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Mountain Watersheds and Ecosystem Services: Balancing Multiple Demands of Forest Management in Head-Watersheds

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Mountain Watersheds and Ecosystem Services: Balancing Multiple Demands of Forest Management in Head-Watersheds Mountain Watersheds and Ecosystem Services: Balancing multiple demands of forest management in head-watersheds Roberto Tognetti, Giuseppe Scarascia Mugnozza and Thomas Hofer (editors) EFI Technical Report 101, 2017 2 Tognetti R., Scarascia Mugnozza, G. and Hofer, T. (eds.) Mountain Watersheds and Ecosystem Services: Balancing multiple demands of forest management in head-watersheds Roberto Tognetti, Giuseppe Scarascia Mugnozza and Thomas Hofer (editors) Publisher: European Forest Institute Yliopistokatu 6, FI-80100 Joensuu Finland http://www.efi.int Disclaimer: The views expressed are those of the author and do not necessarily represent those of the European Forest Institute. © European Forest Institute 2017 Mountain Watersheds and Ecosystem Services… 3 Table of contents PREFACE ............................................................................................................................................... 8 1. EXECUTIVE OVERVIEW .............................................................................................................. 11 1.1 Promote sustainable development in mountain watersheds and ensure the long-term provision of forest ecosystem services .............................................................................................. 11 1.1.1. Forest ecosystem services in mountain watersheds under climatic changes ................. 11 1.1.2. Mountain forests and watersheds facing increased risks and disturbances ................... 15 1.1.3. Main outcomes from the Workshop and concluding remarks ....................................... 19 References ..................................................................................................................................... 23 2. ECOSYSTEM SERVICES IN MOUNTAIN WATERSHEDS: SUPPORTING TOOLS FOR ADAPTIVE FOREST MANAGEMENT ............................................................................................. 24 2.1 Ecosystems services, decision support systems and participative approach in planning: experiences and lessons learned in the Alpine Region ...................................................................... 24 2.1.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 24 2.1.2. Ecosystem services ........................................................................................................ 26 2.1.3. The ES-based Decision Support System realised .......................................................... 28 2.1.4. Model testing, applicability and potentialities ............................................................... 29 2.1.5. Conclusions and perspectives ........................................................................................ 32 References ..................................................................................................................................... 33 2.2 Ecosystem services in mountain watersheds: supporting tools for adaptive forest management ...................................................................................................................................... 34 2.2.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 34 2.2.2. An assessment at the watershed level ............................................................................ 36 2.2.3. Stakeholders' participation ............................................................................................ 38 2.2.4. Results ........................................................................................................................... 41 2.2.5. Conclusions ................................................................................................................... 42 References ..................................................................................................................................... 43 2.3 Management of forest stands to enhance soil ecosystem services: a short review of recent and on-going projects in Mediterranean Europe ...................................................................................... 44 2.3.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 44 2.3.2. The Riselvitalia project.................................................................................................. 45 2.3.3. The SOILPRO project ................................................................................................... 47 2.3.4. The SelPiBioLife project ............................................................................................... 47 2.3.5. The FoResMit project .................................................................................................... 48 2.3.6. Conclusions ................................................................................................................... 50 References ..................................................................................................................................... 52 4 Tognetti R., Scarascia Mugnozza, G. and Hofer, T. (eds.) 2.4 Ecosystem services in mountain forests: the interaction of carbon and water balance in a beech stand in Central Italy ....................................................................................................... 53 2.4.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 53 2.4.2. Materials and Methods .................................................................................................. 54 2.4.3. Results ........................................................................................................................... 56 2.4.4. Discussion and conclusions ........................................................................................... 60 References ..................................................................................................................................... 62 2.5 Strengthening integrated forest management in European mountain watersheds: insights from science to policy ...................................................................................................................... 63 2.5.1. Mountain watersheds in Europe: current issues and challenges .................................... 63 2.5.2. State of research on forest management in mountain watersheds across Europe .......... 66 2.5.3. Final remarks ................................................................................................................. 73 References ..................................................................................................................................... 74 3. NEW CHALLENGES FOR HEADWATER CATCHMENTS AND FOREST RESOURCES: FACING INCREASED RISKS AND DISTURBANCES .................................................................... 77 3.1 On the need of an eco-hydrology-based forest management in water-limited forests .......... 77 3.1.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 77 3.1.2. Eco-hydrology and forestry ........................................................................................... 78 3.1.3. Addressing an eco-hydrological-based forest management .......................................... 80 3.1.4. Best practice example of eco-hydrological-based forest management semiarid forests in eastern Spain .................................................................................................................. 81 3.1.5. Conclusions ................................................................................................................... 85 References ..................................................................................................................................... 86 3.2 Large wood transport during floods and its management in mountain rivers ....................... 87 3.2.1. Introduction: a historical outline on wood in floods ...................................................... 87 3.2.2. Large wood sources and transport during floods........................................................... 89 3.2.3. Conclusions: large wood management strategies .......................................................... 90 References ..................................................................................................................................... 93 3.3 Hydrologic Processes in Forest Headwater Catchments: Implications for Policy and Management .................................................................................................................... 94 3.3.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 94 3.3.2. Unique Attributes and Hydrologic Behaviour of Headwaters ....................................... 96 3.3.3. Effects of Forest Management Impacts on Hydrology and Other Functions of Headwaters 100 3.3.4. Policy implications ...................................................................................................... 104 References ................................................................................................................................... 105 Mountain Watersheds and Ecosystem Services… 5 3.4 Managing water for environmental services under increased climatic extremes
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