Rain Gardens – Land- Scaped Areas Planted to Wild ﬂowers and Other Native Vegetation That Soak up Rain Water, Mainly from the Roof of a House Or Other Building

Home , Rain, Rain garden, The Roof (Back in Time)

A how-to manual for homeowners Your personal contribution to cleaner water

Homeowners in many parts of the country are catching on to rain gardens – land- scaped areas planted to wild flowers and other native vegetation that soak up rain water, mainly from the roof of a house or other building. The rain garden fills with a few inches of water after a storm and the water slowly filters into the ground rather than running off to a storm drain. Compared to a conventional patch of lawn, a rain garden allows about 30% more water to soak into the ground.

Why are rain gardens important? As cities and suburbs grow and replace forests and agricultural land, increased stormwater runoff from impervious surfaces becomes a problem. Stormwater runoff from developed areas increases ﬂooding; carries pollutants from streets, parking lots and even lawns into local streams and lakes; and leads to costly municipal improvements in stormwater treatment structures.

By reducing stormwater runoff, rain gardens can be a valuable part of changing these trends. While an individual rain garden may seem like a small thing, collectively they produce substantial neighborhood and community environmental beneﬁts. Rain gardens work for us in several ways:

g Increasing the amount of water that ﬁlters into the ground, which recharges local and regional aquifers;

g Helping protect communities from ﬂooding and drainage problems;

g Helping protect streams and lakes from pollutants carried by urban stormwater – lawn fertilizers and pesticides, oil and other ﬂuids that leak from cars, and numerous harmful substances that wash off roofs and paved areas;

g Enhancing the beauty of yards and neighborhoods;

g Providing valuable habitat for birds, butterﬂies and many beneﬁcial insects.

2 Who should use this manual? This manual provides homeowners and landscape professionals with the Frequently asked questions information needed to design and build rain Does a rain garden form a pond? gardens on residential lots. Guidelines presented in this No. The rain water will soak in so the rain garden is dry manual can also be used to between rainfalls. (Note: some rain gardens can be treat roof runoff at com- designed to include a permanent pond, but that type of mercial and institutional sites. However, the manual rain garden is not addressed in this publication). should not be used to design rain gardens for Are they a breeding ground for mosquitoes? parking lots, busy streets and other heavily used No. Mosquitoes need 7 to 12 days to lay and hatch eggs, paved areas where and standing water in the rain garden will last for a few stormwater would require pretreatment before hours after most storms. Mosquitoes are more likely to lay entering a rain garden. eggs in bird baths, storm sewers, and lawns than in a sunny rain garden. Also rain gardens attract dragonﬂies, which eat mosquitoes!

Do they require a lot of maintenance? Rain gardens can be maintained with little effort after the plants are established. Some weeding and watering will be needed in the ﬁrst two years, and perhaps some thinning in later years as the plants mature.

Is a rain garden expensive? It doesn’t have to be. A family and a few friends can provide the labor. The main cost will be purchasing the plants, and even this cost can be minimized by using some native plants that might already exist in the yard or in a neighbor’s yard.

Rain Gardens – A how-to manual for homeowners 3 • • • • • Step Sizing and Siting the Rain Garden

This section of the manual covers rain garden basics – where to put the rain garden, how big to make it, how deep to dig it, and what kind of soils and slope are best. Following the instructions in this section is the best way to ensure a successful rain garden project.

An extension of PVC pipe helps direct downspout water If you already know the size you want your rain to this rain garden. garden to be, then skip ahead to the section about building the rain garden. However, take time read the pointers about location, and do ﬁnd the slope of the lawn. If the location has a slope more than about 12%, it’s best to pick a different location because of the effort it will take to create a level rain garden.

Where should the rain garden go? Home rain gardens can be in one of two places – near the house to catch only roof runoff or farther out on the lawn to collect water from the lawn and roof. (Figure 1 shows the possible locations on a residential lot.) To help decide where to put a rain garden, consider these points:

• The rain garden should be at least 10 feet from the house so infiltrating water doesn’t seep into the foundation. • Do not place the rain garden directly over a septic system. • It may be tempting to put the rain garden in a part of the yard where water already ponds. Don’t! The goal of a rain garden is to encourage infiltration, and your yard’s wet patches show where infiltration is slow. • It is better to build the rain garden in full or partial sun, not directly under a big tree. • Putting the rain garden in a flatter part of the yard will make digging much easier. For example, a rain garden 10 feet wide on a 10% slope must be 12 inches deep to be level, unless you import topsoil or use cut and fill.

