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DRAM EMAIL GIM Teams!!!/Teaming Issues •Memories in Verilog •Memories on the FPGA
Memories & More •Overview of Memories •External Memories •SRAM (async, sync) •Flash •DRAM EMAIL GIM teams!!!/teaming Issues •Memories in Verilog •Memories on the FPGA 10/18/18 6.111 Fall 2018 1 Memories: a practical primer • The good news: huge selection of technologies • Small & faster vs. large & slower • Every year capacities go up and prices go down • Almost cost competitive with hard disks: high density, fast flash memories • Non-volatile, read/write, no moving parts! (robust, efficient) • The bad news: perennial system bottleneck • Latencies (access time) haven’t kept pace with cycle times • Separate technology from logic, so must communicate between silicon, so physical limitations (# of pins, R’s and C’s and L’s) limit bandwidths • New hopes: capacitive interconnect, 3D IC’s • Likely the limiting factor in cost & performance of many digital systems: designers spend a lot of time figuring out how to keep memories running at peak bandwidth • “It’s the memory - just add more faster memory” 10/18/18 6.111 Fall 2018 2 How do we Electrically Remember Things? • We can convey/transfer information with voltages that change over time • How can we store information in an electrically accessible manner? • Store in either: • Electric Field • Magnetic Field 10/18/18 6.111 Fall 2018 3 Mostly focus on rewritable • Punched Cards have existed as electromechanical program storage since ~1800s • We’re mostly concerned with rewritable storage mechanisms today (cards were true Computer program in punched card format ROMs) https://en.wiKipedia.org/wiKi/Computer_programming_in_the_ -
Metal Ultrasonic Delay Lines
Research Paper 2453 rOOmOI of R~eo"h of The NO tiO ~;;:if ~;=asoni;l~~i~;~~~:: Russell W . Mebs, John H. Darr, and John D. Grimsley A study was made of the applicability of a number of metals and a lloys for therm all y stable ultrasonic delay lin es. A preliminary iavestigation was made of different types of pressure holders and ad hesi ves for use in crystal t ransducer attachments and of the iafluence of specimen length on attenuation for valious m etals and alloy. The effect of cold-work, annealing, and specimen cross section on attenuation was a lso determined for a representati ve isoelastic alloy. Measurements of temperature variation of signal attenuation, distort ion, a nd delay t im e on a number of assembled delay lines indicated t hat an isoelastic a lloy employing over cured epoxy-resin crystal attachments gave best over-all t ransmission characteristics. No correlation was obtainable between strength and SOLl nd-transmission characteristics with varioLls cemented joints. 1. Introduction variations in pulse attenuation and distortion with acceleration or change of temperature. The ultrasonic delay line has come into wide use Only a general survey will be given of the basic in recent years with the development of radar, com theory of ultrasonic transmission as related to delay ~uters , and other electronic devices [1 , 2, 3, 4V It lines of 50 tLsec or less. More comprehensive 's a means for delaying a signal for a predetermined treatments have been given elsewhere [2, 4, and 5]. ~hort period to be accurately reproduced for use at _tn appropriate later instant. -
2129710142200313CSE312 Amir Adel Salah.Pdf
استمارة جقييم الزسائل البحثيت ملقزر دراس ي اوﻻ : بياهاث جمل بمعزفت الطالب اسم الطالبـــــــــــ :أم ري عادل صﻻح عبد العظيم كلية : الهندســــه القسم: الحاسبات و النظم الفرقة/المستوى : الثالثة الشعبة : اسم المقرر :بنية الحاسب كود المقرر : CSE312 استاذ المقرر : د.طارق مراد جمعة ر ال رييد اﻻلكيون [email protected] : للطالب عنوان الرسالة البحثية : Modern Computers Memory ثاهيا: بياهاث جمل بمعزفت لجىت املمتحىيين هل الزسالت البحثيت املقدمت متشابت جشئيا او كليا ☐ وعم ☐ ﻻ فى حالت الاجابت بىعم ﻻ يتم جقييم املشزوع البحثى ويعتبر غير مجاس جقييم املشزوع البحثى م عىاصز التقييم الوسن التقييم اليسبى 1 الشكل العام للزسالت البحثيت 2 جحقق املتطلباث العلميت املطلوبت 3 يذكز املزاجع واملصادر العلميت 4 الصياغت اللغويت واسلوب الكتابت جيد هتيجت التقييم النهائى 100/ ☐ هاجح ☐ راسب جوقيع لجىت التقييم 1. .2 .3 .4 .5 جزفق هذه الاستمارة كغﻻف للمشزوع البحثى بعد استكمال البياهاث بمعزفت الطالب وعلى ان ﻻ جشيد عً صفحت واحدة Computers Memory Introduction At the beginning of the age of technology , A new term name called Memory has appeared .The memory is the most important thing in Computer . it is the main item which is responsible for data storage. The memories were designed by different ways and through multiple stages. At the beginning of memory manufacturing, the memory was produced by vacuum tubes from 1946 to 1959 .Vacuum tubes were basic components which was used to make the first generation of memories . Also the vacuum tubes used to make circuitry of CPU (Central Processing unit).In this generation ,the basic programming language was machine code which used in computers used vacuum tubes in the memory. -
Social Construction and the British Computer Industry in the Post-World War II Period
