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Development of <I>Hydrotaea Aenescens</I> (Diptera: Muscidae) in Manure of Unweaned Dairy Calves and Lactating Cows

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Development of <I>Hydrotaea Aenescens</I> (Diptera: Muscidae) in Manure of Unweaned Dairy Calves and Lactating Cows University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln U.S. Department of Agriculture: Agricultural Publications from USDA-ARS / UNL Faculty Research Service, Lincoln, Nebraska 2002 Development of Hydrotaea aenescens (Diptera: Muscidae) in Manure of Unweaned Dairy Calves and Lactating Cows Jerome Hogsette USDA-ARS, [email protected] Robert Farkas Szent Istvan University Reginald Coler University of Massachusetts - Amherst Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usdaarsfacpub Part of the Agricultural Science Commons Hogsette, Jerome; Farkas, Robert; and Coler, Reginald, "Development of Hydrotaea aenescens (Diptera: Muscidae) in Manure of Unweaned Dairy Calves and Lactating Cows" (2002). Publications from USDA- ARS / UNL Faculty. 1013. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usdaarsfacpub/1013 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the U.S. Department of Agriculture: Agricultural Research Service, Lincoln, Nebraska at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Publications from USDA-ARS / UNL Faculty by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY Development of Hydrotaea aenescens (Diptera: Muscidae) in Manure of Unweaned Dairy Calves and Lactating Cows 1 2 JEROME A. HOGSETTE, RO´ BERT FARKAS, AND REGINALD R. COLER Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, USDAÐARS, P.O. Box 14565, Gainesville, FL 32604 J. Econ. Entomol. 95(2): 527Ð530 (2002) ABSTRACT In laboratory studies performed in the United States and Hungary, the dump ßy Hydrotaea aenescens (Wiedemann) was reared successfully in manure of 1- to 8-wk-old dairy calves, and in manure from adult lactating dairy cows. Survival in manure collected from 1-wk-old calves was poor (7.2%), better in manure collected from 2- and 3-wk-old calves (53.5%), and best in manure collected from 4- to 8-wk-old calves (71.4%). Survival in cow manure was slightly lower (47.4%) than that in calf manure. Reasons for different rates of development in the United States and in Hungary, and by calf age are discussed as are implications for biological control. KEY WORDS Hydrotaea aenescens, house ßy, calf manure, cow manure, biological control LARVAE OF THE dump ßy Hydrotaea aenescens (Wiede- stated above, H. aenescens adults have been observed mann) (formerly Ophyra aenescens) are facultative on dairies, and H. aenescens larvae have been found in predators that can kill Ϸ15Ð20 house ßy, Musca do- grain and silage substrates (J.A.H., unpublished data). mestica L., larvae daily (Hogsette 1979, Geden et al. However, we have rarely if ever observed H. aenescens 1988, Farkas and Jantyik 1990, Farkas and Papp 1990). larvae in the manure of dairy cattle. Although H. ae- Large numbers of adults can be found in dark areas of nescens has been observed breeding around piles of animal conÞnement buildings (Nolan and Kissam cattle manure (Axtell 1986), we are not aware of 1987), but they seem disinterested in animals or farm published reports describing the development of H. workers, and are a nuisance to neither (Mu¨ ller et al. aenescens in this substrate. Could there be unknown 1981, Betke et al. 1989). factors that limit development of H. aenescens larvae in Hydrotaea aenescens was associated with dumps and ruminant manures? On dairies, calf weaning areas are garbage (Stein et al. 1977) when the ßy was Þrst a major source of ßy production (Miller 1993); but observed in Germany (Sick 1971). However, in agri- until fully weaned, calves are essentially nonruminant cultural situations, the ßy has been observed on swine animals producing nonruminant manure. (Robertson and Sanders 1979), dairy (J.A.H., unpub- The purpose of our study was to determine the lished data) and poultry farms (Farkas and Papp ability of H. aenescens to develop in the manure of 1990), and in habitats such as spilled feed and silage dairy calves during the 8-wk weaning period, and for (J.A.H. unpublished data). Hydrotaea aenescens has comparison, the manure of mature, lactating dairy been used successfully for management of house ßy cows. Positive results would provide an incentive for populations on swine and poultry farms in the United development of H. aenescens as another nonchemical States and Europe (Betke et al. 1989, Ruszler 1989, alternative for ßy control on dairies. Turner and Carter 1990, Jespersen 1994, Hogsette and Jacobs 1999), and studies have veriÞed the capability Materials and Methods of H. aenescens to develop in swine and poultry ma- nures having a wide moisture range (Farkas et al. Fly Strains. The laboratory strains of H. aenescens 1998). were colonized in 1989 from adults collected on a Despite the successful application of H. aenescens in caged-layer poultry farm near Budapest, Hungary, and ßy management programs on swine and poultry farms, from adults collected on a caged-layer poultry farm we are unaware of any similar applications, successful near Dover, Hillsborough County, FL. Adults of both or otherwise, on cattle farms, either beef or dairy. As strains were kept in screened cages under standard laboratory conditions (26 Ϯ 2ЊC, 60 Ϯ 5% RH, a pho- 1 toperiod of 12:12 [L:D] h.) and given ad libitum access Szent Istva´n University, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Depart- to water, and one of the following dry adult diets: ment of Parasitology and Zoology, H-1400 Budapest, Pf. 2, Hungary. 2 102 Fernald Hall, 270 Stockbridge Road, University of Massachu- powdered milk, granulated sugar, and powdered egg setts, Amherst, MA 01003. yolk (6:6:1) (Gainesville) (Hogsette and Koehler 528 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 95, no. 2 Table 1. Mean ؎ SE numbers of pupae and adults and mean ؎ SE pupal weights of H. aenescens produced in manure collected from dairy calves aged 1–8 wk and lactating dairy cows in Budapest, Hungary, and Gainesville, Florida, USA No. of pupae Weight of pupae, mg No. of adults Medium/Manure Budapest Gainesville Budapest Gainesville Budapest Gainesville Control 45.8 (0.8)a 45.8 (1.5)a Ñ 17.0 (0.3)a 40.7 (1.2)a 44.2 (1.6)b Week 1 manure 0.5 (0.3)c 14.2 (5.9)d 4.0 (2.6)b 16.1 (0.5)a 0.5 (0.3)c 6.7 (3.0)d Week 2 manure 6.7 (1.8)c 49.0 (0.8)a 14.3 (0.5)a 16.8 (0.1)a 5.7 (1.6)c 46.2 (0.8)a Week 3 manure 9.0 (1.1)c 49.5 (0.5)a 16.2 (0.3)a 16.1 (0.5)a 7.7 (1.3)c 47.5 (0.7)a Week 4 manure 37.2 (1.6)b 42.5 (2.8)a 17.4 (0.2)a 17.4 (0.2)a 35.5 (1.9)a 39.7 (2.6)b Week 5 manure 34.3 (2.7)b 47.2 (1.2)a 17.6 (0.2)a 17.4 (0.3)a 31.8 (3.0)a 42.2 (0.9)b Week 6 manure 31.0 (3.9)b 42.5 (2.1)a 17.6 (0.2)a 16.3 (0.4)a 25.3 (3.0)b 36.7 (2.1)b Week 7 manure 35.8 (3.1)b 46.8 (2.1)a 17.6 (0.3)a 15.7 (0.7)a 33.2 (3.3)a 41.2 (2.0)b Week 8 manure 33.0 (2.3)b 39.7 (4.4)b 16.2 (0.2)a 17.4 (0.3)a 30.8 (2.5)a 34.7 (4.7)b Cow manure 36.2 (1.9)b 22.2 (2.2)c Ñ 14.5 (0.4)b 32.3 (2.5)a 15.0 (1.3)c Note: Pupae from cow manure and control diets were not weighed in Budapest. n ϭ six replicates for each medium/manure at Budapest and Gainesville, with 50 Þrst-instar H. aenescens applied to each replicate. Means in each column followed by the same letter are not signiÞcantly different (P ϭ 0.05, DuncanÕs multiple range test [SAS Institute 1985]). 1992) or powdered milk and granulated sugar (1:1) medium for the six control replications was the stan- (Budapest). Eggs were collected in the standard man- dard Hydrotaea laboratory diet (Hogsette and Wash- ner by allowing H. aenescens females to oviposit on ington 1995). Dates of pupation were recorded by cup. cloth-covered balls of larval medium used previously Pupae from the calf manures (Budapest and Gaines- for larval development (Hogsette and Washington ville) and the cow manure and control treatments 1995). To obtain the Þrst instars used in the bioassay, (Gainesville only) were weighed individually, but pu- eggs were incubated inside a piece of folded paper pae from the cow manure and control treatments were towel. This was moistened and tucked into a slit made not weighed in Budapest. Weighed pupae were trans- in a small (250-ml) container of manure (Budapest) ferred into containers labeled with treatment and rep- (Farkas et al. 1998) or standard ßy diet (Gainesville) lication number, and the number of eclosing adults (Hogsette and Washington 1995). Containers with was recorded daily. eggs were maintained at the standard laboratory con- Statistical Analysis. Data from both locations were ditions listed above and eggs hatched in Ϸ24 h. subjected to analysis of variance using a completely Larval Media. Animals providing manure for this randomized design and the following model state- study were 1- to 8-wk-old Holstein calves housed in ment: pupal number, pupal weight, or adult number ϭ standard weaning pens, and lactating Holstein cows manure type, location, and rep.
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