DOCSLIB.ORG

Designing Housing and Urban Policies to Address a Population Shift to the Suburbs

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Designing Housing and Urban Policies to Address a Population Shift to the Suburbs POLICY BRIEF Designing Housing and Urban Policies to Address a Population Shift to the Suburbs Newly constructed resident complex in the Republic of Korea. Photo credit: KRIHS. A study shows reducing involuntary migration to peripheries of the Greater Seoul Area requires policy interventions to regulate housing cost and supply. Published: 23 July 2018 Introduction A strong correlation between population movement patterns and the housing segment The total population living in Seoul, capital of the Republic of Korea, has recently fallen below the 10- million mark. An “exodus” from Seoul is widely discussed in the media as a social issue, drawing attention to population movements and related changes in the Greater Seoul Metropolitan Area. Indeed, population changes are closely related to the housing segment, showing a strong correlation with housing and urban management. Population movements in the Greater Seoul Metropolitan Area drive changes in household composition by region, causing new housing and urban issues. The supply of houses is not only influenced by changes in housing demand resulting from population movement but also affects population movement. That is, residential movement interacts with the supply of new houses and housing problems and exhibits a strong correlation with various housing and urban problems. The Greater Seoul Area, or Seoul Capital Area, is the metropolitan area of Seoul, Incheon and Gyeonggi province. Importance of policy responses to population movement to improve housing conditions Given the strong correlation between residential movement and various housing and urban issues, policy measures should be established by clearly identifying the link between residential movement patterns and the regional characteristics of new housing supplies in order to address housing and urban problems caused by residential movement. Such policy actions will eventually contribute to improvements in housing conditions and quality of life. In particular, the Greater Seoul Area has a population of more than 20 million residents. Studies about the metropolis should provide important implications for housing policies in the Republic of Korea as well as other metropolitan areas faced with similar challenges. This policy brief is adapted from an article entitled “Housing and Urban Policies in Response to Residential Movement: With a Focus on the Seoul Metropolitan Area,” published in the Space and Environment magazine of the Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements (KRIHS). Population Movement and Housing Supply in the Greater Seoul Area Recent developments in population movement and reasons The movement of population and households is characterized by outward migration from Seoul to the Incheon Metropolitan City and Gyeonggi-do. By region, there was a large inflow of population to Gyeonggi-do, where large-scale housing development projects have been undertaken as part of government policies. Source: Analysis of Statistics Korea’s microdataon population movement. Table 1. Top 10 Regions by Population Inflow between 2013 and 2015 Region Net Inflow of Population Gimpo-si, Gyeonggi-do 55,235 Namyangju-si, Gyeonggi-do 50,078 Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 49,440 Deogyang-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 41,038 Gwangju-si, Gyeonggi-do 32,750 Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 30,037 Seo-gu, Incheon Metropolitan City 26,522 Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 24,413 Paju-si, Gyeonggi-do 22,551 Namdong-gu, Incheon Metropolitan City 22,361 Source: Analysis of Statistics Korea’s MDIS raw data on population movement. Key factors influencing the migration patterns in the Greater Seoul Area can be analyzed in terms of the economic, life cycle, and institutional dimension. The combination of these factors affects residential movement patterns in the metropolitan area. Specifically, migration patterns are shaped by a huge gap in regional housing costs driven by jeonse (a lump-sum deposit on rental space) price hikes on the economic front, child-rearing environments for newlyweds and young parents on the life cycle front, and the concentration of housing supply in Gyeonggi-do (with a policy focus on new large-scale housing projects) on the institutional front. In particular, the migration to peripheral areas results from a cost of living gap, which is involuntary in nature and thus undesirable in terms of housing stability. Supply of New Houses in the Greater Seoul Area New housing units have been supplied in peripheral areas, such as Hwaseong-si, Pyeongtaek-si, Namyangju-si, Gwangju-si, and Gimpo-si in Gyeonggi-do, and certain parts of Seoul. Notably, Gyeonggi- do saw a sharp increase in new houses. In terms of housing supply in the primary market (new construction), the Greater Seoul Area is classified into the following five areas: 1. the sprawling periphery with large-scale, high-rise apartments (e.g., Hwasung-si and Gimpo-si, Gyeonggi-do), 2. the periphery