EXPLANATION of PRECIPITATION RECORDS Data Collection And

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

WATER RESOURCES DATA FOR WASHINGTON 2003 27 EXPLANATION OF PRECIPITATION RECORDS Data Collection and Computation Rainfall data generally are collected using electronic data loggers that measure the rainfall in 0.01- inch increments every 15 minutes using either a tipping-bucket rain gage or a collection well gage. Twenty- four hour rainfall totals are tabulated and presented. A 24-hour period extends from just past midnight of the previous day to midnight of the current day. Snowfall-affected data can result during cold weather when snow fills the rain-gage funnel and then melts as temperatures rise. Snowfall-affected data are subject to errors. Missing values are indicated by this symbol “---” in the table. Data Presentation Precipitation records collected at surface-water gaging stations are identified with the same station number and name as the stream-gaging station. Where a surface-water daily-record station is not available, the precipitation record is published with its own name and latitude-longitude identification number. Information pertinent to the history of a precipitation station is provided in descriptive headings preceding the tabular data. These descriptive headings give details regarding location, period of record, and general remarks. The following information is provided with each precipitation station. Comments that follow clarify information presented under the various headings of the station description. LOCATION.—See Data Presentation in the EXPLANATION OF STAGE- AND WATER-DISCHARGE RECORDS section of this report (same comments apply). PERIOD OF RECORD.—See Data Presentation in the EXPLANATION OF STAGE- AND WATER- DISCHARGE RECORDS section of this report (same comments apply). INSTRUMENTATION.—Information on the type of rainfall collection system is given. REMARKS.—Remarks provide added information pertinent to the collection, analysis, or computation of records..

Copy Link

Recommended publications

The Texas Manual on Rainwater Harvesting
The Texas Manual on Rainwater Harvesting Texas Water Development Board Third Edition The Texas Manual on Rainwater Harvesting Texas Water Development Board in cooperation with Chris Brown Consulting Jan Gerston Consulting Stephen Colley/Architecture Dr. Hari J. Krishna, P.E., Contract Manager Third Edition 2005 Austin, Texas Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank the following persons for their assistance with the production of this guide: Dr. Hari Krishna, Contract Manager, Texas Water Development Board, and President, American Rainwater Catchment Systems Association (ARCSA); Jen and Paul Radlet, Save the Rain; Richard Heinichen, Tank Town; John Kight, Kendall County Commissioner and Save the Rain board member; Katherine Crawford, Golden Eagle Landscapes; Carolyn Hall, Timbertanks; Dr. Howard Blatt, Feather & Fur Animal Hospital; Dan Wilcox, Advanced Micro Devices; Ron Kreykes, ARCSA board member; Dan Pomerening and Mary Dunford, Bexar County; Billy Kniffen, Menard County Cooperative Extension; Javier Hernandez, Edwards Aquifer Authority; Lara Stuart, CBC; Wendi Kimura, CBC. We also acknowledge the authors of the previous edition of this publication, The Texas Guide to Rainwater Harvesting, Gail Vittori and Wendy Price Todd, AIA. Disclaimer The use of brand names in this publication does not indicate an endorsement by the Texas Water Development Board, or the State of Texas, or any other entity. Views expressed in this report are of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Texas Water Development Board, or
[Show full text]
Environmental Systems the Atmosphere and Hydrosphere
Environmental Systems The atmosphere and hydrosphere THE ATMOSPHERE The atmosphere, the gaseous layer that surrounds the earth, formed over four billion years ago. During the evolution of the solid earth, volcanic eruptions released gases into the developing atmosphere. Assuming the outgassing was similar to that of modern volcanoes, the gases released included: water vapor (H2O), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrochloric acid (HCl), methane (CH4), ammonia (NH3), nitrogen (N2) and sulfur gases. The atmosphere was reducing because there was no free oxygen. Most of the hydrogen and helium that outgassed would have eventually escaped into outer space due to the inability of the earth's gravity to hold on to their small masses. There may have also been significant contributions of volatiles from the massive meteoritic bombardments known to have occurred early in the earth's history. Water vapor in the atmosphere condensed and rained down, of radiant energy in the atmosphere. The sun's radiation spans the eventually forming lakes and oceans. The oceans provided homes infrared, visible and ultraviolet light regions, while the earth's for the earliest organisms which were probably similar to radiation is mostly infrared. cyanobacteria. Oxygen was released into the atmosphere by these early organisms, and carbon became sequestered in sedimentary The vertical temperature profile of the atmosphere is variable and rocks. This led to our current oxidizing atmosphere, which is mostly depends upon the types of radiation that affect each atmospheric comprised of nitrogen (roughly 71 percent) and oxygen (roughly 28 layer. This, in turn, depends upon the chemical composition of that percent).