4 Consider your overall landscape

When considering placement of your rain throughout the landscape. Determine how garden, design with the end in mind. far or how close you want your rain garden Carefully consider how the rain garden can to outdoor gathering spaces or other play be integrated into existing and future areas. Why not locate it near a patio where landscaping. Also, pay attention to views you can take advantage of the colors and from inside the house as well as those fragrances for hours on end!

Figure 1 A rain garden can rain garden be built in the front or back length yard. Pick a pleasing shape for the rain garden. Crescent, rain kidney, and teardrop shapes garden seem to work well. width

not within 10' > 30' of foundation from down spout roof and lawn drainage area to back rain garden

roof drainage area to front rain garden

close to down spout rain garden width

rain garden length

street Rain Gardens – A how-to manual for homeowners 5 > 10' Figure 2 Rain gardens should from be located at least 10 feet from foundation the house, on a gentle slope that catches downspout water.

> 30' close from to berm berm down spout down spout

< 12% street slope

How big should the rain garden be? The surface area of the rain garden can be almost any size, but time and cost will always be important con- siderations in sizing decisions. Any reasonably sized rain garden will provide some stormwater runoff control. A typical residential rain garden ranges from 100 to 300 square feet. Rain gardens can be smaller than 100 square feet, but very small gardens have little plant variety. If a rain garden is larger than 300 square feet it takes a lot more time to dig, is more difficult to make level, and could be hard on your budget. The size of the rain garden will depend on •how deep the garden will be, • what type of soils the garden will be planted in, and

•how much roof and/or lawn will drain to the garden. Guidelines are not rules… This information, along with the sizing factor from the tables on The sizing guidelines page 9, will determine the surface area of the rain garden. described in this manual are based on a goal of controlling 100% of the runoff for the Digging with a rented backhoe. average rainfall year while keeping the size of the rain garden reasonable. Establish- ing a 100% runoff goal helps compensate for some of the errors that creep into the design and construction of any rain garden. If you follow the guidelines in the manual and decide the calculated surface area is just too large for your goals, it is perfectly acceptable to make the rain garden smaller. The rain garden can be up to 30% smaller and still control almost 90% of the annual runoff. On the other hand, it is ﬁne to make the rain garden bigger than the guidelines indicate. 6 How Deep Should the Rain Garden Be? A typical rain garden is between four and eight inches deep. A rain garden more than eight inches deep might pond water too long, look like a hole in the ground, and present a tripping hazard for somebody stepping into it. A rain garden much less than four inches deep will need an excessive amount of surface area to provide enough water storage to inﬁltrate the larger storms. No matter what the depth of downhill the string must be level uphill the rain garden, the goal is to stake stake keep the garden level. Digging a very shallow rain garden on a width steep lawn will require bringing in extra topsoil to bring the height downslope part of the garden up to the same height as the The string should be tied to up-slope part of the garden. As Figure 3 the base of the uphill stake, then tied to the slope gets steeper, it is easi- the downhill stake at the same level. er to dig the rain garden a little deeper to make it level.

The slope of the lawn should determine the depth of the rain garden. Find the slope of your lawn by following these steps. (Figure 3 shows how the stakes and string should look.) 1. Pound one stake in at the uphill end of your rain garden site and pound the other stake in at the downhill end. The stakes should be about 15 feet apart. 2. Tie a string to the bottom of the uphill stake and run the string to the downhill stake. 3. Using a string level or the carpenter’s level, make the string horizontal and tie the string to the downhill stake at that height. 4. Measure the width (in inches) between the two stakes. 5. Now measure the height (in inches) on the downhill stake between the ground and string. 6. Divide the height by the width and multiply the result by 100 to ﬁnd the lawn’s percent slope. If the slope is more than 12%, it’s best to ﬁnd another site or talk to a professional landscaper. Using the slope of the lawn, select the depth of the rain garden from the following options: • If the slope is less than 4%, it is easiest to build a 3 to 5-inch deep rain garden. • If the slope is between 5 and 7%, it is easiest to build one 6 to 7 inches deep. • If the slope is between 8 and 12%, it is easiest to build one about 8 inches deep.

