Guru Arjan Dev Ji 1563-1606 Early Life
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Sikhism in the United States of America Gurinder Singh Mann
1 Sikhism in the United States of America Gurinder Singh Mann The history of the Sikhs is primarily associated with the Punjab, a region in northwest India they call their homeland (Grewal 1990). Situated among the dominant communities of the Hindus and Muslims, the Sikhs have, historically, remained a minority even within the Punjab. Beginning in the seventeenth century, groups of Sikh traders moved into other parts of the subcontinent and established small communities in far-off cities; the number and size of these communities outside the Punjab remained rather small. The annexation of the Punjab by the British in 1849 opened doors for the Sikhs to migrate to distant countries as members of the imperial working force. In the closing years of the nineteenth century, we see the emergence of small but distinct Sikh communities in East Africa and Southeast Asia (Barrier and Dusenbery 1989). At the turn of the twentieth century, the Sikhs expanded their range of travel further and began to arrive in North America. They constituted a large majority of what Raymond Williams in his introduction to this section calls "a thriving farming community in California." Despite great personal and legal hardships in the mid-twentieth century, the Sikhs persisted in their efforts to settle in the new land and today, they constitute a vibrant community of over 200,000 spread throughout the United States, with distinct concentrations in California, Chicago, Michigan, and the greater New York and Washington D. C. areas. La Brack (1988) made a pioneering study of the history of the Sikhs in the United States. -
Dasvandh Network
Dasvandh To selflessly give time, resources, and money to support Panthic projects www.dvnetwork.org /dvnetwork @dvnetwork Building a Nation The Role of Dasvandh in the Formation of a Sikh culture and space Above: A painting depicting Darbar Sahib under construction, overlooked by Guru Arjan Sahib. www.dvnetwork.org /dvnetwork @dvnetwork Guru Nanak Sahib Ji Guru Nanak Sahib’s first lesson was an act of Dasvandh: when he taught us the true bargain: Sacha Sauda www.dvnetwork.org /dvnetwork @dvnetwork 3 Golden Rules The basis for Dasvandh are Guru Nanak Sahib’s key principles, which he put into practice in his own life Above: Guru Nanak Sahib working in his fields Left: Guru Nanak Sahib doing Langar seva www.dvnetwork.org /dvnetwork @dvnetwork Mata Khivi & Guru Angad Sahib Guru Angad Sahib ji and his wife, the greatly respected Mata Khivi, formalized the langar institution. In order to support this growing Panthic initiative, support from the Sangat was required. www.dvnetwork.org /dvnetwork @dvnetwork Community Building Guru Amar Das Sahib started construction on the Baoli Sahib at Goindval Sahib.This massive construction project brought together the Sikhs from across South Asia and was the first of many institution- building projects in the community. www.dvnetwork.org /dvnetwork @dvnetwork Guru RamDas Sahib Ji Besides creating the sarovar at Amritsar, Guru RamDas Sahib Ji designed and built the entire city of Amritsar www.dvnetwork.org /dvnetwork @dvnetwork Guru Arjan Sahib & Dasvandh It was the monumental task of building of Harmandir Sahib that allowed for the creation of the Dasvandh system by Guru Arjan Sahib ji. -
The Fifth Nanak by Dedicated Sewadars Of