[Show full text]
What's in the Air Gets Around Poster
Air pollution comes AIR AWARENESS: from many sources, Our air contains What's both natural & manmade. a combination of different gasses: OZONE (GOOD) 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, in the is a gas that occurs forest fires, vehicle exhaust, naturally in the upper plus 1% from carbon dioxide, volcanic emissions smokestack emissions atmosphere. It filters water vapor, and other gasses. the sun's ultraviolet rays and protects AIRgets life on the planet from the Air moves around burning Around! when the wind blows. rays. Forests can be harmed when nutrients are drained out of the soil by acid rain, and trees can't Air grow properly. pollution ACID RAIN Water The from one place can forms when sulfur cause problems oxides and nitrogen oxides falls from 1 air is in mix with water vapor in the air. constant motion many miles from clouds that form where it Because wind moves the air, acid in the air. Pollutants around the earth (wind). started. rain can fall hundreds of miles from its AIR MONITORING: and tiny bits of soil are As it moves, it absorbs source. Acid rain can make lakes so acidic Scientists check the quality of carried with it to the water from lakes, rivers that plants and animals can't live in the water. our air every day and grade it using the Air Quality Index (AQI). ground below. and oceans, picks up soil We can check the daily AQI on the from the land, and moves Internet or from local 2 pollutants in the air. news sources. Greenhouse gases, sulfur oxides and Earth's nitrogen oxides are added to the air when coal, oil and natural gas are CARS, TRUCKS burned to provide Air energy.
[Show full text]
Precipitation Probability
PRECIPITATION PROBABILITY The probability of precipitation forecast is one of the most least understood elements of the weather forecast. The probability of precipitation has the following features: ..... The likelihood of occurrence of precipitation is stated as a percentage ..... A measurable amount is defined as 0.01" (one hundredth of an inch) or more (usually produces enough runoff for puddles to form) ..... The measurement is of liquid precipitation or the water equivalent of frozen precipitation ..... The probability is for a specified time period (i.e., today, this afternoon, tonight, Thursday) ..... The probability forecast is for any given point in the forecast area To summarize, the probability of precipitation is simply a statistical probability of 0.01" inch of more of precipitation at a given area in the given forecast area in the time period specified. Using a 40% probability of rain as an example, it does not mean (1) that 40% of the area will be covered by precipitation at given time in the given forecast area or (2) that you will be seeing precipitation 40% of the time in the given forecast area for the given forecast time period. Let's look at an example of what the probability does mean. If a forecast for a given county says that there is a 40% chance of rain this afternoon, then there is a 40% chance of rain at any point in the county from noon to 6 p.m. local time. This point probability of precipitation is predetermined and arrived at by the forecaster by multiplying two factors: Forecaster certainty that precipitation will form or move into the area X Areal coverage of precipitation that is expected (and then moving the decimal point two places to the left) Using this, here are two examples giving the same statistical result: (1) If the forecaster was 80% certain that rain would develop but only expected to cover 50% of the forecast area, then the forecast would read "a 40% chance of rain" for any given location.
[Show full text]
Tropical Cyclone Rainfall
Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Michael Brennan National Hurricane Center Outline • Tropical Cyclone (TC) rainfall climatology • Factors influencing TC rainfall • TC rainfall forecasting tools • TC rainfall forecasting process Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Climatology Tropical Cyclone Tracks COMET (2011) Global Mean Monthly TC Rainfall During the TC Season and Percent of Total Annual Rainfall Data from TRMM 2A25 Precipitation Radar from 1998-2006 Jiang and Zipser (2010) Contribution to Total Rainfall from TCs • What percentage of average annual rainfall in southern Baja California, Mexico comes from tropical cyclones? 1. 10-20% 2. 20-30% 3. 40-50% 4. 50-60% Khouakhi et al. (2017) J. Climate Contribution to Global Rainfall from TCs (1970-2014 rain gauge study) • Globally, highest TC rainfall totals are in eastern Asia, northeastern Australia, and the southeastern United States • Percentage of annual rainfall contributed by TCs: • 35-50%: NW Australia, SE China, northern Philippines, Baja California • 40-50%: Western coast of Australia, south Indian Ocean islands, East Asia, Mexico Khouakhi et al. (2017) J. Climate Contribution to Global Rainfall from TCs (1970-2014 rain gauge study) Khouakhi et al. (2017) J. Climate Contribution to Global Rainfall from TCs (1970-2014 rain gauge study) • Relative contribution of TCs to extreme rainfall • Gray circles indicate locations at which TCs have no contribution to extreme rainfall Khouakhi et al. (2017) J. Climate Annual TC Rainfall Equator TC Rain . TC rainfall makes up a larger percentage of total rainfall during years when global rainfall is low . Asymmetric - generally 35 000 0 1998 (cm) 1999 (cm)30 000 0 2000 (cm) 2001 (cm) 2002 (cm)25 000 0 2003 (cm) 2004 (cm) 2005 (cm)20 000 0 15 000 0 10 000 0 50 000 0 -40 -20 0 20 40 more TC rainfall in the Northern Hemisphere TC Rain % of Total Rain .
