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Ounjougou : Plus De 100 000 Ans D'histoire En Pays Dogon (Mali)

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Ounjougou : Plus De 100 000 Ans D'histoire En Pays Dogon (Mali) Ounjougou : plus de 100 000 ans d'histoire en pays dogon (Mali) Autor(en): Huysecom, Eric / Mayor, Anne / Ozainne, Sylvain Objekttyp: Article Zeitschrift: AS : Archäologie Schweiz : Mitteilungsblatt von Archäologie Schweiz = Archéologie Suisse : Bulletin d'Archéologie Suisse = Archeologia Svizzera : Bollettino di Archeologia Svizzera Band (Jahr): 27 (2004) Heft 3 PDF erstellt am: 10.10.2021 Persistenter Link: http://doi.org/10.5169/seals-20498 Nutzungsbedingungen Die ETH-Bibliothek ist Anbieterin der digitalisierten Zeitschriften. Sie besitzt keine Urheberrechte an den Inhalten der Zeitschriften. Die Rechte liegen in der Regel bei den Herausgebern. Die auf der Plattform e-periodica veröffentlichten Dokumente stehen für nicht-kommerzielle Zwecke in Lehre und Forschung sowie für die private Nutzung frei zur Verfügung. 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Ein Dienst der ETH-Bibliothek ETH Zürich, Rämistrasse 101, 8092 Zürich, Schweiz, www.library.ethz.ch http://www.e-periodica.ch as. 27.2004.3 Ounjougou archeologie Ounjougou: plus de 100000 ans d'histoire en pays dogon (Mali) Eric Huysecom, Anne Mayor, Sylvain Ozainne, Michel Rasse, Katia Schaer et Sylvain Soriano Situe au Mali, au coeur du pays dogon, le gisement archeologique .* d'Ounjougou fait l'objet depuis 1997 de recherches conduites par une equipe internationale et interdisciplinaire initiees par des archeologues de l'Universite de Geneve. Dans un paysage de ravinements sculpte par d'intenses phenomenes d'erosion, un ensemble unique de sites archeologiques ouvre une nouvelle fenetre sur l'histoire des interactions entre 1'Homme et son environnement en Afrique de l'Ouest. o I o g i e du mali I Algene Fig. 1 Le pays dogon est bien connu par les voyageurs La vallee du Yame; survenue en pour ses paysages et ses villages pittoresques 1936, une modification importante de son trace a permis, 60 ans plus accroches ä la falaise de Bandiagara, ainsi que tard, la decouverte du gisement par les amateurs d'art africain pour ses sculptures d'Ounjougou. hieratiques de bois. Cette region du Mali est devenue Das Tal des Yame im Jahre 1936. celebre des les annees 1930 gräce aux j Niger Eine grosse Veränderung des Mauritanie recherches ethnographiques frangaises de Marcel Flusslaufs hat 60 Jahre später zur Ounjougou Mopti^ Entdeckung der Fundstelle Griaule et de son equipe, et eile est aujourd'hui Senegal Bandiagara Ounjougou geführt. classee au patrimoine mondial naturel et culturel Burkina Faso Desert La vallata dello Yame. BAMAKO L'importante par l'UNESCO. Mais son passe reste peu connu, Sahel variazione del corso del fiume, avvenuta Guinee malgre les recherches archeologiques et Savane nel 1936, ha reso possibile, a 60 anni di distanza, la scoperta del anthropologiques menees entre 1960 et 1974 dans sito di Ounjougou. plusieurs grottes de la falaise de Bandiagara par une equipe hollandaise. Ces chercheurs nous ont Un et Fig. 2 gisement exceptionnel un Le gisement d'Ounjougou se situe appris qu'avant I'arrivee des Dogon, deux Programme de recherche international aujourd'hui ä la limite des zones du populations se sont succede dans la region: les «Toloy» Sahel et de la savane soudanaise. aux 3e-2e siecles av. J.-C. et les «Tellern» des le Une decouverte va bouleverser notre connaissance Die Fundstelle Ounjougou befindet 11e siecle de notre ere. Localement, les du passe, non seulement du pays dogon, sich heute zwischen der Sahelzone innombrables und der sudanesischen Savanne. vestiges de greniers ou de sepultures mais aussi de l'ensemble de l'Ouest africain: une toloy, tellem et visibles dans les anfrac- hachette armature de fleche et II sito d'Ounjougou nel Mali si trova dogon, polie, une en gres oggi al confine tra il Sahel e la tuosites de la falaise, sont encore souvent decrits quelques eclats lithiques, ramasses lors d'un savana sudanese. par les guides locaux comme les habitations voyage du geologue vaudois Marcel Burri en 1988. d'un de nains, La examinee Fig. 3 peuple aujourd'hui disparu... trouvaille, quelques annees plus tard Le Ravin des Draperies donne acces ä des sediments de plus de 30000 ans et illustre bien la profondeur atteinte par les ravinements du :: ~r *¦. site. r;:--; I^Jwt¦•* Die «des Draperies» genannte Schlucht weist Sedimente auf, die vor mehr als 30000 Jahren abgelagert .", wurden und zeigt bis in welche Tiefe die Erosion geführt hat. La gola detta «des Draperies» v consente di accedere a sedimenti accu- t mulatisi nel corso di piü di 30000 ¦. ' anni e bene illustra la m * fm 'S \ profonditä t^M, raggiunta dalle gole in questa zona. fo »• r. bl as. 27.2004.3 Ounjougou Fig. 4 Humide Tchadien Variations environnementales en Aride Ogolien (vers 19 000 av.J.