Managing Light Polarization Via Plasmon–Molecule Interactions Within an Asymmetric Metal Nanoparticle Trimer

Managing light polarization via plasmon–molecule interactions within an asymmetric metal nanoparticle trimer Timur Shegai*†, Zhipeng Li†‡, Tali Dadosh§, Zhenyu Zhang¶ʈ, Hongxing Xu‡**††, and Gilad Haran*†† *Department of Chemical Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel; ‡Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China; §Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel; ¶Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831; ʈDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-1200; and **Division of Solid State Physics, Lund University, Box 118, S-22100 Lund, Sweden Communicated by E. Ward Plummer, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, August 26, 2008 (received for review May 10, 2008) The interaction of light with metal nanoparticles leads to novel a scanning tip was used to flip the fluorescence polarization of phenomena mediated by surface plasmon excitations. In this article single molecules between two directions, in-plane or out-of- we use single molecules to characterize the interaction of surface plane. plasmons with light, and show that such interaction can strongly Here, we employ Raman-scattered light from individual mol- modulate the polarization of the emitted light. The simplest ecules to probe the response of asymmetric nanoparticle aggre- nanostructures that enable such polarization modulation are asym- gates over a range of wavelengths, and to show that these metric silver nanocrystal trimers, where individual Raman scatter- aggregates can dramatically modulate the polarization of the ing molecules are located in the gap between two of the nano- emitted light. The simplest nanostructure for such modulation of particles. The third particle breaks the dipolar symmetry of the the polarization of light is a silver nanocrystal trimer, with a two-particle junction, generating a wavelength-dependent polar- single-molecule Raman scatterer located in the gap between two ization pattern. Indeed, the scattered light becomes elliptically of the nanoparticles and the third particle acting as a wavelength- polarized and its intensity pattern is rotated in the presence of the dependent polarization rotator. In the current work we provide third particle. We use a combination of spectroscopic observations unambiguous experimental evidence for a significant influence on single molecules, scanning electron microscope imaging, and over the polarization of light achieved via such an asymmetric generalized Mie theory calculations to provide a full picture of the nanoparticle trimer. Theoretical simulations with the general- effect of particles on the polarization of the emitted light. Further- ized Mie theory (GMT) (21, 22) show that the degree of rotation more, our theoretical analysis allows us to show that the observed depends sensitively on the size of this particle and its distance phenomenon is very sensitive to the size of the trimer particles and from the first two. their relative position, suggesting future means for precise control of light polarization on the nanoscale. Results The response of a nanoparticle aggregate can be probed through generalized Mie theory ͉ single-molecule Raman scattering ͉ plasmonics the process of Raman scattering (RS) from a molecule residing within the aggregate. We used an inverted microscope to excite anipulating light on the nanometer scale is a challenging and collect RS light from nanocrystal aggregates that formed Mtopic not only from a fundamental point of view, but also spontaneously in solution in the presence of trace concentrations for applications aiming at the design of miniature optical devices. of rhodamine 6G molecules (which serve as the Raman scatter- Nanoplasmonics is a rapidly emerging branch of photonics that ers), and were deposited on a slide meshed by gold grids. The low offers variable means to manipulate light by using surface concentration of molecules used ensured that each aggregate plasmon excitations on metal nanostructures (1, 2). Recent contained no more than a single molecule (23). A half-wave plate studies in the plasmonics field have mainly focused on the situated under the microscope objective was used to systemat- control of direction, intensity, and spectrum of light on the ically rotate the plane of polarization of the exciting 532-nm laser nanoscale: propagation direction and intensity. The control of and rotate back the RS light, which was then split by a polarizer ␻ ␻ the direction of light propagation was achieved by means of into two polarized spectra, designated Iʈ( ) and IЌ( ), simulta- surface plasmon propagation in metal nanostructures (3, 4), neously recorded on a CCD camera. The half-wave plate effec- enhanced transmission through nanoholes in optically thin metal tively rotated the sample with respect to both the incident beam films (5), and light beaming with a subwavelength