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Diversity and Distribution of Epiphytic Lichens on Cedrus Atlantica and Quercus Faginea in Mount Babor Forest, Algeria

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Diversity and Distribution of Epiphytic Lichens on Cedrus Atlantica and Quercus Faginea in Mount Babor Forest, Algeria BIODIVERSITAS ISSN: 1412-033X Volume 22, Number 2, February 2021 E-ISSN: 2085-4722 Pages: 887-899 DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d220244 Diversity and distribution of epiphytic lichens on Cedrus atlantica and Quercus faginea in Mount Babor Forest, Algeria AMINA BELGUIDOUM, TAKIA LOGRADA, MESSAOUD RAMDANI Laboratory for Valorization of Natural Biological Resources, SNV Faculty, Ferhat Abbas University Setif-1. El Bez, Setif 19000, Algeria. Tel.: +213-658-101010, email: [email protected] Manuscript received: 10 January 2020. Revision accepted: 19 January 2021. Abstract. Belguidoum A, Lograda T, Ramdani M. 2021. Diversity and distribution of epiphytic lichens on Cedrus atlantica and Quercus faginea in Mount Babor Forest, Algeria. Biodiversitas 22: 887-899. Information about lichen diversity in Algeria is limited despite their important role as biological indicators of ecosystem health. The aim of the study was to carry out an inventory of epiphytic lichens in the Mount Babor Forest on two types of phorophytes (host trees), i.e., Cedrus atlantica and Quercus faginea, in varying altitudinal gradients and the diameter of host tree. The similarity of the sampled sites was assessed by the Sorensen index (β). Sixty-six species of epiphytic lichens were identified, which belong to 24 families and 38 genera. C. atlantica hosted a higher number of species than Q. faginea. The majority of lichen on C. atlantica belonged to the Parmeliaceae family, whereas those on Q. faginea belonged to the Physciaceae family. Crustose and foliose lichens were the most common species in the study area. The results showed the existence of a distinct relationship between the parameters of the distribution (i.e., tree diameter, elevation) and the specific lichen richness. The greatest number of lichen species (59 species) was observed on large diameter trunks (41-60 cm). Lichen diversity increased along with the increase in altitude. Sorensen’s similarity index revealed the presence of heterogeneity in the community composition of lichen vegetation. Keywords: Algeria, biodiversity, Cedrus atlantica, epiphytic lichens, Mount Babor Forest, Quercus faginea INTRODUCTION age and diameter of trees and physical properties of bark, as well as altitude, influence significantly the growth and Lichens play an important role in forest ecosystems. distribution of lichen species (Hedenas and Ericson 2000; They provide food resources and refuges for other Van Herk 2001; Radies and Coxson 2004). In some cases, organisms and influence forest hydrology and nutrients the Sorensen similarity index has been used to compare the cycling (Stapper and John 2015; Van Stan and Pypker assessment of species from two populations (Sevgi et al. 2015). However, lichens are unfamiliar to common people, 2010; Sanogo and Kabre, 2014; Boni et al. 2015). This and even for naturalists whose knowledge of species is classic method of calculating this coefficient is widely used imperfect. Despite there is an increasing trend in the in ecological studies (Benítez et al. 2018; Vondrák et al. discoveries of newly described lichens. They are subject to 2018). very strong anthropogenic pressure caused by Algeria is poorly explored from a lichenological industrialization, increased urbanization, and exploitation perspective despite its vast area (i.e., 2,381,741 km²). Only of forest areas, especially those in the Mediterranean few fragmentary and occasional floristic inventory studies forests, which are a fragile natural environment have been devoted to it (Amrani et al. 2015). One of the (Scheidegger and Goward 2002; Bricaud 2010; Root et al. most important biodiversity areas in the country is Mount 2015; Nardi et al. 2016; Lubek et al. 2018). Babor. The floristic diversity of the Mount Babor Forest is Because of their sensitivity to any changes in much more marked than that of most other regions of environmental conditions, lichens are often used as Algeria, because of its orographic and essentially climatic biological indicators of habitat change (Vondrák et al. peculiarities. It is an area known for its natural landscapes 2018). Lichens are able to integrate the effects of different and exceptionally rich biodiversity, rare and endemic biotic and abiotic environmental factors. For example, species (Quézel and Santa 1962; Ledant et al. 1985; analysis of their occurrence on forest stands provides Bougaham et al. 2015, 2020; Bougaham and Rebbas 2020). guidance on media interference levels and the state of The aim of this study is to investigate the diversity and maturation of forest stands (Jonsson et al. 1999; Watt et al. distribution of epiphytic lichens on two species of 2007; Bergamini et al. 2009; Bricaud 2010). phorophytes (host trees), namely