The rhetoric of Americanisation: Social construction and the British computer industry in the Post-World War II period By Robert James Kirkwood Reid Submitted to the University of Glasgow for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Economic History Department of Economic and Social History September 2007 1 Abstract This research seeks to understand the process of technological development in the UK and the specific role of a ‘rhetoric of Americanisation’ in that process. The concept of a ‘rhetoric of Americanisation’ will be developed throughout the thesis through a study into the computer industry in the UK in the post-war period . Specifically, the thesis discusses the threat of America, or how actors in the network of innovation within the British computer industry perceived it as a threat and the effect that this perception had on actors operating in the networks of construction in the British computer industry. However, the reaction to this threat was not a simple one. Rather this story is marked by sectional interests and technopolitical machination attempting to capture this rhetoric of ‘threat’ and ‘falling behind’. In this thesis the concept of ‘threat’ and ‘falling behind’, or more simply the ‘rhetoric of Americanisation’, will be explored in detail and the effect this had on the development of the British computer industry. What form did the process of capture and modification by sectional interests within government and industry take and what impact did this have on the British computer industry? In answering these questions, the thesis will first develop a concept of a British culture of computing which acts as the surface of emergence for various ideologies of innovation within the social networks that made up the computer industry in the UK. -
The Machine and the Cloud
the machine and the cloud Peter Harrington london n3 Frieze Masters Gloucester Green, Regent’s Park, London Thu 4 Oct Preview 12–8pm; Private View 5–8pm Fri 5 Oct 11am–7pm Sat 6 Oct 11am–7pm Sun 7 Oct 11am–6pm https://friezemasters.seetickets.com/tour/frieze-masters mayfair chelsea Peter Harrington Peter Harrington 43 dover street 100 FulHam road london w1s 4FF london sw3 6Hs uk 020 3763 3220 uk 020 7591 0220 eu 00 44 20 3763 3220 eu 00 44 20 7591 0220 usa 011 44 20 3763 3220 www.peterharrington.co.uk usa 011 44 20 7591 0220 Front & back cover: details from Marcel Duchamp’s The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors, Even, page 28. Peter Harrington london the machine and the cloud an exHibition disPlayed at Frieze Masters regent’s Park, london 4–7 october 2018 2 the machine and the cloud In his 1962 book The Gutenberg Galaxy: The Making of Typographical Man, Marshall McLuhan argued that the printing press wrought a profound change in human consciousness, especially as it occurred at about the same time as the emergence of perspective in art. Some of the unexpected consequences of this decisive moment, according to McLuhan, were the creation of nationalism, dualism, the dominance of rationalism, a drive towards homogeneity and repeatability in culture, and alienation of individuals. These are large claims, but we do not have to accept them in their entirety to agree with McLuhan’s general point that the invention of the printing press was one of the most significant technological advances ever to affect human consciousness. -
Random Access Memory (Ram)
www.studymafia.org A Seminar report On RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY (RAM) Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of degree of Bachelor of Technology in Computer Science SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY: www.studymafia.org www.studymafia.org www.studymafia.org Acknowledgement I would like to thank respected Mr…….. and Mr. ……..for giving me such a wonderful opportunity to expand my knowledge for my own branch and giving me guidelines to present a seminar report. It helped me a lot to realize of what we study for. Secondly, I would like to thank my parents who patiently helped me as i went through my work and helped to modify and eliminate some of the irrelevant or un-necessary stuffs. Thirdly, I would like to thank my friends who helped me to make my work more organized and well-stacked till the end. Next, I would thank Microsoft for developing such a wonderful tool like MS Word. It helped my work a lot to remain error-free. Last but clearly not the least, I would thank The Almighty for giving me strength to complete my report on time. www.studymafia.org Preface I have made this report file on the topic RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY (RAM); I have tried my best to elucidate all the relevant detail to the topic to be included in the report. While in the beginning I have tried to give a general view about this topic. My efforts and wholehearted co-corporation of each and everyone has ended on a successful note. I express my sincere gratitude to …………..who assisting me throughout the preparation of this topic. -
The Early History of Music Programming and Digital Synthesis, Session 20
