/ ,/ . "' r, CASE REPORT I (. fo '4 BLOW FLY MAGGOTS (DIPTERA: CALLIPHORIDAE) FROM A HUMAN CORPSE IN A VEHICLE Pongruk Sribanditmongkol1, Tawachai Monum1, Anchalee Wannasan2 3 2 Jeffery K Tomberlin , Korn Sukontason and Kabkaew L Su!>ontason2 • I 1Department of Forensic Medicine, 2Department of Parasitoiogy, FHulty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; 3Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA Absttact. Correct species identification and development data of insects associated with a cadaver can help estimate the time of colonization which could be used to infer a minimal post-mortem interval (minPMI) for forensic investigaticims. Human remains are found in a variety of locations ranging from open fields to inside automobiles. We report the investigation of blow fly larvae collected from a decomposing body located in the trunk of a car. There were two blow fly (Diptera: Calliphoridae) species: Achoetandrus rufifacies (Macquart) and Chrysomya mega­ cephala (Fabricius). Blow flies can enter the vehicle and colonize human remains .. Based on age estimations of third stage larvae of A. rufifacies, the minPMI was estimated to be 4-5 days, which was within the range of 3-5 days estimated by other forensically relevant information. Keywords: forensic entomology, post-mortem interval, Achoetandrus rufifacies, blow flies, automobile I I . INTRODUCTION discovered in an automobile that were I recorded. Although suC::h cases are rarely Human remains can be discovered in reported, entomological evidence coupled a variety of environments ranging from with the findings of the forensic autopsy open fields to concealed places such as are often jointly helpful to determine the automobiles. Although approximately time of death (Anderson, 2001; Hitosugi 30 forensic entomology cases have been et al, 2007; Williams, 2008). Case studies examined in northern Thailand (Su­ can provide information about arthropod kontason et al, 2007), none have been colonization of human remains providing Correspondence: Dr Kabkaew L Sukontason, guidance with future death investigations. Department of _Parasitology, Faculty of Medi­ We present here data regarding the use of cine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, entomological evidenc~ from a forensic Thailand. investigation in Thail~hd involving the Tel: +66 (0) 53 945342 ext 502; Fax: +66 (0) 53 remains of a woman ldcated in an auto­ 945347 mobile. This case demonstrates the use E-mail: [email protected]. th of entomological evidence with other Vol 45 No. 5 September 2014 1011 SOUTHEAST ASIAN J TROP MED PUBLIC HEALTH Table 1 Occurrence of A. rufifacies among human corpse in Thailanda. Number of cases Species PMI Indoor Outdoor estimationb A. rufifacies 1 Yes A. rufifacies + C. megacephala 1 3 No/Yesc A. rufifacies + C. megacephala + Chrysomya villeneuvi 2 No A. rufifacies + C. megacephala + Lucilia cuprina 1 No A. rufifacies + C. megacephala + Synthesiomyia nudiseta 1 Yes A. rufifacies + C. megacephala + Lucilia cuprina + 2 No Sarcophaga spp A. rufifacies·+ C. megacephala + Coelonomyia nigripes + 1 Yes Megaselia scalaris A. rufifacies + Piophila casei + Hydrotaea spinigera + 1 No Sargus ?PP + Dermestes maculatus A. rufifacies + C. megacephala + Sarcophaga spp 1 No •Sukontason et al (2007) from northern Thailand. bBased on age of A. rufifacies csritavanich et al (2009) from Khon Kaen Province, northeastern Thailand.· evidence to determine the minimum post­ estimates of these larvae were 4-5 days. mortem interval (minPMI) of the deceased This estimate was within the range of 3-5 individual. days provided by other forensic finding to determine the minPMI. CASE REPORT DISCUSSION The nude body of a female was dis­ covered in the trunk of a car (Honda, Little information is published re: Japan) parked near a bamboo forest in garding forensic cases involving the Chiang Mai Province during the sum­ concealment of remains within a vehicle mer of 2013. The remains were severely (Anderson, 2001). The case presented bloated, blackened, with partial skin here illustrates that A. rufifacies and C. loosening on the arms and fingers. At au­ megacephala can successfully colonize topsy done at the Department of Forensic human remains concealed in the trunk Medicine, Chiang Mai University, mag­ of a vehicle. The results generated from gots were found scattered along the body, this case are in agreement with Anderson especially on the face, neck and along (2001) who observed a large number of the inside of the victim's thighs. The fly blow flies in a vehicle in British Columbia. larvae were identified as third instar blow She concluded the flies gained access to flies (Dipfera: Calliphoridae): Achoetan­ the remains via many entrances, including drus rufifacies (Macquart) and Chrysomya drainage holes in the trunk. She suggested megacephala (Fabricius) with A. -rufifacies that the car itself did not provide much being the most developed. Therefore, age of an obstacle. Apparently, a number of 1012 Vol 45 No. 5 September 2014 BLOW FLY MAGGOTS ON