[Show full text]
ESSENTIALS of METEOROLOGY (7Th Ed.) GLOSSARY
ESSENTIALS OF METEOROLOGY (7th ed.) GLOSSARY Chapter 1 Aerosols Tiny suspended solid particles (dust, smoke, etc.) or liquid droplets that enter the atmosphere from either natural or human (anthropogenic) sources, such as the burning of fossil fuels. Sulfur-containing fossil fuels, such as coal, produce sulfate aerosols. Air density The ratio of the mass of a substance to the volume occupied by it. Air density is usually expressed as g/cm3 or kg/m3. Also See Density. Air pressure The pressure exerted by the mass of air above a given point, usually expressed in millibars (mb), inches of (atmospheric mercury (Hg) or in hectopascals (hPa). pressure) Atmosphere The envelope of gases that surround a planet and are held to it by the planet's gravitational attraction. The earth's atmosphere is mainly nitrogen and oxygen. Carbon dioxide (CO2) A colorless, odorless gas whose concentration is about 0.039 percent (390 ppm) in a volume of air near sea level. It is a selective absorber of infrared radiation and, consequently, it is important in the earth's atmospheric greenhouse effect. Solid CO2 is called dry ice. Climate The accumulation of daily and seasonal weather events over a long period of time. Front The transition zone between two distinct air masses. Hurricane A tropical cyclone having winds in excess of 64 knots (74 mi/hr). Ionosphere An electrified region of the upper atmosphere where fairly large concentrations of ions and free electrons exist. Lapse rate The rate at which an atmospheric variable (usually temperature) decreases with height. (See Environmental lapse rate.) Mesosphere The atmospheric layer between the stratosphere and the thermosphere.
[Show full text]
The Cloud Cycle and Acid Rain
gX^\[ì\Zk\emìfed\ekXc`dgXZkjf]dèè^Xkc`_ì_`^_jZ_ffcYffbc\k(+ ( K_\Zcfl[ZpZc\Xe[XZ`[iXè m the mine ke fro smo uld rain on Lihir? Co e acid caus /P 5IJTCPPLMFUXJMM FYQMBJOXIZ K_\i\Xjfe]fik_`jYffbc\k K_\i\`jefXZ`[iXèfeC`_ì% `jk_Xkk_\i\_XjY\\ejfd\ K_`jYffbc\k\ogcXèjk_\jZ`\eZ\ d`jle[\ijkXe[è^XYflkk_\ Xe[Z_\d`jkipY\_è[XZ`[iXè% \o`jk\eZ\f]XZ`[iXèfeC`_ì% I\X[fekfÔe[flkn_pk_\i\`jef XZ`[iXèfeC`_ì55 page Normal rain cycle and acid rain To understand why there is no acid rain on Lihir we will look at: 1 How normal rain is formed 2 2 How humidity effects rain formation 3 3 What causes acid rain? 4 4 How much smoke pollution makes acid rain? 5 5 Comparing pollution on Lihir with Sydney and China 6 6 Where acid rain does occur 8–9 7 Could acid rain fall on Lihir? 10–11 8 The effect of acid rain on the environment 12 9 Time to check what you’ve learnt 13 Glossary back page Read the smaller text in the blue bar at the bottom of each page if you want to understand the detailed scientific explanations. > > gX^\) ( ?fnefidXciXè`j]fid\[ K_\eXkliXcnXk\iZpZc\ :cfl[jXi\]fid\[n_\e_\Xk]ifdk_\jleZXlj\jk_\nXk\iè k_\fZ\Xekf\mXgfiXk\Xe[Y\Zfd\Xeèm`j`Yc\^Xj% K_`j^Xji`j\j_`^_èkfk_\Xìn_\i\Zffc\ik\dg\iXkli\jZXlj\ `kkfZfe[\ej\Xe[Y\Zfd\kèpnXk\i[ifgc\kj%N_\edXepf] k_\j\nXk\i[ifgc\kjZfcc`[\kf^\k_\ik_\pdXb\Y`^^\inXk\i [ifgj#n_`Z_Xi\kff_\XmpkfÕfXkXifle[èk_\XìXe[jfk_\p ]Xcc[fneXjiXè%K_`jgifZ\jj`jZXcc\[gi\Z`g`kXk`fe% K_\eXkliXcnXk\iZpZc\ _\Xk]ifd k_\jle nXk\imXgflijZfe[\ej\ kfZi\Xk\Zcfl[j gi\Z`g`kXk`fe \mXgfiXk`fe K_\jZ`\eZ\Y\_è[iXè K_\_\Xk]ifdk_\jleZXlj\jnXk\ièk_\
[Show full text]
Authority of the Resource Role Playing Scenarios
