. libing. Kakausapin ko muna ang First, I have to speak to the souls of the kaluluwa ng pamilyang departed… namatay….Ngayon, kung mayroon kang tagubilin, huwag mo kaming Do not curse us to suffer like you. Rest in isumpa na matulad sa inyo. Kami peace. We are here to assure you that you need ay narito upang asikasuhin kayo not bother those who live. upang di na kayo mangligalig. Why did the family kill themselves?
That’s how it is in our community. We believe that if the father can no longer support his family and when there’s no more food to eat – he kills his family and himself to end their sufferings.
SEQ 4 WOMEN NAGBABAYO
Kailangang mapalayas na ang sumbang dito sa atin sa Saray We have to get rid of the Sumbang here in Saray. Kung sakaling hindi ito masugpo dahil wala tayong ginawa, ito’y patuloy ng patuloy --- baka If we do not do anything about it, then it will be a pamarisan ito ng ating mga bad example to our children. kabataan…
Nakakatakot – naapektohan na tayo It is frightening. We are all affected by the ng sumbang kaya ganito lang ang sumbang and so we are all suffering resulta—naghihirap tayo.
Ayan si Koala – siya ang gumagawa There is Koala. She is the one who has caused ng sumbang. Kalaguyo niya ang the Sumbang. She is having an affair with here kaniyang Tiyo. own uncle!
Si Koala? - – pangit talaga ang ugali niyan! That Koala is really a bad person.
SEQ 5 PANGLIMA AND JONJON. EVENING
Magtatanong sana ako Panglima. I have a question, chieftain. How will you Paano mo maikukumpara ang compare the way of life in Saray when you were kabuhayan noong unang panahon young and today? at ngayon dito sa Saray?
Noon- ang natatandaan ko, ang Life in Saray was good back then. The forest ganda ng kabuhayan dito sa Saray. was a bountiful source of food. Everything was Ang kapal pa ng gubat diyan kami okay. But things have changed. There are no kumukuha ng pagkain. Maayos more birds and other wildlife – like the green lahat. Subali’t ngayon, iba na. imperial pigeon and wild boar. When I was Nawawala na ang mga ibon tulad ng young, I used to see them around- plenty of balod – wala ng mga baboy damo. them. Ang pagkukunan ng pagkain ay Now, it is difficult to find even one. And even hirap na. our food which we used to get from the forest is now scarce.
Anong dahilan at naging iba na Tell me , Chieftain, what’s the reason for all ngayon? Magkwento ka, these changes? Panglima…
Napabayaan kasi ang ating Our forests, they are dying…. kagubatan…
Tama na..parang inaantok na ako – I’m tired. Maybe, we will have other time to talk marahil sa susunod na panahon ay about this again. It’s just that I feel sick when I magkakaroon tayo ng panahon na do not get enough sleep. makapag-usap muli…. Kung ako’y napupuyat, sumasama ang aking pakiramdam…matulog na tayo…
SEQ 6 . MEN IN THE FARM
Mga Kapatid at mga kaibigan, Everyone, the sumbang is upon us. Look at the naapektohan na tayo ng sumbang – soil. tingnan ninyo ang lupa
Kahit mahirap, basta’t magkaisa It will be difficult, but if we all work together, we tayo, mabibigyan natin ng solusyon can solve this problem. ang lahat ng ‘to.
Tulong-tulong tayo sa ating We will help each other. And God will not gagawin. Ang Panginoon naman di forsake us. nagpapabaya – nandiyan siya lagi.
Huwag natin masyadong isipin ang Let us not think too much about this problem. problema. Magpakasipag at We have to work harder and help each other in magtulungan tayo sa lahat ng everything we do. gawain. Ipinapatawag kayo ni Panglima, The chieftain has called a meeting. He wants to may pagpupulong daw. see all of you.
Mga kapatid, pakinggan muna natin Let us listen to the chieftain. I am sure that what ang sasabihin ni Panglima- he has to say is important. siguradong mahalaga yun.
SEQ 7 MEETING AFTER THE SUMBANG
Saan na yung ating mga Where are the others? We have been waiting kasamahan? Masyado na silang too long. matagal…
Baka malayo ang Maybe they’re coming from far away places… pinangalingan…ay, ayan na… Hey, there they are.
Magandang umaga. Good morning…
Galing kami sa aming lupain – We have come from our farms. We tried to do pinagsikapan namin gawan ng something with the dry soil. paraan ang tuyong lupain.
Kaya ipinatawag ko kayo – tungkol That’s why we called you here. The sumbang sa pangyayari dito sa atin. Lumayas has left us last night. Koala and Nito left Saray. na ang sumbang kagabi. Umalis na I have just confirmed this. sina Koala at Nito. At nakumpirma ko na.