HUMAN CORPSE IN A VEHICLE different species of fly larvae in British 2013), Taiwan (Shiao and Yeh, 2008), Ha­ Columbia were collected from the remains waii in the USA (Goff and Odom, 1987; in the car trunk, such as blow flies [Lu­ Goff et al, 1988), and Colombia (Barreto cilia (Phaenicia) sericata (Meigen), Phormia et al, 2002). In Panama, both these spe­ regina (Meigen), Protophormia terraeno­ cies of blow flies are found along with vae Robineau-Desvoidy and Calliphora Cochliomyia macellaria (Fabricius) from vomitoria (L.)]; flesh flies (Sarcophagidae human remains (Sergio Bermudez and Liopygia argyrostoma Robineau-Desvoidy ); Pachar, 2010). These findings are also and skipper flies (Piophilidae) [Stearibia similar to a report from Chiang Mai, Thai­ nigriceps (Meigen) and Piophila casei (L.)]. land (Ngoen-klan et al, 2011). In Nakhon A. rufifacies is one of the most common Sawan Province, Thailand, A. rufifacies species of blow flies found on dead bodies, was the most abundant species found on often arriving within 10 minutes of death chicken remains and C. megacephala was (Goff, 2000). In our c.ase our estimate fell the second most abundant (Dr Kittikhun within the 3-5 days estimation developed Moophayak, unpublished). in conjunction with other forensically This case demonstrates more than relevant information. However, in similar one species can colonize human remains circumstances of concealled death scenes, concurrently in Thailand (Table 1). This such as wrapping, delay in the arrival of finding is similar to reports from Malaysia flies to oviposit may be encountered. Voss (Lee et al, 2004; Kumara et al, 2012) and et al (2008) determined blow fly coloniza­ Panama (Sergio Bermudez and Pachar, tion of vertebrate carrion was delayed 2010). Therefore, it is recommended in­ within a car by 24-28 hours. Reseatch vestigators not assume single species oc­ in Malaysia found wrapping monkey currence. Care should be taken to identify carcasses (macaques) in rice sacks (made all larvae sampled from human remains. from plastic mesh) delayed the arrival of This approach is important since different forensically important flies by 1 to 13 days species may develop at different rates. depending on species (Ahmad et al, 2011). If larvae are incorrectly assumed to be a It was also reported in Malaysia that in an single species, the estimate of the minPMI enclosed environment, fly arrival may be could be less accurate. · 1 delayed by 1-3 days (Nazni et al, 2011). More research is needed to explore the ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS insect arrival and oviposition in a vehicle death scene, so the most accurate estimate This work was supported by the Thai­ of minPMI can be made. land Research Fund (RSA5580010 to KLS). Our finding support a previous study The authors are grateful to the Faculty of that both C. megacephala and A. rufifacies Medicine and Chiang Mai University for are flies commonly associated with human defraying the publication cost. death scenes both inside human dwell­ ings and in open environments in urban, REFERENCES suburban, rural and high elevation areas Ahmad A, Ahmad AH, Die~g H, et al. Cadav­ in Thailand (Sukontason et al, 2007). This ers wrapping and arrival performance is also similar to forensic cases reported of adult flies in an oil palm plantation from Malaysia (Cheong et al, 1973; Lee et al, in northern Peninsular Malaysia. J Med 2004; Kumara et al, 2012; Kavitha et al, Entomol 2011; 48: 1236-46. Vol 45 No. 5 September 2014 1013 SOUTHEAST ASIAN JTROP MED PUBLIC HEALTH Andersbn GS. Insect succession on carrion and fery J. Review of forensically important its relationship to determining time of entomological specimens in the period of death. In: Byrd JH, Castner JL, eds. Foren­ 1972-2002. Trap Biomed 2004; (Suppl): 69-75. sic entomology: the utility of arthropods Nazni WA, Chen CD, Heo CC, et al. Compara­ in legal investigations: Boca Raton: CRC tive insect fauna succession on indoor Press,,2001: 143-75. and outdoor monkey carrions in a semi­ Barreto M, Burbano ME, Barreto P. Flies forested area in Selangor, Malaysia and (Calliphoridae, Muscidae) and beetles implication on forensic entomology. Asian (Silphidae) from human cadavers in Cali, Pacific J Trap Biomed 2011; l:S232-8. Colombia. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2002; Ngoen-klan R, Moophayak K, Klong-klaew T, 97: 137-8. et al. Do climatic and physical factors af­ Cheong WH, Mahadevan S, Inder SK Three fect populations of the blow fly Chrysomya species of fly maggots found on a corpse. megacephala and house fly Musca domestica? Southeast Asian J Trap Med Public Health Parasitol Res 2011; 109: 1279-92 .. 1973; 4: 281. Sergio Bermudez C, Pachar JV. Arthropods as­ Goff ML. A fly for the prosecution: how insect sociated with human corpses in Panama evidence helps solve crimes. Cambridge: City, Panama. Rev Colomb Entomol 2010; Harvard University Press, 2000. 36: 86-9. Goff ML, Odom CB. Forensic entomology in the Shiao SF, Yeh TC. Larval competition of Chryso­ Hawaiian Islands.