Chapter 20. Meeting 20, Languages: The Early History of Music Programming and Digital Synthesis 20.1. Announcements • Music Technology Case Study Final Draft due Tuesday, 24 November 20.2. Quiz • 10 Minutes 20.3. The Early Computer: History • 1942 to 1946: Atanasoff-Berry Computer, the Colossus, the Harvard Mark I, and the Electrical Numerical Integrator And Calculator (ENIAC) • 1942: Atanasoff-Berry Computer 467 Courtesy of University Archives, Library, Iowa State University of Science and Technology. Used with permission. • 1946: ENIAC unveiled at University of Pennsylvania 468 Source: US Army • Diverse and incomplete computers © Wikimedia Foundation. License CC BY-SA. This content is excluded from our Creative Commons license. For more information, see http://ocw.mit.edu/fairuse. 20.4. The Early Computer: Interface • Punchcards • 1960s: card printed for Bell Labs, for the GE 600 469 Courtesy of Douglas W. Jones. Used with permission. • Fortran cards Courtesy of Douglas W. Jones. Used with permission. 20.5. The Jacquard Loom • 1801: Joseph Jacquard invents a way of storing and recalling loom operations 470 Photo courtesy of Douglas W. Jones at the University of Iowa. 471 Photo by George H. Williams, from Wikipedia (public domain). • Multiple cards could be strung together • Based on technologies of numerous inventors from the 1700s, including the automata of Jacques Vaucanson (Riskin 2003) 20.6. Computer Languages: Then and Now • Low-level languages are closer to machine representation; high-level languages are closer to human abstractions • Low Level • Machine code: direct binary instruction • Assembly: mnemonics to machine codes • High-Level: FORTRAN • 1954: John Backus at IBM design FORmula TRANslator System • 1958: Fortran II 472 • 1977: ANSI Fortran • High-Level: C • 1972: Dennis Ritchie at Bell Laboratories • Based on B • Very High-Level: Lisp, Perl, Python, Ruby • 1958: Lisp by John McCarthy • 1987: Perl by Larry Wall • 1990: Python by Guido van Rossum • 1995: Ruby by Yukihiro “Matz” Matsumoto 20.7. -
History Timeline by Jeff Drobman (C) 2015 === 1889 - Punch Cards - Herman Hollerith (Of IBM Forerunner) Invented "IBM" Punch Cards to Be Used for the 1890 Census
Computer Memory History Timeline by Jeff Drobman (C) 2015 === 1889 - Punch cards - Herman Hollerith (of IBM forerunner) invented "IBM" punch cards to be used for the 1890 census. 1932 - Drum memory 1947 - Delay line memory 1949 - Magnetic CORE memory 1950 - Magnetic TAPE memory 1955 - Magnetic DISK memory - IBM RAMAC was first one 1957 - Plated wire memory 1962 - Thin film memory 1968 (ca) - Paper tape - Had beginnings dating back to 1846, but became widely used with teletype machines such as the Teletype Model 33 ASR, which were adopted early on by minicomputers as a primitive terminal. 1970 - Bubble memory 1970 - DRAM - Invented by Intel, first device was the 1101, organized as 256x1, followed by the 4x larger (1024x1) 1103(A) -- regarded as the world's first commercial DRAM (intro in October 1970). 1971 - Bipolar SRAM - Fairchild 256x1 (note IBM made a 16-bit SRAM in late 1960s. AMD made a second source of a 64x1 SRAM by Fairchild in 1971.) 1971 - EPROM - Invented by Dov Frohman of Intel as the i1702, a 2K-bit (256x8) EPROM. 1971 - "Floppy" disks -- First were 8-inch, hence very flexible ("floppy"). The 8" became commercially available in 1971. 1973 (ca) - Magnetic TAPE CASSETTE memory 1976 - Shugart Associates introduced the first 5¼-inch floppy (flexible) disk drive 1977 - EEPROM - invented by Eli Harari at Hughes - a BYTE erasable device 1979 - CMOS SRAM (static RAM, 4T/6T cell, implemented as a latch) - first introduced by HP then its spinoff as Integrated Device Technology. I believe first devices were 1K (1024x1), and later organized as x4 then x8. -
The Graphic Display of Computer Memory Data
University of Windsor Scholarship at UWindsor Electronic Theses and Dissertations Theses, Dissertations, and Major Papers 7-21-1969 The graphic display of computer memory data. Satish P. Agrawal University of Windsor Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/etd Recommended Citation Agrawal, Satish P., "The graphic display of computer memory data." (1969). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 6548. https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/etd/6548 This online database contains the full-text of PhD dissertations and Masters’ theses of University of Windsor students from 1954 forward. These documents are made available for personal study and research purposes only, in accordance with the Canadian Copyright Act and the Creative Commons license—CC BY-NC-ND (Attribution, Non-Commercial, No Derivative Works). Under this license, works must always be attributed to the copyright holder (original author), cannot be used for any commercial purposes, and may not be altered. Any other use would require the permission of the copyright holder. Students may inquire about withdrawing their dissertation and/or thesis from this database. For additional inquiries, please contact the repository administrator via email ([email protected]) or by telephone at 519-253-3000ext. 3208. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. -
CS 152 Computer Architecture and Engineering Lecture 6