The Fifth Nanak Guru Arjan Sahib Ji September 1, 2019 by dedicated Sewadars of Sri Hemkunt Foundation Inc. INDEX # Title Page 1 Education and Early Life 2 2 A Lesson in Obedience 4 3 Arjan Sahib ji becomes the Fifth Nanak 5 4 Swayye recited by Bards (Bhatt) 7 5 Pride & Greed of Satta & Balwand 8 6 Harmandar Sahib 10 7 Marriage 13 8 Bhai Manjh 14 9 Merely reading Holy Books does not help 16 10 Treat Diseases with Medicine 17 11 Popularity of Sikh Gurus 18 12 Adi Granth Sahib 20 13 Jahangir Arrests Guru Arjan 23 14 Martyrdom 25 15 Highlights of The Fifth Nanak 27 16 World Events (1563 - 1607) 28 17 References 28 1 1. Education and Early Life 1563 AD: The fifth Guru of the Sikhs, (Guru) Arjan Sahib ji was born on April 15, 1563 AD in village Goindwal, Amritsar. He was the youngest of three children of the fourth Nanak, Sri Guru Ramdas ji and mother - Bibi Bhaani ji. (at this time Guru Ramdas ji’s name was Bhai Jetha as he had not assumed the responsibility as the Guru). Bibi Bhaani ji was the younger daughter of the third Nanak - Sri Guru Amardas ji. She is the only woman in Sikh history to have the honor of being a Guru’s daughter, a Guru’s wife and a Guru’s mother. (Guru) Ramdas ji and Bibi Bhaani ji served at Guru’s institution after their marriage and lived at Goindwal. Arjan Dev(1) ji received love and care from his grandfather and also learned to recite sacred hymns. -
The Institution of the Akal Takht: the Transformation of Authority in Sikh History
religions Article The Institution of the Akal Takht: The Transformation of Authority in Sikh History Gurbeer Singh Department of Religious Studies, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; [email protected] Abstract: The Akal Takht is considered to be the central seat of authority in the Sikh tradition. This article uses theories of legitimacy and authority to explore the validity of the authority and legitimacy of the Akal Takht and its leaders throughout time. Starting from the initial institution of the Akal Takht and ending at the Akal Takht today, the article applies Weber’s three types of legitimate authority to the various leaderships and custodianships throughout Sikh history. The article also uses Berger and Luckmann’s theory of the symbolic universe to establish the constant presence of traditional authority in the leadership of the Akal Takht. Merton’s concept of group norms is used to explain the loss of legitimacy at certain points of history, even if one or more types of Weber’s legitimate authority match the situation. This article shows that the Akal Takht’s authority, as with other political religious institutions, is in the reciprocal relationship between the Sikh population and those in charge. This fluidity in authority is used to explain and offer a solution on the issue of authenticity and authority in the Sikh tradition. Keywords: Akal Takht; jathedar; Sikh institutions; Sikh Rehat Maryada; Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee (SGPC); authority; legitimacy Citation: Singh, Gurbeer. 2021. The Institution of the Akal Takht: The 1. Introduction Transformation of Authority in Sikh History. Religions 12: 390. https:// The Akal Takht, originally known as the Akal Bunga, is the seat of temporal and doi.org/10.3390/rel12060390 spiritual authority of the Sikh tradition. -
(1469-1539) (Ii) Guru Angad Dev Ji (1504-1552) (Iii
13. Who is the spiritual father of the Khalsa? 1. Name the ten Gurus of the Sikhs in the right order. Guru Gobind Singh Ji (i) Guru Nanak Dev Ji (1469-1539) 14. Who is the spiritual mother of the Khalsa? (ii) Guru Angad Dev Ji (1504-1552) Mata Sahib Kaur Ji (iii) Guru Amardas Ji (1479-1574) 15. What is the birth place of the Khalsa? (iv) Guru Ramdas Ji (1534-1581) Anandpur Sahib (v) Guru Arjan Dev Ji (1563-1606) 16. What is the Sikh Salutation? (vi) Guru Hargobind Ji (1595-1644) Waheguru Ji Ka Khalsa (vii) Guru Har Rai Ji (1630-1661) Waheguru Ji Ki Fateh! (viii) Guru Harkrishan Ji (1656-1664) 17. What is the Sikh Jaikara? (ix) Guru Teg Bahadur Ji (1621-1675) Boley So Nihaal (x) Guru Gobind Singh Ji (1666-1708) Sat Sri Akaal! 2. Name the present Guru of the Sikhs. 18. What is the literal meaning of the word ‘Sikh’? Guru Granth Sahib Ji and Guru Panth Khalsa Disciple 3. Who were the four Sahibzade? 19. What is the literal meaning of the word ‘Singh’? They were the sons of Guru Gobind Singh Ji. Lion 4. Name the four Sahibzade. 20. What is the literal meaning of the word ‘Kaur’? 1. Baba Ajit Singh Ji (1687-1704) Princess 2. Baba Jujhar Singh Ji (1689-1704) 21. Name the five prayers that comprise Nitnem, the daily prayer 3. Baba Zorawar Singh Ji (1696-1704) of the Sikhs (according to the SGPC Rehat Maryada) 4. Baba Fateh Singh Ji (1698-1704) • Morning (Dawn - Amrit Vela) 5. -