with small-scale, multi-family/multi-dwelling units (e.g., Gwangju-si, Gyeonggi-do), 3. areas with suburban houses (e.g., Yangpyeong, Gyeonggi-do), 4. undeveloped sites within the city (e.g., Gangseo Magok District, Gangnam Bogeumjari District), and 5. large-scale urban renewal areas with reconstruction and redevelopment projects (e.g., Dongdaemun-gu). This study looked into Gwangju in Gyeonggi-do, where the supply of multi-dwelling units was concentrated, to analyze the relation between the characteristics of housing supply and household migration. People aged under 35 living as single-person households accounted for the largest share of move-in households in Opo-eup and Chowol-eup, which have a high concentration of new multi- family/multi-dwelling units compared to other areas. This demonstrates a probable correlation between the supply of certain types of houses and the migration of certain groups of households. In particular, the high representation of single-person households aged under 35 in the total move-in households in Gwangju confirms that housing supply can be aligned with housing and urban management policies. Table 2. Total Construction and Ratio of Multi-Household Housing Completion in 2013 and 2015 Rank Region Housing Areas % of Total Housing (Housing Supply Volume) Supplied (m2) Supply (Nationwide) 1 Gyeonggi-do Gwangju 1,144,754 87.39% Source: Statistics on construction permits/approvals (http://www.eais.go.kr/). Table 3. Characteristics of Move-In Households in Gwangju, Gyeonggi-do Type of Household Opo-eup Chowol-eup Number of Move-in Share Number of Move-in Share Households Households Single-person household aged 7,562 30.7% 4,070 37.1% under 35 Single-person household aged 65 1,037 4.2% 489 4.5% and over Total single-person households 14,564 59.0% 7,397 67.4% Married-couple household aged 963 3.9% 189 1.7% under 40 (without child) Total number of move-in 24,671 100.0% 10,980 100.0% households Source: Analysis of Statistics Korea’s MDIS raw data on population movement. Implications The analysis of residential movements in the Greater Seoul Area revealed various challenges to urban management, such as involuntary migration to peripheral areas due to growing housing expenses, concentrated supplies of certain types of houses (e.g., multi-family/multi-dwelling houses) in certain areas, and the regional overrepresentation of certain household types as a result. At the metropolitan area level, the growing housing burden and the huge gap in housing expenses between regions have pushed people out of the city to its peripheries. At the micro-spatial level, the concentrated supply of certain types of houses (e.g., multi-family/multi-dwelling units) may have a strong correlation with the inflow of certain groups of households. Policy Direction The problems identified by the analysis of residential movement require policy measures, which can minimize the involuntary migration to peripheral areas by reducing the burden of housing costs and ease the regional imbalance in terms of housing and households types through systematic management. To ease housing cost pressures, various policies should be executed to stabilize the housing rental market, expand rent subsidies, and increase the supply of affordable houses in areas with high housing demand from low-income households. Continuous efforts should be made from the supply and demand sides of the housing rental market to reduce housing cost burden and keep people from being priced out of their homes. Moreover, urban management measures should be systematically pursued to ease the regional concentration of certain types of houses. Areas with a high inflow of underprivileged households call for customized housing subsidy policies, encompassing housing management, transportation, and healthcare, to address local problems caused by residential movement. Resources Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements (KRIHS). 2017. Urban Regeneration and Gentrification. Space and Environment. Vol. 71, pp. 08–11. September. Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements Related Links Policy Brief: Mitigating the Effects of Urban Renewal on Local Culture and Diversity Case Study: Promoting Social Equity through Public Housing Policy Brief: Balanced Development of Secondary Cities Key to Overcoming Urban Challenge Sungje Jeon Associate Research Fellow, Korea Research Institute for Human Settlement (KRIHS) His research areas are housing and real estate policy, residential area renewal and gentrification, housing in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK), and the housing market. He obtained his bachelor’s degree in Geography and Economics and his master’s in Geography from the Seoul National University. Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements (KRIHS) Established in 1978, KRIHS is committed to enhancing the quality of life and well- being of the Korean people through spatial planning studies and policy suggestions. It has carried out studies on the efficient use, development, and conservation of territorial resources. Its research areas range from sustainable and balanced territorial development and conservation of the territory to the provision of housing and infrastructure..