-C.) 3e millenaire av. J.-C.) Afrique de l'Ouest. Extremement aride ä la fin du Pleistocene, le Sahara voit l'apparition d'une savane lors de l'amelioration climatique du debut de l'Holocene; il redevient alors favorable ä la presence de l'Homme, comme en temoignent de nombreux sites archeologiques. Umweltveränderungen in Westafrika. Desert Während es am Ende des Pleistozäns Zone subdesertique sehr trocken war, wurde die Sahara 'y Y während der Klimaverbesserung am Sahel Anfang des Holozäns zu einer Savane Savanne. Sie bot dadurch wieder bessere Lebensbedingungen für den tM Foret tropicale 1 Menschen, wie die zahlreichen archäologischen Fundstellen belegen. "fr Ounjougou Variazioni ambientali in Africa / occidentale. II Sahara, estremamente arido alla fine del Pleistocene, si copri di una savana all'inizio dell'Olocene, au Departement d'anthropologie de l'Universite de international intitule Paleoenvironnement et periodo segnato da un miglioramento climatico. L'area divenne cosi rapidamente Geneve, evoquait indiscutablement une occupation peuplement humain en Afrique de l'Ouest, place ä ce adatta all'insediamento umano, anterieure ä l'äge des metaux et ä l'occupation jour sous les auspices des commissions malienne come testimoniano i numerosi siti Cette l'un des et suisse de l'UNESCO. de la stratigraphie, archeologici. toloy connue. enigme a conduit L'ampleur auteurs, E. Huysecom, ä effectuer, durant l'hiver la diversite des ensembles culturels et la pre- Fig. 5 1993-94, des prospections pour retrouver servation d'elements vegetaux (pollens, feuilles, Le profil de synthese stratigraphique du site montre le depöt, du l'emplacement de la decouverte. Aujourd'hui, apres sept charbons, bois, graines, etc.) offrent la possibilite, Pleistocene (U) ä l'Holocene (H), de campagnes de recherches, une centaine de sites quasi unique ä ce jour en Afrique de l'Ouest, de formations sedimentaires fluviatiles, d'environ confronter humaines et variations lacustres ou eoliennes, refletant une archeologiques sont connus dans un secteur occupations alternance de phases d'incision et 10 km2, baptise «gisement d'Ounjougou» climatiques et environnementales sur une sequence de remblaiement de la vallee. La d'apres le nom du lieu-dit oü ont ete effectues les chronologique longue. Autour de cet objectif commun, derniere modification du cours d'eau, vers 1936, a permis la decouverte du Premiers ramassages. rythme par une approche interdisciplinaire trai- potentiel archeologique et archeobo- Nous sommes ici sur le plateau de Bandiagara ä tant de questions geomorphologiques, sedimen- tanique du site. une quinzaine de kilometres ä l'est de la ville du tologiques, archeobotaniques, archeologiques, Dieses vereinfachte stratigraphische dans un relativement et Profil der Fundstelle zeigt Ablagerungen meme nom, paysage peu ethnohistoriques ethnoarcheologiques, onze zwischen Pleistozän (U) und arbore, caracteristique du Sahel meridional. Les sites institutions appartenant ä cinq pays travaillent Holozän (H). Es sind Sedimente aus archeologiques sont inseres dans un bassin versant, actuellement en partenariat etroit, sur le terrain aussi Fluss-, See- oder Windablagerungen. Das Schema zeigt die alternierenden autour de la confluence de quatre cours d'eau bien qu'en laboratoire. Abfolgen von Abtragphasen dont le principal d'entre eux, leYame, se Jette dans A partir des resultats d'une partie des membres und Auffüllungsphasen des Tales. le ä la ville livrons ici Die letzte Veränderung des Wasserlaufs Niger 30 km au nord de de Mopti. de l'equipe, nous un premier scenario um 1936 hat das archäologische Topographiquement, la zone de recherche se du peuplement de la region, du Pleistocene ä l'ar- und archäobotanische Potenzial presente comme un ensemble de ravinements dessines rivee des premieres populations dogon. der Schichten sichtbar gemacht. d'une succession de La sezione sintetizza, dal Pleistocene aux depens complexe (U) all'Olocene (H), lo sviluppo dei formations eoliennes, alluviales et colluviales sedimenti d'origine fluviale, lacustre o quaternaires qui livrent du materiel archeologique Le Pleistocene eolica. Essi sono il
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