Guru Nanak's Life and Legacy
G.S. Mann: Guru Nanak’s Life and Legacy 3 Guru Nanak’s Life and Legacy: An Appraisal Gurinder Singh Mann University of California, Santa Barbara _____________________________________________________ Taking W.H. McLeod’s Guru Nanak and the Sikh Religion as a point of departure, this essay examines the previous generation’s understanding of Guru Nanak’s life and mission and expands upon it in light of empirical evidence culled from early contemporary sources. By questioning McLeod’s arguments regarding the paucity of general historical information about Guru Nanak’s life and his close participation in the Sant community of poets such as Kabir and Ravidas, this essay argues that the Guru founded a new community replete with a distinct set of beliefs and institutional structures. While scholars have tended to focus on the upper caste Hindu background of Guru Nanak, very little attention has been directed towards articulating the social demographics of this new community, which were overwhelmingly drawn from nomadic and low-caste Hindu society. _____________________________________________________ Guru Nanak (1469–1539), the founder of the Sikh community, is a subject of perennial interest for the Sikhs and their scholars, and a quick look at any bibliography on the subject would reflect the range and the depth of writings available on various aspects of his life and teachings. Given his relatively recent dates, there is a wide variety of sources available about his life and mission (Jagat nistaran).1 These comprise texts, including his poetic compositions and the writings of his immediate successors and early followers; sites such as Talwandi, the place of his birth, and Kartarpur (The Town of the Creator), the center he established; and two known artifacts associated with his life.2 These sources provide primary information for a scholarly reconstruction of the Guru’s life. -
Gaining Authority and Legitimacy: Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee and the Golden Temple C. 1920–2000 by Gurveen Kaur K
Gaining Authority and Legitimacy: Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee and the Golden Temple c. 1920–2000 by Gurveen Kaur Khurana A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Anthropology and History) in The University of Michigan 2019 Doctoral Committee: Associate Professor Farina Mir, Co-Chair Professor Mrinalini Sinha, Co-Chair Associate Professor William Glover Professor Paul C. Johnson Professor Webb Keane Gurveen Kaur Khurana [email protected] ORCID iD: 0000-0002-5452-9968 © Gurveen Kaur Khurana 2019 DEDICATION To Samarth, Ozzie and Papa ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation is only a part of the journey that began more than ten years ago, and there are many that have made it possible for me to get here. I would like to take this opportunity to thank them for their support along the way. My greatest debt is to my dissertation advisors Mrinalini Sinha and Farina Mir. Mrinalini has supported me through out and has always been a source of intellectual support and more. She has allowed me the freedom to grow and gain from her vast knowledge, while being patient with me finding my way. There are no words that can express my gratitude to her for all that she has done. Farina Mir’s rigor sets high standards for us all and will guide my way over the years. The rest of my committee, Webb Keane, William Glover and Paul Johnson have all been wonderful with their time and support through this dissertation writing. My deepest thanks also to Dilip Menon, Shahid Amin, Sunil Kumar and Neeladri Bhattacharya for the early intellectual training in historical thinking and methodology. -
Guru Nanak - the Founder of Sikhism