Salamat naman…salamat! Thank goodness!
Sana magmula ngayon ay pagpalain I hope that from now on, our god will bless us na tayo ng Panginoon at bibiyayaan and send us rain. na tayo ng ulan.
Kung napapansin nyo, ang aking You will notice that we have brought shovels mga kasama ay may dalang with us. We tried to help till each other’s farms. pala,mga sangkol dahil nagtulong- tulongan po kami. Thank God that the sumbang has ended. Salamat at wala ng sumbang!
AFTER ONE MONTH
SEQ. 8 INSIDE HOUSE BERNAS, JON-JON PANGLIMA DISCUSSING
Ano kaya ang kahirapang ito, wala What is happening to us? na ang sumbang, mag-iisang buwan The sumbang has left us for almost a month, but na --- pero patuloy pa rin tayong we are still suffering. naghihirap.
Kung sa akin lang, ang kahirapan Maybe our problems weren’t only caused by natin di lang siguro to dahil sa sumbang, there maybe other reasons as well. sumbang, baka may iba pang dahilan?
Kaya nga. Di ko na alam ang I know. I just can’t think of what else could be dahilan ng ating paghihirap. Akala causing the drought. I thought that the kung noong una, ang sumbang ang sumbang was the only reason for all our dahilan ng lahat ng ito. sufferings.
Aantayin na lang ba natin ang Are we going to wait for more bad things to susunod na mangyari sa atin o happen to us or are we going to do something kikilos na tayo? about this?
Yun nga ang sabi sa akin ng aking My teacher told us that we have not taken care guro – na ang ating kagubatan ay of our forests. We have failed to protect them. hindi na napangalagaan – napabayaan natin ang pagbabantay sa ating kagubatan.
Tama yung sinabi ni Jon-jon na Jonjon is right. hindi na nga natin nababantayan Those of us who live in the uplands, as well as ang ating kagubatan. Dapat nating those in the lowlands, have to realize that the isipin at sana maiintindihan natin land and the forests were handed down to us by lahat dito sa itaas at maging ng our ancestors, for us to take care and protect. ating mga kapatid sa kapatagan, na ito’y atin – ang lupain at kagubatan – minana pa natin ito sa ating mga ninuno. Dapat – simula ngayon – ipagbigay alam sa lahat na walang mangyayari sa atin kung wala tayong gagawin!
Kaya nga nasabi ko – na di ko alam It is our responsibility to protect our forests. Our ang mga nagyayari sa ating paligid. attitude of not being aware of this responsibility Ang pang-aabuso sa ating is the very cause of all our sufferings. kagubatan – ang walang pakundangang pagputol ng mga kahoy – yan ang dahilan ng ating kahirapan ngayon! We have to find out who are cutting the forest Ngayon, umpisahan na nating trees. They should be punished. kilalanin ang mga namumutol ng mga kahoy – at sila’y dapat parusahan din.
Sa pagkakaubos ng ating kagubatan When the forests in the mountain are gone, dito sa kabundukan, naapektohan those who live in the lowlands are affected. din ang mga tao sa kapatagan. Their rice fields also dry up. Natutuyuan din ang kanilang mga palayan.
Tama yang sinasabi mo, di lamang You are right. It is here in the mountains where tayo ang naapektohan – pati yung the water comes from. When the forest trees mga nasa kapataan – pagkat dito sa die, water in the ground dries up and there is kabundukan nagmumula yung tubig. not enough water for us here and those in the Kung wala na ang mga malalaking lowland. punong kahoy, mauubusan din tayo ng tubig na pinakikinabangan ng mga nasa kapatagan.
Di ba’t kumukuha rin tayo ng bigas sa kapatagan, anong mangyayari Don’t we also get rice from the lowlanders? gayung sa kapabayaan natin ay What will happen if the ricefields dry up because matutuyuan ang kanilang palayan. of our negligence?
Ngayon, umpisahan na nating kumilos – magtanim tayo, We have to act now – by planting trees and gwardyahan natin ang ating guarding our forests… kagubatan……….
SEQ 9. TREE PLANTING
Tayong lahat ay may karapatang We all have the responsibility to protect the magbantay sa ating kagubatan! forests
Napagsabihan na ba ang ating mga Has everyone been told to guard their kaingin? kababayan na bantayan ang kanilang mga kaingin? Yes. Opo Let us start planting trees. Umpisahan na nating magtanim If you know of anyone cutting trees, let me know Kung may alam kayong namumutol, immediately! ipagbigay lalam kaagad ninyo sa akin! Let’s go! Let’s spread out and start planting trees. Tayo na! Magtanim na tayo- magkalat-kalat kayo!