Cedrus atlantica and Species richness, abundance, and distribution of lichens Quercus faginea in the Mount Babor Forest. We expect in an ecosystem can be used as a model to characterize the that the results of this study can enrich the checklist of responses of lichens to environmental changes (Stofer et al. lichens species in Algeria, and the Mediterranean region 2006; Pinho et al. 2012). Environmental factors, more broadly. microclimatic changes, and habitat characteristics, such as 888 BIODIVERSITAS 22 (2): 887-899, February 2021 MATERIALS AND METHODS hottest month is August. The minimum temperature is- 3°C), while the maximum is 28°C. Study area and period The Babor forest ecosystem is dominated by cedar The study was conducted in the Mount Babor Forest (Cedrus atlantica). This species is widely distributed during the period of March to November 2020. Mount especially on the north side of Mount Babor; the Cedrus is Babor Forest is located in the southern part of the province very dominant above 900 m asl. The vegetation below 800 of Setif, Algeria and lies between the latitudes 36° 29' 18"- m asl consists of Cedrus atlantica, Quercus ilex, Juniperus 36° 19' 05" N and the longitudes 5° 24' 56" – 5° 30’ 46’ E oxycedrus, Buxus sempervirens, Populus tremula, Acer (Figure 1). The forest covers a total area of 1000 ha. The campestre, Acer obtusatum and Quercus faginea highest elevation of the study area is 2004 m above sea accompanied with Abies numidica, species endemic to level (asl). Mount Babor (Quézel and Santa 1962; Ledant et al. 1985; The lengthening of mountainous masses, perpendicular Gharzouli 2007). to the direction of the humid winds, favors the condensation of clouds on the northern slope, which Sampling methods receives 1190mm of precipitation, while the southern slope Specimens of epiphytic lichen living on Cedrus receives only 717mm. The most intense precipitation atlantica and Quercus faginea phorophytes were collected occurs during the months of December through March. The from 15 sampling sites in the Mount Babor Forest (Table average snowfall duration is 156 days/year (Gharzouli 1). All samples were collected at a height of 0 to 2m from 2007). The climate of the region is continental with the ground and around the trunk. The diameters of Cedrus February being the coldest month of the year, while the atlantica phorophytes were grouped into five diameter classes: 0-20, 21-40, 41-60, 61-100 and over 100 cm. Figure 1. Location of the sampling sites in Mount Babor Forest, Setif Province, Algeria BELGUIDOUM et al. – Distribution of epiphytic lichens in Mount Babor forest, Algeria 889 Table 1. Geographical coordinates of the sampled sites the Mount Babor Forest resulted in 66 species of epiphytic lichens (Table 2). Species richness of the lichens on the Alt. Sites Geographical coordinates Phorophytes two types of phorophytes was different with a larger (m) number of lichen species were found on Cedrus atlantica, 1 36° 30′ 13″ N 5° 29′ 08″ E 1400 C. atlantica which was the dominant species in the region. Some 2 36° 30′ 23″ N 5° 29′ 09″ E 1514 species were present in all stations including Pleurosticta 3 36° 30′ 38″ N 5° 28′ 38″ E 1580 4 36° 30′ 28″ N 5° 28′ 28″ E 1718 acetabulum, Pseudevernia furfuracea, Parmelina pastillifera, Pertusaria amara, Lecanora alpigena, 5 36° 30′ 28″ N 5° 28′ 22″ E 1778 C. atlantica and Anaptychia ciliaris, and Lecanora argentata, suggesting 6 36° 30′ 40″ N 5° 28′ 28″ E 1790 Q. faginea that they are generalist species adapted to wide range of 7 36° 30′ 33″ N 5° 28′ 24″ E 1812 ecological conditions. Many nitrophilic species from the 8 36° 30′ 10″ N 5° 26′ 37″ E 1868 genera of Caloplaca, Physcia, and Xanthoria were present. 9 36° 30′ 10″ N 5° 26′ 40″ E 1900 These species disappear during the closure and aging of the 10 36° 30′ 10″ N 5° 26′ 19″ E 1930 afforestation. 11 36° 30′ 05″ N 5° 26′ 35″ E 1940 12 36° 30′ 08″ N 5° 27′ 17″ E 1948 13 36° 30′ 15″ N 5° 27′ 40″ E 1952 Physiognomic forms 14 36° 30′ 10″ N 5° 27′ 22″ E 1950 All physiognomic forms of the lichens were represented 15 36° 30′ 15″ N 5° 28′ 38″ E 1774 in the study area (Figure 2). A clear dominance of crustacean thalli was to be noted in which 60% of the morphological forms were found on C. atlantica and 64% were found on Q. faginea. The foliose thalli were Lichens identification represented by 21% of species on C. atlantica and 15% on The lichen materials were observed in detail using a Q. faginea. On the other hand, the complex and fruticose binocular (Optika) and an optical microscope (Aksioscop thalli were the least represented in the study area. As for 40, Zeiss; magnification: 40X), using spot tests with the categories of squamulose, gelatinous and leper’s thalli, chemicals. The identification of the lichens was based on they were poorly represented. The corticolous and references from several books, including Ozenda and lignicolous sampling carried out in the Mount Babor Forest Clauzade (1970); Boistel (1986); Tiévant (2001); Jans showed that epiphytic lichens grew luxuriantly on C.
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