GAUTAM SINGH UPSC STUDY MATERIAL – INDIAN HISTORY 0 7830294949 UNIT 105 – UPSC - Guru Nanak - The Founder of Sikhism India's History : Medieval India : Guru Nanak - The Founder of Sikhism - (1469- 1538) Guru Nanak - The Founder of Sikhism The history of Sikhism starts with Guru Nanak, a son of the ruler or warrior caste who lived from 1469 to 1538. He was born into northern India. The spiritual branches Sufi Islamic and Bhakti Hindu, "sacred" men influenced him. Guru Nanak believes into a supreme creature and determined that every religion used various names for the similar deity which Nanak called "Sat Nam". Nanak wanted to combine Islam and Hinduism together. Although there can be several similarities observed between Hinduism, Sufism and Sikhism. The typical responses to claim of a connection are met with an adamant position for Sikhism as a direct revelation from God. The Guru word is combination of the 2 small words Gu and Ru. The Gu means darkness and the Ru means light. The Sikhs say guru means "the Light to dispel darkness," but as "darkness" comes first it appears more similar, "the darkness to parades while light." The Life of Guru Nanak Guru Nanak is founder of Sikhism and the first of the 10 Sikh Gurus. He was born in the village of Talwandi, now called Nankana Sahib, near Lahore in present-day called Pakistan. Guru Nanak parents, Matta Tripat and Mehta Kalu were Hindus and belong to the merchant caste. Still as a boy, Nanak was enthralled with religion and his desire to discover the mysteries of life ultimately led him toward leave home. -
Brief History of the Sikh Gurus/5 ----- the River and Disappeared
Publication No. 246 BRIEF BIS,.ORY OF ,.BE SIKB GRUS Published by SIKH MISSIONARY COLLEGE (REGD.) LUDHIANA @ All Rights Reserved Published by : Sikh Missionary College (Regd.) Typesetting by : Surjit Computers, Jalandhar. Ph. : 94637-64811, 98760-71280 Printed at : Bright Printers, Jalandhar. Ph. : 0181-2292202 Available at : SIKH MISSIONARY COLLEGE (REGD.) 1051/14, Field Ganj, Ludhiana - 141 074. Phone : 0161-5021815 Website : www.sikhmissfonarycollege.org www.smdudhiana.com E-mail: [email protected] Sub-Office: C-135, Mansarover Garden, New Delhi-110015 Ph. : 011-65330502 and from all the Circles of Sikh Missionary College (Regd.) ICONTENTSI 1. SRI GURU NANAK DEV JI 5 2. TRUE JANEU 10 3. THE REAL PRAYER 13 4. THE REAL MRTI 14 5. HONEST EARNINGS 16 6. BHAI SAJJAN JI 18 7. HARIDAWAR 20 8. REFORMING VAISHNAV SADHU 22 9. SERMONS TO KALJUG PANDIT 23 10. SRI GURU ANGAD DEV JI 25 11. SRI GURU AMAROAS JI 29 12. SRI GURU RAM OAS JI 32 13. SRI GURU ARJUN OEV JI.. 35 14. BHAI MANJH JI 38 15. BHAI KALYANA JI 40 16. SMALL POX (SEETALA) 41 17. SRI GURU HARGOBIND JI 43 18. THE TRUE EMPEROR 47 19. BHAI TILAKA JI 50 20. SRI GURU HAR RAI JI. 51 21. SRI GURU HARKRISHAN JI 55 22. SRI GURU TEGH BAHAOUR JI 57 23. SRI GURU GOBINO SINGH JI 63 24. VASAKHI 67 25. BHAI BACHITAR SINGH 69 26. BHAI DALLAH SINGH JI 70 27. DISAPPROVAL OF WORSHIP OF GOD SHANI (SATURN) 73 28. A DONKEY IN LION'S HIDE 75 29. SRI GURU GRANTH SAHIB JI 76 1. -
Understanding the Martyrdom of Guru Arjan
29 Pashaura Singh: Martyrdom of Guru Arjan Understanding the Martyrdom of Guru Arjan Pashaura Singh University of Michigan _____________________________________________________________ This essay addresses the vexed issue of Guru Arjan’s execution in Mughal custody in 1606. In many marked ways it departs from conventional explanations offered in scholarly and quasi-scholarly works. In order to arrive at a more comprehensive and nuanced understanding of this watershed in Sikh history this essays emphasizes the need to explore more substantial scholarly questions about the period’s chronological and spatial patterns in the religious, social, economic, cultural and political aspects of what was happening in Mughal India. In addition it examines the issue of authority and the power dynamics at play in the religious and political institutions of the times. Finally, it addresses the issue of how Guru Arjun’s martyrdom became the single most decisive factor for the crystallization