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Metro Lines in Gyeonggi-Do & Seoul Metropolitan Area
    Gyeongchun line Metro Lines in Gyeonggi-do & Seoul Metropolitan Area Hoeryong Uijeongbu Ganeung Nogyang Yangju Deokgye Deokjeong Jihaeng DongducheonBosan Jungang DongducheonSoyosan Chuncheon Mangwolsa 1 Starting Point Destination Dobongsan 7 Namchuncheon Jangam Dobong Suraksan Gimyujeong Musan Paju Wollong GeumchonGeumneungUnjeong TanhyeonIlsan Banghak Madeul Sanggye Danngogae Gyeongui line Pungsan Gireum Nowon 4 Gangchon 6 Sungshin Baengma Mia Women’s Univ. Suyu Nokcheon Junggye Changdong Baekgyang-ri Dokbawi Ssangmun Goksan Miasamgeori Wolgye Hagye Daehwa Juyeop Jeongbalsan Madu Baekseok Hwajeong Wondang Samsong Jichuk Gupabal Yeonsinnae Bulgwang Nokbeon Hongje Muakjae Hansung Univ. Kwangwoon Gulbongsan Univ. Gongneung 3 Dongnimmun Hwarangdae Bonghwasan Sinnae (not open) Daegok Anam Korea Univ. Wolgok Sangwolgok Dolgoji Taereung Bomun 6 Hangang River Gusan Yeokchon Gyeongbokgung Seokgye Gapyeong Neunggok Hyehwa Sinmun Meokgol Airport line Eungam Anguk Changsin Jongno Hankuk Univ. Junghwa 9 5 of Foreign Studies Haengsin Gwanghwamun 3(sam)-ga Jongno 5(o)-gu Sinseol-dong Jegi-dong Cheongnyangni Incheon Saejeol Int’l Airport Galmae Byeollae Sareung Maseok Dongdaemun Dongmyo Sangbong Toegyewon Geumgok Pyeongnae Sangcheon Banghwa Hoegi Mangu Hopyeong Daeseong-ri Hwajeon Jonggak Yongdu Cheong Pyeong Incheon Int’l Airport Jeungsan Myeonmok Seodaemun Cargo Terminal Gaehwa Gaehwasan Susaek Digital Media City Sindap Gajwa Sagajeong Dongdaemun Guri Sinchon Dosim Unseo Ahyeon Euljiro Euljiro Euljiro History&Culture Park Donong Deokso Paldang Ungilsan Yangsu Chungjeongno City Hall 3(sa)-ga 3(sa)-ga Yangwon Yangjeong World Cup 4(sa)-ga Sindang Yongmasan Gyeyang Gimpo Int’l Airport Stadium Sinwon Airprot Market Sinbanghwa Ewha Womans Geomam Univ. Sangwangsimni Magoknaru Junggok Hangang River Mapo-gu Sinchon Aeogae Dapsimni Songjeong Office Chungmuro Gunja Guksu Seoul Station Cheonggu 5 Yangcheon Hongik Univ.
    [Show full text]
  • Choosing the Right Location Page 1 of 4 Choosing the Right Location
    Choosing The Right Location Page 1 of 4 Choosing The Right Location Geography The Korean Peninsula lies in the north-eastern part of the Asian continent. It is bordered to the north by Russia and China, to the east by the East Sea and Japan, and to the west by the Yellow Sea. In addition to the mainland, South Korea comprises around 3,200 islands. At 99,313 sq km, the country is slightly larger than Austria. It has one of the highest population densities in the world, after Bangladesh and Taiwan, with more than 50% of its population living in the country’s six largest cities. Korea has a history spanning 5,000 years and you will find evidence of its rich and varied heritage in the many temples, palaces and city gates. These sit alongside contemporary architecture that reflects the growing economic importance of South Korea as an industrialised nation. In 1948, Korea divided into North Korea and South Korea. North Korea was allied to the, then, USSR and South Korea to the USA. The divide between the two countries at Panmunjom is one of the world’s most heavily fortified frontiers. Copyright © 2013 IMA Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Generated from http://www.southkorea.doingbusinessguide.co.uk/the-guide/choosing-the-right- location/ Tuesday, September 28, 2021 Choosing The Right Location Page 2 of 4 Surrounded on three sides by the ocean, it is easy to see how South Korea became a world leader in shipbuilding. Climate South Korea has a temperate climate, with four distinct seasons. Spring, from late March to May, is warm, while summer, from June to early September is hot and humid.