SEQ 10 RAIN SCENE
SEQ 11 AFTER THE RAIN SCENE, THANKSGIVING CELEBRATION
Mga anak, kapatid, kamag-anak – Brothers and sisters, everyone! magpasalamat tayo sa Panginoon Let us praise our God for the rains have come! sapagkat dumating na ang biyaya at may ulan na! The drought has ended. Let us thank God by Umulan na kaya’t tayo praying… Let us thank God who has blessed us magpasalamat tayo sa with rain! pamamagitan ng basal… Let us help each other in taking care of the Magpasalamat tayo sa Panginoon forests. na dumating na ang biyaya – may ulan na. The forest is our life.
Magtulungan tayo sa pangangalaga ng kagubatan…ang kagubatan ang ating buhay…
Muli nating sariwain ang mga Let us celebrate with prayers, songs and tagubilin ng ating mga ninuno tulad dances… ng basal, sayaw at kantahan!
TARUK
BASAL
Ang ating kagubatan ay dapat We need to protect our forest. alagaan Huwag nating pabayaan Our life is in the forest. Huwag nating sirain It is our home…… Dahil ito ang ating buhay It is ours and of generations yet to come. Tayo ang may hawak ng ating Kalikasan…
End credits
We are grateful to the residents of Saray, Inogbong, Bataraza, Palawan
Bernas Licos Jon-Jon Sugaan Juaning Licos And Panglima Porekto Sugaan written, edited and directed by Christina B. Banluta production assistant Ralph Polangco music by Benjamin Sugaan produced by Palawan Tropical Forestry Protection Programme (PTFPP) acknowledgements Jun Sasuman Naty Ganotice Fe Dayan-dayan McRod Ancheta Alaric Francis Santiaguel Celso Quiling Iona Jalijali Marivel Dygico all rights reserved March 2000
A Partnership of Earth and Water Video Audio
Shot of Saray mountain It starts high up in the rugged world where land meets the skies.
Shots of mist Up in the constantly cold and damp mountains, the partnership of earth and water begins.
CU shot of rain When water vapour from the clouds and fogs condense to form millions of raindrops and dew.
CU shot of stream; Together the drops of water trickle downwards along paths that produce mountain springs, streams, and eventually rivers. shot of stream downwards Following the contour of the land, the river rushes downwards… shots of communities Nourishing both natural and human communities along its route. shots – flowing water, For centuries people have depended on rivers to rice fields provide them drinking water, household use and agriculture. shot of UR bucana Eventually the river flows into a lake, or more frequently into the sea.
CU of mountain to From its point of origin… bucana To its point of destination…
FS of catchment area And everything else in between is known as a catchment area.
WS with trees A catchment area is like a slice of the living planet.
It has its own unique set of physical characteristics. Shots of endemic species in Palawan And houses a variety of living creatures.
A catchment contains much valuable natural wealth that includes edible and medicinal plants, timber trees, animals and minerals. Like earth and water, the living and the non-living, are constantly interacting and dynamically changing.
Shots of animals (in All are players in a delicate and action) interconnected web sustaining its own productive life cycle. Shot of undisturbed areas As long as the web remains undisturbed, the catchment continues to be a self-sufficient system.
Although a catchment is a highly elaborate system that took perhaps millions of years to form… It can clearly illustrate the effects of human activities within it.
Shot of logging activities Take the case of deforestation in the uplands.
Floods When large tracts of the forest are cleared, it causes destructive flash flooding and siltation in downstream areas.
Deforestation also reduces the catchment’s ability to transform water vapour into droplets that collectively feed river systems.
Dry area to show In times of prolonged droughts, this could prove to be drought devastating. Similarly, circumstances in the lowlands could adversely affect upland conditions.
People walking in The migration of people from the lowland to the Candawaga, Rizal upland is one example.
Shots – maraming tao As population in the lowlands continues to explode, it creates overcrowding and competition for jobs and resources.
Shots ng mga tao na These factors encourage the land-less and the nagtatrabaho sa jobless to migrate to the uplands in search of better palayan, nagtatanim opportunities.
Shot of tao na kumukuha As more people move to the mountains, the demands ng tao, etc. on the upland environment increases. Forested areas are burned to establish more farms. Shots of kaingin Trees are cut to build new houses. Shot of man building a house And valuable forest resources are exploited and sold to the lowlands.
All these activities contribute to deforestation that Flashfloods results to flash flooding and the drying up of rivers during the dry season.
If this cycle continues the catchment and everything in it will be totally destroyed.
Shots of communities This includes the many communities living within it.
Because once a catchment has been damaged it can Shots of water no longer produce fresh water.