SMALL GROUP FACILITATOR INSTRUCTIONS WILDERNESS WORKSHOP LAW ENFORCEMENT AND PERSONAL SAFETY As the facilitator you have the option of taking part in the role playing exercise as the person the wilderness guard is to contact or to assign both roles to members of the group. The role of the wilderness guard should be given to a first year ranger and the contact should be a returning / experienced ranger. The role of the public should be acted out based on similar contacts the ranger has experienced (playing “devils advocate” is okay too!). Three scenarios are in the folder. Try to assign the roles to different participants for each scenarios. An hour has been allotted for the three scenarios so try to limit each one to no more then 10 minutes. This will allow for some discussion and critique. You chose only two to allow for more time. Scenario1 Weekend Backpacker: Friday evening finds you and your family (2 small children) at Shoe Lake in the Goat Rocks Wilderness. You’ve been looking forward to treating your family to a backcountry excursion for weeks. The weather is cool and it looks like rain when you arrive at the trailhead. You notice a sign on the bulletin board regarding Wilderness Regulations in your hurry to get going you don’t take time to read them. While setting up camp it begins to rain lightly. Realizing you don’t have enough fuel for your stove to heat enough water for the family meal you build a nice campfire. Surely there’s no fire damage in this weather and besides it’s getting pretty cold! Feeling as if your weekend trip may flop you are feeling defensive when the wilderness ranger arrives.
[Show full text]
Rain Gardens – Land- Scaped Areas Planted to Wild flowers and Other Native Vegetation That Soak up Rain Water, Mainly from the Roof of a House Or Other Building
A how-to manual for homeowners Your personal contribution to cleaner water Homeowners in many parts of the country are catching on to rain gardens – land- scaped areas planted to wild flowers and other native vegetation that soak up rain water, mainly from the roof of a house or other building. The rain garden fills with a few inches of water after a storm and the water slowly filters into the ground rather than running off to a storm drain. Compared to a conventional patch of lawn, a rain garden allows about 30% more water to soak into the ground. Why are rain gardens important? As cities and suburbs grow and replace forests and agricultural land, increased stormwater runoff from impervious surfaces becomes a problem. Stormwater runoff from developed areas increases flooding; carries pollutants from streets, parking lots and even lawns into local streams and lakes; and leads to costly municipal improvements in stormwater treatment structures. By reducing stormwater runoff, rain gardens can be a valuable part of changing these trends. While an individual rain garden may seem like a small thing, collectively they produce substantial neighborhood and community environmental benefits. Rain gardens work for us in several ways: g Increasing the amount of water that filters into the ground, which recharges local and regional aquifers; g Helping protect communities from flooding and drainage problems; g Helping protect streams and lakes from pollutants carried by urban stormwater – lawn fertilizers and pesticides, oil and other fluids that leak from cars, and numerous harmful substances that wash off roofs and paved areas; g Enhancing the beauty of yards and neighborhoods; g Providing valuable habitat for birds, butterflies and many beneficial insects.
