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Production and Characterization of Fish Oil Methyl Ester

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Production and Characterization of Fish Oil Methyl Ester View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by International Journal of Innovative Technology and Research (IJITR) Deepak Tanwar* et al. / (IJITR) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH Volume No. 1, Issue No. 3, April - May 2013, 209 – 217. Production and Characterization of Fish Oil Methyl Ester DEEPAK TANWAR1 AJAYTA2 DILIP SHARMA3 Rajasthan State Pollution Control Board, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, RIICO Industrial area, Phase-III, Government Polytechnic College, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Kishangarh 305801, India Ajmer 305001, India Jaipur 302004, India [email protected] YOGESH PRAKASH MATHUR4 KAMAL KISHORE KHATRI5 SHYAM LAL SONI6 Department of Civil Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur 302004, India Jaipur 302004, India Jaipur 302004, India RAGINI GUPTA7 Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur 302004, India Abstract: Limited availability of edible oils areas and are abundantly available in the country of prevents it from being used as viable source of testing. For example, soybean oil is of primary Biodiesel. Low cost and abundantly found fish oil interest source in the United States while many produced from soap stock could be a better option European countries are concentrating on Rapeseed oil for biodiesel processing. Such type of fish oil [2] and countries with tropical climates prefer to contains a higher amount of moisture and FFA utilize Coconut oil or Palm oil [3]. Other vegetable and requires a pre-treatment prior to biodiesel oils, including Sunflower, Safflower, Mahua, Neem, production. In this study, refining of raw oil, Karanj etc. have also been investigated. Furthermore, optimization of process variables of other sources of biodiesel studied includes animal transesterification, qualitative as well as fats (Sharma,D., Ph.D. thesis, University of quantitative aspects of fish oil methyl ester Rajasthan, Jaipur, 2004) and waste cooking oils. (FOME) has been evaluated. With optimized The feedstocks employed in biodiesel production production process, it was found that almost are generally classified into vegetable oils, animal complete conversion of fish oil to methyl ester has fats, and waste oils [4-7]. Several oils, including non- taken place. The fuel properties of FOME were edible oils such as Jatropha, animal fats, and waste found to be in accordance with the ASTM, IS and oils such as yellow grease and soybean soapstock EN standards. were used in the production of biodiesel [4, 8-10]. Fats originating from animals which include beef Keywords: Biodiesel, refining, transesterification, tallow, lard, and fish oil were investigated as raw standards. materials for biodiesel production. Also, direct acid catalyzed esterification and transesterification using animal waste products without previous fat INTRODUCTION extraction, has been reported [9, 11]. Since the Development of biodiesel which is a renewable petroleum crisis at the end of 1970s, several studies alternative energy source, could easily reduce global on the cracking of vegetable oils and fats have been dependence on petroleum, and could also help to conducted and the results indicate the technical reduce air pollution. Worldwide production of viability to produce fuels similar to petroleum-based biodiesel is mainly done by utilizing edible oils such fuels. The bio-oil, when purified, leads to fuels with as soybean, sunflower and canola oils. Since, India is physico-chemical properties comparable with the not self sufficient in edible oil production, hence, traditional fuels obtained from petroleum [12]. some non-edible oil seeds available in the country are Pyrolysis of triglycerides is not well technologically required to be tapped for biodiesel production [1]. established and the use of vegetable oils and fats has Numerous different vegetable oils have been tested as been concentrated on the alkali-catalyzed Biodiesel. These vegetable oils investigated for their esterification/ transesterification process [13]. The suitability as biodiesel are those which occupy vast principal considerations in the cost of biodiesel ISSN 2320 –5547 @ 2013 http://www.ijitr.com All rights Reserved. Page | 209 Deepak Tanwar* et al. / (IJITR) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH Volume No. 1, Issue No. 3, April - May 2013, 209 – 217. production include the costs of raw materials (oil and number may cause the improvement of diesel engine alcohol) and the process operation. The cost of raw performance [29]. materials represented approximately 