    [Show full text]
  • Supplemental Data
    Ran-hui Cha, MD, PhD* *Department of Internal Medicine, National Medical Center, 245, Eulji-ro, Jung-gu, Seoul, 100-799, Republic of Korea Shin Wook Kang, MD, PhD § §Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1, Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-752, Republic of Korea Cheol Whee Park, MD, PhD † †Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, 222, Banpo- daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 137-701, Republic of Korea Dae Ryong Cha, MD, PhD ‡ ‡Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Ansan- Hospital, Korea University, 123, Jeokgum-ro, Danwon-gu, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 425-707, Republic of Korea Ki Young Na, MD, PhD **,¶ **Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hopsital, 82, Gumi-ro, 173 Bun-gil, Bundang-gu, Gyeonggi-do, 463-707, Republic of Korea, ¶Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101, Daehak-ro, Jongno- gu, Seoul, 110-799, Republic of Korea Sung Gyun Kim, MD, PhD ¥ ¥Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, 22, Gwanpyeong-ro, 170 Beon-gil, Dongan-gu, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, 431-796, Republic of Korea Sun Ae Yoon, MD, PhD *** ***Department of Internal Medicine, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, 271, Cheonbo- ro, Uijeongbu, Gyeonggi-do, 480-717, Republic of Korea Sang Youb Han, MD, PhD¡¡ ¡¡Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University Ilsan- Paik Hospital, 170, Juhwa-ro, Ilsanseo-gu, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, 411-706, Republic of Korea Jae Hyun Chang, MD, PhD ∫ ∫Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, 21, 774 Beon-gil, Namdong-daero, Namdong-gu, Incheon, 405-760, Republic of Korea Sue K.
    [Show full text]
  • Lee, Kim, Kwon, and Ha 1
    Lee, Kim, Kwon, and Ha 1 A Comparison Study on Two Bikesharing Programs in Korea Submitted for Presentation at the 91st Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board TRB Paper #12-1961 Word Count: 3,838 Number of figures: 3 Number of tables: 8 Lee, Jaeyeong Research Fellow Urban & Transportation Division Daejeon Development Institute 160-20, Wolpyeong-dong, Seo-gu, Daejeon Metropolitan City, Korea Phone: +82 42 530 3512 Fax: +82 42 530 3556 E-mail: [email protected] Kim, Dohyung (Corresponding author) Assistant Professor Department of Urban and Regional Planning California State Polytechnic University - Pomona 3801 West Temple Ave. Pomona, CA 91768 Phone: 909 869 4645 Fax: 909 869 4688 E-mail: [email protected] Kwon, Young-in Research Fellow Department of Highway Reserach 1160 Simindaero, Goyang-si Gyeonggi-do 411-701 Phone: +82 31 910 3032 Fax: +82 31 910 3241 E-mail: [email protected] Ha, Seungwoo Head of Bicycle Policy Section Bicycle Policy Division of Chanwon City 151, Jungang-Daero, Uichang-gu, Changwon City, Gyeongsangnam-do,641-703, Korea Phone: +82 55 225 3772 Fax: +82 55 225 4727 E-mail: [email protected] TRB 2012 Annual Meeting Paper revised from original submittal. Lee, Kim, Kwon, and Ha 2 1 ABSTRACT: A bikesharing program has several advantages as a sustainable transportation 2 mode such as the promotion of public transport through multi-modality, the reduction of 3 automobile dependency, and the contribution to healthy life-styles. However, all of 4 bikesharing programs do not necessarily become a sustainable transportation mode. Two 5 bikesharing programs, Nubija and TA-SHU, in Korea have similar historical backgrounds, 6 but present completely distinctive features as a transportation mode.