In its quest to protect the forest resources of Palawan Shots of forests as mandated by the Strategic Environmental Plan for Palawan or SEP…
And because of its importance and fragility… CU of leaves na may tubig or mist The Palawan Tropical Forestry Protection Programme or PTFPP, chose catchments as its main target areas.
PTFPP is focusing all its efforts and activities in PTFPP staff working safeguarding identified catchments in mainland Palawan.
These catchments are:
Cabigaan Catchment in Aborlan,
Calategas Catchment in Narra,
GFX of each catchment Pulot Catchment in Sofronio Espanola, with forests in the background Tamlang Catchment in Brooke’s Point,
Inogbong Catchment in Bataraza,
Malanut Catchment in Quezon, Iraan Catchment in Rizal,
Umalad Catchment in Roxas,
Inandeng Catchment in San Vicente,
Ilian-Bagong Bayan Catchment in Dumaran,
Maranreg Catchment in Northeast Puerto Princesa, and
Cabayugan Catchment in Northwest Puerto Princesa.
Shots of communities An important aspect of the catchment management plan is the active role of the communities in planning itself, in the implementation, monitoring and evaluation processes. Shots of communities To make the overwhelming task of preserving a catchment area more manageable for local communities and local government units… the management plan addresses specific issues Shots of communities concerning specific communities within the catchment.
Each catchment will have its own set of objectives Shot of a catchment area and activities relevant to its unique characteristics and na may taong its people. natatrabaho In the same way that the earth and water work together to give life to everything inside the catchment…
Shot of clean water from The partnership between the communities and the the gripo local government may help keep the catchment itself alive.
FS of an upland area
FS of a mountain and sea
FS of children FS of water End Credits FOREST FIRE Video Plug –1
Audio Video
Sound effects ng sunog….. Pagbukas ng plug --- itim na background na may graphics na :
Gamitin ang sounds na napick-up GFX: ng mike sa mga nakuhang Ito ang nangyari sa kagubatan footages ng sunog sa rizal ng Rizal noong nakaraang taon….
Tapos, ipakita ang iba’t ibang scenes ng sunog na nangyari sa isama --- bale pinaka- Rizal noong 1998….. importante, ang audio ng interview sa isang babaeng Interview sa isang nasunogan sa nawalan ng bahay…umiiyak…ganoon rizal isasama lang….. Tapos…..may graphics sa itim na background………
GFX: Huwag payagang mangyaring muli……. Footages na naman ng sunog….
GFX: Iwasan ang pagsunog sa kagubatan………..
Footages na naman ng sunog….
GFX: Sa kagubatan nakasalalay ang kinabukasan ng sangkatauhan………
Footages na naman ng sunog….
GFX: Paalala mula sa Upland Development Programme DENR… DA PIA at ng himpilang ito FOREST FIRE Video Plug –2
AUDIO VIDEO
Lagyan ng sfx mula sa Tall Ipakita ang mga magagandang Forests na tape gubat ng Palawan….dapat …yung marami ang Fadeout to black with gfx
At gamitin ang sound on tape GFX: Ito ay isang paraisong gubat …
GFX: na sa isang itinapong sigarilyo, o sa apoy ng isang posporo….. ang lahat ng ito’y walang saysay na maglalaho …….
Fadeout to black with gfx ipakita ang footages ng sunog sa Rizal…..
GFX: tandaan, kaibigan, responsibilidad mo….. na ingatan ang kagubatan……….
Fadeout to black with gfx GFX: Paalala mula sa Upland Development Programme, DENR… DA PIA at ng himpilang ito FOREST FIRE Video Plug –3
AUDIO VIDEO
Ang music…lumalaglab na apoy…. Black screen and fade in to GFX: APOY…… Then fade out to
At gamitin ang sound on tape ng footages of lumalagablab na sunog sa rizal apoy………JUST APOY…..close-up shots of apoy………………………………… fade out to black
then fade in to GFX: sa puso ng tao…… then fade out out to ‘APOY’ and fade in to GFX: dala nito’y muhi’t gulo… then fade out out to ‘APOY’ and fade in to GFX: winawasak ang mga pangako…. then fade out out to ‘APOY’ and fade in to
GFX: ….sa pusod ng kagubatan…. then fade out out to ‘APOY’ (close-up shot) and fade in to GFX: ito ay isang kalaban….. then fade out out to ‘APOY’ (medium shot) and fade in to GFX: winawasak ang luntiang kinabukasan….. then fade out out to ‘APOY’ (long/full shot) and fade in to GFX: Ngayong tag-init iwasang maglaro ng APOY! Fadeout to black with gfx GFX: Paalala mula sa Upland Development Programme, DENR… DA PIA at ng himpilang ito