CS 152 Computer Architecture and Engineering Lecture 6 - Memory Dr. George Michelogiannakis EECS, University of California at Berkeley CRD, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory http://inst.eecs.berkeley.edu/~cs152 2/8/2016 CS152, Spring 2016 CS152 Administritivia . PS 1 due on Wednesday’s class . Lab 1 also due at the same time . Hand paper reports or email . PS 2 will be released on Wendesday . Lab 2 Wednesday or Thursday . Quiz next week Wednesday (17th) . Discussion section on Thursday to cover lab 2 and PS 1 2/8/2016 CS152, Spring 2016 2 Question of the Day . Can a cache worsen performance, latency, bandwidth compared to a system with DRAM and no caches? 2/8/2016 CS152, Spring 2016 3 Last time in Lecture 5 . Control hazards (branches, interrupts) are most difficult to handle as they change which instruction should be executed next . Branch delay slots make control hazard visible to software, but not portable to more advanced µarchs . Speculation commonly used to reduce effect of control hazards (predict sequential fetch, predict no exceptions, branch prediction) . Precise exceptions: stop cleanly on one instruction, all previous instructions completed, no following instructions have changed architectural state . To implement precise exceptions in pipeline, shift faulting instructions down pipeline to “commit” point, where exceptions are handled in program order 2/8/2016 CS152, Spring 2016 4 Early Read-Only Memory Technologies Punched cards, From early 1700s through Jaquard Loom, Punched paper tape, Babbage, and then IBM instruction -
The Manchester University "Baby" Computer and Its Derivatives, 1948 – 1951”
Expert Report on Proposed Milestone “The Manchester University "Baby" Computer and its Derivatives, 1948 – 1951” Thomas Haigh. University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee & Siegen University March 10, 2021 Version of citation being responded to: The Manchester University "Baby" Computer and its Derivatives, 1948 - 1951 At this site on 21 June 1948 the “Baby” became the first computer to execute a program stored in addressable read-write electronic memory. “Baby” validated the widely used Williams- Kilburn Tube random-access memories and led to the 1949 Manchester Mark I which pioneered index registers. In February 1951, Ferranti Ltd's commercial Mark I became the first electronic computer marketed as a standard product ever delivered to a customer. 1: Evaluation of Citation The final wording is the result of several rounds of back and forth exchange of proposed drafts with the proposers, mediated by Brian Berg. During this process the citation text became, from my viewpoint at least, far more precise and historically reliable. The current version identifies several distinct contributions made by three related machines: the 1948 “Baby” (known officially as the Small Scale Experimental Machine or SSEM), a minimal prototype computer which ran test programs to prove the viability of the Manchester Mark 1, a full‐scale computer completed in 1949 that was fully designed and approved only after the success of the “Baby” and in turn served as a prototype of the Ferranti Mark 1, a commercial refinement of the Manchester Mark 1 of which I believe 9 copies were sold. The 1951 date refers to the delivery of the first of these, to Manchester University as a replacement for its home‐built Mark 1. -
Second Industrial Revolution – Computer Safety and Security
Copyright Jim Thomson 2013 Safety In Engineering Ltd The Second Industrial Revolution – Computer Safety and Security “Programming today is a race between software engineers striving to build bigger and better idiot- proof programs, and the Universe trying to produce bigger and better idiots. So far, the Universe is winning.” Rick Cook “Measuring programming progress by lines of code is like measuring aircraft building progress by weight.” Bill Gates “The digital revolution is far more significant than the invention of writing or even of printing.” Douglas Engelbart “Complex systems almost always fail in complex ways.” Columbia Accident Investigation Board Report, August 2003 In the twenty-first century, it is difficult to imagine a world without computers. Almost every aspect of our lives is now tied to computers in some way or other. They are used throughout industry for the control of industrial plant and processes, manufacturing, aircraft, automobiles, washing machines, telephones and telecommunications, etcetera, etcetera. Most domestic electrical hardware now contains some sort of microprocessor control. Microprocessors are now so completely ubiquitous, and so much of our lives is completely dependent on them, that it is a continuous source of surprise to me that the people and the laboratories that led their invention and development are not household names in the same way as, say, Newton’s discovery of gravity or Darwin’s theory of evolution. Microprocessors have caused an ongoing revolution in our lives. The first industrial revolution in the nineteenth century led to steam power for factories, ships, and trains, and also to the ready availability of substances like steel, which transformed the lives of our forebears.