    [Show full text]
  • Smart Sustainable Cities For
    Activities About WeGO GAs & EXCOM Meetings The World Smart Sustainable Cities Organization (WeGO), established by 50 founding member cities in 2010, is an Conferences & Expos international association of around 200 city and other local governments, smart tech solution providers, and national Regional Networks and regional institutions committed to the transformation of Training Programs cities into smart sustainable cities. Project Implementation: WeGO Smart City Driver Smart General Assemblies Sustainable 2012 2010 Join Us 2nd GA Inaugural GA Cities for All Smart Government for all Seoul Barcelona Follow Us We-gov.org WeGovOrg WeGovOrg 2014 2017 2020 WeGovOrg We work with... 3nd GA 4th GA 5th GA WeGO Secretariat Engaging Citizens: Open, Smart Sustainable Makati Sharing, and Collaborative Cities Cities for all WeGO Secretariat Chengdu Ulyanovsk Region 7F Seoul Global Center, 38 Jongro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03188, Republic of Korea E: [email protected] T: +82-2-720-2935 F: +82-2-720-2939 Seoul WeGO Members Chengdu President City Membership Fees Products & Services Executive Vice President City Vice President City Ulyanovsk Region Mexico City Regional Office Local Governments WeGO Smart City Driver Cities and Other Municipalities Districts and Other Sub-Municipalities Beyoğlu Makati States, Provinces, and Other Regions WeGO Activator Population 0 300 600 1,000 2,000 4,000 7,000 10,000 (‘000) An innovative, comprehensive online platform that helps cities plan, finance, and Europe GDP per Ι Ι Ι Ι Ι Ι Ι Ι Capita (PPP) 299 599 999 1,999 3,999
    [Show full text]
  • PLATELET-001 All Participating Site IRB/EC List Ver.1.0 07May2020 Confidential
    BMJ Publishing Group Limited (BMJ) disclaims all liability and responsibility arising from any reliance Supplemental material placed on this supplemental material which has been supplied by the author(s) BMJ Open Yonsei University College of Medicine Gangnam Severance Hospital PLATELET-001_All Participating Site IRB/EC List_Ver.1.0_07May2020 Confidential PLATELET-001 Site Institutional Review Board(IRB) / Site Name Address No. Ethic Committee(EC) Yonsei University College of Medicine Gangnam Severance Yonsei University College of Medicine Yonsei University Gangnam Severance Hospital 01 Hospital, 211, Eonju-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea, Gangnam Severance Hospital Institutional Review Board 06273 Gachon University Gil Medical Center Gachon University Gil Medical Center, 21, Namdong-daero 02 Gachon University Gil Medical Center Institutional Review Board 774beon-gil, Namdong-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea, 21565 Catholic Kwandong University Catholic Kwandong University International 25, Simgok-ro 100beon-gil, Seo-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea, 03 International St.Mary`s Hospital St.Mary`s Hospital Institutional Review Board 22711 KyungHee University Hospital Kyung Hee University Korean Medicine Hospital Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, 892, Dongnam-ro, 04 at Gangdong at Gangdong Institutional Review Board Gangdong-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea, 05278 Kangwon National University Hospital Kangwan National University Hospital, 156, Baengnyeong-ro, 05 Kangwan National University Hospital Institutional Review Board Chuncheon-si,
    [Show full text]
  • Leading City Network on Green Public Procurement
    Activity Report 2019 of Daejeon Metropolitan City 1 Leading City Network on Green Public Procurement Activity Report 2019 Daejeon Metropolitan City I. Leading City Network on Green Public Procurement 1 The Korea Environmental Industry & Technology Institute (Contracting Entity) and the ICLEI Korea Project Office (Executing Agency) initiated the “Leading City Network on Green Public Procurement” project in Introduction July 2019—currently being executed hand in hand with Gyeonggi-do Province (Goyang City, Bucheon City), Daejeon Metropolitan City and Busan Metropolitan City—to help local governments acknowledge the necessity and significance of Green Public Procurement (GPP) in addressing climate change and achieving regional sustainable development, and to lay the foundation for voluntary participation. • (Consulting) Analyze participating local governments’ green public procurement performance and 2 Major prepare improvement measures Activities • (Form a network) Construct a Korean league of leading cities on green public procurement • (Strengthen capability) Support activities to reinforce cities’ abilities to improve green public procurement • (Publicize performance) Publicize excellent performance by local governments in green public procurement and develop best practices 3 1 Increase the participating local governments’ share of green public procurement by 10%p or more by 2020 Key Targets & Key Targets Achievement Form a network of local governments (Gyeonggi-do Province, Daejeon Metropolitan City, Methods 2 Busan Metropolitan City),
    [Show full text]
  • Goyang Destination Week 2021 Overview