60–75% of the In India, fishing industries could play a bigger total cost of biodiesel production [11, 13, 15]. The role in giving rise to the new industrial sector of price of raw oil [16] is the most dominant factor in biodiesel production by supplying its by-product the cost of biodiesel fuel, and determines the (soapstock) to the biodiesel processing industries. competitiveness of biodiesel with fossil fuel in the Hence, biodiesel production from fish may leads to fuel market. the control of solid waste generated from fish Search for stable and continous source/feedstock industries and helps in improving Indian economy. for biodiesel production is important to utilize the Although there is great potential for the use of fish- benefits of biodiesel as an alternative to diesel fuel. oil as biodiesel for transportation sector or as a power Many of the researchers have tried edible as well as source, research in this field is limited. non-edible oils for biodiesel processing, but due to In this work, biodiesel was produced from fish their higher prices, it is not feasible to produce oil (produced from soap stock) using base-catalyzed biodiesel from them. Low cost and abundantly transesterification. This type of fish oil bears higher available fish oil prepared from soapstock could be a amount of moisture content, responsible for inbuilt viable option. According to the Food and Agriculture higher amount of FFA (free fatty acids), which makes Organization [17], the world fish production in 2006 it unsuitable for biodiesel production. For production was 141.6 million tons of fish, and around 50% of the of biodiesel by base catalyzed transesterification total fish material processed becomes waste material. method, oils or fats should be substantially anhydrous This represents 70.8 million tons of fish waste, of (≤0.06% w/w) and FFA of the vegetable oil should which the amount of oil varies from 40% to 65% be below 0.5 %, else it will form soap with alkaline [18]. Most of the wastes from the fish industries are catalyst. The soap [30] can prevent separation of the disposed into the sanitary landfills and effluent biodiesel from the glycerine fraction. treatment ponds are produces unpleasant odor in their Methanol, potassium hydroxide, and all other nearby vicinity. Globally, 1/4 of the total fish catch is chemicals used in this research work were of discarded, and these are either generated from fishery analytical grade (Merck Company). In this study, processing or as by-catch [19]. Fish processing refining of crude fish oil was done using caustic discards include skins, bones and trimmings; these stripping method and then optimization of base components form the major residues from the catalyzed transesterification process was performed processing of fish [20, 21]. Some of these discards utilizing refined fish oil. Quality and quantity of have been collected and used as sources of various biodiesel was analyzed according to the latest ASTM, valuable bioingredients such as proteins, minerals IS and EN specifications for biodiesel. and lipids [22, 23]. Fish oil is produced in large quantity by fish-processing industry. The viscera, MATERIALS AND METHODS eyes, fins, tails, and other discarded parts of fish are used as soapstock in the manufacturing processes of various fish products. The weight proportion of Preparation of crude fish oil soapstock is about 25% of the fishery production. The soapstock of marine fish including mackerel, Fish oil prepared from the lipid content of the salmon, tuna, and cod is frequently ground into soap-stock (collected from the discarded parts of fishmeal for aquaculture, livestock, and pet food, and various marine fish) was directly bought from Nova costs little [24]. This by-product has similar calorific Biofuels Pvt. Ltd., Panipat (Haryana). The oil was value to petroleum distillates and is a renewable filtered with the help of cloth followed by filter paper energy source. Active studies have been carried out before degumming. for using fish oil as fuel for diesel engines [25–26]. Acid number was determined according to the latest Fish oil extracted from marine fish is rich in omega-3 IS standard IS 1448 P:1/Sec.1 for predicting the polyunsaturated fatty acids. Eicosapentaenoic acid extent of further processing or refining of crude fish (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are the two oil. most important components in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. The length of the carbon Degumming chain of fish oil is frequently greater than that of general vegetable oils, which are primarily composed The above filtered fish oil having relatively high of palmitic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and levels of phosphatides were
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