✓EXAMPLE

Todd measures the length of the string between the stakes; it is 180 inches long. The height is 9 inches. He divides the height by the width to ﬁnd his lawn’s percent slope.

height 9 inches x 100 =% slope x 100 =5% slope width 180 inches

With a 5% slope, Todd should build a 6 inch deep rain garden.

Rain Gardens – A how-to manual for homeowners 7 What type of soils are on the rain garden site? After choosing a rain garden depth, identify the lawn’s soil type as sandy, silty, or clayey. Sandy soils have the fastest inﬁltration; clayey soils have the slowest. Since clayey soils take longer to absorb water, rain gardens in clayey soil must be bigger than rain gardens in sandy or silty soil. If the soil feels very gritty and coarse, you probably have sandy soil. If your soil is smooth but not sticky, you have silty soil. If it is very sticky and clumpy, you probably have clayey soil.

How big is the area draining to the rain garden? The next step in choosing your rain garden size is to ﬁnd the area that will drain to the rain garden. As the size of the drainage area increases so should the size of the rain garden. There is some guesswork in deter- mining the size of a drainage area, especially if a large part of the lawn is up-slope from the proposed garden site. Use the suggestions below to estimate the drainage area without spending a lot of time.

Rain gardens less than 30 feet from the downspout

1. In this case, where the rain garden is close to the house, almost all water will come from the roof downspout. Walk around the house and estimate what percent of the roof feeds to that downspout. Many houses have four downspouts, each taking about 25% of the roof’s runoff. 2. Next find your home’s footprint, the area of the first floor. If you don’t already know it, . If the rain garden use a tape measure to find your house’s length and width. Multiply the two together to is far from the find the approximate area of your roof. house, and you 3. Finally, multiply the roof area by the percent of the roof that feeds to the rain garden don’t want a swale downspout. This is the roof drainage area. or downspout cutting across the Rain gardens more than 30 feet from the downspout lawn, run a PVC pipe underground 1. If there is a significant area of lawn uphill that will also drain to the rain garden, add from the down- this lawn area to the roof drainage area. First find the roof drainage area using the steps spout to the rain above for a rain garden less than 30’ from the downspout. garden. In this 2. Next find the area of the lawn that will drain to the rain garden. Stand where your rain case do calculations garden will be and look up toward the house. Identify the part of the lawn sloping into as for a rain the rain garden. garden less than 3. Measure the length and width of the uphill lawn, and multiply them to find the lawn area. 30 feet from the 4. Add the lawn area to the roof drainage area to find the total drainage area. house.

✓EXAMPLE

Todd’s house is 60 feet by 40 feet, so the roof area is 2400 square feet. He estimates that the downspout collects water from 25% of the roof, so he multiplies 2400 by 0.25 to get a downspout drainage area of 600 square feet. Roof Area: 60 ft by 40 ft = 2400 square ft. Drainage Area: 2400 square ft. x 0.25 = 600 square ft.

8 Simple soil tests Two small tests can ensure your soil can handle a rain garden: • Dig a hole about 6 inches deep where the rain garden is to go and fill the hole with water. If the water takes more than 24 hours to soak in, the soil is not suitable for a rain garden. •Take a handful of soil and dampen it with a few drops of water. After kneading the soil in your fingers, squeeze the soil into a ball. If it remains in a ball, then work the soil between your forefinger and thumb, squeezing it upward into a ribbon of uniform thickness. Allow the ribbon to emerge and extend over the forefinger until it breaks from its own weight. If the soil forms a ribbon more than an inch long before it breaks, and it also feels more smooth than gritty, the soil is not suitable for a rain garden.

The map is a starting point for assessing what type of soils you might ﬁnd in your yard. However, the soil on a small plot of a yard can be very different from the soils indicated on the map. Use the simple soil test described here for a more accurate representation of the soils in the possible rain garden location. More information about sampling and testing lawn and garden soils can be obtained at county UW-Extension offices.

Using the Rain Garden Size Factors Having estimated the drainage area, soil type, and depth for your rain garden, use Table 1 or Table 2 to determine the rain garden’s surface area. Use Table 1 if the rain garden is less than 30 feet from the downspout, and use Table 2 if it is more than 30 feet from the downspout.