[Show full text]
Difference of Rainfall Distribution for Tropical
12B.1 DIFFERENCE OF RAINFALL DISTRIBUTION FOR TROPICAL CYCLONES OVER LAND AND OCEAN AND RAINFALL POTENTIAL DERIVED FROM SATELLITE OBSERVATIONS AND ITS IMPLICATION ON HURRICANE LANDFALL FLOODING PREDICTION Haiyan Jiang 1*, Jeffrey B. Halverson 1, and Joanne Simpson 2 1Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, and Mesoscale Atmospheric Process Branch, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 2Laboratory for Atmospheres, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 1. INTRODUCTION These observations were mainly over ocean. Rogders and Alder (1981) found that the maximum Predicting hurricane landfall precipitation is a major azimuthally average rain rate is about 5 mm h -1 for operational challenge. Inland flooding has become the typhoons, but decreases to 3.5 mm h -1 for tropical predominant cause of deaths associated with hurricanes storms, to 3 mm h -1 for depressions, and to 1.5 mm h -1 in the United States (Rappaport 2000). The tropical for disturbances. They also found that TC intensification cyclone (TC) track forecast has been improved in was accompanied not only by increases in the average accuracy of 20% over a 5-yr period, which is the rain rate, but also in the relative contribution of the achievement of the first research goal of the U.S. heavy rainfall. Weather Research Program (USWRP) Hurricane Rao and MacArthur (1994) examined 12 western Landfall (HL) focus (Elsberry 2005). However, the North Pacific typhoons of mainly the 1987 season and difficulties of improving 72-h quantitative precipitation the associated precipitation fields derived from Special forecast for TCs, thereby improving day 3 forecasts for Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) brightness inland flooding, have been long recognized.
[Show full text]
The Tropical Rainfall Potential (Trap) Technique. Part I: Description and Examples Ϩ STANLEY Q
456 WEATHER AND FORECASTING VOLUME 20 The Tropical Rainfall Potential (TRaP) Technique. Part I: Description and Examples ϩ STANLEY Q. KIDDER,* SHELDON J. KUSSELSON, JOHN A. KNAFF,* RALPH R. FERRARO,#,@ ϩ ROBERT J. KULIGOWSKI,# AND MICHAEL TURK *Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado ϩNOAA/NESDIS/OSDPD/Satellite Services Division, Camp Springs, Maryland #NOAA/NESDIS/Center for Satellite Applications and Research, Camp Springs, Maryland @Cooperative Institute for Climate Studies, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, Maryland (Manuscript received 16 February 2004, in final form 9 August 2004) ABSTRACT Inland flooding caused by heavy rainfall from landfalling tropical cyclones is a significant threat to life and property. The tropical rainfall potential (TRaP) technique, which couples satellite estimates of rain rate in tropical cyclones with track forecasts to produce a forecast of 24-h rainfall from a storm, was developed to better estimate the magnitude of this threat. This paper outlines the history of the TRaP technique, details its current algorithms, and offers examples of its use in forecasting. Part II of this paper covers verification of the technique. 1. Introduction accurate rainfall forecasts can be made is beyond the state of the art. Radar observations of storm rain rate For centuries, the wind and waves caused by tropical and rain area are valuable, particularly for short-term cyclones have menaced mariners and coastal dwellers. (ϳ1 h) forecasting of urban flash flooding and land- Enormous resources have been invested in observing slides, but only when the storm is within radar range of and forecasting these killers.
[Show full text]
Potential Contaminants in Residential Rain Barrel Water
POTENTIAL CONTAMINANTS IN RESIDENTIAL RAIN BARREL WATER By Dr. Linda Chalker-Scott, Extension Urban Horticulturist and Associate Professor, Washington State University FS280E FS280E | Page 1 | ext.wsu.edu WSU EXTENSION | POTENTIAL CONTAMINANTS IN RESIDENTIAL RAIN BARREL WATER Potential Contaminants in Residential Rain Barrel Water Residential gardeners often collect rainwater to supplement What Contaminants are Found in Rain Barrels? summer irrigation. They may also use rainwater as an unchlorinated water source for aquatic plants and animals. Many studies have identified rain barrels as reservoirs for toxic However, rooftop runoff can be contaminated with chemical materials and pathogenic microbes (Hart and White 2006; Lye and biological pollutants. This publication will examine the 2009; Schuster et al. 2013). Possible rain barrel contaminants research behind residential rain barrel water safety in North fall into two general categories: biological and chemical. America over the last 20 years. It will also provide science- based suggestions for using rain barrel water in ways that Biological Contaminants protect people, pets, and the environment. Bacteria Cyanobacteria Rain Barrel Practicality Fungi Protozoa Rain barrels can help reduce the use of relatively expensive, treated water for nonpotable applications such as watering Chemical Contaminants garden and landscape plants. Alternative sources of nonpotable water are increasingly important in chronically or seasonally Metals, especially heavy metals arid parts of the country. Rain barrels (Figure 1) are relatively Nutrients inexpensive to obtain and install, and residential costs are Particulates (adsorb other chemical contaminants) typically recovered within 3–6 years of installation (Logan Pesticide residues 2014). Researchers have looked at nutrient loads, heavy metal content, pesticide residues, and microbial contaminants in rainwater collection systems in hundreds of studies from all over the world (Table 1).
[Show full text]