of the Sikh Panth. ___________________________________________________________________________ Like the yearning cry of a rain-bird (babiha) he spoke to his disciples that the Guru’s teachings should never be forsaken. The blissful state of equanimity (sahaj samadhi) can be attained only in the delight of love (piram rasu) in the company of the holy through the teachings of the Guru. May I be a sacrifice unto Guru Arjan.1 [Bhai Gurdas] The most controversial issue in Sikh history is related to Guru Arjan’s execution in Mughal custody. A number of interpretations of this event have emerged in scholarly and quasi-scholarly writings. Most of the historians of Mughal India look at it simplistically from a political angle. -
Life & the Unique Martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur
Life & the Unique Martyrdom of GURU TEGH BAHADUR (1621-1675) (The Martyr and the Cause) Gurmukh Singh OBE (UK) Published by:- Author’s note: The Sikh Missionary Society UK is in the process of publishing this study and also an abbreviated version: “Defender of Religious Freedom: Guru Tegh Bahadur (1621 – 1675)” This electronic draft is also being made available to interested Gurdwaras and Sikh organisations in the diaspora for publication. Please contact by e-mail: [email protected] Gurmukh Singh OBE 14 April, 2017 1 © Gurmukh Singh All rights reserved by the author. Strict notice: No part of this draft may be changed. However, any changes may be recommended to the author by e-mail. Except for quotations with acknowledgement, no part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or medium without the specific written permission of the author or his legal representatives. The account which follows is that of Guru Tegh Bahadur, Nanak IX. His martyrdom was a momentous and unique event. Never in the annals of human history had the leader of one religion given his life for the religious freedom of others. Tegh Bahadur’s deed [martyrdom] was unique (Guru Gobind Singh, Bachittar Natak.) A martyrdom to stabilize the world (Bhai Gurdas Singh (II) Vaar 41 Pauri 23) Sikh belief in One Guru Jote (divine Light) Guru Nanak Dev ( 1469 -1539) was the founder of Sikhism. The Sikhs themselves prefer to describe the Sikh way of life as Sikhi. The Sikh belief is that Guru Nanak received divine knowledge (enlightenment) directly from the Supreme Timeless Being. -
E:\EEE Drive\GURDWARA GAZETTE M
Gurdwara Gazette133 Maghar (November 2019) English Section Gurdwara Gazette Editor : Manjit Singh Associate Editor : Harbhajan Singh 'Vakta' Gurdwara Gazette134 Maghar (November 2019) DAYS COMMEMORATING HISTORICAL EVENTS (16th November to 15th December) 16 November After spending 3 years and 6 months at Paonta Sahib, Sri Guru Gobind Singh Sahib reached Anandpur Sahib. (16-11-1688) 17 November(a) Death of Baba Budha Ji at Ramdas town. (17-11-1631) (b) Cremation of the Head of the Guru Teg Bahadur Sahib at Anandpur Sahib. (17-11-1675) (c) The first election of SGPC completed. (17-11-1920) 18 November(a) Guru Ka Bagh agitation won by Sikhs. (18-11-1922) (b) SGPC declared Damdama Sahib, Talwandi Sabo as the fifth Sikh Takhat. (18-11-1966) 19 November(a) Maharaja Ranjit Singh captured Peshawar. (19-11-1818) (b) Sikhs, led by Jathedar Kartar Singh Jhabbar liberated Gurdwara Panja Sahib (Hassan Abdal). (19-11-1920) 22 November Battle of Ram Nagar between the Sikhs and the British. (22-11-1848) 24 November(a) Sri Guru Arjan Dev ji laid the foundation stone of Kartarpur, district Jalandhar. (24-11-1594) (b) The Sikhs took out the protest march at Delhi against Nehru's remarks about Sikhs. (24-11-1960) 25 November Akali Silver Jubilee Conference, held at Jandiala (Jalandhar) and opposed the demand of Pakistan. (25-11-1944) 26 November The Sikh leaders rejected new constitution of India and refused to sign. (26-11-1949) 28 November Indian Government stated that 2239 Sikh soldiers had been Court martialled and 98 been regularly tried for their crime to protest against Operation Blue Star in 1984.