Table 1 Rain gardens less than 30 feet Table 2 Rain gardens more than 30 feet from downspout. from downspout. 3-5 in. 6-7 in. 8 in. deep deep deep Size Factor, for all depths Sandy soil 0.19 0.15 0.08 Sandy soil 0.03 Silty soil 0.34 0.25 0.16 Silty soil 0.06 Clayey soil 0.43 0.32 0.20 Clayey soil 0.10

1. Find the size factor for the soil type and rain garden depth. 2. Multiply the size factor by the drainage area. This number is the recommended rain garden area. 3. If the recommended rain garden area is much more than 300 square feet, divide it into smaller rain gardens.

✓EXAMPLE

Todd’s rain garden is less than 30 feet from the downspout, and his lawn has a 5% slope, so he will have a 6-inch deep rain garden. His lawn is silty, so Table 1 recommends a size factor of 0.25. He multiplies the downspout drainage area, 600 square feet, by 0.25 to ﬁnd the recommended rain garden area, 150 square feet.

600 square ft. by 0.25 = 150 square ft.

Rain Gardens – A how-to manual for homeowners 9 Choose a size that is best for your yard Remember that these are only guidelines. The size of the rain garden also depends on how much money you want to spend, how much room you have in your yard, and how much runoff you want to control. Again, you can reduce the size of your rain garden by as much as 30% and still control almost 90% of the runoff. If the sizing table sug- gests that the rain garden be 200 square feet, but there is Runoff flows into a new rain garden (shown before plants are fully grown). only enough room for a 140-square-foot rain garden, How long and how wide should the that’s fine. A smaller rain gar- rain garden be? den will usually work to con- Before building the rain garden, think about how it will catch trol most stormwater runoff, water. Runoff will flow out of a downspout and should spread although some bigger storms evenly across the entire length of the rain garden. The rain might over-top the berm. garden must be as level as possible so water doesn’t pool at one end and spill over before it has a chance to infiltrate. The longer side of the rain garden should face upslope; that is, the length of the rain garden should be perpendicular to the slope and the downspout. This way the garden catches as much water as possible. However, the rain garden should still be wide enough for the water to spread evenly over the whole bottom and to provide the space to plant a variety of plants. A good rule of thumb is that the rain garden should be about twice as long (perpendicular to the slope) as it is wide. When choosing the width of the garden, think about the slope of the lawn. Wide rain gardens and rain gardens on steep slopes will need to be dug very deep at one end in order to be level. If the rain garden is too wide, it may be necessary to bring in additional soil to fill up the downhill half. Experience shows that making a rain garden about 10 feet wide is a good compromise between the effect of slope and how deep the rain garden should be. A rain garden should have a maximum width of about 15 feet, especially for lawns with more than about an 8 percent slope.

To determine the length of the rain garden: 1. Pick the best rain garden width for your lawn and landscaping. 2. Divide the size of your rain garden by the width to ﬁnd your rain garden’s length.

✓EXAMPLE

Todd wants a 10-foot wide rain garden, so he divides 150 by 10 to ﬁnd the rain garden length, 15 feet.

rain garden area 150 ft2 = length = 15 ft width 10 ft

10 A note on tools • • • • • Step Building the Rain Garden The following tools will help in building the rain garden. Some of the tools are Now that the size and place for the rain garden are set, it’s optional. time to get a shovel and start digging. Working alone, it will take •Tape measure about six hours to dig an average-size rain garden. If friends help it will go much faster, possibly only an hour or two. • Shovels

Before you start digging, call •Rakes Digger’s Hotline at 1-800-242-8511. . If you are building the •Trowels rain garden into an existing lawn, digging • Carpenter’s time can be reduced level by killing the grass ﬁrst. A chemical such •Wood stakes, as Round-Up can be at least 2 ft used, but a more long environmentally friendly approach is to place black plastic • String over the lawn until the grass dies. Also, • 2x4 board, at the best time to build least 6 ft long the rain garden is in (optional) the spring. It will be easier to dig, and the • Small backhoe plants are more likely with cater- to thrive. pillar treads (optional)

Rain Gardens – A how-to manual for homeowners 11 Leveling the rain garden

One way to check the level of the rain garden is to just “eyeball” it. To do it more accurately follow these steps:

• When the whole area has been The perimeter of a rain garden is defined with string before digging. dug out to about the right depth, lay the 2x4 board Digging the rain garden in the rain garden with the carpen- While digging the rain garden to the correct depth, heap the soil around the edge where the berm will be. (The berm is a low “wall” around three sides of the rain garden ter’s level sitting that holds the water in during a storm.) On a steeper lawn the lower part of the rain on it. Find the garden can be filled in with soil from the uphill half, and extra soil might need to be spots that aren’t brought in for the berm. flat. Fill in the low Start by laying string around the perimeter of your rain garden. Remember that the places and dig berm will go outside the string. Next, put stakes along the uphill and downhill sides, out the high lining them up so that each uphill stake has a stake directly downhill. Place one stake places. every 5 feet along the length of the rain garden. Start at one end of the rain garden and tie a string to the uphill stake at ground level. •Move the board Tie it to the stake directly downhill so that the string is level. Work in 5-foot-wide sections, to different places with only one string at a time. Otherwise the strings will become an obstacle. and different Start digging at the uphill side of the string. Measure down from the string and dig until directions, filling you reach the depth you want the rain garden to be. If the rain garden will be four inches and digging as deep, then dig four inches down from the string. Figure 4 shows how. necessary to make If the lawn is almost flat, you will be digging at the same depth throughout the rain the surface level. garden and using the soil for the berm. If the lawn is steeper, the high end of the rain garden will need to be dug out noticeably more than the low end, and some of the soil • When the rain from the upper end can be used in the lower end to make the rain garden level. Continue digging and filling one section at a time across the length of your rain garden garden is as level until it is as level as possible. as you can get it, rake the soil In any garden, compost will help the plants become established and now is the time to mix in compost if needed. Using a roto-tiller can make mixing much easier, but isn’t smooth. necessary. If you do add compost, dig the rain garden a bit deeper. To add two inches of compost, dig the rain garden one to two inches deeper than planned.

12 Figure 4 Where to dig and where to put the soil you’ve dug.

a. Between 3% and 8% slope lawn uphill downhill string stake stake Before Digging 5% slope start digging 6" here 10'

downhill stake After uphill Digging old lawn stake string surface berm

6" base of raingarden

10'

b. Greater than 8% slope lawn uphill stake downhill stake string Before Digging 10% slope start digging 8" here

uphill After stake Digging downhill stake old lawn string surface berm

8" 12"

10'

Rain Gardens – A how-to manual for homeowners 13 downspout uphill uphill

berm

downhill

Figure 5 The top of the downhill part of the berm should come up to the same elevation as the entry to the rain garden at the uphill end.

Making the Berm

Water flowing intro the rain garden will naturally try to On a gentle slope, soil from digging out the garden run off the downhill edge. A berm is needed to keep can be used to create the berm. This rain garden is 4 inches deep. the water in the garden, The berm is a “wall” across the bottom and up the sides of the rain garden. The berm will need to be highest at the downhill side. Up the sides of the rain garden, the berm will become lower and gradually taper off by the time it reaches the top of the rain garden. Figure 5 shows how the berm should look. On a flat slope there should be plenty of soil from digging out the rain garden to use for a berm. On a steeper slope, most of the soil from the uphill part of the rain garden was probably used to fill in the downhill half, and soil will have to be brought in from somewhere else. After shaping the berm into a smooth ridge about a foot across, stomp on it. It is very important to have a well-compacted berm, so stomp hard. The berm should have very gently sloping sides; this helps smoothly integrate the rain garden with the surrounding lawn and also makes the berm less susceptible to erosion. To prevent erosion, cover the berm with mulch or plant grass. Use straw or erosion-control mat to protect the berm from erosion while the grass is taking root. If you don’t want to plant grass or mulch over the outside of the berm, you can also plant dry-tolerant prairie species. Some potential berm species are prairie dropseed, little bluestem, prairie smoke, blue-eyed grass, prairie phlox, and shooting star. Note: If the downspout is a few feet from the entry to the rain garden, make sure the water runs into the garden by either digging a shallow grass swale or attaching an extension to the downspout.

14 Tips for designing an attractive rain garden

While rain gardens are a highly functional way to help protect water quality, they are also gardens and should be an attractive part of your yard and neighborhood. Think of the rain garden in the context of your home’s overall landscape design. Here are a few tips:

When choosing native plants for the garden, it is important to consider the height of each plant, bloom time and color, and its overall texture. Use plants that bloom at different times to create a long ﬂowering season. Mix heights, shapes, and textures to give the garden depth and dimension. This will keep the rain garden looking interesting even when few wildﬂowers are in bloom.