hole (6) or polarization and the polarizer. The gold grids on the slide were hole arrays (7). The control of the intensity and spectrum of light used to identify the specific aggregates from which spectra were mainly involves enhancement of the local electromagnetic field collected in scanning electron microscope (SEM) images and (8) by localized surface plasmon resonance (9) and plasmon obtain their geometry. Before presenting the results of these coupling (10–13). A recent report about plasmon-assisted flu- experiments we first discuss the properties of the plasmon orescence resonance energy transfer may involve the control of enhancement tensors involved in the RS process. both propagation and intensity of light (14), and a recent article by Ringler et al. (15) shows that the spectral shape of emission Author contributions: T.S., Z.L., H.X., and G.H. designed research; T.S. and Z.L. performed of fluorescent molecules can be modulated by varying the research; T.D. contributed new reagents/analytic tools; T.S., Z.L., H.X., and G.H. analyzed distance between particles in dimer resonators. data; and T.S., Z.L., Z.Z., H.X., and G.H. wrote the paper. A less explored, yet particularly important property of light to The authors declare no conflict of interest. control is its polarization. Recent work explored the sensitivity †These authors contributed equally to this work. of the response of metal nanostructures to the polarization of ††To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: [email protected] or incident light (16–18), and anisotropic L-shaped nanostructures [email protected]. were shown to possess some degree of birefringence (19). While This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/ our article was under review, we also became aware of an article 0808365105/DCSupplemental. by Taminiau et al. (20), in which a nano-antenna at the end of © 2008 by The National Academy of Sciences of the USA 16448–16453 ͉ PNAS ͉ October 28, 2008 ͉ vol. 105 ͉ no. 43 www.pnas.org͞cgi͞doi͞10.1073͞pnas.0808365105 Downloaded by guest on September 25, 2021 Fig. 1. Polarization response of a nanoparticle dimer. (A) A SEM image shows a dimer of nanoparticles, which is tilted Ϸ40° from the vertical direction. (B) Normalized RS intensity at 555 nm (black squares) and 583 nm (red circles) as a function of the angle of rotation of the incident polarization. It is seen that the maximal intensity is achieved when the incident field is polarized along the dimer symmetry axis. The green line is the result of a GMT calculation of the normalized local field enhancement factor at ␭ ϭ 532 nm, by using the geometry with the radii R1 ϭ 32 nm and R2 ϭ 35 nm from the SEM image as the only input. The interparticle distance is kept at 1 nm in the junction where the molecule is assumed to locate, same as in the following figures. (C) Depolarization ratio (␳) measured at 555 nm (black squares) and 583 nm (red circles). No wavelength dependence is observed and, as in the case of the intensity, the maximal depolarization ratio is achieved when the incident field is polarized along the dimer axis. Black and red lines show the results of Mie theory calculations performed at 555 and 583 nm, respectively. The Plasmon Enhancement Tensors. Consider a molecule residing in be obtained only when just one junction in a trimer is populated one of the junctions formed between pairs of nanoparticles in an with molecules (this condition is trivially fulfilled in the case of aggregate. The components of the electromagnetic field gener- single-molecule observation). If molecules reside in more than ated by the molecule–aggregate complex can be written as one junction, then the averaging over several geometries will not follows: enable the separation inherent in Eqs. 4 and 5 to be obtained. In addition, the molecular polarizability tensor does not enter any E࿣ ϭ ͩ ͪϰ Ϫ1͑␪͒ Ј͑␻ Ϫ ␻ ͒␣ ͑␻ ͒ ͑␪͒ of these quantities, and therefore does not affect any of the E Uz g 0 vib vibg 0 Uz E0. [1] EЌ experimental observables.‡‡ A similar conclusion was reached by Etchegoin et al. (24). Here, E0 is the incident field. g and gЈ are complex-valued tensors ␻ describing the enhancement of laser field at frequency 0 and the The Dimer Case. We consider first the simplest case of plasmon ␻ Ϫ ␻ ␻ enhancement of the RS field at frequency 0 vib, where vib enhancement in an interparticle junction, the case of a nanoc- ␣ is the frequency of a particular molecular vibrational mode. vib rystal dimer (11, 25). Fig. 1A shows the SEM image of such a is the molecular polarizability tensor of this mode. Uz is a z-axis dimer, and it is seen that the rotation angle of the dimer axis is rotation operator describing the effect of the half-wave plate. Ϸ40° with respect to normal. Fig. 1 B and C shows (in black and Our numerical simulations (see supporting information (SI) red) the profiles of RS intensity and depolarization ratio for two Fig.

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