    Goyang Destination Week 2021 Overview August, 2021 II Goyang Destination Week 2021 Overview ○ Event: Goyang Destination Week 2021 th th ○ Date: August 25 (Wed) ~ 26 (Thu) / 2 Days ○ Type: Hybrid Event(Offering Online and Offline Participation) ○ Host: Goyang City ○ Organizer: Goyang Convention & Visitors Bureau ○ Sponsorship - Domestic a. Korea Tourism Organization(KTO) b. Gyeonggi Tourism Organization(GTO) c. Korea MICE Association d. Korean Association of Professional Convention Organizer(KAPCO) - International a. ICCA(International Congress and Convention Association) b. GDS-I(Global Destination Sustainability Index) c. Gaining Edge ○ Scale: 500 Participants ○ Target Audience: MICE Industry Workers, Global Urban Marketing - National & Regional Tourism Organizations - Convention Bureaus, Centers & Venues - MICE Destination Related Workers & Etc. ○ Event Subject: MICE, Reboot the City! ○ Event Composition - Day 1 a. Opening Ceremony b. International Destination Competitiveness Forum - Day 2 a. Asia Destination Round Table b. GDSM Asia Pacific Forum ※GDSM: Global Destination Sustainability Movement - 2 - ○ Event Implications - Increasing the understanding and participation of global MICE workers through lectures and discussions amongst domestic and international experts - Establishing networking opportunities with various international MICE destination experts - Leading new innovations related to MICE destinations and strengthening urban competitiveness as well as opportunities to revitalize ○ Detailed Schedule - Day 1: 25 Aug, 2021(Wed),
    [Show full text]
  • Democratic People's Republic of Korea
    Operational Environment & Threat Analysis Volume 10, Issue 1 January - March 2019 Democratic People’s Republic of Korea APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE; DISTRIBUTION IS UNLIMITED OEE Red Diamond published by TRADOC G-2 Operational INSIDE THIS ISSUE Environment & Threat Analysis Directorate, Fort Leavenworth, KS Topic Inquiries: Democratic People’s Republic of Korea: Angela Williams (DAC), Branch Chief, Training & Support The Hermit Kingdom .............................................. 3 Jennifer Dunn (DAC), Branch Chief, Analysis & Production OE&TA Staff: North Korea Penny Mellies (DAC) Director, OE&TA Threat Actor Overview ......................................... 11 [email protected] 913-684-7920 MAJ Megan Williams MP LO Jangmadang: Development of a Black [email protected] 913-684-7944 Market-Driven Economy ...................................... 14 WO2 Rob Whalley UK LO [email protected] 913-684-7994 The Nature of The Kim Family Regime: Paula Devers (DAC) Intelligence Specialist The Guerrilla Dynasty and Gulag State .................. 18 [email protected] 913-684-7907 Laura Deatrick (CTR) Editor Challenges to Engaging North Korea’s [email protected] 913-684-7925 Keith French (CTR) Geospatial Analyst Population through Information Operations .......... 23 [email protected] 913-684-7953 North Korea’s Methods to Counter Angela Williams (DAC) Branch Chief, T&S Enemy Wet Gap Crossings .................................... 26 [email protected] 913-684-7929 John Dalbey (CTR) Military Analyst Summary of “Assessment to Collapse in [email protected] 913-684-7939 TM the DPRK: A NSI Pathways Report” ..................... 28 Jerry England (DAC) Intelligence Specialist [email protected] 913-684-7934 Previous North Korean Red Rick Garcia (CTR) Military Analyst Diamond articles ................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Long-Term Effects of Metformin on Patients with Type 2 Diabetic
    948 Diabetes Care Volume 43, May 2020 Soie Kwon,1,2 Yong Chul Kim,1 The Long-term Effects of Jae Yoon Park,3 Jeonghwan Lee,2 Jung Nam An,4 Clara Tammy Kim,5 Metformin on Patients With Sohee Oh,6 Seokwoo Park,7,8 Dong KiKim,1,8 Yun Kyu Oh,2,8 Yon Su Kim,1 Chun Soo Lim,2,8 Type 2 Diabetic Kidney Disease and Jung Pyo Lee2,8 Diabetes Care 2020;43:948–955 | https://doi.org/10.2337/dc19-0936 CLIN CARE/EDUCATION/NUTRITION/PSYCHOSOCIAL OBJECTIVE Metformin is the first pharmacological option for treating type 2 diabetes. However, theuseofthis drugis notrecommendedinindividuals withimpairedkidneyfunction because of the perceived risk of lactic acidosis. We aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of metformin in patients with type 2 diabetic kidney disease (DKD). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We conducted a retrospective observational cohort study of 10,426 patients with type 2 DKD from two tertiary hospitals. The primary outcomes were all-cause mortality and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) progression. The secondary outcome was metformin-associated lactic acidosis. Taking into account the possibility that 1Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National patients with less severe disease were prescribed metformin, propensity score University Hospital, Seoul, Korea matching (PSM) was conducted. 2Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea RESULTS 3Department of Internal Medicine, Dongguk Uni- versity Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Korea All-cause mortality and incident ESRD were lower in the metformin group according 4Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym Uni- to the multivariate Cox analysis. Because the two groups had significantly different versity Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, Gyeonggi- baseline characteristics, PSM was performed.