When laying plants out, randomly clump individual species in groups of 3 to 7 plants to provide a bolder statement of color. Make sure to repeat these individual groupings to create repetition and cohesion in a planting. This will provide a more traditional formal look to the planting.

Try incorporating a diverse mixture of sedges, rushes, and grasses with your ﬂowering species (forbs). This creates necessary root competition that will allow plants to follow their normal growth patterns and not outgrow or out-compete other species. In natural areas, a diversity of plant types not only adds beauty but also create a thick underground root matrix that keeps the entire plant community in balance. In fact, 80% of the plant mass in native prairie communities is underground. Once the rain garden has matured and your sedges, rushes and grasses have established a deep, thick root system, there will be less change in species location from year to year, and weeds will naturally decline.

Finally, consider enhancing the rain garden by using local or existing stone, ornamental fences, trails, garden benches, or additional wildﬂower plantings. This will help give the new garden an intentional and cohesive look and provide a feeling of neatness that the neighbors will appreciate.

Rain Gardens – A how-to manual for homeowners 15 • • • • • Step Planting and Maintaining the Rain Garden

Planting the rain garden is the fun part! A number of planting designs and lists of suggested plants are included at the end of this publication. Use these for ideas, but don’t be afraid to be creative – there’s no single best way to plant a rain garden. Anyone who has ever done any gardening will have no problem planting a rain garden, but a few basic reminders are listed below. Fire safety Make sure burning is allowed Planting the rain garden in your locale. If so, be sure to Select plants that have a well established root system. Usually one notify the local fire department or two-year-old plants will have root systems that are beginning to and obtain a burn permit if circle or get matted. (Note: use only nursery-propagated plants; do needed. It’s also wise – not to not collect plants from the wild). mention neighborly – to make sure the neighbors know that Make sure to have at least a rough plan for which plants will be you’re burning and that all planted where. Lay out the plants as planned one foot apart in a grid safety precautions are being pattern, keeping them in containers if possible until they are actually taken. Basic fire precautions planted to prevent drying out before they get in the ground. include: Dig each hole twice as wide as the plant plug and deep enough • Make sure there is a to keep the crown of the young plant level with the existing grade fire-break (non-burn- (just as it was growing in the cell pack or container). Make sure the able area, such as turf- crown is level and then fill the hole and firmly tamp around the grass) at least 10-feet roots to avoid air pockets. wide surrounding the Apply double-shredded mulch evenly over the bed approximately two area to be burned. inches thick, but avoid burying the crowns of the new transplants. •Never burn on Mulching is usually not necessary after the second growing season windy days. unless the “mulched look” is desired. •Never leave an Stick plant labels next to each individual grouping. This will help actively burning fire identify the young native plants from non-desirable species (weeds) unattended. as you weed the garden. •Keep a garden hose As a general rule plants need one inch of water per week. Water handy in case fire strays immediately after planting and continue to water twice a week where it is not wanted. (unless rain does the job) until the plugs are established. You should Also have a metal leaf not have to water your rain garden once the plants are established. rake in hand to beat Plugs can be planted anytime during the growing season as long as out flames that creep they get adequate water. beyond the burn zone. 16 What does a rain garden cost?

The cost of a rain garden will vary depending on who does the work and where the plants come from. If you grow your own plants or bor- row plants from neighbors there can be very little or no cost at all. If you do all the work but use pur- chased prairie plants, a rain garden will cost approximately $3 to $5 per square foot. If a landscaper does everything, it will cost approx- Maintaining the rain garden imately $10 to $12 per square Weeding will be needed the first couple of years. Remove by foot. hand only those plants you are certain are weeds. Try to get out all the roots of the weedy plants. Weeds may not be a problem in It might seem easiest to sow the second season, depending on the variety and tenacity of weeds present. In the third year and beyond, the native grasses, native wildflower seed over the sedges, rushes, and wildflowers will begin to mature and will garden, but experience shows that out-compete the weeds. Weeding isolated patches might still be seeding a rain garden has its prob- needed on occasion. lems. Protecting the seeds from After each growing season, the stems and seedheads can be left wind, flooding, weeds, and garden for winter interest, wildlife cover and bird food. Once spring arrives and new growth is 4-6-inches tall, cut all tattered plants pests is very difficult, and the rain back. If the growth is really thick, hand-cut the largest plants and garden will be mostly weeds for then use a string trimmer to mow the planting back to a height of the first two years. Growing plugs six to eight inches. Dead plant material can also be removed with from seed indoors or dividing a a string trimmer or weed whacker (scythe) and composted or dis- posed of as appropriate. friend’s plants is much better. If The best way to knock back weeds and stimulate native plant you grow plugs, start them about growth is to burn off the dead plant material in the rain garden. four months before moving them However, burning is banned in most municipalities. Another to the rain garden. When the roots option is to mow the dead plant material. If the mowing deck of have filled the pot and the plants your lawn mower can be raised to a height of six inches or so, go ahead and simply mow your rain garden. Then, rake up and are healthy, they may be planted in compost or properly dispose of the dead plant material. the rain garden If the mower deck won’t raise that high, use a string trimmer or weed-eater to cut the stems at a height of 6-8 inches. On thicker stems, such as cup plant, goldenrods and some asters, a string trimmer may not be strong enough. For these, use hand clippers or pruning shears to cut the individual stems.

Rain Gardens – A how-to manual for homeowners 17 Rain Garden Designs and Plant Lists

The following pages contain conceptual planting designs and plant lists for rain gardens with varying sun and soil conditions. Keep in mind that design possibilities for rain gardens are almost limitless. Many landscape nurseries, particularly those specializing in native plants and landscaping, can provide other ideas, designs and suggested plants.

The following eight designs and plant lists have been provided by Applied . Ecological Services, Inc., Brodhead, WI.

18 10 feet wide; full to partial shade with clay soils

20 feet wide; full to partial shade with clay soils

Rain Gardens – A how-to manual for homeowners 19 10 feet wide; full to partial shade with silty & sandy soils

20 feet wide; full to partial shade with silty & sandy soils

20 10 feet wide; full to partial sun with clay soils

20 feet wide; full to partial sun with clay soils

Rain Gardens – A how-to manual for homeowners 21 10 feet wide; full to partial sun with silt and sandy soils

20 feet wide; full to partial sun with silt and sandy soils

22 The following three designs and plant lists have been provided by Prairie . Nursery, Inc., Westﬁeld, WI

Rain Gardens – A how-to manual for homeowners 23

RAIN GARDEN FOR CLAY SOILS AND FULL SUN AREA: 192 Square Feet

Designed to thrive through conditions of periodic water inﬁltrations as well as dry periods Designed to control 45% of annual runoff from an average sized rooftop (500 to 700 square feet) Install at least 10’ from your foundation, in-line with a down-spout and/or downslope to intercept the rooftop water Depth of the garden designed to be 3.5” to 4” deep to hold about 200 gallons of water during periods of heavy rainfall

BLOOM BLOOM LATIN NAME COMMON NAME AMT TIME COLOR HEIGHT SPACING Asclepias incarnata Red Milkweed 7 early summer red 3’-5’ 1’ Baptisia lactea White False Indigo 1 early summer white 3’-5’ 2’ Iris versicolor Blue Flag Iris 7 early summer blue 2’-3’ 1’ Penstemon digitalis Smooth Penstemon 7 early summer white 2’-3’ 1’ Liatris pycnostachya Prairie Blazingstar 8 summer pink 3’-5’ 1’ Parthenium integrifolium Wild Quinine 8 summer white 3’-5’ 1’ Ratibida pinnata Yellow Coneﬂower 8 summer yellow 3’-6’ 1’ Boltonia asteroides False Aster 8 late summer white/pink 2’-4’ 1’ Rudbeckia subtomentosa Sweet Black-Eyed Susan 2 late summer yellow 4’-6’ 2’ Vernonia fasciculata Ironweed 8 late summer magenta 4’-6’ 1’ Aster novae-angliae New England Aster 12 fall pink/purple 3’-6’ 1’ Solidago rigida Stiff Goldenrod 12 fall yellow 3’-5’ 1’ Carex vulpinoidea Fox Sedge 96 1’-3’ 1’ 184 plants Rain Gardens – A how-to manual for homeowners 25

RAIN GARDEN FOR LOAM TO SANDY/LOAM SOILS AND FULL SUN AREA: 192 Square Feet

Designed to thrive through conditions of periodic water inﬁltrations as well as dry periods Designed to control 90% of annual runoff from an average sized rooftop (500 to 700 square feet) Install at least 10' from your foundation, in-line with a down-spout and/or downslope to intercept the rooftop water Depth of the garden designed to be 3.5" to 4" deep to hold about 400 gallons of water during periods of heavy rainfall