    [Show full text]
  • Investigating the Ripple Effect Through the Relationship Between Housing Markets and Residential Migration in Seoul, South Korea
    sustainability Article Investigating the Ripple Effect through the Relationship between Housing Markets and Residential Migration in Seoul, South Korea Wonseok Seo 1,* and LeeYoung Kim 2 1 Department of Urban Planning and Real Estate, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Korea 2 Division of Urban Environment Research, Goyang Research Institute, 60 Taegeuk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 10393, Korea; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +82-10-820-5955 Received: 2 January 2020; Accepted: 6 February 2020; Published: 8 February 2020 Abstract: This study examined the relationship between housing markets and residential migration to identify if there is a housing refugee phenomenon due to an involuntary ripple effect in the Seoul metropolitan area, South Korea. The study applied Granger causality analysis and a vector error correction model. The empirical results confirmed that changes in housing market conditions cause a ripple effect in surrounding areas in the Seoul metropolitan area, and these changes are easily transmitted to the nearby Gyeonggi housing market. This study shows that intra-metropolitan residential migration may occur due to changes in housing market conditions. Additionally, the study proved that residential migration from Seoul to the nearby Gyeonggi province does not represent the pursuit of a stable residential environment, but is merely involuntary migration due to the financial burden of increased housing costs in Seoul. Finally, the study showed that there may be a ripple effect that intensifies instability in the jeonse market—a type of lease unique to South Korea—that emerged due to residential migration from Seoul.
    [Show full text]
  • Strategies for City Networks
    Strategies for Network Cities explained with the example of South Korea Zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines DOKTOR-INGENIEURS an der Fakultät für Bauingenieur-, Geo- und Umweltwissenschaften der Universität Fridericiana zu Karlsruhe (TH) genehmigte DISSERTATION von M. Eng. Hyun-Suk Min aus Seoul Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 26.06.2006 Hauptreferent: Univ.-Prof. Dr. sc. techn. Bernd Scholl Korreferent: Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Walter Schönwandt Karlsruhe 2006 Preface People and industries have concentrated to the big cities to achieve economies of scale. However the problems of this urban concentration become gradually obvious and have limited the development of the metropolises. They are hardly managed by current planning measures. In the diversifying social needs for heterogeneous life styles and sustainable mobility, now it is inevitable to adjust the sustainable space system. As an alternative answerable to this new demand here is suggested an approach of network cities. Even though strategies for network cities were proposed with an example of South Korea, the conceptual approaches can be applied to other countries, especially functionally centralized nations or developing countries which experience now rapid urbanization than any other times. Until this concept of network cities was made concrete, however the direct and indirect contribution of several important persons was essential. They were willing to discuss with me and give me recommendations. Here I wish my deep appreciation for their kindness. I thank Prof. Bernd Scholl for not only his scientific support and guidance throughout my works but also his tolerance and encouragement. He suggested me to investigate diverse spatial development plans for city networks in other countries and helped me to think of ideas on network cities.
    [Show full text]