BLOOM BLOOM LATIN NAME COMMON NAME AMT TIME COLOR HEIGHT SPACING Asclepias incarnata Red Milkweed 7 early summer red 3'-5' 1' Baptisia lactea White False Indigo 1 early summer white 3'-5' 2' Iris versicolor Blue Flag Iris 7 early summer blue 2'-3' 1' Penstemon digitalis Smooth Penstemon 7 early summer white 2'-3' 1' Allium cernuum Nodding Pink Onion 16 summer pink 1'-2' 6" Liatris pycnostachya Prairie Blazingstar 8 summer pink 3'-5' 1' Parthenium integrifolium Wild Quinine 8 summer white 3'-5' 1' Boltonia asteroides False Aster 8 late summer white/pink 2'-4' 1' Rudbeckia subtomentosa Sweet Black-Eyed Susan 2 late summer yellow 4'-6' 2' Vernonia fasciculata Ironweed 8 late summer magenta 4'-6' 1' Aster novae-angliae New England Aster 12 fall pink/purple 3'-6' 1' Solidago ohioensis Ohio Goldenrod 12 fall yellow 3'-4' 1' Carex vulpinoidea Fox Sedge 96 1'-3' 1' 192 plants Rain Gardens – A how-to manual for homeowners 27

RAIN GARDEN FOR SANDY SOILS AND FULL SUN AREA: 128 Square Feet

BLOOM BLOOM LATIN NAME COMMON NAME AMT TIME COLOR HEIGHT SPACING Asclepias incarnata Red Milkweed 4 early summer red 3'-5' 1' Baptisia lactea White False Indigo 1 early summer white 3'-5' 2' Iris versicolor Blue Flag Iris 4 early summer blue 2'-3' 1' Penstemon digitalis Smooth Penstemon 4 early summer white 2'-3' 1' Allium cernuum Nodding Pink Onion 18 summer pink 1'-2' 6" Liatris pycnostachya Prairie Blazingstar 5 summer pink 3'-5' 1' Parthenium integrifolium Wild Quinine 5 summer white 3'-5' 1' Boltonia asteroides False Aster 4 late summer white/pink 2'-4' 1' Rudbeckia subtomentosa Sweet Black-Eyed Susan 2 late summer yellow 4'-6' 2' Vernonia fasciculata Ironweed 4 late summer magenta 4'-6' 1' Aster novae-angliae New England Aster 8 fall pink/purple 3'-6' 1' Solidago ohioensis Ohio Goldenrod 8 fall yellow 3'-4' 1' Carex vulpinoidea Fox Sedge (sedge) 64 1'-3' 1' 128 plants Rain Gardens – A how-to manual for homeowners 29 Special Rain Garden Locations

In addition to conventional lawns, there are other locations where rain gardens can be created. A rectangular- shaped rain garden (above) was located in a narrow sideyard between two homes. A new rain garden (below), now helps control runoff that would ﬂow into a parking lot.

30 Rain garden designs and plant lists provided by John Gishnock, Applied Ecological Services, Inc. (pages 19-22) and Jennifer Baker, Prairie Nursery Inc. (pages 24-29).

Rain Gardens – A how-to manual for homeowners 31 A how-to manual for homeowners

A frosted rain garden in autumn.

This publication developed by Roger Bannerman, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources and Ellen Considine, U.S. Geological Survey. Special thanks to John Gishnock, Applied Ecological Services, Inc., Jennifer Baker, Prairie Nursery Inc. and Joyce Powers, CRM Ecosystems Inc. Photos by Roger Bannerman, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Layout design/production by Jeffrey Strobel, and editorial assistance by Bruce Webendorfer, University of Wisconsin–Extension Environmental Resources Center. This publication is available from county UW-Extension offices, Cooperative Extension Publications, 1-877-947-7827 and from DNR Service Centers. The publication can also be viewed and printed from pdf format on the web at clean-water.uwex.edu/pubs/raingarden Copyright 2003 by the Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System. University of Wisconsin–Extension is an EEO/Affirmative Action employer and provides equal opportunities in employment and programming, including Title IX and ADA requirements.

Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources University of Wisconsin–Extension DNR Publication PUB-WT-776 2003 UWEX Publication GWQ037 1-06-03-5M-100-S